SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN BACHELORS OF SCIENCE (HONOURS) IN ARCHITECTURE
BUILDING SCIENCE 2 PROJECT 2: INTERGRATION WITH DESIGN STUDIO
NAME: GENNIEVE LEE PHICK CHOO STUDENT ID: 0311622 TUTOR: MR SIVA
CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 LIGHTING ANALYSIS 3.0 LIGHTING PROPOSAL 3.1 Natural Day Lighting 3.1.1 Ground Floor gallery 3.1.2 Children Activity room 3.2 Artificial Lighting 3.2.1 Ground Floor Gallery 3.2.2 Storage Room
4.0 ACOUSTIC PROPOSAL 4.1 External noise 4.2 Reverberation time 4.2.1 Gallery 4.2.2 Auditorium 4.3 Sound Transmission Loss 4.3.1 Gallery 4.3.2 Auditorium
5.0 REFERENCES
1.0 INTRODUCTION This Project 2 is integrated with the final model of the student’s Architectural Design Studio. The chosen site for our studio 4 is none other than Banding Island, which is an artificial land within Lake Temenggor, Perak, Malaysia. The aim of this project is to understand the principles of lighting and acoustic in the context physical environment. It encompasses day lighting and artificial lighting systems as well as the strategies for internal and external noise management. For this project, students are required to choose the different spaces or rooms in our final design studio building and integrate the both natural and artificial lighting as well as acoustic system along with the building design. Besides, this report also consist of various calculations relating to the lighting and acoustic systems.
2.0
LIGHTING ANALYSIS
2.1 Natural Day lighting: Day lighting Factor Daylight factor (DF) is defined as the ratio of interior illuminance (Ei) to available outdoor illuminance:
DF =
Where
EH
Ei indoor illuminance at a given point EH outdoor illuminance
is the unobstructed horizontal exterior illuminance. The day light
factor concept is applicable only when the sky is known or can reasonably be estimated. In this case, the average daylight level in Malaysia ( E H ) is assumed to be 20000 lux.
3.0 LIGHTING PROPOSAL 3.1 Natural Day Lighting 3.1.1 Ground Floor Gallery
Ground Floor plan (N.T.S)
West Section of gallery
Formula: ( E i / E o ) x 100% Area of gallery ( m2 ) Area of opening on the wall ( m2 ) Day Lighting factor (%)
433.865 137.2 (137.2/433.9) x 100% = 31.6% x 0.1 = 3.16%
The ground floor gallery has a daylight factor of 3.16%. Based on the requirements of MS 1525, the gallery has a good amount of natural day lighting, as it is range within 1-3 %. Due to the steep hill located on the East side of the site, the lighting for some of the spaces in the building is slightly affected. Therefore, in order to overcome this issue, other alternate design is introduced instead, such as designing openings on the ceiling and roofing. By
doing so, we were able to provide a sufficient enough passive design strategy to the building as the usage of energy needed to light the interior during the day is reduced.
The CIBSE Lighting guide 10 (LG10-1999) broadly bands average daylight factors into the following categories: Table 1. Daylight Factors and Distribution Zone
DF (%)
Distribution
Very bright
>6
Very large with thermal And glare problems
Bright
3-6
Good
Average
1–3
Fair
Dark
0-1
Poor
E Ei
Formula Given, E o Malaysia)
(unobstructed sky of
= (D x
E o ¿ / 100%
3200 E E i = (DF x E o ¿ / 100% = (3.16 x 32000) / 100% = 1011 lux
The final calculation of day lighting is 1011 lux, which has met the required lighting in a gallery. The proves that the gallery has receive sufficient day light during the day time.
GROUND FLOOR PLAN (N.T.S)
Table 13. Recommended Average Illuminance Level Task Illuminanc Examples of Application e Lighting for used area
infrequently 20
Minimum service Illuminance
100
Interior walkway and car park
100
Hotel Bedroom
100
Lift interior
100
Corridor, passageways, stairs
50
Escalator, travelator
100
Entrance and exit
100
Staff changing rooms, locker and cleaner room, cloak room, lavatories, stores
Lighting for working interiors
100
Entrance hall, lobbies, waiting room
300
Inquiry desk
200 200
Gate house Infrequent reading and writing
300 – 400
General offices, shops and stores, reading and writing
300 – 400
Drawing office
150
Restroom
200
Restaurant, canteen, cafeteria
150-300
Kitchen
150
Lounge
150
Bathroom
100
Toilet
100
Bedroom
300 – 500
Classroom, library
200 – 750
Shop / supermarket department store
300 500
Museum and gallery Proof reading
1000
Exacting drawing
2000
Detailed and precise work
3.1.2 Children Activity Room
Ground Floor Plan (N.T.S)
Perspective of Exterior
Formula: ( E i / E o ) x 100% Area of Children Room ( m2 ) Area of curtain wall Daylight Factor (%)
2 m¿ ¿
115.14 35.8 (35.8 /115.14) x 100% =31.1% x 0.1 =3.11 %
A children activity room needs good day lighting, as the room will be used for reading, writing, and drawing. Therefore, it is crucial that the room is sufficiently lit and well ventilated in order for the children to feel comfortable. The result of the calculation is 3%. Hence, it is under the good category based on the requirements of the MS 1525, which is under the 3–6 category. Overall, the entire space is consider to have good natural lighting as the curtain walls
are placed at both the east and west side of the wall. Thus, there will be sufficient lighting throughout the day. The CIBSE Lighting guide 10 (LG10-1999) broadly bands average daylight factors into the following categories: Table 1. Daylight Factors and Distribution Zone
DF (%)
Distribution
Very bright
>6
Very large with thermal And glare problems
Bright
3-6
Good
Average
1–3
Fair
Dark
0-1
Poor
E Ei
Formula Given, E o Malaysia)
(unobstructed sky of
= (D x
E o ¿ / 100%
3200 E E i = (DF x E o ¿ / 100% = (3 x 32000) / 100% = 960 lux
The general illumance is 500 lux for a classroom. The final calculation Is 960 lux, which is slightly higher than the requirement. The children room will have an elevated roof to provide a good shading and ventilation during the afternoon. In addition, the middle zone of the space will also have trees protruding out from the ground. Thus, this will also help in both shading and
cooling of the space, relating back to the theme of the design, which is a nature appreciation center. Table 13. Recommended Average Illuminance Level Task
Illuminanc
Examples of Application
e Lighting for used area
infrequently 20
Minimum service Illuminance
100
Interior walkway and car park
100
Hotel Bedroom
100
Lift interior
100
Corridor, passageways, stairs
50
Escalator, travelator
100
Entrance and exit
100
Staff changing rooms, locker and cleaner room, cloak room, lavatories, stores
Lighting for working interiors
100
Entrance hall, lobbies, waiting room
300
Inquiry desk
200 200
Gate house Infrequent reading and writing
300 – 400
General offices, shops and stores, reading and writing
300 – 400
Drawing office
150
Restroom
200
Restaurant, canteen, cafeteria
150-300
Kitchen
150
Lounge
150
Bathroom
100
Toilet
100
Bedroom
300 – 500
Classroom, library
200 – 750
Shop / supermarket department store
300 500
Museum and gallery Proof reading
1000
Exacting drawing
2000
Detailed and precise work
3.2 Artificial Lighting Lighting Standard MS 1525: 2007 Lighting must provide a suitable visual environment within a particular space following the Code of Practice on Energy and Use of Energy. Sufficient and suitable lighting should be provided to a market in order to achieve the desired atmosphere and appearance.
Table 3.2.1: recommendation for lighting at respective area GENERAL BUILDING AREAS
MS 1525 RECOMMENDATION
PANDUAN TEKNIK JKR
Supermarkets
IES STANDARDS ILLUMINATION LEVEL 500
200 – 750
500
Hypermarkets
500
200 – 750
500
General
500
200 – 750
500
PUBLIC AND EDUCATIONAL BUILDING ASSEMBLY AND CONCERT HALLS Theatre and concert halls
100
100
Cinemas
50
50
Multipurpose
500
300
FUTHER EDUCATION ESTABLISHMENT Lecture theatres general
500
300 – 500
300
Chalkboard
500
300 – 500
300
Demonstration benches
500
300 – 500
300
Examination halls, seminar rooms, teaching spaces
500
300 – 500
300
Laboratories
500
300 – 500
300
FUTHER EDUCATION ESTABLISHMENT Workshop
300
300
Staff rooms, student rooms/students hostels etc. Gymnasium LIBRARIES Shelves, book stack
150
300 – 500
150
Corridors, passageway
100
50
100
Lift
150
100
100
Stairs
150
100
100
Escalator
150
150
100
External covered ways
30
50
30
Entrance halls, lobbies, waiting rooms
150
100
100
Enquiry desk
500
300
300
Gate houses
300
200
200
Food stores
150
150 – 300
100
General
500
150 – 300
300
CIRCULATION AREA
ENTRANCES
KITCHEN
OUTDOOR
Controlled entrance halls or exit gate
150
100
150
Entrance and exit car park
30
50
30
Stores, stockyards
30
50
30
Industrial covered ways
50
50
50
300
200
300
STAFF RESTAURANTS Centre room
cafeterias,
dining
(Source: Code of Lighting, 2002)
Table 3.2.2 Utilization Factor Table (Source: http://lightsbylinea.com/index.php?route=information/information&information_id=10)
3.2.1 Ground Floor Gallery A good gallery needs decent artificial light in order for the users to see the painting, artwork and information displayed clearly. The type and color of lighting used is also crucial, as it will bring out the feel of the art as well as affecting the mood of the users or visitors. The type of light used must also be suitable for the paintings as artificial light will give our heat that might affect the quality of the painting. Therefore, for the gallery, I have decided on using the Philips ST422B adjustable Recessed Down light.
Ground Floor plan (N.T.S)
TYPE OF LIGHT TYPE Recessed Down light
SPECIFICATIONS Wattage: 15W
(Philips ST422B
Color Temperature: 2700K
adjustable
Bulb finish: Warm white
LUMINOUS FLUX 3 x LED10: 3300 lm
COMPONENT
MATERIAL
FUNCTIO N
COLO R
Ceiling
Plaster finish
Ceiling
White
AREA SURFACE REFLECTANCE ( TYPE VALUE (%) 2 m ) 404.7 Reflective 40-45
Wall
Timber
Load bearing Wall
Brown
60.5
Absorptive
45-50
Brick
Partition
White
87.3
Reflective
10-40
Opening
Timber
Door
Brown
9.9
Absorptive
45-50
Floor
Concrete cement
Floor
White
433.9
Reflective
30-50
Furniture
Concrete cement
Display table
Grey
168
Reflective
30-50
Table 3.2.3 Materials in Gallery Lumen Method Calculation Location
Ground Floor Gallery
Dimension of Room, L x W
(23.47 x 15.46) + (3.26 x 21.49) = 362.85 + 70.06
Total Floor Area ( m2 )
432.91
Mounting height,
h m (m)
Room Index, K
2.87 LxW ( L+W ) hm
K=
=
362.85+70.06 ( 23.47+15.46+3.26+ 21.49 ) X 2.87
= 2.37 Room Reflectance (%)
C: 50, W: 50, F: 30
Utilization Factor (UF)
0.53
Maintenance Factor (MF)
0.75
Standard Illuminance level required (lux)
300
Number of fittings required, N
For Recessed Down light, ExA = F x UF xMF =
300 X 432.91 3300 x 0.53 x 0.75
= 99 ∴ 99 Recessed Down Lights needed to meet the standard illuminance required in gallery. Proposed Lighting Arrangement
Ground Floor plan (N.T.S)
3.2.2 Storage room A storage room requires sufficient artificial light to be able to see the stored items clearly. Thus, I have decided to choose the Philip Tornado high lumen down light as it as long life and is energy saving, which is an alternative from the incandescent lamps.
Ground Floor Plan (N.T.S)
TYPES OF LIGHT TYPE
SPECIFICATIONS
Philips Tornado High
Wattage: 45W
Lumen
Color temperature: 6500K Bulb finish: Warm White Voltage: 230V Color Rendering Index (CRI): 80
LUMINOUS FLUX (lm)
2850
MATERIALS Component Material
Function
Color
Area Surface 2 ( m ) type
Reflectance Value (%)
Ceiling
Plaster Finish
Ceiling
White
33.2
Reflective
40-45
Wall
Concrete Cement
Load-bearing Wall
White
66.7
Reflective
40-50
Opening
Timber
Door
Brown
1.98
Absorptive
45-50
Floor
Concrete cement
Floor
White
53.6
Reflective
30-50
Furniture
Timber
Cupboard
Brown
5.1
Absorptive
45-50
Table 3.2.4 Materials used in the storage room
Lumen Method Calculation Location
Storage room
Dimension of Room, L x W
1 x (6.2 + 4.8) x 5.2 2 28.6
Total Floor Area ( m2 ) Mounting Height,
hm
(m)
Room Index, K
3.1 LxW ( L+W ) hm
K=
=
1 x ( 6.2+4.8 ) x 5.2 2
( 12 +6.2+4.8+5.2) X 3.1
= 0.55 Room Reflectance (%)
C: 50, W: 50, F: 30
Utilization factor (UF)
0.26
Maintenance Factor (MF)
0.8
Standard Illuminance Level Required (lux) Number of Fittings Required, N
100 For Tornado High Lumen, ExA = F x UF xMF =
100 x 28.6 2850 x 0.26 x 0.8
= 4.8 ≈ 5 Tornado High Lumen lights are needed to meet the standard illuminance required in the storage room
Proposed Lighting Arrangement
Ground Floor Plan (N.T.S)
4.0 ACOUSTIC ANALYSIS
Site Plan (N.T.S)
4.1 External Noise (Sound Pressure Level) Sound Pressure Level Formula: SPL = 10log ( l 1 / l 0 ) Noise Source: I. II.
Highway Bridge (next to site) = 80dB Normal conversation = 40dB
I. Busy Traffic noise = 80 dB 80dB = 10 log ( l 1 / l 0 ) Antilog 8 = [ l 1 / (1.0 x 10−12 )] 8x
108 = [ l 1 / (1.0 x 10−12 )]
l 1 = 1.0 x 10−4 II. Normal Conversation = 40 dB 40 = 10 log ( l 1 / l 0 ) Antilog 4 = [ l 1 / (1.0 x 10−12 )] 4x
10
4
= [ l 1 / (1.0 x 10−12 )]
l 1 = 1.0 x 10−8 Total Intensities = (1.0 x 10−4 ) + (1.0 x
−8
10
)
= 1 x 10−4 Combine SPL = 10log ( l 1 / l 0 ) = 10log [(1.0 x = 10 x 8 = 80dB
10−4 ) / (1.0 x 10−12 )]
4.2 Reverberation Time 4.2.1 Gallery
Ground Floor Plan (N.T.S)
Total Floor Area ( m2 )
432.76
Volume ( m3 )
1246.35
Occupancy
50
Components Materials
Area ( 2 m )
Wall
Concrete Block, painted
Floor Ceiling Occupants Total
RT = 0.16 V/A
79.2
Absorption on Coefficient (2000 Hz) 0.1
Area Absorption Coefficient 7.92
Concrete block, painted
432.76
0.1
43.27
Plaster
419.85
0.04
16.79
50 (pax)
0.51
25.5 93.48
RT
=
0.16 ( 1246.35 ) 多 93.48 多
= 2.13 s
Conclusion: The reverberation time for the gallery is 2.13s. The large space of the gallery allows the possibility of containing up to 50 people. However, the reverberation time is slightly longer than the optimum reverberation time when containing a lot of people. 4.2.2 Auditorium
Ground Floor Plan (N.T.S)
Total Floor Area ( m2 )
210.34
Volume ( m3 )
631.02
Occupancy
50
Components Materials
Area ( 2 m ) 111.51
Absorption on coefficient (2000 Hz) 0.06
Area Absorption Coefficient 6.691
Wall
Timber
Floor
Concrete block,
210.34
0.1
21.034
Ceiling
painted Plaster
210.34
0.04
8.414
Windows
Glass
21.83
0.07
1.528
50
0.51
25.5
Occupants Total
63.167
RT = 0.16 V/A =
0.16(631.02) 63.167
= 1.6 s Conclusion: The reverberation time for the Auditorium is 1.6s. Even when containing up to 50 people in the auditorium, the reverberation time for it is within the ideal reverberation time for an auditorium. 4.3 Sound Transmission Loss 4.3.1 Gallery The sound level of a gallery is 35dB according to MS 1525 standards. Components
Material
Area ( 2 m )
Transmissi on Coefficient 6.31 x 10−5
Area x Tcn
79.2
Sound reduction Index (SRI) 42
Wall
Brick
Door
Glass panel
21.7
26
2.51 x −3 10
5.45 x 10−2
Transmission coefficient of materials: Wall brick SRI (brick) = 10 log (1 /
T brick )
42 = 10 log (1 /
T brick )
Antilog 4.2 = 1 / T brick
T brick
= 6.31 x 10−5
4.99 x 10−3
Glass Panel Sliding Door SRI (glass) = 10 log (1 / 26 = 10 log (1 /
T glass )
Antilog 2.6 = 1 /
T glass
T glass
T glass )
= 2.51 x 10−3
Average Transmission Coefficient of Materials (S1Tc1+ S2Tc2+… SnTcn) total surface area
T av
=
T av
= [(4.99 x 10−3 )+(5.45 x
−2
)] / (79.2+21.7)
−4
)
10
= 0.05949 / 100.9 = 5.896 x
−4
10
Total Surface reflection Index, SRI SRI (overall) = 10 log (1 /
T av )
= 10 log (1 / 5.896 x
10
= 32.29 dB
Noise level in the gallery = 80 dB – 32.29 dB = 47.71 dB The transmission loss is 32.29dB. After the transmission loss, the sound pressure level of the gallery is 47.71dB. According to MS 1525, the standard SPL for an art gallery is 30-50dB. Therefore, the final result of the calculation meets the requirement.
4.3.2 Auditorium The sound level of an auditorium is 30dB according to the MS 1525 standard. Components Material
Area Sound Transmission Area x Tcn ( m2 ) Reduction Coefficient Index (SRI) 111.51 42 7.04 x 6.31 x 10−5 10−3
Wall
Brick
Door
Glass panel
21.83
26
2.51 x
Transmission Coefficient on Materials: Wall brick SRI (brick) = 10 log (1 /
T brick )
42 = 10 log (1 /
T brick )
Antilog 4.2 = 1 / T brick
T brick
= 6.31 x 10−5
Glass Panel Sliding Door SRI (glass) = 10 log (1 / 26 = 10 log (1 /
T glass )
Antilog 2.6 = 1 /
T glass
T glass
T glass )
= 2.51 x 10−3
Average Transmission Coefficient of Materials (S1Tc1+ S2Tc2+… SnTcn) total surface area
T av
=
T av
= [(7.04 x 10−3 )+(5.48 x
)] / (111.51+21.83)
−2
10
= 0.06184 / 133.34 = 4.64 x 10−4 Total Surface reflection Index, SRI SRI (overall) = 10 log (1 /
T av )
= 10 log (1 / 4.64 x = 33.33 dB
−4
10
)
−3
10
5.48 x −2 10
Noise level in the gallery = 80 dB – 33.33 dB = 46.67 dB The transmission loss is 33.33dB. After the transmission loss, the sound pressure level of the gallery is 46.67dB. According to MS 1525, the standard SPL for an auditorium is 30-50dB. Therefore, the final result of the calculation meets the requirement.
5.0 REFERENCES Banding Island,. 'Banding Island'. N.p., 2015. Web. 7 Dec. 2015. Engineeringtoolbox.com,. 'Sound Pressure - Recommended Maximum Level In Rooms'. N.p., 2015. Web. 7 Dec. 2015. Lightsbylinea.com,. 'Technical - Photometric Data Guide'. N.p., 2015. Web. 7 Dec. 2015. Slideshare.net,. 'Auditorium Acoustics'. N.p., 2015. Web. 7 Dec. 2015.