Building Science 2 Report_Project 2

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN BACHELORS OF SCIENCE (HONOURS) IN ARCHITECTURE

BUILDING SCIENCE 2 PROJECT 2: INTERGRATION WITH DESIGN STUDIO

NAME: GENNIEVE LEE PHICK CHOO STUDENT ID: 0311622 TUTOR: MR SIVA

CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 LIGHTING ANALYSIS 3.0 LIGHTING PROPOSAL 3.1 Natural Day Lighting 3.1.1 Ground Floor gallery 3.1.2 Children Activity room 3.2 Artificial Lighting 3.2.1 Ground Floor Gallery 3.2.2 Storage Room

4.0 ACOUSTIC PROPOSAL 4.1 External noise 4.2 Reverberation time 4.2.1 Gallery 4.2.2 Auditorium 4.3 Sound Transmission Loss 4.3.1 Gallery 4.3.2 Auditorium

5.0 REFERENCES

1.0 INTRODUCTION This Project 2 is integrated with the final model of the student’s Architectural Design Studio. The chosen site for our studio 4 is none other than Banding Island, which is an artificial land within Lake Temenggor, Perak, Malaysia. The aim of this project is to understand the principles of lighting and acoustic in the context physical environment. It encompasses day lighting and artificial lighting systems as well as the strategies for internal and external noise management. For this project, students are required to choose the different spaces or rooms in our final design studio building and integrate the both natural and artificial lighting as well as acoustic system along with the building design. Besides, this report also consist of various calculations relating to the lighting and acoustic systems.

2.0

LIGHTING ANALYSIS

2.1 Natural Day lighting: Day lighting Factor Daylight factor (DF) is defined as the ratio of interior illuminance (Ei) to available outdoor illuminance:

DF =

Where

EH

Ei indoor illuminance at a given point EH outdoor illuminance

is the unobstructed horizontal exterior illuminance. The day light

factor concept is applicable only when the sky is known or can reasonably be estimated. In this case, the average daylight level in Malaysia ( E H ) is assumed to be 20000 lux.

3.0 LIGHTING PROPOSAL 3.1 Natural Day Lighting 3.1.1 Ground Floor Gallery

Ground Floor plan (N.T.S)

West Section of gallery

Formula: ( E i / E o ) x 100% Area of gallery ( m2 ) Area of opening on the wall ( m2 ) Day Lighting factor (%)

433.865 137.2 (137.2/433.9) x 100% = 31.6% x 0.1 = 3.16%

The ground floor gallery has a daylight factor of 3.16%. Based on the requirements of MS 1525, the gallery has a good amount of natural day lighting, as it is range within 1-3 %. Due to the steep hill located on the East side of the site, the lighting for some of the spaces in the building is slightly affected. Therefore, in order to overcome this issue, other alternate design is introduced instead, such as designing openings on the ceiling and roofing. By

doing so, we were able to provide a sufficient enough passive design strategy to the building as the usage of energy needed to light the interior during the day is reduced.

The CIBSE Lighting guide 10 (LG10-1999) broadly bands average daylight factors into the following categories: Table 1. Daylight Factors and Distribution Zone

DF (%)

Distribution

Very bright

>6

Very large with thermal And glare problems

Bright

3-6

Good

Average

1–3

Fair

Dark

0-1

Poor

E Ei

Formula Given, E o Malaysia)

(unobstructed sky of

= (D x

E o ¿ / 100%

3200 E E i = (DF x E o ¿ / 100% = (3.16 x 32000) / 100% = 1011 lux

The final calculation of day lighting is 1011 lux, which has met the required lighting in a gallery. The proves that the gallery has receive sufficient day light during the day time.

GROUND FLOOR PLAN (N.T.S)

Table 13. Recommended Average Illuminance Level Task Illuminanc Examples of Application e Lighting for used area

infrequently 20

Minimum service Illuminance

100

Interior walkway and car park

100

Hotel Bedroom

100

Lift interior

100

Corridor, passageways, stairs

50

Escalator, travelator

100

Entrance and exit

100

Staff changing rooms, locker and cleaner room, cloak room, lavatories, stores

Lighting for working interiors

100

Entrance hall, lobbies, waiting room

300

Inquiry desk

200 200

Gate house Infrequent reading and writing

300 – 400

General offices, shops and stores, reading and writing

300 – 400

Drawing office

150

Restroom

200

Restaurant, canteen, cafeteria

150-300

Kitchen

150

Lounge

150

Bathroom

100

Toilet

100

Bedroom

300 – 500

Classroom, library

200 – 750

Shop / supermarket department store

300 500

Museum and gallery Proof reading

1000

Exacting drawing

2000

Detailed and precise work

3.1.2 Children Activity Room

Ground Floor Plan (N.T.S)

Perspective of Exterior

Formula: ( E i / E o ) x 100% Area of Children Room ( m2 ) Area of curtain wall Daylight Factor (%)

2 m¿ ¿

115.14 35.8 (35.8 /115.14) x 100% =31.1% x 0.1 =3.11 %

A children activity room needs good day lighting, as the room will be used for reading, writing, and drawing. Therefore, it is crucial that the room is sufficiently lit and well ventilated in order for the children to feel comfortable.

The result of the calculation is 3%. Hence, it is under the good category based on the requirements of the MS 1525, which is under the 3–6 category. Overall, the entire space is consider to have good natural lighting as the curtain walls

are placed at both the east and west side of the wall. Thus, there will be sufficient lighting throughout the day.

The CIBSE Lighting guide 10 (LG10-1999) broadly bands average daylight factors into the following categories: Table 1. Daylight Factors and Distribution Zone

DF (%)

Distribution

Very bright

>6

Very large with thermal And glare problems

Bright

3-6

Good

Average

1–3

Fair

Dark

0-1

Poor

E Ei

Formula Given, E o Malaysia)

(unobstructed sky of

= (D x

E o ¿ / 100%

3200 E E i = (DF x E o ¿ / 100% = (3 x 32000) / 100% = 960 lux

The general illumance is 500 lux for a classroom. The final calculation Is 960 lux, which is slightly higher than the requirement. The children room will have an elevated roof to provide a good shading and ventilation during the afternoon. In addition, the middle zone of the space will also have trees protruding out from the ground. Thus, this will also help in both shading and

cooling of the space, relating back to the theme of the design, which is a nature appreciation center.

Table 13. Recommended Average Illuminance Level Task

Illuminanc

Examples of Application

e Lighting for used area

infrequently 20

Minimum service Illuminance

100

Interior walkway and car park

100

Hotel Bedroom

100

Lift interior

100

Corridor, passageways, stairs

50

Escalator, travelator

100

Entrance and exit

100

Staff changing rooms, locker and cleaner room, cloak room, lavatories, stores

Lighting for working interiors

100

Entrance hall, lobbies, waiting room

300

Inquiry desk

200 200

Gate house Infrequent reading and writing

300 – 400

General offices, shops and stores, reading and writing

300 – 400

Drawing office

150

Restroom

200

Restaurant, canteen, cafeteria

150-300

Kitchen

150

Lounge

150

Bathroom

100

Toilet

100

Bedroom

300 – 500

Classroom, library

200 – 750

Shop / supermarket department store

300 500

Museum and gallery Proof reading

1000

Exacting drawing

2000

Detailed and precise work

3.2 Artificial Lighting Lighting Standard MS 1525: 2007 Lighting must provide a suitable visual environment within a particular space following the Code of Practice on Energy and Use of Energy. Sufficient and suitable lighting should be provided to a market in order to achieve the desired atmosphere and appearance.

Table 3.2.1: recommendation for lighting at respective area GENERAL BUILDING AREAS

MS 1525 RECOMMENDATION

PANDUAN TEKNIK JKR

Supermarkets

IES STANDARDS ILLUMINATION LEVEL 500

200 – 750

500

Hypermarkets

500

200 – 750

500

General

500

200 – 750

500

PUBLIC AND EDUCATIONAL BUILDING ASSEMBLY AND CONCERT HALLS Theatre and concert halls

100

100

Cinemas

50

50

Multipurpose

500

300

FUTHER EDUCATION ESTABLISHMENT Lecture theatres general

500

300 – 500

300

Chalkboard

500

300 – 500

300

Demonstration benches

500

300 – 500

300

Examination halls, seminar rooms, teaching spaces

500

300 – 500

300

Laboratories

500

300 – 500

300

FUTHER EDUCATION ESTABLISHMENT Workshop

300

300

Staff rooms, student rooms/students hostels etc.

Gymnasium LIBRARIES Shelves, book stack

150

300 – 500

150

Corridors, passageway

100

50

100

Lift

150

100

100

Stairs

150

100

100

Escalator

150

150

100

External covered ways

30

50

30

Entrance halls, lobbies, waiting rooms

150

100

100

Enquiry desk

500

300

300

Gate houses

300

200

200

Food stores

150

150 – 300

100

General

500

150 – 300

300

CIRCULATION AREA

ENTRANCES

KITCHEN

OUTDOOR

Controlled entrance halls or exit gate

150

100

150

Entrance and exit car park

30

50

30

Stores, stockyards

30

50

30

Industrial covered ways

50

50

50

300

200

300

STAFF RESTAURANTS Centre room

cafeterias,

dining

(Source: Code of Lighting, 2002)

Table 3.2.2 Utilization Factor Table (Source: http://lightsbylinea.com/index.php?route=information/information&information_id=10)

3.2.1 Ground Floor Gallery A good gallery needs decent artificial light in order for the users to see the painting, artwork and information displayed clearly. The type and color of lighting used is also crucial, as it will bring out the feel of the art as well as affecting the mood of the users or visitors. The type of light used must also be suitable for the paintings as artificial light will give our heat that might affect the quality of the painting. Therefore, for the gallery, I have decided on using the Philips ST422B adjustable Recessed Down light.

Ground Floor plan (N.T.S)

TYPE OF LIGHT TYPE Recessed Down light

SPECIFICATIONS Wattage: 15W

(Philips ST422B

Color Temperature: 2700K

adjustable

Bulb finish: Warm white

LUMINOUS FLUX 3 x LED10: 3300 lm

COMPONENT

MATERIAL

FUNCTIO N

COLO R

Ceiling

Plaster finish

Ceiling

White

AREA SURFACE REFLECTANCE ( TYPE VALUE (%) 2 m ) 404.7 Reflective 40-45

Wall

Timber

Load bearing Wall

Brown

60.5

Absorptive

45-50

Brick

Partition

White

87.3

Reflective

10-40

Opening

Timber

Door

Brown

9.9

Absorptive

45-50

Floor

Concrete cement

Floor

White

433.9

Reflective

30-50

Furniture

Concrete cement

Display table

Grey

168

Reflective

30-50

Table 3.2.3 Materials in Gallery Lumen Method Calculation Location

Ground Floor Gallery

Dimension of Room, L x W

(23.47 x 15.46) + (3.26 x 21.49) = 362.85 + 70.06

Total Floor Area ( m2 )

432.91

Mounting height,

h m (m)

Room Index, K

2.87 LxW ( L+W ) hm

K=

=

362.85+70.06 ( 23.47+15.46+3.26+ 21.49 ) X 2.87

= 2.37 Room Reflectance (%)

C: 50, W: 50, F: 30

Utilization Factor (UF)

0.53

Maintenance Factor (MF)

0.75

Standard Illuminance level required (lux)

300

Number of fittings required, N

For Recessed Down light, ExA = F x UF xMF =

300 X 432.91 3300 x 0.53 x 0.75

= 99 ∴ 99 Recessed Down Lights needed to meet the standard illuminance required in gallery.

Proposed Lighting Arrangement

Ground Floor plan (N.T.S)

3.2.2 Storage room A storage room requires sufficient artificial light to be able to see the stored items clearly. Thus, I have decided to choose the Philip Tornado high lumen down light as it as long life and is energy saving, which is an alternative from the incandescent lamps.

Ground Floor Plan (N.T.S)

TYPES OF LIGHT TYPE

SPECIFICATIONS

Philips Tornado High

Wattage: 45W

Lumen

Color temperature: 6500K Bulb finish: Warm White Voltage: 230V Color Rendering Index (CRI): 80

LUMINOUS FLUX (lm)

2850

MATERIALS Component Material

Function

Color

Area Surface 2 ( m ) type

Reflectance Value (%)

Ceiling

Plaster Finish

Ceiling

White

33.2

Reflective

40-45

Wall

Concrete Cement

Load-bearing Wall

White

66.7

Reflective

40-50

Opening

Timber

Door

Brown

1.98

Absorptive

45-50

Floor

Concrete cement

Floor

White

53.6

Reflective

30-50

Furniture

Timber

Cupboard

Brown

5.1

Absorptive

45-50

Table 3.2.4 Materials used in the storage room

Lumen Method Calculation Location

Storage room

Dimension of Room, L x W

1 x (6.2 + 4.8) x 5.2 2 28.6

Total Floor Area ( m2 ) Mounting Height,

hm

(m)

Room Index, K

3.1 LxW ( L+W ) hm

K=

=

1 x ( 6.2+4.8 ) x 5.2 2

( 12 +6.2+4.8+5.2) X 3.1

= 0.55 Room Reflectance (%)

C: 50, W: 50, F: 30

Utilization factor (UF)

0.26

Maintenance Factor (MF)

0.8

Standard Illuminance Level Required (lux) Number of Fittings Required, N

100 For Tornado High Lumen, ExA = F x UF xMF =

100 x 28.6 2850 x 0.26 x 0.8

= 4.8 ≈ 5 Tornado High Lumen lights are needed to meet the standard illuminance required in the storage room

Proposed Lighting Arrangement

Ground Floor Plan (N.T.S)

4.0 ACOUSTIC ANALYSIS

Site Plan (N.T.S)

4.1 External Noise (Sound Pressure Level) Sound Pressure Level Formula: SPL = 10log ( l 1 / l 0 ) Noise Source: I. II.

Highway Bridge (next to site) = 80dB Normal conversation = 40dB

I. Busy Traffic noise = 80 dB 80dB = 10 log ( l 1 / l 0 ) Antilog 8 = [ l 1 / (1.0 x 10−12 )] 8x

108 = [ l 1 / (1.0 x 10−12 )]

l 1 = 1.0 x 10−4 II. Normal Conversation = 40 dB 40 = 10 log ( l 1 / l 0 ) Antilog 4 = [ l 1 / (1.0 x 10−12 )] 4x

10

4

= [ l 1 / (1.0 x 10−12 )]

l 1 = 1.0 x 10−8 Total Intensities = (1.0 x 10−4 ) + (1.0 x

−8

10

)

= 1 x 10−4 Combine SPL = 10log ( l 1 / l 0 ) = 10log [(1.0 x = 10 x 8 = 80dB

10−4 ) / (1.0 x 10−12 )]

4.2 Reverberation Time 4.2.1 Gallery

Ground Floor Plan (N.T.S)

Total Floor Area ( m2 )

432.76

Volume ( m3 )

1246.35

Occupancy

50

Components Materials

Area ( 2 m )

Wall

Concrete Block, painted

Floor Ceiling Occupants Total

RT = 0.16 V/A

79.2

Absorption on Coefficient (2000 Hz) 0.1

Area Absorption Coefficient 7.92

Concrete block, painted

432.76

0.1

43.27

Plaster

419.85

0.04

16.79

50 (pax)

0.51

25.5 93.48

RT

=

0.16 ( 1246.35 ) 多 93.48 多

= 2.13 s

Conclusion: The reverberation time for the gallery is 2.13s. The large space of the gallery allows the possibility of containing up to 50 people. However, the reverberation time is slightly longer than the optimum reverberation time when containing a lot of people.

4.2.2 Auditorium

Ground Floor Plan (N.T.S)

Total Floor Area ( m2 )

210.34

Volume ( m3 )

631.02

Occupancy

50

Components Materials

Area ( 2 m ) 111.51

Absorption on coefficient (2000 Hz) 0.06

Area Absorption Coefficient 6.691

Wall

Timber

Floor

Concrete block,

210.34

0.1

21.034

Ceiling

painted Plaster

210.34

0.04

8.414

Windows

Glass

21.83

0.07

1.528

50

0.51

25.5

Occupants Total

63.167

RT = 0.16 V/A =

0.16(631.02) 63.167

= 1.6 s Conclusion: The reverberation time for the Auditorium is 1.6s. Even when containing up to 50 people in the auditorium, the reverberation time for it is within the ideal reverberation time for an auditorium.

4.3 Sound Transmission Loss 4.3.1 Gallery The sound level of a gallery is 35dB according to MS 1525 standards.

Components

Material

Area ( 2 m )

Transmissi on Coefficient 6.31 x 10−5

Area x Tcn

79.2

Sound reduction Index (SRI) 42

Wall

Brick

Door

Glass panel

21.7

26

2.51 x −3 10

5.45 x 10−2

Transmission coefficient of materials: Wall brick SRI (brick) = 10 log (1 /

T brick )

42 = 10 log (1 /

T brick )

Antilog 4.2 = 1 / T brick

T brick

= 6.31 x 10−5

4.99 x 10−3

Glass Panel Sliding Door SRI (glass) = 10 log (1 / 26 = 10 log (1 /

T glass )

Antilog 2.6 = 1 /

T glass

T glass

T glass )

= 2.51 x 10−3

Average Transmission Coefficient of Materials (S1Tc1+ S2Tc2+… SnTcn) total surface area

T av

=

T av

= [(4.99 x 10−3 )+(5.45 x

−2

)] / (79.2+21.7)

−4

)

10

= 0.05949 / 100.9 = 5.896 x

−4

10

Total Surface reflection Index, SRI SRI (overall) = 10 log (1 /

T av )

= 10 log (1 / 5.896 x

10

= 32.29 dB

Noise level in the gallery = 80 dB – 32.29 dB = 47.71 dB The transmission loss is 32.29dB. After the transmission loss, the sound pressure level of the gallery is 47.71dB. According to MS 1525, the standard SPL for an art gallery is 30-50dB. Therefore, the final result of the calculation meets the requirement.

4.3.2 Auditorium The sound level of an auditorium is 30dB according to the MS 1525 standard.

Components Material

Area Sound Transmission Area x Tcn ( m2 ) Reduction Coefficient Index (SRI) 111.51 42 7.04 x 6.31 x 10−5 10−3

Wall

Brick

Door

Glass panel

21.83

26

2.51 x

Transmission Coefficient on Materials: Wall brick SRI (brick) = 10 log (1 /

T brick )

42 = 10 log (1 /

T brick )

Antilog 4.2 = 1 / T brick

T brick

= 6.31 x 10−5

Glass Panel Sliding Door SRI (glass) = 10 log (1 / 26 = 10 log (1 /

T glass )

Antilog 2.6 = 1 /

T glass

T glass

T glass )

= 2.51 x 10−3

Average Transmission Coefficient of Materials (S1Tc1+ S2Tc2+… SnTcn) total surface area

T av

=

T av

= [(7.04 x 10−3 )+(5.48 x

)] / (111.51+21.83)

−2

10

= 0.06184 / 133.34 = 4.64 x 10−4 Total Surface reflection Index, SRI SRI (overall) = 10 log (1 /

T av )

= 10 log (1 / 4.64 x = 33.33 dB

−4

10

)

−3

10

5.48 x −2 10

Noise level in the gallery = 80 dB – 33.33 dB = 46.67 dB The transmission loss is 33.33dB. After the transmission loss, the sound pressure level of the gallery is 46.67dB. According to MS 1525, the standard SPL for an auditorium is 30-50dB. Therefore, the final result of the calculation meets the requirement.

5.0 REFERENCES Banding Island,. 'Banding Island'. N.p., 2015. Web. 7 Dec. 2015.

Engineeringtoolbox.com,. 'Sound Pressure - Recommended Maximum Level In Rooms'. N.p., 2015. Web. 7 Dec. 2015.

Lightsbylinea.com,. 'Technical - Photometric Data Guide'. N.p., 2015. Web. 7 Dec. 2015.

Slideshare.net,. 'Auditorium Acoustics'. N.p., 2015. Web. 7 Dec. 2015.