THE POWER OF
PROPAGANDA
THE POWER OF PROPAGANDA Georgina Varney Univerity of Portsmouth Graphic Design BA (Hons) 2016
INDEX
INTRODUCTION
4
DEVELOPMENT OF RESEARCH
6
HITLER
8
BRITAIN
12
TODAY
16
POSTERS
20
REFECTION ON VISUAL RESPONSE
24
MAKE FOOD GREAT AGAIN
26
CORIANDER
28
TASTE
30
RESEARCH JOURNEY
32
MIND MAPS
34
SKETCHES
42
SCREEN PRINTING
48
AUDIENCE
54
CONCLUSION
56
FIGURE LIST
58
BIBLIOGRAPHY
66
APPENDICES
68
INTRODUCTION
4
This research report will be looking at propaganda and the different influences it has on society. The report will be exploring the following; the definition of the word propaganda, how and where it is used, the different types and techniques that are used, the messages being promoted, and how effective these methods are. This report will be looking at the historical use of propaganda and comparing it to how it is used currently. The research will focus mainly on the visual side of propaganda, such as, poster campaigns and the impact they had. I will be addressing the corruption in propaganda and how it influences the public to vote for a certain political party despite false intentions. I will look at how it is used to encourage and endorse certain topics. As well as, considering what colours were used, the visual language and imagery, to then create my own variation of a propaganda campaign. By the end of this project I hope to have a better understanding of how propaganda works and how it can be used to promote an idea. I hope to learn about the different propaganda techniques and how they have effectively been used in political campaigns, as well as public use. These factors should then help me create my own propaganda posters that highlight the impact they have on people and society. I chose this subject for my research report as I thought it would be interesting to see how different or similar the use of propaganda is today. I wanted to explore what elements of propaganda posters help make the them effective in persuading its viewers. It is also very interesting to see how much propaganda has influenced people and society in the past, as well as how it is being used and perceived today.
DEVELOPMENT OF RESEARCH
6
The phrase propaganda was in use before the First World War, but was only used by certain groups of people in England. The word first appeared in 1622 when Pope Gregory XV founded a committee of cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church who were responsible for foreign missions. The committee was about convincing people to believe a certain set of ideas. (Bernays, E. L. 2005.) Although the term propaganda is no longer associated with a particular group of people, it still holds the same meaning. Propaganda is a form of message intended to influencing the behaviour or beliefs of people. These messages can often be deceiving and one sided. These methods are frequently used to try and make people believe something, whether that thing is true or false. The Oxford English Dictionary declares that propaganda is “information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote a political cause or point of view” (“propaganda”). To this day these sorts methods are still being used to control the public, and we come across different forms of propaganda in our day to day lives.
HITLER
8
Propaganda was a fundamental tool to the Nazi party in accomplishing their purposes. Using artistic propaganda through numerous methods of media aided the Nazi party and helped them gain the supporters they needed to helping them rise to power. Adolf Hitler attempted to overthrow the Bavarian government in 1923, by coordinating a march through Munich. The march was stopped and ended in failure, thusly Hitler was tried for treason. Hitler was given the chance to defend himself in court, quickly learning how powerful the use propaganda would be to him. Hitler’s speeches where broadly read throughout newspapers, which then helped publicise the belief that Jewish people where accountable for Germany losing World War I (WWI). Hitler learnt how to manipulate and control the anger and fear of the German people. Hitler was found guilty of treason at the end of his trial, and spent ten months in Landsberg prison. During his time in prison, Hitler was to write his book Mein Kampf, in which he wrote about his clear disgust and hated towards the Jewish community “I came up against the Jewish problem” (Hitler, A., & Murphy, J. 1939.) and outlines how he plans on implementing his agenda. Hitler was a cunning and clever man who knew how influential and convincing propaganda could be to the public and used it to his benefit. He talks about how other people have effectively used different propaganda practices and how useful they are to his movement, in his book Mein Kampf. “I soon came to realize that the right use of propaganda was an art in itself” (Hitler, A., & Murphy, J. 1939.). The influential propaganda methods Hitler learnt aided his rise to power, gaining the support he wanted the Nazi party to have. Hitler passed his ideas and knowledge to others in the Nazi party as his accomplices and followers increased. Joseph Goebbels was one of Hitler’s closest associates and assisted with the rise of the Nazis and the Holocaust. He gained mass control over the media once Hitler had made Goebbels Minister of Propaganda and Public Information for the Nazi party.
His aim was to ‘Nazify’ the arts and culture of Germany. University students throughout Germany took part in a ceremonial act of burning books, on May 10th 1933. Goebbels addressed a crowd of over 40,000 people in Berlin. Books where to be approved by Goebbels and his Ministry of Propaganda. Anti-Semitic books were manufactured and endorsed, many of which were filled with propaganda messages. School books were also rewritten to promote the Nazi’s ideology.
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BRITAIN
12
In Britain, the Ministry of Information was formed in September 1939. It was the chief government department accountable for propaganda and publicity. Britain used the same kinds of media that Germany were employing, including leaflets, film, radio and posters to motivate people to do their part in the war. One successful and broadly used method of propaganda was poster campaigns. These poster campaigns ranged from motivational posters to help keep morale, to instructional posters. These kinds of posters were put up in village halls, shops and council buildings. The Dig for Victory campaign (Figure 10) was one of the campaigns published by the Ministry of Food. Posters, adverts and leaflets where all part of the campaign to help encourage families to grow their own food during wartime. A fun and friendly character called Potato Pete (Figure 11) was introduced in the 1940’s to encourage people and families into eating home grown fruit and vegetables. A recipe book of Potato Pete was also published in the 1940’s, the book gave people suggestions and advice on how to serve potatoes at mealtimes. There was even a Potato Pete theme song which they thought might help strengthen the message. These campaigns seemed to be effective, and it is estimated that over 1,400,000 people developed their own allotments using flowerbeds and lawns. Second World War (WWII) propaganda posters in Britain appear to have been encouraging and helpful during the war effort. Alongside the Women’s Land Army (Figure 8) posters and the Dig for Victory (Figure 10) campaigns, other posters and campaigns could be found around Britain about preventing the spread of disease and staying healthy. Some of these posters were instructional and informative, such as, posters about carrying gasmasks around with you all the time. The posters showed people how to put the gasmasks on as well as what to do in case of an attack (Figure 9). There were also posters encouraging people to salvage bones, metals, rags and newspapers. The materials where to be used to help make blankets, uniforms, planes, tanks and ammunition. Other posters asked for kitchen waste, as it could be
used to feed livestock such as, pigs, rabbits and chickens. Some of these posters featured an old dustman figure made from rags for recycling, designed by John Gilroy (Figure 7). Before the WWI and WWII women where primarily housewives or had certain jobs, such as shop assistants, domestic servant or nursing. While the men were called upon and went to fight in the war, women were asked and encouraged to fill their jobs. These jobs involved tasks that were previously thought to be unsuitable for women. Originally, only single women who were aged 20 to 30, and widows without children were called upon, but by 1943 about 80 per cent of married women were working on the land, in factories or in the armed forces. Women were taking responsibility and doing what they could to help win the war on the home front, and many women joined the armed forces although they were not required to. The Women’s Land Army was set up by the British government during WWI and was re-founded in June 1939. The Government wanted to increase the amount of food grown within Britain. Posters where created that showed women working in fields and had inspirational slogans upon them to help promote these ideas. These posters where made to encourage women to stay united, as well as, make them feel like they could do something to help with the war effort.
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TODAY
16
Propaganda is still being used to this day. We come across forms of propaganda in our everyday lives through different forms of media, such as, mobile phones, the web, social media and television (TV). The messages that we are subjected to are at times subtle and innocent, while at other time they are more evident and hostile. These messages that we are being subjected to each day are not always true or positive. National Health Service (NHS) formed the Change4Life campaign in January 2009. This campaign is a good example of propaganda being used to promote positive change. The campaign is exhibited across different forms of media, such as, mobile applications, posters and TV adverts. These campaigns all have motivating slogans and illustrate brightly coloured characters changing their habits and having a happier and more active life than before (Figure 12). The messages across the campaign try to encourage and inspire families in to changing lifestyles healthier one. The British National Party (BNP), is a good example of propaganda being used in the modern day, and how they produce an emotional response to the information presented, rather than a rational response. The BNP have been good at speaking to people in plain, emotional language and have used these skills to build a following (Figure 13). Although their messages and views are not always ethical, they have managed to manipulate and deceive people, gaining a following. In America, Donald Trump (Figure 14) uses terror and racial slander to gain power and supporters, just as James Warren states in his article, Trump is “intentionally mangling truth to advance his political agenda� (Payton, M. 2016.). When looking at Trump and Hitler there are some noticeable comparisons between them and their use of propaganda methods, for example, the use of racism to gain power, promises of mass deportations and a promise to make their country great again.
Although, unlike Hitler, Trump can broadcast his opinions through different types of media, and from looking at the recent presidential elections of 2016, Trumps use of propaganda has worked in his favour. One propaganda technique that Trump has been using in his presidential campaign is his very own theme song. Three young girls known as the USA Freedom Kids (Figure 16) performed an altered song of the WWI patriotic piece Over There (Cohan, G. 1917.) at a Trump presidential rally in Florida. The three girls sang about things such as, “freedom and liberty everywhere” (USA Freedom Kids. 2016.). In many of Trumps posters the colours red, white, and blue are predominantly used, along with pentagram stars (Figure 15). Using these colours and symbols suggests to viewers that he is patriotic and he will “make America great again” (Figure 15). Not only does Trump repeat himself during his speeches and interviews, he also uses repetition in his poster campaigns. For example, in many of his posters he repeats commanding words such as, “make education great again” and “make military great again”.
Together we can help everyone Change4Life
Handy hints for people who can lend their support.
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POSTERS
20
Propaganda posters started appearing during the WWI when governments begun trying to engage with their communities and enlisting them into their ranks. Different media platforms were used to spread the propaganda during and after WWI, such as, poster campaigns, leaflets, film, and radio. Whilst some propaganda posters varied in style, colours, and aesthetics, many posters had similarities. The messages portrayed on propaganda posters vary from poster to poster, but are generally political and one sided. These messages being exposed to the public may not always be truthful or ethical. By using a combination of propaganda techniques these messages can be lost in translation and miss read by the viewers. Alongside the messages, most posters also have strong and powerful images. Many of these posters are about a political figure and show that person in a heroic light (Figure 22). For example, in the Hope poster by Shepard Fairey (Figure 18), we see a simple illustration of Barack Obama with the word “HOPE” written in bold capital letters below. The message is clear and easy to understand, whether it is true or not. The Nazis poster the seed of peace, not dragon’s teeth (Figure 17), published by the right-wing magazine Klasseradatsch, is another good example. The poster portrays Hitler sowing seeds, as if showing he will recover German territories that were ‘lost’ because of the Versailles Treaty of 1919. In the foreground, we can see an angel, suggesting that being proud to be German is not something to be feared. The hierarchy in propaganda posters is a key factor of why they can be so powerful. In many posters, they have highlighted and brought forward commanding words or phrases, demanding a viewer’s attention to the supposedly urgent message, such as, “be careful what you say” (Figure 20) and “get a war job” (Figure 21). Many of these posters also use words such as, ‘you’, ‘we’, and ‘your’, which makes the posters personal to the viewer, engaging them with the message being promoted.
The colours used for propaganda posters also have a strong impact on how the posters are viewed. Although from different regions, propaganda posters predominantly use red in their designs. The colour red, as well as the word its self, provoke a range of thoughts to feelings. When looking at these posters red suggests a sense of urgency, danger, and alertness, which can easily draw the viewers’ attention in and, at times, make the viewer miss read the message. Yellow is also a promenade colour across different posters, which provokes similar feel as the colour red does.
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REFLECTION ON VISUAL RESPONSE
24
For my final outcome, I decided to recreate some of the iconic propaganda posters that I have discovered during my research. I have taken inspiration from certain aspects of the posters which together make them work, such as, the colours used, the message and phrases used, and their design styles. I decided to take a light hearted, tongue in cheek approach with my poster designs. Addressing the fact that propaganda can persuade an audience, whether it be true or not. I have used coriander as my main character and focus point. Studies suggest that people either like or dislike coriander depending on their genetics (Callaway, E. 2012.). As I do not like coriander myself I thought it would be fun to make the posters in favour of coriander, and to show how persuasive propaganda posters can be. I feel that I have related my poster designs to my research, showing how the style elements of already excising propaganda posters effectively work, even when translating a different message. The posters still have the same impact as the originals.
MAKE FOOD GREAT AGAIN
26
For this poster, I took inspiration from the Donald Trump presidential election campaign posters Make America Great Again (Figure 15). I looked at the key aspects of the poster, such as, the colours, phrases and imagery. I wanted to keep the patriotic feel of the original poster, so decided to keep the colour scheme and change the five stars to five coriander leaves.
APPENDIX 1
MAKE FOOD GREAT AGAIN
CORIANDER
CORIANDER
28
For this poster, I took inspiration from Hitler’s 1932 election poster (Figure 3) and the simplicity of it. Although the poster is only in black and white, it stands out and makes a clear statement. Keeping with my own theme I chose to use a black and white coriander leaf as the main image and like the original I placed a square dot above the text.
CORIANDER APPENDIX 2
TASTE
30
For this poster, I took inspiration from Shepard Fairey’s Hope poster (Figure 18). I chose not to use the same colour scheme as the original, but stuck with the style and layout. I decided to try screen print my outcome of this poster, just as Fairey did with his original poster of Barack Obama, but my attempts were unsuccessful.
TASTE APPENDIX 3
RESEARCH JOURNEY
32
During this research report I created mind maps, made notes and sketched out ideas to help my thought process. At the beginning of this research report I had many ideas of what I wanted to research and write about, but as I delved into the report I broke down my ideas and started to focus on key aspects of my research. I came up with several ideas for what I wanted my outcome to be, and then took my sketched ideas further by developing in InDesign. I put thought into the size of the posters and how they would be displayed. I tested screen printing one of my posters before making a final decision on how I wanted to present my work.
MIND MAPS
This is a mind map about my chosen topic, Propaganda, and the different areas within that topic which I could explore. The mind map was a good way of displaying all my initial ideas and narrowing them down to create a more focused report. 34
Japan Russian Civil War
Trump
TV
Similari1es
WWI WWII
Today Britain
BNP
Propaganda
Home Front
Green Peace
Language Colours
Hitler Posters
History
Imagery Margaret Thatcher
World Wars Female Empowerment
News Papers Film
APPENDIX 4
NHS
This mind map is about the Research Report. I used this mind map to help me plan how I was going to write my report and the structure of the report. This mind map made it easier for me to look back on and helped me focus on what need to be put into my research report.
Power of Propaganda The Effects of Propaganda on Society Titles Propaganda: Warping a Mind Propaganda: Promo3ng an Idea
4000 Words
Meaning
Clearly State Focus
Where it is used
Into
Introduc3on
Why
How it is used
Issues & Debates Hitler
Home Front NHS Trump
Mind Maps
Britain
Sketches Development of Research
Research Reports
Research Journey Reflect & Explain
Today
Key Stages
BNP
Historians Audience
Language
Graphic Designers
Colours
Summarise
Posters Imagery
Aims Conclusion
Hierarchy
Historical Into Reflec3on on Visual Response
Describe Final Outcome
APPENDIX 5
Visual Response
These two posters are about my Poster and their Audience. The mind maps where a good way of getting out my ideas and sorting through what worked for my research report and what did not. The mind maps also helped me decide on what my target audience for my posters would be.
When Life Gives You Lemons
Red
Lemons
Black
The Devil's Garnish
Colours
Bad
Off White
Say No To Coriander Two Sides
Coriander
Make Food Great Again
Yellow
Poster Ideas
Good
Bold
We Need You PoliCcal
Hierarchy Language Quotes
People Imagery
Slogans
Vector
APPENDIX 6
Cafe Owners
Cooks
Graphic Designers
Coriander Haters
Audience Foodies Gardeners APPENDIX 7
Chefs Restaurant Owners
I made this mind map to help me break down the key parts of the Development of Research section. I used it to focus my main ideas and divide them into sections for the research report. This mind map also helped me with piecing ideas together.
Language NHS
Colours Posters
SimilariJes
Imagery RelaJon to Hitler
Dierences
Hierarchy
Trump Today
Did it work?
Background
BNP Team
Book
Prison Joseph Goebbels
Audience Language Message
Green Peace Colours Posters
Did it work? Hitler Meaning
Imagery
Development of Research
Hierarchy
Where it is used
Message
How it is used Audience
Aim
Good Did it work? Bad Messages
Home Front
Lies What is Propaganda?
Language
Truth
Colours Posters
Media
Posters Imagery
Radio
Britain Media
Hierarchy
Film Message
Campaigns
Did it work? Did it work? Land Army
APPENDIX 8
SKETCHES
42
These sketches show my initial layout ideas for the research report. I thought about what size the research report should be, as well as, how the text and images would be placed within the report. I also thought about how my research report would be bound, such as, stitch bound, perfect bound or coil bond. I thought about how the style of the report and the posters would correlate and relate to my topic and research.
APPENDIX 9
APPENDIX 10
APPENDIX 11
These sketches show my initial ideas for my visual response to my research. I thought about the size of the posters, as well as, what phrases will be on the posters, the colours, the images and how I could print it. I came up with numerous ideas of what my posters could look like, what colours to use, and the language to use.
APPENDIX 12
APPENDIX 13
APPENDIX 15
APPENDIX 14
These sketches show several more poster ideas. I then narrowed my ideas down to three poster ideas which I then created useing Illustrator where I could test my ideas and bring them all together to great my visual response to my research.
APPENDIX 16
APPENDIX 17
APPENDIX 19
APPENDIX 18
SCREEN PRINTING
These are images of my screen printing progress for my Taste poster. The process took a full day and I came across a few problems when screen printing my design, such as, alinement and smudging. I started by dividing my Taste poster into each colour and printing the four different sections in black and white. Then I exposed the images on to two screens. 48
APPENDIX 20
APPENDIX 21
APPENDIX 22
APPENDIX 23
APPENDIX 24
I used two large screen and exposed two images onto one screen. As I was using photo copy paper I set exposed to 200 so my images would appear clear on the screens. I nest washed the screens out and left them to dry while I made up my four green paints.
APPENDIX 25
APPENDIX 26
APPENDIX 28
APPENDIX 27
I mixed up four shades of green for each of the different sections and started printing. I decided to print from the lightest green to the darkest, and the first layers came out well. After giving the paint a while to dry I went on to do the next layer. This is where I came across some problems. Aligning the second one up correctly with the first layer was tricky. Parts of the design stopped printing through and smudging occurred. I carried on with the next two layers trying my best to make all four layers align correctly. Unfortunately, the screen printing didn’t go as planned and I decided not to use this method of printing.
APPENDIX 29
APPENDIX 30
APPENDIX 31
APPENDIX 32
APPENDIX 33
APPENDIX 34
AUDIENCE
54
The posters are aimed at people who do not like coriander, as the posters are made to promote coriander. The target audience for my posters could also be for people who are interested in gardening and cooking, as the posters are about the herb coriander. The posters could be either used for personal or professional use by the target audience.
CONCLUSION
56
As shown in my research above it is clear that the use of propaganda can be used to influence and persuade an audience’s opinion through the use of visual media, for example, poster campaigns. The different design aspects of propaganda posters, such as, colours, language, hierarchy and imagery, all help with persuading an audiences mind. The use of symbolism and patriotic imagery is used to inspire positive views and help increase popular opinion of a political view. Although these aspects often appear positive, many of them mask hidden agendas. My research shows that throughout history propaganda influences have had a positive and negative effect on society. It is evident in my research that the British governments propaganda poster campaigns during WWII, had a positive effect on its people by bringing them and their communities together to help win the war on the home front. When comparing it with the more resent HNS campaign, we can see a similar encouraging impact also happening. When looking at the negative effects of propaganda, we can see in my research that both Hitler and Trump play a role in this. Both Hitler and Trump have prompted hate during their campaigns, as well as promoting themselves in a patriotic way. My final visual responses show how effective the right use of colours, language, hierarchy and imagery can promote an idea. The posters I have created also show how effective propaganda techniques and styles work even when used in a light hearted, joking way. I feel that the posters have communicated the fact that propaganda is a tool used to persuade an audiences option on something. “Propaganda will never die out. Intelligent men must realize that propaganda is the modern instrument by which they can fight for productive ends and help to bring order out of chaos.� (Bernays, E. L. 2005.)
FIGURE LIST Figure 1. Europe’s Victory is Your Prosperity. UK Government. 1941. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/nazi_propaganda_gallery_06. shtml Figure 2. One People, One Nation, One Leader! 1938. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/nazi_propaganda_gallery_03. shtml Figure 3. Hitler Election Poster. 1932. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/nazi_propaganda_gallery_01. shtml Figure 4. Eternal Jews Exhibition Poster. 1937 http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/nazi_propaganda_gallery_05. shtml Figure 5. You are the Front! Production Poster. 1940. http://www.bytwerk.com/gpa/posters3.htm Figure 6. We stand with the Führer. 1936. http://www.bytwerk.com/gpa/posters2.htm Figure 7. Still more paper, rags, bones wanted for salvage. John Gilroy. UK Government. 1940. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AINF3-196_Salvage_Still_more_paper%2C_rags%2C_bones_wanted_for_salvage_Artist_Gilroy.jpg Figure 8. Women’s Land Army recruitment poster. UK Government. 1940. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AFor_a_healthy%2C_happy_job_ join_the_Women’s_Land_Army.jpg Figure 9. Gas Attack. UK Government. 1940. http://www.primaryhomeworkhelp.co.uk/war/gasmasks.htm 58
Figure 10. Your Own Vegetables All the Year Round. Irene Mitchell. UK Government. 1940. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AYour_Own_Vegetables_All_the_ Year_Round_-_If_You_Dig_For_Victory_Now_Art.IWMPST17009.jpg Figure 11. Potato Pete. UK Government. 1940. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AI’m_a_Protective_Food_-_Says_Potato_Pete_Art.IWMPST20603.NOBORDER.jpg Figure 12. Change4Life. NHS. 2011. http://www.nhs.uk/Change4Life/supporter-resources/downloads/together_we_ can_help.pdf Figure 13. New Battle for Britain. BMP. 2009. http://www.soulwalking.co.uk/Opinion%202009-1.html Figure 14. Donal Tump. 2016. https://www.donaldjtrump.com/gallery/ Figure 15. Donald Trump for President 2016 Campaign Posters. 2016. h t t p : / / w w w. l o r i f e r b e r. c o m / 2 0 1 6 - c a m p a i g n / r e p u b l i c a n - c a n d i dates-for-the-2016-presidential-election/donald-trump-merchandise/donaldtrump-campaign-poster-signs-100.html Figure 16. USA Freedom Kids Florida Rally. 2016. http://time.com/4424496/usa-freedom-kids-donald-trump-sue-lawsuit/ Figure 17. The seed of peace, not dragon’s teeth. Kladderadatsch Magazine. 1936. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/nazi_propaganda_gallery_02. shtml Figure 18. Barack Obama Hope. Shepard Fairey. 2008. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_Hope_poster.jpg
Figure 19. We Can Do It! J. Howard Miller. 1942. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:We_Can_Do_It!.jpg?uselang=en-gb Figure 20. You never know who’s on the wires! Be careful what you say. UK Government. 1939. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:INF3-232_Anti-rumour_and_careless_ talk_You_never_know_who%27s_on_the_wires_(Hitler_figure_sitting_on_telephone_wires).jpg?uselang=en-gb Figure 21. Get a War Job. 1941. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%22Get_A_War_Job%22_-_NARA__513840.tif?uselang=en-gb Figure 22. VIVA CHE. Jim Fitzpatrick. 1968. http://www.jimfitzpatrick.com/shop/che-guevara-poster-print/viva-che/
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Together we can help everyone Change4Life
Handy hints for people who can lend their support.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Barson, M., & Heller, S. (2001). Red scared! : The Commie menace in propaganda and popular culture. San Francisco, Calif. : Chronicle ; London : Hi Marketing. Battle of Britain. (2014). HISTORY. Retrieved 6 April 2016, from http://www.history.co.uk/study-topics/history-of-ww2/battle-of-britain Bernays, E. L. (2005). Propaganda. New York : Ig. Bramsted, E. K. (1965). Goebbels and National Socialist propaganda, 1925-1945. London: Cresset Press, 1965. Bytwerk, R. L. (2004). Bending spines : the propagandas of Nazi Germany and the German Democratic Republic. East Lansing, Mich. : Michigan State University Press. Callaway, E. (2012). Soapy taste of coriander linked to genetic variants. Nature. Retrieved 24 November 2016, from http://www.nature.com/news/soapy-taste-of-coriander-linked-to-genetic-variants-1.11398 Clarke, G. (2008). The Women’s Land Army : a portrait. Bristol : Sansom, 2008. Cohan, G. (1917). Over There. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. Retrieved from https://play.google.com/music/preview/Tu66xtoc44tl5iomabt635ks43q?lyrics=1&utm_source=google&utm_medium=search&utm_campaign=lyrics&pcampaignid=kp-songlyrics&u=0# Gardiner, J. (2010). War on the Home Front. Carlton Books Ltd Hitler, A., & Murphy, J. (1939). Mein Kampf. Hurst & Blackett. Jowett, G., & O’Donnell, V. (2012). Propaganda and persuasion. Los Angeles : SAGE. James Warren, P. (2016). Trump, Propaganda and the Loss of Media Authority. The Hive. Retrieved 25 October 2016, from http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2016/06/ trump-propaganda-and-the-loss-of-media-authority Keen, S. (1986). Faces of the enemy: reflections of the hostile imagination. San Francisco: Harper & Row, c1985. Lutzer, E. (2010). When a nation forgets God. Chicago: Moody Publishers. 66
Music. (2016). USA Freedom Kids. Retrieved 19 October 2016, from https://www. usafreedomkids.com/music.html O’Shaughnessy, N. J. (2004). Politics and propaganda : weapons of mass seduction. Manchester : Manchester University Press. ORIGINAL Donald Trump Jam by USA Freedom Kids, FREEDOM’S CALL. (2016). YouTube. Retrieved 19 October 2016, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OPTiq2bmrNU Payton, M. (2016). Donald Trump fed Russian propaganda to supporters. The Independent. Retrieved 19 October 2016, from http://www.independent.co.uk/ news/world/americas/us-elections/donald-trump-russia-hillary-clinton-propaganda-a7357271.html Propaganda. In Oxford English online dictionary. Retrieved from http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/propaganda Smith, D. (2011). The spade as mighty as the sword : the story of the Second World War ‘Dig for Victory’ campaign. London : Aurum, 2011. Taylor, P. M. (1999). British propaganda in the 20th century : selling democracy. Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press. Taylor, R. (n.d). Film propaganda: Soviet Russia and Nazi Germany. London: Croom Helm (etc.), 1979. Timmers, M. (2003). The power of the poster. London: V & A. Warren, J. (2016). Trump, Propaganda and the Loss of Media Authority. The Hive. Retrieved 19 October 2016, from http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2016/06/ trump-propaganda-and-the-loss-of-media-authority Welch, D. (2013). Propaganda: power and persuasion. London : The British Library, 2013. Welch, D. (1983). Nazi propaganda: the power and the limitations. London: Croom Helm, c1983. Zeman, Z. B. (1964). Nazi propaganda. Published in association with the Wiener Library by Oxford U.P, 1964.
APPENDICES Appendix 1. Make Food Great Again. Georg Varney. 2016. (Mine). Appendix 2. Coriander. Georg Varney. 2016. (Mine). Appendix 3. Taste. Georg Varney. 2016. (Mine). Appendix 4. Propaganda Mind Map. Georg Varney. 2016. (Mine). Appendix 5. Research Report Mind Map. Georg Varney. 2016. (Mine). Appendix 6. Poster Ideas Mind Map. Georg Varney. 2016. (Mine). Appendix 7. Audience Mind Map. Georg Varney. 2016. (Mine). Appendix 8. Development of Research Mind Map. Georg Varney. 2016. (Mine). Appendix 9. Research Report Sketches. Georg Varney. 2016. (Mine). Appendix 10. Research Report Layout Sketches 1. Georg Varney. 2016. (Mine). Appendix 11. Research Report Layout Sketches 2. Georg Varney. 2016. (Mine). Appendix 12. Poster Ideas Sketches 1. Georg Varney. 2016. (Mine). Appendix 13. Poster Ideas Sketches 2. Georg Varney. 2016. (Mine). Appendix 14. Poster Ideas Sketches 3. Georg Varney. 2016. (Mine). Appendix 15. Poster Ideas Sketches 4. Georg Varney. 2016. (Mine). Appendix 16. Poster Ideas Sketches 5. Georg Varney. 2016. (Mine). Appendix 17. Taste Poster Sketch. Georg Varney. 2016. (Mine). Appendix 18. Coriander Poster Sketch. Georg Varney. 2016. (Mine). Appendix 19. Make Food Great Again Poster Sketch. Georg Varney. 2016. (Mine). Appendix 20. Screen Printing Photo 1. Georg Varney. 2016. (Mine). Appendix 21. Screen Printing Photo 2. Georg Varney. 2016. (Mine). 68
Appendix 22. Screen Printing Photo 3. Georg Varney. 2016. (Mine). Appendix 23. Screen Printing Photo 4. Georg Varney. 2016. (Mine). Appendix 24. Screen Printing Photo 5. Georg Varney. 2016. (Mine). Appendix 25. Screen Printing Photo 6. Georg Varney. 2016. (Mine). Appendix 26. Screen Printing Photo 7. Georg Varney. 2016. (Mine). Appendix 27. Screen Printing Photo 8. Georg Varney. 2016. (Mine). Appendix 28. Screen Printing Photo 9. Georg Varney. 2016. (Mine). Appendix 29. Screen Printing Photo 10. Georg Varney. 2016. (Mine). Appendix 30. Screen Printing Photo 11. Georg Varney. 2016. (Mine). Appendix 31. Screen Printing Photo 12. Georg Varney. 2016. (Mine). Appendix 32. Screen Printing Photo 13. Georg Varney. 2016. (Mine). Appendix 33. Screen Printing Photo 14. Georg Varney. 2016. (Mine). Appendix 34. Screen Printing Photo 15. Georg Varney. 2016. (Mine).
THE POWER OF PROPAGANDA Georgina Varney University of Portsmouth Graphic Design BA (Hons) 2016