PROTECTING our SEED DIVERSITY SITE: STEVNS
Stevns is a municipality located on the south eastern coast of the SjÌlland island in South Denmark. The municipality covers an area of 247 square kilometres with a total population of 21,892. Within the area, provides a variety of primary industries including agriculture and tourism and its natural richness. The notion of establishing a programme with similar intentions to an existing site makes this project interesting, and thus Stevnsfort as highly feasible location. The historical intention of protecting life from a catastrophic disaster (such as nuclear war), resembles greatly to what many seed banks around the world attempt to create within their designs. Rather than human life however, it is seed diversity, which could play a major contribution to human survival after all. The significance of this site travels back even further as its embodiment of chalk land has been created over millenia from the age of dinosaurs. Currently, the Stevns kommune has applied for the site to be considered as a UNESCO World heritage Site. Stevns Klint is one of a few locations on earth that best showcases the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous 65.5 million years ago, where more than half of the all faunal and floral species, including the dinosaurs, disappeared. The K/T boundary extinction is one of the biggest and most controversial mass extinction because of its relation to an extraterrestrial impact. International researchers have flocked to Stevns Klint to sample from the iridium-rich boundary layer. Furthermore, Stevns Klint provides the type of the Danian Stage and the cliff exposes along its length of 14 km a unique, Danian, cool-water bryozoan limestone mound complex formed shortly after the mass extinction. The opportunity provides a large benefit in providing the right scientific attention globally in researching seed diversity. As a seed storage facility, Stensfort and the Stevns municipality provides adequate infrastructure and natural advantages. The Stevns municipality provides accessibility from necessary transportation needs for a seed bank, with the remoteness available for security purposes.The closest railway station is Rødvig, where the surrounding town creates a proximity around this central station. The station is 5-10 minutes drive from Stevnsfort, through minimal density agricultural demographics. Originally serving as a fort, the existing structure can be used as an ideal and secure location in providing safety to the collected seeds. The main hub of the seed bank can utilise the existing underground fort tunnels. Above ground, the site is protected by the cliff face overlooking the Baltic see and follows Stevns Klint on the west, protected by natural forest trees on the south. With the fenced off fort to the east, which can use the forts existing road as access in transporting seeds.
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INTRODUCTION
MAP OF DENMARK
DANMARK JUTLAND
SWEDEN Copenhagen SJÆLLAND FYN
STEVNS
STORSTRØM
GERMANY
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Stevns Site Plan 1:40000
STORE HEDDINGE ≈30m above sea
LILE HEDDINGE ≈25m-30m above seal
STEVNSFORT ≈20m above sea
RØDVIG ≈10m-15m above sea
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Topography Map 1:40000
STORE HEDDINGE
LILE HEDDINGE
RØDVIG
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Forest Density 1:40000
STORE HEDDINGE
LILE HEDDINGE
RØDVIG
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Building Lots 1:40000
STORE HEDDINGE
LILE HEDDINGE
RØDVIG
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Figure Ground 1:40000
København
STORE HEDDINGE
LILE HEDDINGE
RØDVIG
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Roads 1:40000
Klippinge station
STORE HEDDINGE
RØDVIG
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Railway 1:40000
STORE HEDDINGE
LILE HEDDINGE
STEVNSFORT
RØDVIG
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Aerial Photograph 1:40000
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Stevns Klint is a 14.5km coastal cliff consisting of Cretaceous-Tertiary.The irregular coastal topography Within the geological build-up of Stevns, contains within it the asteroid strike that exterminated the dinosaur species and many flora and fauna at that time. The evidence is a thin layer that lies between the chalk and limestone known as “Fish Clay”. The section of rock that needs to be investigated at Stevns Klint is the seperation of the soft Cretaceous chalk from the harder overlying Tertiary bryozoan limestone. It is the relatively soft chalk at the base which is eroded by storm waves and is subject to general debris shedding. The overlying bryozoan limestone, with its hardgrounds and flint layers, is more resistant to erosion and is strong enough to form overhanging projections of the coastal cliff that result in large and small recurring collapses. Analysis was performed in 2011, by Pederson & Strunck, to be compared with data collated from analysis in 1992 by Surlyk. Data was performed through a series of oblique photographs and developed into relevant computer softwares.Thus the data results describe the changes in cliff profile over the past 20 years.
Overhang
Till Limestone
Talus Beach
Clay
Sea
Chalk
10 m
Based on the research conducted, the estimated the average rate of coastal erosion at Stevns Klint to be 15 cm/year. Although this seems significant, there are cases of erosion such as Lønstrup Klint with erosion levels of 1.25m/year.
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GEOLOGY
Cliff fall at the lighthouse of Stevns Fyr
Cliffside at Tommestrup
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STEVNS KLINT Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary
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m 40
N
0
0
6
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200 5 300 4 400
500
Base chalk
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Depth/m
3
600
700
800 1
0
km
Seismic units
900
5
1000
1100
Fig. 3. N–S oriented seismic profile immediately offshore the coastal cliff, Stevns Klint, showing the irregular mounded reflection pattern of the Upper Cretaceous succession. The Stevns Klint profile is projected onto the line in the same scale. Note that the relief of the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary follows the subsurface relief with a valley beneath the southern end of the cliff and a wide ridge beneath the central part. From Lykke-Andersen & Surlyk (2004).
The bryozoan wackestone is characterized by Thalassinoides boxworks and the burrow fills become light grey in the top 30 cm, in places down to 80 cm, approaching the base of the overlying Fiskeler Member. This part of the chalk wackestone is smeared and has been subject to pervasive early post-burial softsediment deformation. The mounded unit is particularly well exposed in the classical section below the old Højerup church where the studies of Surlyk (1972, 1997), Svendsen (1975) and Larsen & Håkansson (2000) were undertaken and where most geochemical and micropalaeontological sampling has been carried out.
south (Figs 2, 7). Mound growth was by combined lateral migration and upwards aggradation and the position of the mound crest gradually shifted towards the south during growth. Accumulation on the northern flanks was slow and the beds are thin. They are outlined by prominent inclined bands of nodular flint representing Thalassinoides burrow galleries formed during periods of low sedimentation rates (Fig. 8). The individual mounds are roughly contemporaneous but show some southward overlap of each other and it is crucial for any type of stratigraphic sampling that the depositional architecture is correctly identified (Alvarez et al. 1984; Surlyk 1997; Hart et al. 2004). 6
· Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark
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Stevnsfort Site Plan 1:10000
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Stevnsfort Museum Stevns Prison Boesdal Kalkbrud Agricultural Residence Residential
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Stevnsfort Museum Stevns Prison Boesdal Kalkbrud Agricultural Residence Residential
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Stevnsfort Museum Stevns Prison Boesdal Kalkbrud Agricultural Residence Residential
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Stevnsfort Museum Stevns Prison Boesdal Kalkbrud Agricultural Residence Residential
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Stevnsfort Museum Stevns Prison Boesdal Kalkbrud Agricultural Residence Residential
During the early 1900s there was a construction boom in Copenhagen, which gave way to high demands in structural materials. Lime being one of those materials, allowed Stevns to subsequently boom with its natural richness. Lime, also known as quicklime, is a white caustic alkaline substance consisting of calcium oxide, which is obtained by heating limestone combined with water, and heat. In the 1920s, Stevns began to break lime in the Boesdal quarry. In the 1978 the quarry closed down. Today, there is no active mining in the area, however remnants of the that time is evident. It currently serves as a space for cultural activites, camp sites and shelter bases. Two furnaces at the edge of the quarry where workers once burnt lime.The lime that was burnt was used to make mortar and extracted for agricultural use. A 20 metre high cone pyramid also remains with a diameter of 60 metres, the space served as storage for crushing and drying limestone.
SURROUNDING CONTEXT BOESDAL KALKBRUD
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Højerup Old Church, located on the edge of the cliff, overlooking the spectacular views of the Baltic Sea and walk the approximately 20 km long footpath along Stevns. Højerup gamle Kirke (a medieval church) rested on a 15 m thick overhang. There was a slide that continued several tens of metres out into the sea. Shortly after the incident the cliff was protected by wave breakers to inhibit wave erosion and to secure the rest of the old church.
SURROUNDING CONTEXT
STEVNS KLINT HØJERUP
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Limestone is extracted from quarries or mines. Part of the extracted stone, selected according to its chemical composition and granulometry, is calcinated at about 1000 째C in different types of lime kiln. Quicklime is produced according to the reaction: CaCO3 + heat > CaO + CO2. = Ca(OH)2 CALCIUM CARBONATE + HEAT > CALCIUM OXIDE + CARBON DIOXIDE =CALCIUM HYDROXIDE Hydrated lime, known as slaked lime, is produced according to the reaction: CaO + H2O > Ca(OH)2 CALCIUM OXIDE + WATER = CALCIUM HYDROXIDE
LOCAL MATERIALS LIME
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N 30
330
300
60
W
E 3
6
240
120
9
15
150
210
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S
Direction: Throughout the year the predominant winds travel in a North-South, and vice versa direction. Velocity (km/hr): Velocity is strongest during the months where wind travels in a North-South direction. Stronger speeds of 15km/hr or more primarily arrive from the South. Frequency: As an average, Denmark experiences 14 days: no wind, 180 days wind from west and 170 days wind from north, south, east.
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THE ELEMENTS WIND
WINTER (average)
SUMMER (average)
Sunrise:
8:36:48
Sunrise:
3:34:08
Sunset:
15:51:27
Sunset:
20:53:56
Daylight: 07hrs14min
Daylight: 17hrs19min
Noon: 12:14:07 11.71째
Noon: 12:14:07 57.71째
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THE ELEMENTS SUNLIGHT
Yearly Temperature 25°C 20°C 15°C
Max Temp.
10°C
Min Temp.
5°C 0°C -5°C
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August September October November December
THE ELEMENTS TEMPERATURE
120 100 80 60 40 20 0
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August September October November December
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25°C 20°C 15°C
Max Temp.
10°C
Min Temp.
5°C 0°C -5°C
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August September October November December
April
May
June
July
August September October November December
Yearly Precipitation (mm) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
January
February
March
THE ELEMENTS PRECIPITATION
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1. Elevator from concrete bunker 2. Depot Area 3. Staircase from concrete bunker 4. ABC Cleaning Station Depot Area 5. Magazines, 150mm grenades and 40mm 6. Spare Parts 7. Accident Central 8. Ammunitions Magazine 9. Residential Booklet Crew 10. Central Machine North 11. Machine Workshop 12. Hospital 13. Officer Housing 14. Artillery Workshop 15. Toilet and Bath 16. Mortuary 17. Artillery Workshop 18. Shaft to surface (covered) 19. Flanking Construction 20. Armoured Doors 21. Ammunitions Magazine 22. South Battery 23. Crew Residence 24. Central Machine South 25. Ammunitions Magazine 26. Utilities and Gas Filters 27. Shaft to Surface 28. Central Artillery 29. Residential Rank and Toilets 30. Central Artillery Air Defence 31. Shaft for Radar
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Stevnsfort plan 1956 1:3000
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Stevnsfort plan underground 1:3000
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Stevnsfort plan ground 1:3000
EXISTING TRACKS
EXISTING FORT MAIN ROAD
SITE 15.00 UNDERGROUND TUNNELS
1.50
1:2000
Stevnsfort site section AA
EXISTING FORT
EXISTING TRACKS
MAIN ROAD 26.00 15.00
SITE UNDERGROUND TUNNELS
1.50
Stevnsfort site section BB
1:2000
B
A
B
A
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