Incarceration - Bristol Prison - BSc Architecture Design Thesis - 2020 - Year 4 of 4 by Georgie Rose

INCARCERATION Georgina Rose

â&#x20AC;&#x153;It is said that no one truly knows a nation until one has been inside its jails. A nation should not be judged by how it treats its highest citizens, but its lowest ones.â&#x20AC;? Nelson Mandela

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Narrative The Site The Scheme Structural Strategy & Tectonic Details Environmental Strategy Regulatory Compliance Design Process

NARRATIVE

Punishment noun

the infliction or imposition of a penalty as retribution for an offence.

Historically, punishment was a public spectacle, through methods such as stocks, hangings and public execution. Incarceration was only a prelude to the actual physical punishment, where the body was tortured. Over time, punishment developed to become emotionally torturous, housing prisoners in larger institutions and forcing them to carry out pointless labour, such as working the treadwheel. The shift of punishment from the body to the soul, created new possibilities for torture. Whereas devices such as the guillotine were intentionally disconnected and emotionless, punishment became more personal. The prisoner’s internal torment of being detained in a cell up to 23 hours per day and loss of freedom became the main source of torturous regime.1

‘Prisoners Exercising’ - Vincent van Gogh

Incarceration noun

the state of being confined in prison; imprisonment.

Now, punishment, and subsequent incarceration, is hidden away from public view. Prisons are often located at a considerable distance from settlements due to the negative prejudice associated with them, but this leads to isolation and exaggerates the unspoken issue of the prison. Approach to incarceration is changing, with historic models like the Panopticon now rejected due to the â&#x20AC;&#x153;unnecessary psychological imposition on the prisonerâ&#x20AC;?. 2 The prison system in the UK is undergoing a crisis, with 62% of prison establishments being overcrowded. 3 Scotland, England and Wales have the highest rates of imprisonment in Western Europe 4 and a large number of these are young people. 6% of the prison population in England and Wales is under 21. 5

62%

UK prisons overcrowded Panopticon - Julia Spiers

Young Offender noun

a person aged under 21 convicted or cautioned for a criminal offence.

In England and Wales, the criminal age of responsibility is 10 years old. Offenders under 18 are known as juvenile offenders and those aged 18-20 classed as young offenders. At 21 and above, a person is classed as an adult offender. The most common offences for youths are: violence against the person; drug offences and robbery. 6 Many of these crimes are committed for material gain - they are desperate. As a result, their sentences are relatively short, with the average between 6-12 months. Young, vulnerable people are more susceptible to certain risk factors, such as low income, broken families, poor school attainment, impulsive and erratic behaviour. Young Offender Institutions (YOIs) hold male young offenders from the ages of 18-20 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; although in some instances they hold boys aged 15-17, due to risk and capacity. These facilities are often subject to criticism, as their large capacity is a breeding ground for bullying, mental health issues and inmates being negatively impressionable on each other.

21%

knife and weapon offences committed by under 18s 7

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Unjust Justiceâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; - Emiliano Ponzi

Reoffending verb

the act of a person who has committed a criminal offence going on to commit another.

Young people often get caught in cycles of reoffending, with their first offence the beginning of a long career of crime. Those who commit crime from an early age are much more likely to become habitual offenders. In 2016, 40.9% of juvenile offenders reoffended, in comparison with only 28.6% of adult offenders. 8 Reoffending is estimated to cost ÂŁ10 billion per annum. 9

28% 41%

Adults reoffend within 2 years

Juveniles reoffend within 2 years Cycle of reoffending

Bristol noun

an industrial city on the River Avon, in the South West of England.

In June 2019, the Urgent Notification process was invoked on HMP Bristol, meaning it was placed in special measures. HMP Bristol is a male Category B prison and serves the local Bristol community. It is a local prison (where inmates are detained before a trial or directly after a conviction) and resettlement prison (where, close to their release, inmates are moved to prisons near to their home). The prison was built in 1883 and is generally rundown, with 40% of cells overcrowded, where two people share a cell designed for one. HMP Bristol does not have any dedicated provisions or facilities to properly accommodate young people and only 25% of prisoners attend any â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;purposeful activityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. 10 Arguably, it is not a suitable environment for young people, especially those of a lower risk and convicted of less serious offences.

40% 62%

cells overcrowded at HMP Bristol

prisoners felt unsafe at HMP Bristol HMP Bristol cell with improvised toilet screen

Scale noun

the size or amount, used to measure or compare the level of something.

Studies have shown that the closer the prison is to the prisoner’s home, the more successful rehabilitation and resettlement is. 11 There is a clear lack of dedicated Young Offender Institutions in the Wales and the South West of England, and subsequently a lack of these opportunities. There are some facilities combined with adult establishments but many of these are overcrowded. As a result of this lack of capacity, many under 21s are now in adult facilities.

(overcrowded) HMP Cardiff Male Category B 820 capacity

Even though it is not designed to do so, HMP Bristol houses 7% young offenders, with a total prison population of 460 12 - this approximates to 30 young offenders. Dividing prisoners into smaller groups of 25-50, is regarded as the most appropriate size as it is “the smallest group which is yet large enough not to be dominated by one man”. 13

HMP Leyhill Male Category D 515 capacity

HMP Ashfield Male Category C 400 capacity

Proposed YOI site One prison in Wiltshire

No prisons in Somerset

YOI to provide for

~30 inmates

HMP YOI Eastwood Park Female Closed Category 442 capacity

HMP Usk Male Category C 273 capacity & HMP YOI Prescoed Male Category D 252 capacity (overcrowded)

HMP Bristol Male Category B 614 capacity (overcrowded)

Vinney Green SCH (Secure Children’s Home) Male and Female 24 capacity

HMP Erlestoke Male Category C 524 capacity

Prisons in the South West

Rehabilitation noun

the action of restoring something that has been damaged to its former condition.

proximity to community commute between spaces small ‘family unit’ inmate day release

Young offenders are often ‘let down by the system’, but if given a second chance and new opportunities there is strong evidence to suggest they can change. Recent studies have shown that the peak age for offending is 17 to 21 years old but the brain is not fully developed until 25 years old. Evidence also suggests that “most young offenders have learned to desist from crime by the age of 32”. 14 The brief is for a YOI in the centre of Bristol, focusing on rehabilitation rather than punishment. The prison will be an open, Category C/D prison, supporting ROTL (Release of Temporary License), where prisoners work in the local community during the day, preparing them to reintegrate into society. Category A - High risk, closed prison Highly dangerous to the public, aim to make escape impossible. - murder, rape, manslaughter. Category B - Medium risk, closed prison Escape must be very difficult. - firearms offences, robbery.

use of nature

Category C - Low risk, closed prison No will to attempt escape, but cannot be trusted in open conditions. - threat of violence, arson, drug dealing.

observe passing of time

Category D - Low risk, open prison Prisoners who present a low risk; can reasonably be trusted not to escape and for whom open conditions are appropriate.

Client and Stakeholders

The proposed Bristol YOI will be commissioned by Her Majestyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Prison Service as a new public sector prison. In 2015, the government promised ÂŁ1.3 billion to create 10,000 new prison places by 2020. 15 So far, only HMP Berwyn has been built in Wales with 2,106 places and no special provisions for young offenders. The project will be funded by the UK Government and will be budgeted at a medium cost.

In partnership with:

Service providers:

Example beneficiaries (inmates provide a service):

example companies based in Underfall Yard

Building Use

Typical building use week

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

Saturday

Sunday

Visitor centre Classroom Workshop Gym / sports court Multipurpose/faith hall Kitchen garden ROTL

Typical inmate day 0

Bedroom Shared living Education / work Recreation Sport Visitor centre ROTL

Alternative day

End Users

The YOI will be operational 24/7, 365 days a year, as inmates will live on site and staff will be available on site at all times to monitor residents and provide security. There will be two types of staff: 1. Everyday staff who monitor and work with the residents everyday and interact with them on a daily basis, whilst maintaining the overall security of the complex. Staff will be encouraged to directly supervise inmates, as opposed to indirectly, by actively engaging with their activities - for example, cooking and eating together. These staff should build a relationship with residents, offering them guidance and building a strong support network. 2. Visiting staff who come in for educational, work and recreational purposes, such as to: teach an English class three times a week; oversee a gardening course; coach a football game; or lead a religious service. Generally, educational and work programmes will take place in the morning, when young people are the most focused, with recreational and physical activities in the afternoon/ evening. Inmates will also be allowed to leave the complex to attend jobs in the local community (ROTL) but these will be under strict rules and time scales. The ROTL programme will be tailored to each individual inmate, allowing for a mixture of vocational teaching within the institution and application of work outside it. Visiting hours are focused on the weekend to allow more friends and family to visit and residents to work on weekdays. Mondays Wednesdays Fridays Saturdays Sunday 10

10 am - 4 pm 10 am - 4 pm 10 am - 4 pm 10 am - 4 pm 10 am - 1 pm

low category inmates: males, under 21

visitors: friends and family

everyday staff: security, administration

visiting staff: teachers, tutors, religious Young Offendersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; support network

Schedule of Accommodation 1:500 secure entrance

inmates / staff

50m2

visitors

100m2

goods store / vehicle entry

80m2

reception and security

outdoor childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s play area

visiting centre

10m2 40m

25m

50m

first aid / therapy

offices

25m

50m

meeting staff room / room kitchen

visitor wc

staff wc

20 m2 observation rooms

kitchen garden

100m2

20m2 laundry

kitchen / dining

outdoor

50m2

100m2

common room living room

bathrooms

50m2

workshop

place of worship

inmate bedrooms 30 x 12m2

50m2 classroom

400m2

150m2

sports court / gym

plant room (10%)

50m2 library / IT outdoor

Scale bar 1:500

Activity

Bedrooms

Admin.

Living Circulation (+ plant)

28%

20%

18%

12%

22%

670 m2

460 m2

390 m2

260 m2

510 m2

= 2,290 m2 11

THE SITE

Spike Island

Spike Island, 1828

Located in the heart of Bristol, Spike Island is bounded by bodies of water to the North and South – The Floating Harbour and the New Cut. It was created when, in 1802, William Jessop was commissioned to stabilise water levels in order for passage of ships, even during low tide. The tidal river water was diverted into the New Cut, whilst levels remain constant in the Floating Harbour due to the construction of Cumberland Basin and subsequent locks. 1

Cumberland Basin

Proposed YOI

River Avon New Cut

Floating Harbour

Bristol New Gaol

To the East, on the same road as the proposed site, was Bristol New Gaol. Built using a traditional radial plan, the gaol (jail) has now been demolished except for the castle-like gatehouse. The gaol was closed in 1883, due to poor conditions, and replaced by Horfield Prison (now HMP Bristol). 2 Now, Spike Island is a vibrant destination, characterised by maritime, cultural, industrial, leisure and residential building uses. The harbour edge has “evolved from an inaccessible industrial hinterland to a well-used recreation resource for the city”, with over 80% of it now publicly accessible. 3

Bristol New Gaol - radial plan with a large central Governor’s house

Site Plan 1:5000 the rive on r av City Docks Conservation Zone

arbo

ng h oati

the fl

cumb

erland

ss g

rea t

brit

ain

basin

underfall yard Site

100

the new cut

line o

f low

tide

200

Scale bar 1:5000

Patent red bricks A Bond Warehouse 13

Limestone ashlar and stucco render Avon Crescent

Red brick and slate roof engine house at Underfall Yard

Pennant rubble and render workers cottages

Refurbished Victorian warehouse art centre

Red brick Baltic Wharf 1980â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Housing Development

Site Plan 1:1000 Baltic Wharf Housing Development Brun

el L ock Roa

Nov d

a S cot ia P l

The Floating Harbour

Nova Scotia Hotel

Baltic Wharf Caravan and Motorhome Club Site

Cafe

Avo

Underfall Yard

A Bond Warehouse

Patent y Slipwa

ent

Sub Station

resc n C

Bus stop

Independent Composites an

The Cottage Inn All Aboard Watersports

Hydraulic Engine House

ay w p li

RB Boatbuilding Fire Iron Art Blacksmiths

Proposed Site = 3,500 m2

Underfall Yard

Car Park

Baltic Wharf Sailing Club Boat Storage

Boat Storage Car Park

Cum

Harbour Master

River e h T t ew Cu N e h T

Scale bar 1:1000

ad nd Ro berla

Bus stop

Avon

Potential local businesses for ROTL programme 14

Heritage

West of Spike Island, c.1930

The Floating Harbour allowed for large scale import and trade of timber. 4 Spike Island used to be divided into various ‘Wharfs’, named after the sources of timber, such as, Canada Wharf and Baltic Wharf (now the Baltic Wharf Caravan Site). The Cottage Inn was originally the old wharf master’s house and then became May & Hassell’s offices to manage the timber yard. One timber shed remains and is now used by Baltic Wharf Sailing Club, to store boats and, with additions, to provide some indoor space. The whole of Spike Island has an industrial presence, with Underfall Yard as a reminder of its heritage. Built in the 1880s, Underfall Yard is one of the few remaining working boatyards in England. The site is used as a tourist attraction, with a visitor centre and small cafe, but is also used by the Harbour Master, Docks Engineer and maritime businesses. 5

Removed, now Baltic Wharf Housing Development

Removed, now Baltic Wharf Caravan Site

Site Removed, now a car park

Listed buildings near the site for consideration include: various industrial buildings, such as Underfall Yard (also a scheduled ancient monument) and Bond Warehouses; workers cottages and Victorian terraces; and Cumberland Basin locks and swing bridges. 6

Cottage Inn

Baltic Wharf Sailing Club

Future

Flood risk

High risk

Medium risk

Low risk

The Floating Harbour has a stable water level but the New Cut is tidal and fluctuates by nearly 9m between low and high tide. As a result, the site is liable to a medium risk of flooding and is a moderate hazard. 7

l od wal

o 250m fl

The tidal River Avon also means there is an increased future risk from rising sea levels and storm surges and also increased fluvial flood risks from more intense rainfall. In 2018, there were 1,000 properties at risk from tidal flooding in the city centre, but by 2060 there will be 2,600. The new 250m Cumberland Road flood wall reduces the risk of tidal flooding to around 170 homes and businesses. 1 in 20 year flood level = 8.89m 0.5m rise on site 1 in 100 year flood level = 9.12m 0.75m rise on site Under Draft Policy DS4, the Western Harbour was identified for development as a â&#x20AC;&#x153;new city quarterâ&#x20AC;?, through diverse land use. Development will comprise: at least 2,500 new homes; improved pedestrian/cycle routes; and reconfiguration of the 1960â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s road system. 8 Additionally, a planning application opposite the site proposes 4 new residential units (max. 4 storeys high), and associated parking, infrastructure and riverside footpath. 9

Existing road network

Proposed road network

The Site

The site is bounded on two sides by the calming presence of water. Residentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s personal sense of safety and grounding is aided by observing the passing of time. This is usually achieved through daylighting, but here there is also the potential to use the tidal rise and fall of water. The site is located by a main road and several pedestrian routes, particularly a strong pedestrian connectivity to the harbourside. Nearby transport links by bus and boat also help easy access for support networks of friends and family. The site has two existing access points. The accessibility of the site presents the challenge of creating a secure line around the perimeter of the scheme. The site can also increase public awareness of the prison as it is so prominent within the urban realm. The listed and contextual buildings should be considered, such that the scheme does not change the nature of the environment. The site presents a challenge of overcoming its inward looking nature as this provides a constant reminder of incarceration.

Listed buildings in blue

The Site

1. Entrance to site from Cumberland Road

4. View along harbourside towards Cottage Inn

2. Existing car park

5. View along harbourside and existing boat storage

3. Cumberland Road boundary condition

6. Car park looking towards Harbour Master

Opportunities and Constraints

Proposed YOI site

Pedestrian vs. vehicle Quiet vs. noisy

Fixed vs. tidal water Flood risk Passing of time

Some morning overshadowing No south overshadowing Some evening glare and overshadowing

Lack of vegetation on site compared to nearby caravan park Strong Cumberland Road boundary wall condition

THE SCHEME

Prison Typologies a courtyard or campus supports rehabilitation more than a traditional radial or telephone plan.

Radial Plan

Telephone Pole

observed system

separate system

Correction through fear of inspection and observation

Reform through solitude and self reflection

Courtyard

Campus Layout

monastic typology

rehabilitative system

Reform through internal reflection

Reform through humane treatment and control

Courtyard - The Urban Realm

The YOI site was selected due to the benefits of an urban setting, such as better access and local community. The challenge of this is the creation of a secure line around the perimeter of the scheme. Nanterre Prison addresses this by using the building facade itself to create the secure perimeter. The building edge sits on the street front, in line with neighbouring buildings. The fluid facade has been used to create more architectural interest than a traditional, freestanding boundary wall. The building enclosure creates a central courtyard with cells looking into it, so the public do not have a view of the inmates and vice versa. However, inward cells are not ideal as they provide a constant a reminder of incarceration.

The prison wall is the building

Nanterre Prison, France, 2019 - LAN Architecture

Campus - Microcosm of Society

Halden Prison is designed so that inmates can move freely around the site. Building uses are separated by function so that residents have to leave their accommodation, imitating an outdoor commute to work, education and leisure. The challenge is to create this transition between spaces on a much smaller scale - for 30 inmates as opposed to Haldensâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; 250. Some inmates, used to an urban environment, find the silence and quiet of the remote location unsettling and isolation. So the scheme needs to find a compromise between the biophilic approach (integration with nature and the outdoors) and the urban setting.

Halden Prison, Norway, 2010 - HLM Arkitecktur / Erik MĂ¸ller Arkitekter

Movement between spaces

Scheme Approach

1. The building is the boundary wall

2. Break up to mimic the everyday commute

3. Orientate views towards Floating Harbour

4. Create views out of institution

5. Buildings with private gardens

6. Layering of public to private

Scheme Zoning 1:500

Scale bar 1:500

Building Zoning

The building has been arranged such that spaces meet the levels of privacy they require. The building itself creates a secure boundary and enclosure around a central garden. Private gardens, intended to mimic a dwelling’s ‘back garden’, create a secure buffer and essentially two secure lines. The functions are separated into different blocks to create transitions between the spaces, through an outdoor central garden and vertically through level changes.

Visitors members of the public are allowed here to the visiting centre Administration staff only areas and secure entrances Activity inmates and staff allowed in these areas Living inmates private living areas, only selected staff and residents with a bedroom in the block are allowed inside

Circulation

All entrances are on the West side for security and to make East living areas more secure. Staff, inmate and visitor entrances are separated, with pedestrian access set back along the harbourside, as it is the quieter side of the site. Access for vehicles is set back from Cumberland Road, with indoor turning and staff pedestrian access set back from the main road for privacy.

inmates

Inmates (ROTL) Visitors (friends/family) Visiting Staff Everyday Staff Vehicles (judicial/deliveries)

visitors

9 am - 6 pm 10 am - 4 pm 9 am - 6 pm 24 hour access 9 am - 5 pm (24 hour emergency access)

staff

vehicles

1:1000 site mode, entrances noted

Circulation through building

Landscape Plan 1:500

Silver birch tree planting

Buff herringbone brick paving

Entrance â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;doormatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Vertical planting

Retractable bollards 27

Scale bar 1:500

Defensive hedgerow

Landscape Strategy The overall strategy is to buffer certain areas of the building with planting, whilst improving the nature of the harbourside and also increasing biodiversity opportunities. Improved pedestrian links, as part of the wider Spike Island development plan, and buff herringbone brick are used to maintain the character of the harbourside. Low level planting outside the entrance will create a doormat and a sense of arrival. Defensive planting, consisting of species found native in a traditional British hedgerow, acts as a buffer to bedrooms and increases security. Thorny and spikey evergreen plants will be used, flowering at different times, with some climbing species, adding visual interest throughout the year.

Rose

Vines

Hawthorn

Dog rose

These will also bring added benefits of biodiversity, producing fruit and pollen for birds and insects. Linking to the external wall, the internal gardens will also use vertical climbing plants, creating small pockets of wildlife habitats and resident social space. In contrast, the kitchen garden will consist of horizontal planting, with a balance between productive and recreational space. Four rotating quadrants provide a variety of plants, maximising the gardenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s educational value. Produce will be used by residents and surplus sold to local outlets, such as the Cottage Inn. One quadrant will be left for recreational space as well as central seating.

Ivy

Holly blue butterfly

Paving slabs

Moveable furniture

Holly

Blackthorn

Great Tit

Bumble bee 28

Kitchen Garden 1:200

Recreation grass and flowers

Brick edged border

Raised brick planters

Apple trees

Seating under trees

sun loving herbs and fruit

Strawberry

Tomato

Lavender

Brassica

Potato

Carrot

shade tolerant

Subsistence food for residents and surplus sold Education with a variety of plants 0 Outdoor recreation and social space 29

Scale bar 1:200

Kitchen Garden

Ground Floor Plan 1:250

Entrance Block 1. Inmate entrance 2. Inmate waiting area 3. Reception (dual access) 4. Visitor entrance 5. Search rooms Admin Block - inmate access 6. Visitor centre 7. Visitor WC 8. Visitor garden/play area 9. Stairs - shared access 10. Garden storage 11. Laundry

Community Giving residents access to a support network of family and friends contributes positively to rehabilitation and aids resettlement.

Admin Block - staff access only 12. Vehicle entrance 13. Staff entrance 14. Delivery/bin storage 15. Stairs - staff access only 16. Staff WC/shower 17. Plant room and riser Education Block 18. Workshop garden 19. Workshop and storage 20. Observation room 21. Plant room and riser 22. Library House Blocks 23. Plant room 24. Shared kitchen/dining 25. Shared living room 26. Observation room 27. Bedroom (single) 28. Bedroom (accessible) 29. House garden 30. Kitchen garden

Visitor centre - timber privacy panels to separate bays

0 1 2

Scale bar 1:250

19.

20.

21. 22.

19.

27.

18.

23.

8. 1.

5. 5.

27.

24.

27.

25.

7. 2.

28.

9. 14. 12.

30.

10.

26.

11.

14. 13.

29.

15. 16. 17.

24.

24. 25.

23.

26.

17. 27.

27.

29.

25.

26.

23.

27. 28.

28.

27.

First Floor Plan 1:250

Living Approximately 10% of the prison population could benefit from sharing with a compatible roommate. Shared rooms set up a support network for vulnerable people and are also more economical, thus 3 are provided.

Admin Block 1. Multifaith & purpose hall 2. First aid 3. Stairs - shared access 4. Therapy/office room 5. Chill-out room 6. Archive/storage 7. Governorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s office 8. Stairs - staff access only 9. Staff wc/shower 10. Riser 11. Staff kitchenette 12. Staff room 13. Meeting room Education Block 14. Classroom 15. IT suite 16. Stairs - shared access 17. Riser and shared wc House Blocks 18. Bedroom (single) 19. Bedroom (shared) 20. Riser

Multifaith & multipurpose hall - worship / performance

0 1 2

Scale bar 1:250

15. 14.

17. 16. 20.

18. 18.

1. 18. 1o. 2.

19.

3. 5.

7. 6. 8. 9. 1o. 13. 11. 12.

20. 18.

18.

19.

18.

Second Floor Plan 1:250

Purposeful Activity Activity has been identified as more important in YOIs than in adult prisons and is considered a prerequisite to enable rehabilitation.

Admin Block 1. Gym 2. Changing room 3. Stairs - shared access 4. Rooftop sports court

Rooftop sports court - basketball / skateboarding

0 1 2

Scale bar 1:250

Long Section 1:250

Bedroom (single) Bedroom (single)

Changing Shared kitchen

Kitchen Garden

Stairs lobby First aid (shared access)

Inmate Search waiting room

0 1 2

Scale bar 1:250

Secure Lines

security

The public realm, where the public can go in yellow

Staff only access to green areas

ROTL security

Visiting staff have access to pink space

security

Inmate (and staff) access to stairs in blue Doors locked with staff only access (with key-card or other) in pink

Short Section 1:250

Mixed Red K-Briq (by Kenoteq) Traditional clay brick manufacturing uses a high embodied carbon, but K-Briq has one tenth of the carbon impact, does not require kiln firing and uses no cement. K-Briq is made from over 90% recycled construction waste and is fully recyclable at the end of itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s life. It looks, weighs and behaves the same as a regular brick but also has the benefit of better insulation properties. British Western Red Cedar Cladding Providing itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s end of life is considered, timber can have a low embodied carbon. Home grown UK cedar is class 3 durable (moderate - BS EN 350) meaning it can be left untreated to naturally age (turning more grey) and therefore can be carefully removed and reused. The cedar can be sourced locally in Southern England and Wales, which is cheaper than buying and importing from Canada, and with a much lower carbon footprint.

K-briq

Bedrooms River Avon - New Cut

Cumberland Road

Bedrooms

Western red cedar cladding

Classroom Living

Kitchen Garden

Workshop

0 1 2

Harbourside

Floating Harbour

Scale bar 1:250

Short Section 1:200

Gym Meeting room Plant room

0 1 2

Scale bar 1:200

Office Staff WC

Stairs Laundry (staff only)

Chill-out room Store

Multifaith hall Stairs (shared access)

Visitor centre

South Elevation 1:250

0 1 2

Scale bar 1:250

Underfall Yard Entrance Block 41

Admin Block

House Block

House Garden

House Block

Sailing Club

Cumberland Road View

North Elevation 1:250

0 1 2

Scale bar 1:250

Cottage Inn 43

Education/Work Block

Workshop / Visitor Garden

Admin Block

Entrance Block

Harbour Master

View along Floating Harbour at night

West Elevation 1:250

0 1 2

Scale bar 1:250

Cottage Inn Floating Harbour 45

Admin Block Education/Work Block

Entrance Block

Cumberland Road

River Avon - New Cut

Building Main Entrance

House Block

Bristol coloured houses

Shared kitchen between 9 residents. Furniture within house blocks is moveable (such as kitchen tables, bedroom desks) to allow as much personalisation and resident control as possible.

Coloured doors and rooms

First floor corridor with different door colours for orientation, sense of security and personal ownership of bedroom space

The workshop has views out into the internal courtyard and also a private garden, allowing doors and windows to be opened fully for ventilation. Skills learnt within the building can be applied to jobs outside on the ROTL programme and also to increase employment opportunities after release. Traditional trades will be learnt as an asset the local community, such as carpentry and metalwork - these build transferable and versatile skills, leading to apprenticeships with neighbouring Underfall Yard businesses.

Education Block - Workshop

The Education Block will provide vocational training, teaching and employment skills. Examples of qualifications provided: GCSEs - Maths, English, IT NVQ Level 2 Diploma - Carpentry, Plumbing, Plastering BTEC EDSQ - Essential Digital Skills qualifications

STRUCTURAL STRATEGY & TECTONIC DETAILS

Overall Material Strategy

Industrial history of brick - Bond warehouse and Underfall Yard

The building materials are zoned into public and private. Institutional spaces are represented in timber and living spaces in brick. The aim is to use domestic scale construction, such as load bearing brick walls, as these are familiar to residents and found locally in Bristol dwellings. The detailing of the brick and its softening with timber will challenge the traditional, austere red brick Victorian prison, whilst also nodding towards the siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s industrial heritage and hisoric timber yards. Timber spaces soften the brick and denote entrances and public outlook. Timber walls to the inside of brick residential spaces articulate these spaces as shared living spaces, whereas brick implies private bedrooms.

Timber Brick

red brick with timber infill panels inward looking timber walls Timber

Timber

Brick Brick

The red brick of HMP Bristol, built 1883

Public vs. Private - Institutional vs. Living

Ground Condition

The site is currently surrounded by much hardstanding, such as paving and tarmac car parks. Underneath this, however, the ground is relatively soft, consisting largely of clay, silt and sand. This soft condition not helped by the close proximity of water on both sides, making the ground more unstable. Due to these factors, it was deemed appropriate to use â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;miniâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; pile foundations, especially as the tallest section of the building is 3 storeys. Deep foundations will also provide the building with more stability in the event of a flood, although the flood risk has been reduced due to a new flood wall, protecting from the tidal water.

Fill-rubble, ash and soil Firm, brown and grey clay Soft to firm, brown and grey clay with some stones

Soft, grey, peaty clay with some stones

Peat, with grey clay and some stones

10m

Soft to firm, grey, silty clay and some stones Firm, brown clay with streaks of grey clay

Soft to firm, brown, grey, silty clay with sand layers

Medium dense, fine gravel

Hard, red and grey marl

20m

Fine gravel Hard, red and grey marl Red sandstone with some breccio-conglomerate

d wall

oo 250m fl

Grey quartzite with breccias and limestone fragments Grey quartzite

Borehole location

27 m borehole

House Block Construction Roof joists Exposed roof rafters Load bearing timber wall studs Stair Timber floor joists Timber joists under green roof Colonnade roof exposed timber joists Brick columns Concrete beam (with brick slips)

Masonry, load bearing walls

Beam and block floor t-beams (to be infilled with Pile cap foundation

5m ‘mini’ pile foundations under columns

Masonry - red brick, blocks Timber - joists, rafters

9m ‘mini’ pile foundations (250mm diameter)

Concrete - foundations

House Block Spans

House blocks have been designed to be repeatable units, for ease of construction and equality among residents. The ethos of creating domestic-scale dwellings is reflected in the size of the buildings. The spans are achievable using domestic construction methods, such as masonry walls, with suspended timber floors hanging from them.

First floor sketch - roof rafters above Load bearing columns form outdoor colonnade Exposed timber roof joists at 1m centres

Timber joists span between masonry load bearing walls

Longer span between masonry walls broken by timber load bearing walls

Suspended timber floor construction

Sawtooth wall articulated in load bearing masonry Ground floor sketch - floor joists above

Construction Approach

Partial fill cavity wall (red brick) - 1:10

(blockwork) - 1:10

Load bearing red brick walls will be utilised. This carries advantages such as inbuilt fire resistance, a well understood construction process and high durability. This build up will be employed around the whole scheme, replacing the outer skin of brick with blockwork, that can later be clad in timber. Wall ties

103mm 75mm 125mm 100mm

ventilated

Potential reinforced screed

100mm

Western red cedar cladding Horizontal/vertical frame Blockwork Air gap Cellulose insulation DPC/vapour control Blockwork

Beam and block floors are a common approach in dwelling construction. They are also appropriate in sites where the ground has poor bearing capacity or a high water table and a slab could be unstable. Pre-cast beams and blocks increase speed of construction and standardisation of components creates potential for reuse. Space underneath the floor must be ventilated so a reinforced screed could be used to ensure the air gap does not create any security concerns. 15mm 35mm 160mm

Beam and block floor (floor finish varies) - 1:10

Facing red brick Air gap Cellulose insulation DPC/vapour control Blockwork

20mm 40mm 100mm 75mm 125mm

Timber floor finish Screed (vapour control layer) Rigid insulation DPM

165mm 150mm

T-beams Infill blocks Air gap (minimum) Ground level

Colonnade Details

Visitor garden

Seating and recessed brickwork built into wall bounding visitor garden

Brick slips

Concrete beam

Aco slot drain

Colonnade seat detail - 1:30

House Block Section 1:50

0.5

Scale bar 1:50

500mm rise for flood risk and increased privacy

Moveable furniture

PV panels

Wardrobe

Load bearing timber stud wall

Green roof

9m ‘mini’ pile foundations

5m ‘mini’ pile foundations under columns 55

Boundary Wall - Outer

Recessed brick headers

Projected brick headers

Glass

Recessed brick headers

Glass

Projected brick headers

Wall reinforced with concrete up to recessed bricks

No brick articulation below 2800mm for security

Defensive planting to at least 1000mm 500mm rise

indicative foundation Flemish bond boundary wall elevation - 1:30

Boundary wall section - 1:30

Boundary Wall - Outer

Different depths

Broken glass

The primary function of the outer boundary walls is to maintain security. This is achieved through defensive planting and meeting the minimum required height for a low category prison wall (>4m). Above a height of 2.8m, brick articulation is allowed. The aim of this is to add visual interest to the facade. To meet the schemeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ethos of sustainable design, broken glass bottles and jars will be used on top of the wall. This avoids the hostile perception of barbed wire or spikes and is significantly lower cost, but still provides an extra layer of protection. The coloured glass would also cast interesting shadows.

Recessed headers

Projected headers

Recessed and projected headers on outer boundary wall

Boundary Wall - Inner

As they are within the secure line, these boundary walls can be lower security. The private gardens act as a buffer to the outside of the institution so can be a lower height and more perforated with removed headers. The hit and miss brick walls also allow light between these spaces but also a level of privacy.

Expressed columns

Hit and miss brick

Colonnade roof

Removed header Hit and miss brick headers

Door to gardens

Protruding wall in line with colonnade

Hit and miss brick elevation - 1:30

Hit and miss brick section - 1:30

Boundary Wall - Buildings

Angled brick panels

No bedroom overloooking

Angled bedroom bays create more privacy

Flemish bond

Angled brick panels

Angled brick panel

External building boundary wall - 1:50

Education and Entrance Block

Boards of varying widths

Western red cedar

The education block (and entrance block) utilise the same construction approach as the house blocks. As they are at a similar scale to house blocks, they will use similar load bearing construction but clad in facing western red cedar boards.

First floor sketch education block - roof rafters above

Western red cedar clad load bearing blockwork walls

Timber load bearing walls

Suspended timber floor construction

Ground floor sketch education block - floor joists above

Education Block Section 1:50

0.5

Scale bar 1:50

PV panels

Load bearing timber stud wall

Timber clad blockwork partial fill cavity wall

Window Seat Detail

Projected window frame

Built in seat and shelves

The expressed, projecting window frame reflects the ‘in and out’ nature of the external walls - for example, the angled windows in bedrooms and the recessed main entrance doors. The window seats are built into the bookshelves and also frame views out to the floating harbour.

‘In and out’ line of the boundary wall

Library window seat - 1:20

Library with views over floating harbour

Admin Block

The admin block is the tallest part of the scheme (10m) but uses the same structural principals as the rest of the scheme. However, a different approach to materiality is employed, combining brick and timber. Inspired by the facade of Louis Kahnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Exeter Library, the building will read as a brick frame with panels infilled with timber, brick and glass.

Brick with timber infill

Colonnade base of brick

Load bearing timber wall Load bearing blockwork walls Indicative pile locations (pink and yellow) Brick frame locations and pile foundations underneath Admin block first floor - NTS

Elevation treatment sketch

Typical Elevation Treatment Bays - Admin Block 1:50

0.5

Scale bar 1:50

Admin Block Construction Approach

Concrete block with brick around

Western red cedar cladding on batten frame Plasterboard Vertical batten frame Horizontal batten frame Western red cedar cladding DPC/vapour control Blockwork walls Facing red brick Concrete block

Inside

Outside Isometric wall build up

Outside

Inside Wall build up plan - 1:10

Admin Construction Block Section Approach 1:50

Brick slips

0.5

Metal mesh and fixing

Warm roof construction

Rooftop drainage gutter

PV panels on green roof

Scale bar 1:50

Rooftop Sports Court

Rooftop sports court section - 1:10

The open grid VersaCourt tiles allow water to drain underneath them. Water falls onto the screed below (covered by a DPM), falling to the sides to drain away. The tiles are shock absorbing through reverse spring tension expansion joints, reducing impact noise to floors below and creating a pleasant, springy surface for sporting activities. Within the roof, 2 layers of insulation (2 x 120mm) provide additional shock absorption as well as thermal insulation. An acoustic mat will also be employed, for example â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;soundscreedâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, in order to protect against both airborne and impact sound. The thickness of the roof build up is over 650mm, meaning this large mass will also absorb much of the sound.

Mesh fixing

Water travels under VersaCourt tiles to gutter Gutter with mesh over gutter drains further down court

To provide the perception of a brick frame, brick slips will be used to create the horizontal effect. These will be fixed to concrete beams using metal fixings. Within the frame, a metal mesh will be employed to secure the court for residents, for both security and to aid with sporting activities. The mesh will be clamped into a frame, with a welded bar holding this in place. A similar frame will hold the mesh in place at the top.

Brick slips Service void

VersaCourt tiles

Brick slips

2 insulation layers

Acoustic mat

Construction Sequence

1. Level site and insert pile foundations

2. Build walls and hang beam and block floor (Phase 1: Admin and entrance blocks)

3. Build remaining walls and hang timber floors

4. Build roof and make building watertight

5. Repeat the same process for phase 2 blocks (Phase 2: House and education blocks)

6. Build external garden walls and colonnade, clad blockwork walls in timber

ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY

Overall Environmental Strategy

Potential reed beds

PV panels

Evening overshadowing to spaces rarely used in evening

Tallest spaces to the north

No south overglazing

GSHP

Green roofs

Natural ventilation to bedrooms

Rainwater harvesting

Break allows south light into courtyard

Minimal morning overshadowing

Daylight

South East glazing

The shading diagrams demonstrate that the central courtyard will have good daylighting for the majority of the year. In particular the most north-east corner will benefit from good sunlight for large parts of the day. The landscape plan has been designed carefully in response to this, with incorporation of shade-tolerant plants to the more shaded south-west and sun-loving to the north-east part of the courtyard kitchen garden. The scheme employs a modest amount of glazing, reducing potential for heat loss and controlling solar gains. Risk of south overheating is reduced due to small fenestration size and angled windows. West orientated admin spaces, such as archive storage, therapy room and offices will be occupied for traditional office hours and so are less impacted by low evening sun. The rooftop sports court is orientated north-south as this reduces the impact of low sun on play. Education and admin spaces benefit from diffuse north light, which is useful for working visual tasks. This is also advantageous for the entrance block security as it allows for clearer observation for staff. Diffuse light is also provided to resident bathrooms and the library.

North West glazing

Overshadowing

Spring / Autumn Equinox - 9am some shading

Spring / Autumn Equinox - 12noon little shading

Spring / Autumn Equinox - 4pm some shading

Winter Solstice - 12noon lots of shading

Summer Solstice - 9am little shading

Summer Solstice - 4pm some shading

Daylight Factor

Neighbouring buildings do not hinder daylighting potential

The site location is highly suitable as there are no buildings to the north or south that present overshadowing daylight issues. The scheme has been designed such that from 2m no neighbouring properties are at an angle greater than 25o, meaning all rooms are capable of achieving good daylighting. If daylighting is sufficient, use of artificial light can be minimised, saving on electricity usage, reducing running costs and potentially decreasing heat gains from lamps, with the acknowledged benefits to mental health. An example study of daylighting in a typical room:

>25o 2m

A typical south facing bedroom achieves a daylight factor of 2.1%. This is the natural diffuse light from an overcast sky. The CIBSE lighting guide states that a daylight factor under 2% means a room is not adequately daylit and is reliant on artificial light. As the daylight factor is between 2-5%, the room is well lit, therefore glare and solar gains are unlikely to be a problem, although artificial light may be required for certain tasks. A bedroom typically needs to achieve 200-300 lux. However, the resident bedrooms function more like study/student bedrooms with a higher occupation and range of room functions, such as reading or writing. Therefore, there should be provision to provide 500 lux task light for more focused and concentrated activity. This will be provided throughout the scheme through various forms of LEDs, designed to suit the function of the space.

Diffuse light from an overcast sky into bedrooms

Typical Bedroom LED strip lighting

Bed hidden from entrance for privacy

Privacy blinds

Indirect light

Radiator

Ventilation panel for environmental control

Themed room colour

Moveable furniture for personalisation

Personal items

Inbuilt timber furniture provides warmth

Ventilation

The scheme is primarily mechanically ventilated with potential for natural ventilation during the summer. Due to the secure nature, windows on the boundary wall have been designed sensitively. Opening windows onto the public realm are only permitted in staff-only or staff-monitored spaces, such as the workshop, offices or staff room. The bedrooms achieve user comfort through resident-controlled ventilation panels - the window for daylighting and views is fixed but the panel allows air into the room without comprising security.

MVHR

Mechanical ventilation

MVHR

During winter, an MVHR system will take heat from the kitchen and distribute it into bedrooms. Ensuites stack and extract through flat roofs to the air above. Some spaces will need mechanical ventilation as they generate a lot of heat - eg: gym, IT suite and laundry room.

MVHR

The majority of inward facing windows are openable, allowing user control to all spaces. The plans are not particularity deep so this allows for natural ventilation when possible, particularly single sided ventilation in spaces such as offices.

Natural ventilation (in summer) Fixed window Opening window/louvre Ventilation Strategy

House Block Ventilation

Ventilation panel section - 1:20

bathroom extract and rooflight

large fixed windows for views openable windows

ventilation panel

fixed window with views out of institution

Bedroom ventilation isometric

Ventilation panel plan - 1:20

Heating and Occupation

The scheme occupancy will vary. House blocks will be consistently occupied as residents sleep and eat in these spaces. Observation rooms will also be largely occupied - as a result these spaces will be heated by water radiators. These will be individually controlled by the user, promoting personal comfort. This function is rarely available in many prisons, with inmates unable to open windows or control temperatures in cells. A horizontal ground source heat pump will generate enough heat to supply the East house block. The two South blocks have potential for PV panels to heat water. Anti-freeze water runs through a closed loop system, buried 1-2m underground, which will not effect the planting within the kitchen garden, and then run through the radiators. GSHP lowers carbon emissions and are more energy efficient than traditional gas systems. The non-residential blocks will have fluctuating occupancy. These spaces will be used for short bursts of time but with larger groups of people, such as the visitor centre and classroom. Therefore, these will be heated only when in use through an air source heat pump, but also adequately ventilated in summer when the volume of people could cause overheating. Plant, risers and storage rooms will be unheated but within the thermal envelope, the machinery itself generating sufficient heat. Thicker insulation will be incorporated into walls and floors between plant adjacent heated rooms, reducing uncomfortable heat or cold transfer.

Thermal line Consistent occupancy (water radiator heating) Fluctuating occupancy (air source radiator heating) Unheated

Building Fabric

Partial fill cavity wall, 125mm insulation U-value: 0.13 W/m2·K

Composite triple glazed window U-value:: 1.0 W/m2·K

The building will be constructed using a ‘fabric first’ approach, whereby the configuration of the building itself is designed to optimise efficiency. As the building form factor is 2.4, it’s shape lends itself to be energy efficient (a good form factor is under 3). Combined with this, it is of great importance to ensure the building maximises air tightness, utilises super high insulation and a sparing quantity of openings, to achieve a highly efficient building. Insulation is also essential for heating systems, such as ground and air source heat pumps, to work efficiently as a properly insulated building reduces energy demand, operational costs and heat loss in winter. Thus, the building will be extremely well insulated and achieve great (low) U-values. The U-values achieved within the building better the guidance set out in Part L2A - Conservation of fuel and power (in new buildings other than dwellings):

Warm single ply roof, 2 x 120mm insulation - U-value: 0.10 W/m2·K

Roof: 0.25 W/m2·K Wall: 0.35 W/m2·K Floor: 0.25 W/m2·K Windows: 2.2 W/m2·K (Exact wall build up dimensions can be seen on page 53)

Beam and block floor, 160mm rigid insulation - U-value: 0.10 W/m2·K

Acoustics

Typical prison wing

The prison sounscape is usually intimidating. Noise is amplified through â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;hardâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; architecture (reflective materials, such as metal and concrete) and the noises themselves are often frightening inmates shouting and keys rattling as people are locked up. To combat this, the scheme uses absorbing materials, such as timber. In traditional prisons, echo and airborne sound is an issue as prisoners are rarely entrusted with a fully sound sealed cell unlike at the YOI. The usual recorded reverberation time (the time taken for a sound to decay in a closed space) inside a prison cell is 2-3 seconds 1, but a comfortable private conversion level is 0.5.-1 seconds. Internal timber walls and floors joints will be sealed well and cellulose insulation will be a minimum thickness of 100mm and minimum density of 10kg/m3 laid in the cavity.

exposed services

long corridors

metal and concrete reflect sound

Other materials are employed to reduce impact noise from sports provisions. TVS Sportec rubber flooring will be employed as a floor finish within the gym because it absorbs vibrations, is durable and is made of recycled rubber mixed with EDPM colour granules. The equipment layout can also be designed so anti-vibration pads are under machines that cause particular stress.

large atrium amplifies sound

broken up corridor absorbs more sound shorter corridor

hidden services

timber absorbs sound

thick floor and insulation reduces impact sound VersaCourt tiles

TVS Sportec rubber floor

Proposed YOI residential block

Material Strategy

Materials and construction techniques have been selected to maximise their value and minimise waste. The ethos is that of a circular economy, through minimising new elements introduced and reusing materials where they are already available. Re-purpose and Repair The scheme has been designed such that the building is versatile and flexible for future use. For example, house blocks could be repurposed into student accommodation or sheltered living for the elderly with little modification. Elements such as cladding can be re-clad or repaired when needed due to the blockwork structure. Reuse Through standardisation and established construction methods, (eg: pre-fab beam and blocks) if carefully removed, components could be reused in other buildings once the building reaches its end of life. Recycle and Reduce Using recycled and untreated components reduces existing and construction waste - for example 90% recycled K-Briq.

Circular material cycle - aim to reduce pollution and waste in landfill

Plant

The building has a main plant room within the admin block, where most of the building services are controlled. Each block then has an individual plant room and subsequent riser to meet the specific needs of the block. As the main plant room cannot extract to the roof above due to the rooftop sports court, to avoid having an extract on the side of the building, the pipework ducts through the staff corridor on the first floor and then up to the roof. Energy demands for the building will be offset using renewable technologies, such as GSHP and PV panels. To offset the impact of building within a flood risk area, the scheme aims to benefit the local water source. This could be implemented through the use of a packaged wastewater treatment system, where sewage is treated in order to release clean water back into the Floating Harbour. Reed beds could also be employed to clean wastewater and general pollution, using zero energy and also benefiting the local ecosystem.

Packaged wastewater treatment system

Floating reed bed: north of Bristol Floating Harbour

Plant rooms (green) and risers (yellow)

Flood Strategy

+0.0m

fixed Floating Harbour water level

+0.5m

The site has a medium risk of flooding, with a 1 in 20 year flood rise of 0.5m on site and a 1 in 100 year flood rise of 0.75m. As a result, the scheme has been designed such that the majority of the ground floor level is raised 0.5m above the existing - this also has the benefit of increased privacy as residents and the public will not be at the same eye level.

maintain boat access

The +0.0m spaces are designed to have sacrificial floor finishes, such as treated concrete floors, which can be easily cleaned, and comprised of flood resilient materials with low permeability, such as lime plaster. Most of these spaces, except visitor centre and reception are storage or circulation spaces, meaning they are hierarchically low impact if flooded. All sensitive and electrical items, such as plug sockets, will be raised as high up as possible to protect them from the risk. In the event of a flood, a plan and strategy can be employed when the building is in use, such as deploying sandbags or temporary flood gates into openings.

potential reed beds

Through increased soft landscaping, planting and green roofs, the scheme reduces surface run off. As the site currently consists of existing hard landscaped car park, the proposed scheme should be an improvement on existing conditions and made easier for water to drain away after a flood. The risk is also reduced through the new flood wall built in 2016, adjacent to the site. If the site is to be developed, it is arguable that building typology is appropriate because instead of building houses, a place of detention is a lower priority for the community.

9m tidal fluctuations of River Avon Potential wastewater treatment location

Green spaces

250m flood wall

PV Panels

PV panels will be used to assist the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s demand for electricity. Panels have been arranged such that their efficiency is maximised and they are adequately separated from each other and roof parapets and hidden from street eye level view by parapets.

Flat roofs

Pitched 10o roofs

Pitched roofs 1kW (output for 1m2 PVs) x 162m2 (of PV panels) x 0.2 (20% efficient) x 4.3 (average sun hours/day) = 140 kWh per day Flat roofs 1kW (output for 1m2 PVs) x 345m2 (of PV panels) x 0.2 (20% efficient) x 4.3 (average sun hours/day) = 295 kWh per day This is a simplified calculation and does not account for various factors, such as overshadowing, but an average day could see 435kWh generated. An average person in the home uses 10kWh per day, thus with a resident population of 27, plus additional staff and visitors, the PV panels could offset the electricity usage at some points of the year.

PVs on pitched roof

Pitched PVs on flat roof

Roofs with potential for pv panels

Biodiversity

Water drain through columns

Rainwater for irrigation

Overlooked roofs will be extensive green roofs, adding aesthetic appeal, benefiting biodiversity and reducing water run-off. Some roofs are north facing and the entrance roofs will undergo some shading from neighbouring buildings. As such, the seed mix needs to be shade-tolerant and compatible within an urban environment. The roofs will be designed with the ethos of a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;brown roofâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, whereby the biodiversity found within them is similar to a brownfield site. Spaces will be left to germinate with local wind transported seeds and the roof will develop over time as part of the local ecosystem. A mixture of species will enhance roof performance and make it more stable.

250L water butts

Roof joists

Sedum and shade loving plants

Extensive green roof build up - 1:20

Green roof

Rainwater collection will be used to water the gardens. Planting in private gardens and the main kitchen garden will be irrigated using large above ground water butts, as they are easy to access and maintain. The harvestable roof area of 775m2 will drain into eight 250 litre water butts - when full, this will provide sufficient water for 6 days of gardening. The large bin store will also provide space for compost bins, used to help fertilize plants.

Gravel edge gutter

Sedum green roof: ideal for thin and dry soil

Shade loving plants: native wildflower seeds attract insects and birds

REGULATORY COMPLIANCE

Part M - Access

The majority of visitor and staff access will be on foot or via public transport, and wide footpath access in and around the site supports this. However, for those arriving by vehicle, there is a car park with access along the harbourside or nearby on road parking. There is potential for designated disabled parking bays within the site. pedestrian access along harbourside from car park

+0mm

There is a level approach to the site with a level threshold into the building. Weather protection is provided to the key building access points - eg: recessed doorways, covered entrances and a sheltered colonnade. All external doors are at least 1000mm wide. +500mm

potential for disabled parking bays

on street parking

FFL raised 500mm above existing level Stairs, ramp and platform lift to deal with the 500mm rise Wheelchair-accessible unisex toilets Wheelchair-accessible bedroom and ensuite bathroom Space for potential lift in residential blocks, if required

A large proportion of the building is raised by 500mm. This change is dealt with by a 1:15 ramp and short flight of stairs for shared inmate and staff use. The 1500mm wide ramp is supported by handrails on both sides, with a 1500mm long landing in the middle. At the staff only back entrance, stairs and a platform lift are used. Visitor access is completely level, with level access between the visitor centre and garden - supporting wheelchair and prams. All non-residential block floors are fully accessible, via passenger lifts/one staff-only platform lift - which all meet the minimum required dimensions. Wheelchair-accessible unisex toilets are also supplied for staff, visitors and residents on every floor, in these blocks. Wheelchair-accessible bedrooms are limited to the ground floor, but if wheelchair access to the first floor was deemed necessary for staff, there is space provision at the end of corridors. 3 out of the 27 bedrooms are wheelchair-accessible (minimum 1 out of 20 required in M1 4.24). Emergency assistance alarms will be provided in all bedrooms. To assist the partially sighted, bedroom doors vary - eg: different colours and embossed room numbers.

Part B - Fire

B.015 considered, the scheme endeavours to meet Part B requirements, especially considering it’s ‘end of use’ plan, whereby it could be re-purposed with a different use, such as student accommodation.

B2: Internal fire spread (linings) Internal linings (eg: ceiling plasterboard) will be fire resistant up to 30 minutes, and exposed timber roof joists will be treated with fire retardant coating.

The building is classed as Purpose Group 2(a) - Residential (institutional). The document HMPPS Custodial Premises Fire Safety Design Guide identifies risks from fire and details subsequent preventative and protective measures - such as emergency procedures for cell fires and training in RPE (Respiratory Protective Equipment) for safe prisoner evacuations. An assembly point will be identified within the central courtyard from which there will be a secure, controlled evacuation. Fires within prisons are almost inevitable, with “2,580 fires in prisons in England and Wales in 2016 – almost 50 a week” 1 - therefore, it is important to have both fire management and construction strategies that mitigate the risk.

B3: Internal fire spread (structure) External blockwork walls and concrete beam and block floor construction will help reduce spread of fire, but masonry construction does create potential for spread of smoke and fire within cavities - thus, sufficient cavity barriers will be employed, providing at least 30 minutes fire resistance.

B1: Means of warning and escape Automatic fire detection and alarms will be employed in all rooms of the building. All rooms meet the requirements for the maximum travel distance to an exit - 35m in all, except 18m in bedrooms (which all exit onto protected corridors). All escape routes are at least 1200mm wide, with exit signs and escape lighting, leading to minimum 1000mm wide doors. Protected corridors and stairs have a minimum period of 60 minutes fire resistance, assisted with sprinkler systems. Protected stairs in non-residential blocks also include refuge for wheelchair users. The protected stairs and fire exits escape into enclosed spaces (i.e: the courtyard) with the length of the external space exceeding the height of the building.

B4: External fire spread Fire spread risk is reduced due to the limited number of buildings adjacent to the site and their non-combustible nature (eg: masonry). B5: Access and facilities for the fire service 60% of the perimeter (minimum 15%) has clear access to 3.7m around the building for Fire and Rescue. Fire vehicles should not be expected to reverse more than 20m so sufficient space for vehicle turning circle at the end of the route is provided. 3.7m Fire and Rescue access Fire protected stairs Bedrooms with escape routes Fire protected bedroom corridor - with sprinklers (60 minutes)

Part B - Fire

B.015 â&#x20AC;&#x153;Prisons are exempted from the functional requirements of Parts B1 to B5 of the Building Regulations under section 33 of the Prisons Act 1952. It is usual that prisons should comply with the fire safety requirements of the Building Regulations, except where the requirements are incompatible with safe custody, good order or security.â&#x20AC;?

Assembly point

< 20m

> 20m

Scale bar 1:500

Construction Design Management

CDM (Construction Design Management) is a set of regulations intended to maintain health and safety during the development, construction and maintenance of a building. When considered during the scheme design rather than as an afterthought, the safety on site and in use is improved. Security Many new prisons encounter public opposition - for example, in 2019, protestors halted construction and occupied the site of HMP Wellingborough for 6 hours 2. To minimise the threat of disruption and protect persons on site, an opaque, high fence should be erected around the site. This is also required to avoid the public seeing how the complex is arranged – for security reasons, many prison plans are restricted from the public.

Traffic routes The pedestrian routes around the site, particularly along the harbourside, will be diverted so the public have minimal exposure to the site. To the South, Cumberland Road is not a primary A-road but has several bus routes – for some phases of construction, traffic may have to be diverted or changed to single lane. Restricted Site The site is in close proximity to nearby buildings and vehicle access is only from one side. Phase 1 will be the tallest part of the building (Admin Block) and will require a crane. Phase 2 is more standardised, residential, 2 storey construction. Portacabins with sanitary and washing facilities will be required on site. Water As the site is bounded by water to the North and South, precautions should be taken to ensure personnel safety, in the form of guarding and rescue equipment. The water also presents a flood risk, so a ‘flood plan’ should be created – detailing precautions, such as keeping sandbags on site. Maintenance It is important to maintain security, whilst allowing works to be carried out. Most windows and gutters can be cleaned by securitychecked maintenance staff, using ladders. Scaffolding may be used to maintain the taller Admin Block, ideally on a weekday or when the harbourside is less busy as the footpath may have to be temporarily closed.

Measures must be taken to maintain site security (Protest at HMP Wellingborough construction site: 2019)

Construction Design Management

Phase 1 - Admin/Entrance Phase 2 - House/Education Maintain building access Existing pedestrian route Diverted pedestrian route

Suggested secure site boundary

Pedestrian access will be diverted from the harbourside and north side of Cumberland Road so that pedestrians still have access to majority of existing routes during construction.

Scale bar 1:1000

Further Regulations

Part E - Sound Airborne sound and impact sound (that travels through structures and objects) is considered. Well-sealed joints to internal walls and floors will help maintain privacy, particularly in spaces such as bedrooms, with additional insulation around plant rooms. A double layer of insulation will be employed (2 x 120mm thick) will be used underneath the rooftop sports court, as rooms below are especially vulnerable to impact sound. Impact sound can also be reduced through soft coverings - despite timber floors, rugs, bedding and other soft furnishings can achieve this. Upon completion, testing should ensure the sound insulation demonstrates Part E compliance. Testing is particularly important in residential rooms - eg: bedrooms and living rooms. The YOI does not share any party walls and external spaces are either self enclosed (kitchen garden) or elevated above the public (sports court). Therefore, noise travel from these should not be an issue. Prison Regulations It is important to note the separate regulation documents for prisons, such as documents by National Offender Management Service (NOMS) and the UN Technical Guidance for Prison Planning - which include minimum requirements for spaces (such as dimensions and ventilation requirements). Matter Architectureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Wellbeing in Prison Design: A Guide also suggests design approaches to alleviate the common problems in traditional prisons and design to support rehabilitation.

The United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Nelson Mandela Rules) The Nelson Mandela Rules are regulations for care and facilities that should be provided and met in all places of detention, globally. For example, rule 11 details the categorisation of prisoners and how â&#x20AC;&#x153;Untried prisoners shall be kept separate from convicted prisonersâ&#x20AC;? 3 (11.b) . The scheme is assumed to house only convicted residents, as in England and Wales only 11.2% of the total prison population was on remand 4 (yet to be tried), but the nature of the self contained house blocks would facilitate segregation, if required; through rotating zoning management and careful timetabling of communal facilities.

Convicted (Cat. C): 9am - 12noon

Untried: 3pm - 6pm

Convicted - open (Cat. D): 12noon - 3pm Possible categorisation zoning and time management strategy

DESIGN PROCESS

Pandemic

Recent events made me consider how the scheme would function in a pandemic situation, such as the current Covid-19 outbreak. In April, the Ministry of Justice said 4,000 prisoners â&#x20AC;&#x153;who were within two months of their release date and had passed a risk assessmentâ&#x20AC;? were eligible for early release, but at the time of writing (May 2020), only 55 have actually been released 1. Perhaps, due to the low risk category and relatively short sentences of the YOI residents, they would all have been released. Maybe the empty rooms would then have opened to key workers - it is only a 10 minute journey to the nearest NHS hospital. But assuming the residents stayed - likely as over 40% of prisoners have nowhere to live after release 2 - the YOI could be managed such that the 3 house blocks isolate from each other, in effect becoming self-contained households (similar to the categorisation idea on page 91). The small scale of the YOI is beneficial as the spread of the virus would not have the same implications as in a typical large UK prison. Ironically, the whole project has been about avoiding the traditional prison cell of self-isolation.

Building entrance

Drawing of the Week

week 1

week 3

week 2

week 4

February

Cumberland Road partially collapses, adjacent to the site 92

week 5

week 7

week 6

March

Interim Review 1

Interim Review 2

University closes due to Covid-19

Development Timeline

week 9

week 11

week 8

week 10

week 13

week 12

week 14

April

UK goes into lockdown

Interim Review 3 (Tectonic)

May

Final Review

Original Submission

June

My birthday

Final Submission

Re-defining

Week 2 - sport facilities dominate the plan

Initially, the brief incorporated one indoor and one outdoor sports court. Looking at the resulting zoning of the building, the hierarchy of these spaces took a large proportion of the space, particularly on the ground floor. Although it was decided that â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;activityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; space was the important space within the scheme, as it aids rehabilitation the most, the sports component of the brief was becoming too consuming - it looked more like a sports facility than a residential institution. Therefore, the need for both an outdoor and indoor pitch was amended so only one was required, allowing more dedicated outdoor space to other productive activity, such as the kitchen garden. It is hard to design a building without turning to personal experience of what we know. In the UK, prisons are tall, flat roofed institutions and I found it difficult, initially, to move away from this mindset. After the first interim, I began looking at the scheme with a new attitude - viewing prisoners as residents and the building not as a traditional prison. I had to re-evaluate my approach, ensuring I was looking to more of a Scandinavian approach as opposed to what was familiar to me. The context adjacent to the site is fairly low rise, but there are industrial buildings of 8 or 9 storeys in the wider Spike Island community. Trying to achieve a building of several storeys became challenging in how security was maintained in stair/lift cores without aesthetically reading as too institutional. After a few weeks of research and development, I was confident that a building of lower height was desirable. To achieve this and facilitate the whole programme became a challenge and so the site was extended into the neighbouring car park to the West.

extend site

Week 2 - a 5 storey approach with flat roofs

Entry

Week 3 - access to the East, awkward angle for vehicle turning

How the scheme is accessed by the various user groups was crucial in the design development. The entry points must be clear to users but also maintain a level of privacy and security. Cumberland Road presented challenges as it was inappropriate for direct vehicle access as it has a consistent traffic flow, which could compromise security. Pedestrian access also felt too exposed from this main road and the majority of pedestrian footfall was along the harbourside. Originally, the site entry was on the East side of the side, as the existing parking was to be maintained in the West. There was much debate into the best way for vehicles to enter the complex. It was decided vehicles needed to be able to turn around within the safety of the complex - vehicles would often be used to transport inmates (eg: to and from court) so reversing out backwards put staff in a vulnerable position. When the decision was made to extend the site Westwards, it presented new opportunities for access. The existing East road to the harbourside was to be maintained, but this proved either too narrow or awkwardly angled to achieve vehicle access. Taking the vehicle access away from the East allowed the road to become pedestrian only, avoiding a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;back alleyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; feel and creating a generous promenade opening up to the harbour. Vehicle access was studied to decide whether a fenced external area or roofed internal area would be most appropriate.

Week 4- access to the West, study of enclosed vehicle area

The most public entrance was the visitor entry towards the harbourside and its interaction with staff and inmate access was explored. Was it secure for staff, visitors and inmates to share an entrance?

Approach

week 4

Due to the small institution size and the site’s urban nature, a courtyard typology was initially investigated. The idea of ‘Hortus Conclusus’ was investigated, whereby an inward looking, enclosed garden is hidden from the outside. Comparisons were drawn from the nature of prison to a monastery, as both typologies are inward looking and enclosed in nature - such as: the church as ‘activity’ space (eg: sports hall); the chapter house as administration; and dormitories as bedrooms. This assisted with building zoning, however, a key idea of movement between different buildings had been lost. This resulted in looking more towards the campus typology. The building mass was divided into blocks to achieve the separation, whilst keeping the cloister to join them, and maintaining a central ‘outdoor room’. To get away from the institutional courtyard mindset, roof pitches were introduced into the scheme, in response to the context. After the second interim review, the massing and general organisation stayed very similar.

week 1

week 2

week 3

Interim Review 2 the last crit before university closes.

Interim review 2 pin up

Make private gardens larger / more usable

Use a different language in the library block - it is currently of the same design as residential blocks A language of material / roof pitch can be used to denote private living blocks or public â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;activityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; blocks

Complete the colonnade in the courtyard

Making

Week 6 - rooftop sports court from interim 2, section and elevation

Looking to the industrial context for inspiration, the presence of warm red tones was something I was keen to incorporate into the design. At the beginning, I was debating achieving this through brick or metal cladding (such as copper or corten). Although I thought these the most appropriate given the site location, I was cautious about utilising such stereotypical ‘prison’ materials. Through introducing timber and developing detailing, the nature of the building was softened. The scale and arrangement of the house blocks were designed to be repeatable, although this was challenging given their different orientation. Achieving an ethos of simple load-bearing construction presented a challenge in non-residential blocks, requiring larger spans. Aesthetically, the buildings roofs changed drastically over the course of the design. Initially, to come away from the stereotypical ‘flat roof ’ institution, pitched roofs were investigated. Hip and gable roofs were appropriate as they were prevalent within the context. However, this created a lot of height, particularly where the roof structure was to be extended over the rooftop sports court. It was decided that as residential dwellings are often characterised by pitched roofs, the activity and administration parts of the scheme could be represented by flat roofs.

find that drawing tthat is options for roof angles

Week 7 - house section development

House Block

new potential for South facing PV panels introduce parapet and pitch roof opposite way

drainage outside institution for easier maintenance

expose roof structure

views to floating harbour

uncomfortably high ceiling for a bedroom

outlook onto green roof

large windows to connect to courtyard

1:50 house block section model presented at second interim 2, with feedback and development

Reflection

Towards the end of the project I read ‘A Bit of a Stretch: The Diaries of a Prisoner’, by Chris Atkins, which was released in February 2020. Amongst the sad, shocking and often bizarre accounts, his stories of how prison was “brutalising teenagers” reinforced the importance of this project for me. “Anywhere else they’d be treated as human beings who needed urgent medical help. But because they were in prison, often on pathetically trivial offences, they were shouted at like animals and locked up determinately in a concrete box.” 3 But, as Atkins says, “why on earth should law abiding citizens concern themselves with what happens to a bunch of criminals?” 4 Well, firstly, as humans I believe we owe everyone a duty of care and minimum levels of decency. We should not treat another differently to how we would expect to be treated ourselves. Secondly, money. The cost of reoffending is 3 times the annual prison budget - it costs more to house prisoners in an old Victorian cell than within an open prison. 5 I went on to find that 50% of HMP Bristol prisoners are classed as Category C/D 6, yet they are housed in a Category B facility. I truly believe that a new approach to rehabilitative prison design is long overdue and that everyone should be a little more mindful to how the prison system is run.

100

This project challenged me in many ways, pushing me out of my comfort zone with the hope of tackling problems head on. Even though I thought it was the most appropriate solution, I did resort to using a construction method I was very familiar with from placement experience, and so it might have been interesting to detail something other than masonry. There are still elements of the building I would have loved to develop further. For example, in earlier sketches I was considering some sort of covering over the rooftop sports courts to make it more usable, by protecting it from rain and balls being thrown outside. During my 4 years at Bath, I never had a problem meeting deadlines, never worked through the night, and never worked later than midnight. I credit this to my stringent time management and selfimposed timetable, but my methodical approach has sometimes curtailed my creativity. In this project, I have tried to be more selfcritical and make more time where necessary to develop a project I am now proud of. On a personal level, public speaking has always been a challenge for me, particularly at the start of the degree. I would have loved to present my work at a Final Review, as I am proud of how my abilities have grown. I now feel confident to discuss my work with enthusiasm and counter any critiques.

Endnotes

1. Nelson Mandela, ‘Nelson Mandela International Day 18 July’, United Nations, Created 18 July 2015, Accessed 26 May 2020, Available from: www. un.org/en/events/mandeladay/mandela_ rules.shtml

Narrative 1. Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (New York: Pantheon, 1977) pp.3-16 2. Hilary Cottam, Learning Works: The 21st Century Prison (London: Do Tank Limited, 2002), p.22 3. Georgina Sturge, ‘UK Prison Population Statistics’, Parliament, Created 23 July 2019, p.12, Accessed 4 April 2020, Available from: researchbriefings. parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/ Summary/SN04334 4. Prison Reform Trust, ‘Prison: The facts’, Prison Reform Trust, Created Summer 2019, Accessed 15 May 2020, Available from: www.prisonreformtrust.org.uk/Portals/0/Documents/ Bromley%20Briefings/Prison%20 the%20facts%20Summer%202019.pdf 5. Sturge, 2019, p.9 6. Sturge, 2019, p.8 7. Youth Justice Board/Ministry of Justice, ‘Youth Justice Statistics 2017/18’, UK Government, Created 31 January 2019, Accessed 18 May 2020, Available from: assets.publishing.service.gov. uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/ attachment_data/file/774866/youth_justice_statistics_ bulletin_2017_2018.pdf 8. Roland Karthaus et al., Wellbeing in Prison Design: A guide (London: Matter Architecture, 2017) p.2 9. Karthaus et al., 2017, pp.94-95 10. HM Chief Inspector of Prisons, ‘HMP Bristol: Report on an unannounced inspection of HMP Bristol’, Justice Inspectorates, Created June 2019, Accessed 5 May 2020, Available from: www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/ hmiprisons/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2019/09/Bristol- Web-2019.pdf 11. Karthaus et al., 2017, p.29 12. HM Chief Inspector of Prisons, 2019, pp.71-73

13. Robert Davison, Prison Architecture. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 157, 1931, p.36 14. Karthaus et al., 2017, pp.94-95 15. Karthaus et al., 2017, p.16

The Site 1. Bristol City Council, ‘City Docks, Conservation Area 17’, Bristol City Council, Created December 2011, p.6, Accessed 8 April 2020, Available from: www.bristol.gov.uk/ documents/20182/33832/City%20Docks%20Conservation%20Area%20Appraisal.pdf/4d991ad0- be4c-40a8-b2f6-4e007bb8e601 2. Unknown, ‘Gruesome Bristol: New Gaol prison’, BBC Bristol, Created September 2001, Accessed 8 May 2020, Available from: www.bbc.co.uk/bristol/ content/features/2001/09/20/ new-gaol/new-gaol1.shtml 3. Bristol City Council, 2011, p.14 4. Unknown, ‘Bristol from above’, Know Your Place Bristol, Accessed 16 April 2020, Available from: maps.bristol.gov.uk/kyp/?edition=bristol&layer=Bristol%20from%20 above&x=357461.87&y=172217.99&extent=384.57 5. More info available from: www.underfallyard.co.uk (Accessed 16 May 2020) 6. Bristol City Council, 2011, pp.41-42 7. Environment Agency, ‘Learn more about this area’s flood risk’, UK Government, Created Accessed 14 May 2020, Available from: flood-warning-information.service.gov.uk/long-term- flood-risk/map?easting=357303&northing=172155&address=301654&map=RiversOrSea 8. Bristol City Council, 2011, pp.24-26 9. Scott Brownrigg, ‘Planning reference 19/06107/F’, Accessed 9 May 2020, Available from: planningonline.bristol.gov.uk/online-applications/ applicationDetails.do?activeTab=documents&keyVal=Q2P6MCDN0DG

Environmental Strategy 1. Karthaus et al., 2017, p.179-170

Endnotes

Regulatory Compliance

Image Sources

1. Rachel Roberts, ‘Fire safety in prisons: a catastrophe waiting to happen’, Independent, Created 29 July 2017, Accessed 15 May 2020, Available from: www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/grenfell-tower-fire-safety-prisons-failings-warnings-freedom-of-information-mark-leech-a7866076.html 2. Glen Black, ‘Anti-prison campaigners successfully stopped work on a new ‘mega-prison’’, The Canary, Created 10 August 2019, Accessed 15 May 2020, Available from: www.thecanary.co/uk/analysis/2019/08/10/anti-prison-campaigners-successfully-stopped-work-on-a-new-mega-prison/ 3. UN, ‘Mandela Rules’, Accessed 2 May 2020, Available from: www.unodc. org/documents/justice-and-prison-reform/Nelson_Mandela_Rules-E-ebook. pdf, p.5 4. ONS, ‘People on remand in custody in England and Wales’, ONS, Created 3 August 2018, Accessed 20 May 2020, Available from: www.ons.gov.uk/ peoplepopulationandcommunity/crimeandjustice/articles/reportingonthesustainabledevelopmentgoalspeopleonremandincustodyinenglandandwales/2018-08-03

p.01 Vincent van Gogh, ‘Prisoners Exercising’ (Wikimedia Commons, 1890) [Accessed 18 April 2020] Available from: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Vincent_ Willem_van_Gogh_037.jpg p.02 Julia Spiers, ‘Panopticon’ (Panoptic Lab, 2015) [Accessed 18 April 2020] Available from: /panoptic-lab.com/panopticon/ p.03 Emiliano Ponzi, ‘Unjust Justice’ (Emiliano Ponzi, 2011) [Accessed 2 May 2020] Available from: www.emilianoponzi.com/portfolio/unjust-justice/%20/ p.05 HM Chief Inspector of Prisons, ‘HMP Bristol’ (Report on an unannounced inspection of HMP Bristol, 2019) pp.76-77 [Accessed 8 January 2020] Available from: www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmiprisons/wp-content/ uploads/ sites/4/2019/09/Bristol-Web-2019.pdf p.11 Map from www.digimap.edina.ac.uk (Historic roam) p.11 Unknown, ‘New Gaol Gatehouse’ (BBC Bristol, 2001) [Accessed 19 May 2020] Available from: www.bbc.co.uk/bristol/content/features/2001/09/20/ new- gaol/new-gaol1.shtml p.15 Unknown, ‘Bristol from above’ (Know Your Place Bristol, c.1930) [Accessed 20 January 2020] Available from:maps.bristol.gov.uk/kyp/?edition=bristol&layer= Bristol%20from%20above&x=357461.87&y=172217.99&extent=384.57 p.21 LAN architecture, ‘Axonometric view of the prison’ (Designboom, 2016) [Accessed 18 January 2020] Available from: www.designboom.com/architecture/ lan-architecture-designs-minimum-security-prison-in-nanterre/ gallery/image/ lan-architecture-minimum-security-prison-designboom-2 p.22 Lilli Fisher, ‘Aerial view of Halden Prison, a campus style prison in Norway with forested grounds’ (Terrapin Bright Green, 2016) [Accessed 8 April 2020] Available from: www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/blog/2016/08/prison-nature- social-structure/ p.88 Unknown, ‘Protesters occupy HMP Wellingborough construction site’ (Freedom News, 2019) [Accessed 19 April 2020] Available from: freedomnews.org.uk/protesters-occupy-hmp-wellingborough-construction-site/

Design Process 1. Jamie Grierson, ‘Coronavirus: only 55 prisoners freed early in England and Wales’, The Guardian, Created 12 May 2020, Accessed 29 May 2020, Available from: www.theguardian.com/society/2020/may/12/coronavirus-only-55-prisoners-early-release-england-wales 2. Kim Williams, ‘Accommodation, homelessness and reoffending of prisoners’, MOJ, Created March 2012, Accessed 28 May 2020, Available from: assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/278806/homelessness-reoffending-prisoners.pdf 3. Chris Atkins, A Bit of a Stretch: The Diaries of a Prisoner (London: Atlantic Books, 2020) p.7 4. Ibid. 5. Ibid. 6. HM Chief Inspector of Prisons, 2019, pp.71-73