“Ancient Theatre of Anatomy of Venice we will protect it!”
“The medical theatre should not become a restaurant or commercial outlet, it should have a continued public use as a public gesture - such as a library, museum or theatre”
“Why the theatre of anatomy cannot become a restaurant?”
contents 2
Brief
Research and analysis 4 5 11
Site Location Site Photos Site Analysis
thinking and PRocess 15 20 24 27 32 34 35
Initial Ideas Design Development Precedents Facade Development High-tech vs. low-tech approach Arson Materials
Proposals 36 38 41 44 49 53 55
Site Plan Building Plans Sections Elevations Perspectives Moving Panel Details Site Model
Building strategies 57 60 62
Tectonic Details Structural Strategy Environmental Strategy
Post-crit reflection 66 69
Improvements Conclusion
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Historic Venice
Canals
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Rialto Bridge
St Mark’s Square
Brief The project is set in Venice and is based around the interpretation of ‘Venetian Fields’. Venice was once a central gateway and commercial link between the ‘East’ and ‘West’, but this rich heritage has recently become overshadowed by a conflict of interests. Among other problems, Venice is struggling with mass tourism and the subsequent expulsion of local people, who feel forgotten in the current climate. There is a demand for a new liberty, in which locals can reclaim the campo (square) and Venice as a whole. The building needs to act as a hub for locals; comprising an activism space, community library, boat workshop, two health services and residential flats above. The aim of the project is to embody the true community of the campo or ‘Venetian field’ and give a piece of Venice back to the Venetians.
Venice Today
Canals
Rialto Bridge
St Mark’s Square
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Research and analysis
Site Location - 1:5000
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Site Photos - Original Building The existing building, the Antico Teatro di Anatomia (the Ancient Theatre of Anatomy) has gone through several restorations and functions – such as a hotel, offices and housing. Ground floor openings of the building are covered in posters, and the building is often used for interactive displays of art. A tent is permanently positioned outside the building and is currently used as a hub for protest, as well as a space for community events. Locals are debating the use of the Theatre of Anatomy and arguing for it not to be turned into a hotel or tourist function, but into a community building, such as a library or theatre.
Side of building on busier route
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Building edge goes right up to canal
Original building with activism tent in front
Looking back into campo from quieter route
Busier bridge, North of building
Church on the campo, building on left
Building canalside
Looking over bridge on quieter side of building
Render peeling off in places to reveal brick
Well in middle of campo
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Site Location - 1:1000
The atmosphere is added to through restaurants merging into the campo and claiming the outside space for tables.
The centre of the campo is the 9th century Catholic church - Chiesa di San Giacomo da l’Orio
The location of the site and original freestanding building - the Theatre of Anatomy.
The activism tent is integral to the composition of the Western part of the campo. It provides a focus for views and the canvas material makes it stand out against the Venetian backdrop of brick and render.
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Local shops, such as this coop, add to the sense of community and local ownership of the area. There are more benches (generally) positioned around trees in the Eastern side of the campo, making this a place where more people pause.
The Western side of the campo is more open and exposed than the Eastern half, and feels more like an adaptable Freespace. At times it is used for large gatherings, concerts and outdoor feasts, but it largely feels like a passagway to the rest of the campo.
Site Photos - People of the Campo The Campo San Giacomo da l’Orio is one of the few campi in Venice that feels truly Venetian. There is little influence of tourism and a clear feel of community ownership. Debatably, the L-shaped campo feels unbalanced and split into two halves. The Western side is distinguishably quieter and less used throughout the day. In the Eastern half, shops, restaurants and benches give more activity and reason for people to pause in the space. Arguably, the new building should aim to reunite the campo, giving equal life and noise to both halves.
Children skating around a business meeting, elderly pair paused observing campo from a bench
Locals pause to watch life go by
Children skating
Hanging out washing
Busier route into campo North of building (right)
Tourists pause by church
Dogs and children play in campo 8
white render
pockets of green
pink render
yellow render
dark green shutters
red brick
cream render
white fabric
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Site Photos - Colours / Materials The local palette of materials consists largely of brick and render, in pastel and muted tones. The pure white canvas material of the activism tent makes it stand out in contrast to its surroundings, and similarly, the dark green shutters on buildings are emphasised against the light backdrop. Planters on buildings and trees in the campo punctuate the site with pockets of green.
Church brick and recessed window
Green plants on windows/balconies
Plants and greenery around activism tent
Opening infilled with brick
Window shutters open and closed
Base of brick with render above
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Health Services It was decided that the health services should intrinsically link to the Ground Floor uses (a community library and a meeting space for local activism). As a place for people to have their voices heard and also a place of learning, the building functions empower the community. Therefore, it was decided that an audiologist would emphasis this purpose through restoration of hearing and balance. To link to the building’s overall meaning and the health services to each other, the second health service was decided as a speech therapist. This mental health service links learning and also the ability to voice your opinion, plus can be linked to problems with the ear itself. These functions were deemed appropriate as the figure ground shows a distinct lack of audiologists and mental health services in close proximity to the campo.
Local health services - 1:2000 on A3
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Population age in Venice (2017)
Population of Venice (1540 to 2015)
Venice Population The population of Venice is rapidly declining. The local authority has prioritized amenities for tourists rather than locals, resulting in many moving away as they can no longer afford to live in Venice. There is controversy as government money is spent on measures such as turnstiles and elevated walkways, rather than on social housing, healthcare or flood control. Up to 30 million tourists arrive each year, whereas the local population is just 55,000. It was decided that the building should accommodate students or young professionals. There is great demand for affordable housing for this generation, who are most likely to be priced out of Venice. Co-housing (a shared living space surrounded by private bedrooms) was deemed appropriate as a way to create both cheaper accommodation and community. As the building will house an activism space this could mean it would be loud and lively at night - which would make it inappropriate for family apartments. Looking to the future, co-housing should also discourage the conversion of the flats into Airbnbs, as self-contained family flats are more desirable.
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Site Analysis
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Site
Canal
Campo
Public Buildings restaurants, shops, church
Private Buildings residential
Routes in
Pockets of green
Campo split busy vs. quiet
Noise
Overlooking
Site Analysis - Routes
Higher concentration of figures indicates a busier route White figures represent people who are moving through the campo Black figures represent people who have stopped to pause within the campo
Busy route vs. Quiet route
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thinking and PRocess
Initial Spacial Massing
Polystyrene models of spaces
Reduce scale of library in relation to size of activism space Interlink health services
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Initial Building Zoning
Concept
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Boat Workshop links to canal water and busiest route
Library links to canal water and quieter route
Activism Space on campo side easy access from campo
Health Services Courtyard obvious entrance on busier route central space links campo and water links to tranquility of water allows views / access through busy vs quiet
Development of original massing model
Elevation from Campo
Activism Space to take over entire facade
Birdseye Canalside View
Boat workshop doesn’t fit short way into site
Library given too high priority
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The action of joining together in unity and also a group or society with a common interest, often in a political context
Cantilevered pockets facade
Interactive facade
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Facade Concept It was decided that the most important function of the building was the activism space. The aim was for the building itself to become a protest in the campo and an expansion of the temporary activism tent. By creating an interactive facade facing the campo, the occupants will control the facade. At times the building could be really closed off, and at others it could be completely open. By giving the control to the people in the building, it can act as a protest against foreign tourists. On other elevations of the building controlled views were to cantilever over the canal to maximise on the tranquility of the water.
Facade ideas - moving elements and cantilevered elements
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Development - Ground Floor
Service core ruins link to canal and opportunity for glazing
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Move services to create link between activism space and boat workshop
Interactive activism facade to take over whole elevation
New Ground Floor Parti
Development - First Floor
Short Section
Original Plan
Give whole of front elevation to activism facade
Move health services back so they relate more to the calming water
New First Floor Parti
Long Section
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Plan Development - Roof Terrace Creating enclosed stairs up to the roof added unnecessary height to the building. The aim of these was to reflect the language of the wooden structures added onto Venetian roofs. However, it was decided that the Activism facade was more important for the aesthetics of the building and that these stairwells on the roof could detract from this. To access the roof terrace an external stair will be added, as this would not require adding any covered structure to the roof itself.
Wooden structure on roof
Roof Terrace Plan
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Massing model
Unnecessary height
Building appears too tall in comparison to context
Facade Concept Development To explore how the interactive facade could be achieved a 1:100 model of the facade was made – with panels that slide, open upwards and twist around. This idea was then developed into a concrete frame as a base, which could be infilled with various adaptable panels. The 1:100 model of the frame shows that it had become very rigid, so the grid was offset to make it more dynamic.
1:100 Facade Model
1:100 Facade Model with grid of concrete framework
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Facade Precedents - Exposed Concrete Frames
Novartis laboratory building, Basel David Chipperfield Architects, 2006-10
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ORTUS, home of Maudsley Learning, London Duggan Morris Architects, 2013
Arkadia, Turkey IND [Inter.National.Design], 2014
Arkadia, Turkey IND [Inter.National.Design], 2014
Precedents - Controlled Views
Kings College Library, Somerset Mitchell Taylor Workshop, 2014
Weston Library, Oxford Wilkinson Eyre, 2016
The Street, India Sanjay Puri Architects, 2017
Bishan Public Library, Singapore LOOK Architects, 2006
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Facade Precedents - Interactive Facade
Petting Farm, Almere NL 70F Architecture, 2005
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Wilanowska Housing Complex, Poland Jems Architekci, 2009
Kindergarten Kekec, Slovenia Jure Kotnik Architecture, 2010
Golf’s Tower, Peru Hackenbrioch Architekten, 2009
Interactive Facade Development
Vertical grid
Horizontal grid
Fully open out roof garden
Original Plan
Offset horizontal grid
Line up lift shaft with horizontal floor heights
Add random verticals in between main grid
Announce main doorway
Facade concept
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1:50 Facade Concept Model
Folding doors open up roof garden Some panels are fixed Sliding panels open up roof garden Perforated material so elevator can be seen moving up and down building Posters hanging from windows Panels open out to link activism space back to the campo Panels fold up to link inside to campo
Panel folds down to create canopy over entrance Panels at the base of the building flip round to reveal different designs on each side
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Materials Precedents
Perforated brick elevator, Spain Carles Enrich, 2015
Perforated brick elevator, Spain Carles Enrich, 2015
DUMBO Townhouses, New York Alloy Design, 2015
DUMBO Townhouses, New York Alloy Design, 2015
The facade in front of the elevator will be a perforated material to allow movement of the lift to be seen through the material. This is to avoid the lift being fully glazed and resembling an office or being too ‘commercial’, but whilst also maintaining the visual movement of the lift observed from the campo. Taking inspiration from surrounding buildings in Venice, many are constructed of brick with render over the top. Render at the top of the building often peels away to reveal brick at the bottom of the building and this language wanted to be reflected in the buildings design. For example, by using a heavier material at the bottom and a lighter material at the top, such as in the DUMBO Townhouse precedent.
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Facade Development Modelling the facade at 1:50 was effective in exploring the design of panels and how they could move. Additionally, modelling the overall building at 1:100 explored how infill panels could be integrated into the rest of the building, but as stationary parts of the facade. However, it was important going forward to distinguish which panels were moving and which were stationary. This helped create a logic to what materials the panels should be made of.
1:100 Concept Model, front facade 30
1:100 Facade Model
Which panels move?
How do panels move?
Brick
OSB panels
Perforated wood panels
Glass
Red = Fixed panels
Green = Spins / rotates
Green = Folds up / down
Green = Movable panels
Purple = Slides
Yellow = Opens
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High-tech approach
Google Pixel wall
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Elevator with transparent LED display
Motorized glass louvers
Automatic solar shading
It was debated whether a high-tech or low-tech approach was more appropriate for the building. As a low-tech approach is more hands on and interactive, this fits more with the ethos of the building. Control will be given to the people and, through physically pushing buttons and moving levers, the sense of empowerment will be emphasized. It is also more appropriate due to the nature of the design. Lower cost materials will be used to add to the ‘rough and ready’ feel of the building so having high tech automatic panels would be unsuitable. The low-tech approach will also allow more customization – for example, messages can be drawn onto the building itself rather than programming them to come up on a screen. One hightech consideration was projecting an image onto the building facade itself. This was rejected as internal conditions for residents of the building could become unpleasant.
Low-tech approach
Richard Leplastrier
Oslon Kundig
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A history of arson?
1800s
Original theatre of anatomy burnt down
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2019
Existing building burns down, leaving 20% of building from which brick is reclaimed
???
Proposed building burns down in mass protest
Materials Palette
OSB panels
Concrete
Reclaimed brick
Zinc Quartz
OSB was chosen due to its low tech, low cost feel. This is appropriate as panels will be easy to customise - for example, pinning posters or painting over. OSB panels will also be cheap to replace if they were over decorated.
The concrete provides a muted, neutral frame for panels to stand out against - similar to the green Venetian shutters which contrast the pastel bricks and render. Concrete also expresses the use of a concrete frame structure.
Panels of bricks will be reclaimed from the original building to create a wrap of brick around the base of the building. Ground floor panels that move were originally made of brick but these would be too heavy to move by hand.
Window seats along the canalside elevation will be created to direct views towards the quieter side of the site. These window seats will be clad externally in zinc to distinguish them as different from the rest of the palette.
Structural Insulated Panel (SIP Panel)
Steel mesh walkway
Perforated timber panel
Cedar boarding
These panels were looked into as precedent for the moving panels. These panels need to be double sided in OSB and the SIP demonstrates how insulation in between OSB is achievable.
The mezzanine floors of the activism space will be metal grating to allow vision through the whole space. Also, it is easy to hang hooks, posters and the like to this design of flooring.
Perforated panels will be used to allow partial vision through facade. The image shown is a High Pressure Laminate (HPL) so for effective use outdoors it may not be made of timber.
Window seats will be clad internally in boards of timber. This adds to user comfort and also aesthetically is a warm material to have in the health services, library and residential spaces. 35
Proposals
Site Plan - 1:200 @ A1
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Site Plan - 1:100 @ A1
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Ground Floor Mezzanine - 1:100
Ground Floor Mezzanine - 1:100
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First Floor - 1:100
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Second Floor - 1:100
Third Floor Plan - 1:100
Roof Plan - 1:100
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Site Section - 1:500
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Short Section - 1:100
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Long Section - 1:100
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West Elevation - 1:100
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East Elevation - 1:100
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Open
Closed
Moving panels 46
North Elevation - 1:100
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South Elevation - 1:100
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49
50
51
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Moving Panels
Open
Closed The panels can be reversed to express a different design or finish on either side. They can also be left fully opened to allow the ground floor to fully open to the campo.
Spinning panels - 1:200
Section - 1:50
Open
One side - 1:25
Reversed side - 1:25
Closed The panels can be fully open or closed. Also, the panel above the door flips downwards (opposite to the section shown) to create a canopy over the entrance.
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Up/down panels - 1:200
Section - 1:50
Open - 1:25
Closed - 1:25
Open
Closed
The open perforated panels allow light into the roof garden and can be slide and moved into different arrangements. The panel design could change but should be simple to reflect the ‘blank canvas’ of the building.
Panel - 1:25
Section - 1:50
Open
Sliding panels - 1:200
Closed
The panels can be fully open or closed, as shown. A balustrade behind prevents people from falling and allows them to shout out into the campo or attach art/posters/ banners to the OSB.
Open - 1:25
Closed - 1:25
Section - 1:50
Door panels - 1:200
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1:200 Site Model
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Building strategies
1:50 Tectonic Model The 1:50 model shows a section cutting through a residential room and the window seat. As shown in plan the window seats are angled to control views down the canal. The seat will be clad internally with cedar boarding and externally with zinc quartz.
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G
E
F
G
E
F
B
B
A
A
C
C
D
D
1:50 Tectonic Section
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1:20 Details E-E Concrete Wall Inside
A-A Floor build-up
Outside
Inside
B-B Floor build-up
Outside
Inside
C-C Floor build-up
Outside
15mm 15mm 75mm
Timber flooring Suspended timber floor Screed with underfloor heating Separating Layer 40mm Acoustic Insulation 130mm Concrete 150mm Insulation DPC 200mm Concrete
Outside
Inside 200mm Concrete DPC 150mm Insulation 45mm Gypsum Board 15mm Plasterboard
125mm OSB DPC 150mm Insulation 45mm Gypsum Board 15mm Plasterboard
15mm 15mm 75mm
Timber flooring Suspended timber floor Screed with underfloor heating Separating Layer 40mm Acoustic Insulation 200mm Concrete 50mm Drop ceiling for services 15mm Plasterboard
Polished concrete floor Plywood Screed DPC 80mm Insulation 150mm Concrete 150mm Hardcore
F-F OSB Panel
25mm 25mm 60mm
Outside
Inside
Glass balustrade Metal grate floor Build in hooks for hanging posters / banners D-D Mezzanine floor
G-G Window seat detail
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3D Concrete Structure
Axonometric view
Dark grey - Primary Structure
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Light grey - Secondary Structure
1:200 Structural Strategy
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1:200 Heating Strategy
Unheated
Underfloor heating
Radiators
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1:200 Ventilation Strategy
Openable windows/panels
Natural Ventilation
Mixed-mode Ventilation
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1:100 Water Strategy
1:100 Sun and Wind Strategy
Water harvested from gutters
PV panels power building
Recycled water for flushing toilets
Window sills throw water off buildings
Mixed-mode ventilation in residential rooms
Reuse water for plants on terrace
Mechanically ventilated health facilities
Panels provide solar shading to East facade
Panels recessed so posters will be more sheltered from rain
Activism space is mechanically ventilated but potential for natural in Winter Recycled water in tank
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Natural Ventilation only when temperature outside is cooler than temperature inside (not appropriate in Summer)
1:100 Acoustic Strategy
Ceiling high absorption material
Higher acoustic insulation between rooms
Health facilities highly acoustically insulated
Panels can be open or closed depending on noise level
1:100 Sustainability
Planting on roof terrace courtyard
Panels made of cheap, recycled OSB
Local builders employed in construction
Low-tech panels
Absorbent materials compared to concrete and glass
Highly insulated / potential thermal mass
Concrete made of recycled aggregate
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Post-crit reflection
Structural Grid It was also discussed that the structural grid could be adjusted slightly to align better in some places - for example, by moving the wall by the lift and the placement of the angled window seats. Blue lines show how walls could be more aligned with the grid but some are not as feasible because they would result in impractical room sizes.
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Busy Elevations In the crit it was mentioned that the elevations looked rather busy. This was discussed as not necessary a negative, but appropriate to the symbolism of the building. However, the idea of retaining the original brick in panels at the bottom of the building was not coming through as clearly in some elevations, particularly the North and East. Arguably, the South elevation is the most successful because it consists of just three materials. Moving panels on the ground floor would’ve been too heavy if made of brick and as a result were made of OSB, therefore the brick wrap was made a lot less clear. As a development on the retention of bricks idea, brick could be looked into for use internally - for example, for flooring or cladding walls.
South Elevation (1:200)
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East Elevation (1:200)
North Elevation (1:200)
Perforated Panel Discussion in the crit regarding the perforated panels (seen in the East elevation) considered their design. The panels could have an alternative design that reflected the ethos of the building more symbolically. However, it was agreed that the panel design should remain simple to reflect the “blank canvas� of the facade.
Layered panels will create image
Venetian patterns are intricate and complicated
Simple dotted perfoations
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Conclusion The building functions embody the concept of Freespace through empowerment of the local community. The interactive facade belongs to the Venetians and the campo, and they are free to make it their own. The triple-height activism space also acts as Freespace, creating a large multi-purpose room that could be used for many other events, such as art displays or dance lessons. Originally, it was thought that the campo was segregated, and benches and planting were needed to add life to the Western half. However, the proposed building function should merge into the campo, leaving it to become external Freespace for events and gatherings. Overall, the building conveys its message as a protest in the campo. The building itself is made of materials uncommonly found in central Venice so this emphasises its presence. As the building is taken over by people, colour will be created against the pastel backdrop. Through the building functions and facade, it will stand out as a response against tourism in the overwhelmed Venice of the 21st century.
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