Jerusalem among People - Thesis Essay

J E RV S A L E M among

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CRITICAL MUSEUM FOR EAST JERUSALEM : GIVATI ARCHEOLOGICAL PARK

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Giovanna Celeghin I u a v U n i v e r s i t y o f Ve n i c e , I t a l y Master’s Degree in Architecture October 2014 Prof. Arch. Alberto Ferlenga Prof. Arch. Mauro Marzo

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ABSTRACT Jerusalem, which has been disputed for five thousand years, is located in the heart of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. It is a city of identity, rather than the place where the game actually happens; but nobody is willing to give up this place, which is forever linked to their identity.

Manipulation of archeology is one of many strategies of geopolitical control. Perhaps the most striking example of this is the Givati Parking Lot, just a few hundred meters from the Wailing Wall, but already in the Palestinian neighborhood of Silwan. A huge visitor center and Bible museum is being planned on this archaeological site, still under excavation. It will obliterate everything that existed there before.

My project follows the spontaneous flora: a wooden walkway runs along the movement lines, and becomes a wide ramp obliquely crossing the layers of history, hosting archaeological finds discovered in the Givati.

I chose to design a space that welcomes the large fluxes of tourists and transforms them into fluxes of travelers who are aware of the complexity of the place they are about to enter.

Both Jerusalem’s past and present are being bent to a narrative that is so blind it actually corrupts its own identity in order to erase others. I wanted to give back to Silwan part of the stolen space and offer an alternative solution, at least until a new project comes to light, that the present and the past of Jerusalem are bent to a narrative blind to the point of wanting to corrupt its identity in order to erase others.

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Where is Jerusalem? In Israel? In Palestine? This city, disputed for five thousand years, is located in the heart of the IsraeliPalestinian conflict. However its value is not limited to the accumulation of historical events. By far the most significant treasure of Jerusalem is the heterogeneous nature of the multiple components of human experience, that gives this place a cultural depth that is difficult to match. But there is always a past, a context or a symbol, that prevents true and intimate relationships with the present through simple interactions between people. Jerusalem is a city of identity, rather than the place where the game actually happens; but nobody is willing to give up this place which is forever linked to their identity. Every stone is a symbol, every piece of land is a nation.

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to create a large continuous system of archaeological parks for tourism. Located within the Holy Basin, the parks are being changed from “public” to “national”.

JUDAIZATION AND DE-ARABIZATION In 1978 US President Jimmy Carter proposed the criterion: “where an Israeli lives it is Israel, where a Palestinian lives is Palestine”. We can acknowledge that Israel is applying this principle literally: on one hand it claims to support the idea of mutual belonging between place and people, where the territory becomes a primary element in individual and national identity; on the other it takes over daily Palestinian territories, stealing the identity of its inhabitants. Many people living in the occupied Palestinian territories (this is the international status of East Jerusalem) have seen their houses seized so that the so-called Israeli “settlers” could reoccupy them. These “settlers” are protected by private security guards, paid by the State, and to make matters worse, construction of new Israeli villages continue to happen without challenge.

But demolition, eviction, denial of building permissions and night raids are just some of the means for ground subtraction and segregation.

The Green Line is still the last border legally and internationally recognized between Israel and the disputed eastern Jordan River territories. Rights, services and opportunities offered to citizens diminish substantially on the east side of this virtual line, favoring persistent conditions of deprivation due to an unbalanced redistribution of resources. After the military phase of the conflict, and since June of 1967, Israeli authorities have been implementing a phase of “urban consolidation”, designed to make military conquests irreversible through action on space. The separation barrier is its first result: an eight-meter-high concrete wall, alternated with barbed wire, that pushes into the West Bank territory, displaying the expansionist aims of the settler. The wall, as well as new major infrastructures (including the Jerusalem Light Rail), cuts the links between one Palestinian village and another, often dividing the inhabited territory, and thus precluding the continuity of the inhabited fabric. Finally, perhaps the most insidious and pervasive method is the inclusion of portions of land within national parks (or similarly, cemeteries). The vast expropriation of land, which occurs without justification or compensation, aims

Looking solely at the surface of this territory does not reveal a complete picture. Buried beneath it lie the history, the stories, and the values of its people, which are constantly manipulated. The result: only one of the many voices of this city is heard. For those who administer this capital the primary balance is to manage Jerusalem as a city of the world, a terrestrial city. Tourists and pilgrims, interested in the celestial city, bring with them a large cash flow, regularly funneled from the associations that manage the historical and archaeological heritage on behalf of the Israeli government.

SILWAN AND THE OLD CITY Just south of the Old City, at the door of East Jerusalem, there is the Palestinian neighborhood of Silwan, which stands on the foundation site chosen by King David around 1000 BC. Today the City of David is a very popular archeological park, which tells of the ancient Jewish capital, run by Elad settler organization that exercises physical territory control by financing acquisitions of Palestinian property in East Jerusalem and archeological excavations in the few open spaces remaining in the neighborhood of Silwan, often without authorization and in violation of the law. Excavations are carried out “with the shovel in one hand and the Bible in the other”, and it is no coincidence that the most important Israeli archaeologists have not been involved in these campaigns.

The town plan represented here exemplifies the ruling thought: many private homes are demolished or turned into tourism services, open spaces are expanded or converted into cemeteries and parks, new tunnels leading to the Jewish quarter are dug; everything is swallowed by the national Old City Walls park district, segregating inexorably Palestinian residents.

EAST AND WEST JERUSALEM The quantitative / qualitative comparison of the built fabric between East and West Jerusalem, analyzed in the context of the visual basin, shows the impact of these changes, which added growing installations of settlers to the lack of services and to the daily problems of living.

Day after day the territorial situation changes de facto, setting the ground for a future spartition of the city with the helpless mediation of the international organizations.

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~ Top view, 1:1000 model ~

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~ South view, 1:5000 model ~

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LANDSCAPE METAMORPHOSIS Perhaps the most striking example of the result of these strategies of geopolitical control and archeology manipulation is the case of the Givati Parking Lot, a 3,800-square-metre archeological area in front of the Dung Gate and adjacent to the City of David. Its baricentric position for all the tourist fluxes has changed what was a parking lot, where residents of Silwan also held festivals and small markets, in the ideal site for a visitor center of 16,000 square metres with an automatic parking and a Bible museum, completely blind of the complex archeological stratification found.

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~ Kedem Compound proposed project, 1:1000 model~

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MAIN ARCHEOLOGICAL FINDINGS The excavations, which began in 2007 and are still in progress in the last quadrant of the lot, have completely changed the historical image of the eastern side of the Valley Tiropeo, previously believed to be base of only small private dwellings.

Layers ranging from the Iron Age to the Middle Age were revealed. Finds of Hellenistic buildings of considerable size were unearthed in the first stage of the excavations, in the southwest quadrant, now almost entirely populated by wild vegetation. A Roman peristyle building of more than 1000 square meters was discovered, which has made the expansion of the city under Roman government be reconsidered after the destructive conquest of 70 AD. From the Byzantine period instead, buried under the ruins of a large building, a unique treasure was found consisting of 264 gold coins, confirming the tragedy of the Persian conquest in 614 AD. A third building, originally from the Second Temple period, represents for Elad the greatest discovery: the house probably belonged to Queen Helena of Adiabene, who converted to Judaism and lived in Jerusalem during the reign of Herod the Great. Jerusalem was besieged and destroyed more than thirty times, and the Givati Parking Lot, with its state of archaeological work in progress excavation, is a fervent witness of the rich history, as well as a chance to change something in the present.

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CONCEPT My attitude, initially turned to try to create a neutral and impartial zone, has completely changed after reading the book “Divided City”, by Calame and Charlesworth. These two architects state that “In the divided city, the positions of acquiescence and avoidance incurred by a mantra of neutrality are not considered successful professional approaches, while the commitment and stance, supported by a firm sense of professional responsibility, are”. And I agree with them: it is impossible to remain impartial fronting this city. I decided to design a space that welcomes the significant touristic fluxes that spring from the buses in front of the Dung Gate, a space that transforms them into fluxes of travelers who understand the complexity of the place they are about to enter. Archeology must not be vitiated and affected; its work must be done with the utmost transparency and clarity.

Above all I wanted to give back to Silwan part of the space stolen and prevent, at least until a new project will come to light, that the present and the past of Jerusalem are bent to a narrative blind to the point of wanting to corrupt its identity in order to erase others.

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GIVATI ARCHEOLOGICAL PARK The spontaneous flora, through a process of vivification of historical memory, enhances the potential of this highly stratified area. The growing of the roots from the deepest level of the archeological excavation, and at the same time the crowns emerging above the walking plane, defines a vital continuity with the past of Jerusalem, interpreting the ground not as something to conquer but as a premise to research on, nurture and heal deep relationships. The project starts from these assumptions: it always tries to be based at the deepest level and emerge at an altitude of easy access for local residents, archeologists and the many tourists.

The involved materials are wood and aluminum for the surfaces, and steel for structures. In this way the lightness of the system is guaranteed in a strong relationship with the climate, the progress of the excavations and the future design decisions. Only the pedestrian crossings of the two streets that flank the lot, the area surrounding private homes and a small area of loading and unloading are paved with fair Jerusalem stone, typical for permanent interventions.

The main movements within the project area, corresponding to the ideal flows of people, go from the Dung Gate to the City of David and Silwan. The walkway runs along these lines, indicating its limits with two portals. Where the work of archeologists continues, it becomes more permeable, allowing some visual transparency of the surface, as well as adequate ventilation and natural lighting. A small volume, transparent on both sides, contains the services necessary to archaeologists: bathroom, dressing room, storage, small kitchen. The two large windows are screen-printed with a schematic map of the city and of the findings, functioning as information point. Stairs and elevator descend to the work level, that varies according to the advancement of the excavation, together with the inclination of steel columns and the location of the foundations (without concrete).

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~ Top view, 1:200 model ~

~ South view, 1:200 model ~

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~ East view, 1:200 model ~

The wood used for the pier is Aleppo pine, the main material in Jerusalemites yards, sanded but not treated, so that it fades to grey as time passes. The spaces between a board and the other host the balustrade system, consisting of a board of the same material rotated perpendicularly to the decking.

In the floor between vertical elements, to avoid glare, there are recessed LED spotlights. The profile of the dock, being designed according to the findings below, constantly changes, and with it the effects of rhythm and transparency of the balustrade. The portals are lined in olive wood, a specie of tree victim of many expropriations in the neighborhood: on the outside a thin anodized aluminum sheet closes the structure giving it a compact aspect and controlling rainwater. The structure of the portal is constituted by Parallel Flange Channels and Universal Columns profiles, more appropriate instead of round columns because of the misalignment of the loads they have to bear.

Making the most of the significant difference in height, in the northwest corner the dock turns into a wide open-air ramp, which connects the street to the underground tunnel and the archaeological remains level, suggesting an oblique crossing through the layers of history. The balustrade system becomes brise-soleil, inclined depending on sun exposure: almost a continuation of the concrete pillars that constitute the foundation wall, in dialogue with the profile of the floors through them, recalling instead the horizontality of archeological layers. The way of movement is twofold, depending on whether the visitor enters the area directly or through the archeological park of the City of David and its tunnel. The ceiling, at street level, continues becoming shelter to the bus stop for Palestinian lines.

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~ South view, 1:200 model~

~ View from the City of David entrance ~

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The first part of the museum-ramp hosts the Wadi Hilweh Information Center (independent information point about Silwan), access to the elevator, a small bookshop and ticket office. The historical sequence continues from the newest period to the oldest: Islamic, Byzantine, Roman, Hellenistic and Second Temple, in direct connection with the dock.

Among the Byzantine and Roman rooms is housed an auditorium. In addition, the alignment between the Roman floor and the staircase landing outside the lot, used by local residents, allows an opening in the brise-soleil and generates an additional opportunity to look outwards at Silwan. All the ramps are in accordance to the fruition of the museum by the disabled, with a slope of 8% and a handrail.

The major difference in height between the dock and the archaeological remains level is solved with a gentle staircase, after which there are the toilets. All inner parapets are made of a dense series of steel cables, which divide spaces without obstructing the eye. The last part of the museum is the most physically close to the finds: a walkway running parallel to the ancient Byzantine street and down across part of the portal, to the central island, where you can closely observe the most impressive remains. On the concrete backdrop, where the bedrock emerges, under another element of natural vegetation, horizontal cuts highlighted with steel profiles emphasizes the revised stratigraphy that Elad shows a few meters away, with full attention to the period of the Second Temple and its biblical interpretations, forgetting the other civilizations.

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In the southwest corner simple devices welcomes the natural flora of the site through cuts in the platform that turn it into a shady place around which to sit. In this way, a spontaneous garden, characterized by wild species already settled in the area. A thin line of water intermittently runs on a metal joint, easily stepped, that separates the wooden platform from the space in front of the private buildings. At certain times the water, mostly rainwater, flows irrigating the vegetation of both the archaeological and ground level. At the northern point of this line there is a fountain manually activated, which reinforces the symbolic gesture of care necessary in a neighborhood where basic services are scarce.

The graphic proposal deals with the digging theme in the first place, with simple icons designed to be screen-printed or applied as a stencil. The name of the museum, Givati Archaeological Park, becomes the acronym GAP, translated as “lack�, playing both on the void created by archaeologists and on the needs of the population of Silwan and in East Jerusalem in general. The lettering combines the great diversity of English, Arabic and Hebrew through the Adobe family for the texts, and with larger letters for titles. Each plate and point of interest is also characterized by a QR code, which refers to the website with information integration and augmented reality. Arabic, first language on the panels, strictly positioned on the ground, is always followed first by English and then by Hebrew.

Like all the volumes of the project, also the display cases that hosts small findings always sink their structure in the ground. In particular the objects are presented like at the moment of unearthing, laying on a layer of soil. The most valuable elements will be presented in facsimile, while stones and crockery will have a compact system hygrothermal control hidden below the ground. Each case hides inside the thin metal frame small LED lights, and is enclosed by sheets of Plexiglas. Inside the museum the aluminum plate below the display case contains the map indicating where the remains were found.

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~ View of the Byzantine Treasure and Auditorium ~

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~ View from the main street, 1:200 model ~

~ Night view from the main street ~

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~ View of the spontaneous garden ~

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~ View from the Island ~

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~ View from the main Portal ~

Jerusalem was besieged and destroyed more than thirty times, and the Givati Parking Lot, with its state of archaeological excavation work in progress, is a fervent witness of its rich history, as well as a chance to change something in its present. My project embodies a firm and personal point of view. Whatever will follow, I hope would be something worth of representing the identity of its creator.

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SOURCES

BOOKS . Meron Benvenisti, City of stone : the hidden history of Jerusalem, Berkeley, University of California press, 1996 . Francesco Chiodelli, Gerusalemme contesa: dimensioni urbane di un conflitto, Roma, Carocci, 2012 . Philipp Misselwitz, Tim Rieniets City (edited by), City of collision: Jerusalem and the principles of conflicted urbanism, Basel, Birkhauser, 2006 . David Kroyanker, Gerusalemme: l'architettura, Venezia, Arsenale, 1994 . La battaglia per Gerusalemme, Quaderni speciali di Limes, Repubblica, Milano, luglio 2010 . Moni Ovadia, Francesco Chiodelli, Claudia De Martino, Enzo Maria Le Fevre Cervini, Enrico Molinaro, Ruba Saleh, Carmelo Severino, Alessandra Terenzi, Luca Zevi, Su Gerusalemme: strategie per il controllo dello spazio urbano, Castelvecchi, Roma, 2013 . Intenational Peace and Cooperation Center, Jerusalem, the Old City: the Urban Fabric and Geopolitical Implications, Publication XVII, 2009 . Malkit Shoshan, Atlas of the Conflict, 010 Publishers, Rotterdam, 2010 . Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), Statistical Yearbook of Jerusalem 2013 . Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies (JIIS), Statistical Yearbook of Jerusalem 2013 . Nadav Shragai, Demography, Geopolitics, and the Future of Israel’s Capital: Jerusalem’s Proposed Master Plan, Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, 2010 . Marco Allegra, Divisa, contesa, ineguale: il destino di Gerusalemme e della sua area metropolitana, Storia Urbana n° 128, 2010 . Simone Ricca, Reinventing Jerusalem: Israel's Reconstruction of the Jewish Quarter After 1967, London, Tauris, 2007 . Nadia Abu El-Haj, Facts on the Ground: Archaeological Practice and Territorial Self-Fashioning in Israeli Society, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2001 . Rafi Segal, Eyal Weizman, A Civilian Occupation – The politics of Israeli Architecture, Babel, Tel Aviv, London, 2003 . Eyal Weizman, Architettura dell'Occupazione: spazio politico e controllo territoriale in Palestina e in Israele, Mondadori, Milano, 2009 . Jorge Louis Borges, “A Israele”, “Israele 1969”, “Israele”, in Elogio dell’ombra, in Borges. Tutte le opere, Mondadori, Milano 2009 . Charles Warren, Underground Jerusalem, London 1876 . Marc Augé, Rovine e macerie, il senso del tempo, Bollati Boringhieri editore 2004 . Arnold Toynbee, La città aggressiva, Laterza, Bari, 1972 . Yad Vashem, Moshe Safdie, the Architecture of Memory, Baden, Lars Muller, 2006 . Frank Gaffikin, Planning in Divided Cities, Wiley-Blackwell, 2011 . Jon Calame, Esther Charlesworth, Città divise. Belfast, Beirut, Gerusalemme, Mostar e Nicosia, Medusa, Milano, 2012 . Stratis Tsirkas, Città alla deriva, Guanda, Milano, 2001 . Strategie della memoria: Architettura e paesaggi di guerra, Quaderni della Ricerca, Dipartimento di Culture del Progetto, University IUAV of Venice, 2014 . Valentina Bandieramonte, Chiara Cavalieri, Irene Guida, Kaveh Rashidzadeh eds., The Next Urban Question, Officina Edizioni, Venezia 2014 . Adolfo Natalini, Figure di pietra, Quaderni di Lotus, Milano 1984 . Mark Wigley, Constants New Babylon: The Hyper-Architecture of Desire, 010 Publishers, Rotterdam, 1999 . Yona Friedman, Sabine Lebesque, Yona Friedman: Structures Serving the Unpredictable, Rotterdam, 1999, NAi Publishers . Luigi Coccia (a cura di), Architettura e turismo, Milano,FrancoAngeli, 2012 . Alberto Ferlenga, Le strade di Pikionis, LetteraVentidue Edizioni, Siracusa, 2014

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THESIS . Alberto Olcese, Il carattere della città: Non-Branding Identity per Gerusalemme, relatore Carlo Vinti, Iuav 2011 . Ruth Borkowski, Mascia Mantani, CoeXistence: ricucire il territorio di Gerusalemme: l'architettura al servizio della pace, relatore Renato Bocchi, Iuav 2006 . Awad Al-Ali, Le componenti della citta araba : Gerusalemme: analisi della "citta vecchia", relatore Enrico Fontanari, Iuav 1991 . David London, Cronaca di un delitto premeditato: superfetazioni a Gerusalemme, la razionalità individuale e le sue conseguenze urbane, relatore Paola Viganò, Iuav 2005 . Paolo Benedetti, Gerusalemme: confini dello spazio e confini dell’anima, Relatore: Prof. Gianfranco Battisti, Università degli Studi di Trieste, 2010 . Francesca Buonincontri, Architettura contemporanea e tracce urbane e architettoniche dell’antico, Relatore: Prof. Alberto Cuomo, Università degli Studi di Napoli TRAVELS, LECTURES AND EXHIBITIONS . School of Doctorate Studies of the University IUAV of Venice, “City Portraits: Jerusalem, Two Parallel Cities”, International Conference, 15-16 May 2012 . Itinerant Master in “Architecture, Archeology and Museum Design – Innovative Design and Management of Archaeological Heritage”, Accademia Adrianea di Architettura e Archeologia Onlus Three Religions Workshop, prof. arch. Yair Varon Jerusalem/Tel Aviv, 4-12 October 2013 City of David: guided tour with prof. arch. Beni Levi The Israel Museum: visit to the exhibiton “Herod the Great: The King’s Final Journey” Dr. Kamil Sari: Greetings from Israel Antiquities Association prof. arch. David Guggenheim: Made in Israel - Between East and West along the History The Old City: Guided Tour, Giordana Moscati arch. Giora Solar (ICOMOS Israel), arch. Yoram Ginsberg (Ariel University) prof. Romolo Martemucci: Understanding and Interpreting in Archeotecture prof. Sandro Pittini: The time of places Il Quartiere Ebraico: tour e discussione con pro. arch. David Cassuto Davidson Center and Arhaeologiacl Park, guided tour Meeting with prof. arch. Saadia Mandel, chairman of The Society for Preservation of Israel Heritage Sites, Austrian Hospice Meeting with Father Eugenio Alliata, Convento della Flagellazione The Western Wall Tunne, guided tour . Prof. arch. Alberto Ferlenga, “Turismo e identità”, 2 April 2014, University IUAV of Venice, Atelier directed by prof. arch Mauro Marzo . Marc Augé, “L’archéologue, l’architecte et le temps”, DACC Conferences, 15 April 2014 . Ruba Saleh, Personal Interview, 16 June 2014 . Guido Morpurgo, Personal Interview, 10 July 2014 . 14th International Architecture Exhibition, "Fundamentals", Venice, 7 June - 23 November 2014 . Exhibition "Gerusalemme_Dove salgono i popoli", photographs by Giovanni Chiaramonte, Ikona Gallery, Ghetto, Venice, 29 May - 26 October 2014 . Exhibition "2004 - 2014. Opere e progetti del Museo di Fotografia Contemporanea", Triennale di Milano, 3 July - 10 September 2014 WEBSITES ISRAELI JERUSALEM MUNICIPALITY www.mmi.gov.il www.govmap.gov.il www.jr.co.il jerusalem.com www.jerusalem.muni.il allaboutjerusalem.com HAARETZ www.haaretz.com CITY OF DAVID

www.cityofdavid.org.il THE ISRAELI COMMITTEE AGAINST HOUS DEMOLITIONS www.icahd.org/eng EQUITABLE AND STABLE JERUSALEM WITH AN AGREED POLITICAL FUTURE - IR-AMIM ir-amim.org.il ISRAELI INFORMATION CENTER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE OCCUPIED TERRITORIES btselem.org CENTER FOR THE DEFENCE OF THE INDIVIDUAL hamoked.org FOR AN EQUITABLE AND STABLE JERUSALEM WITH AN AGREED POLITICAL FUTURE www.ir-amim.org.il PROMOTING PEACE IN ISRAEL www.peacenow.org.il ASSOCIATION FOR CIVIL RIGHTS IN ISRAEL www.acri.org.il/en PLANNERS FOR PLANNING RIGHTS www.eng.bimkom.com PUBLIC TRANSPORTATIONS web.me.com/jerubus JERUSALEM CENTER FOR PUBLIC AFFAIRS www.jcpa.org JEWISH VIRTUAL LIBRARY www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org ISRAEL ANTIQUITIES AUTHORITY www.antiquities.org.il THE JERUSALEM INSTITUTE FOR ISRAEL STUDIES www.jiis.org ISRAEL VIDEO NETWORK israelvideonetwork.com HISTORIC CITIES MAPS jnul.huji.ac.il/dl/maps/jer/ RAHAMIMOFF ARCHITECTS www.rahamimoff.com LUIS LABATON & PARTNERS CIVIL ENGINEERS www.luislabatonandpartners.com PALESTINIANS PALESTINIAN ACADEMIC SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS www.passia.org JERUSALEM CENTER FOR WOMEN www.j-c-w.org VISUALIZING PALESTINE visualizingpalestine.org COALITION FOR JERUSALEM www.coalitionforjerusalem.com CIVIC COALITION FOR DEFENDING PALESTINIANS' RIGHTS IN JERUSALEM www.ccdprj.ps www.civiccoalition-jerusalem.org SIX VOICES pointsofview.net EYE ON PALESTINE www.poica.com INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON MONUMENTS AND SITES www.international.icomos.org UNESCO whc.unesco.org UNITED NATIONS OFFICE FOR THE COORDINATION OF HUMANITARIAN AFFAIRS OCCUPIED PALESTINIAN TERRITORY www.ochaopt.org UNITED NATIONS RELIEF AND WORKS AGENCY FOR PALESTINE REFUGEES IN THE NEAR EAST www.unrwa .org

INTERNATIONAL PEACE AND COOPERATION CENTER www.ipcc.org ARCHEOLOGY IN THE SHADOW OF THE POLITICAL CONFLICT - EMEK SHAVEH alt-arch.org ARCHITECTS AND PLANNERS FOR JUSTICE IN PALESTINE apjp.org THE QUESTION OF PALESTINE unispal.un.org FOUNDATION FOR MIDDLE EAST PEACE fmep.org POSTCARDS FROM JERUSALEM www.adamreynoldsphotography.com FRANCESCO JODICE PH www.francescojodice.com DAILY NEWS/INFORMATION CENTERS www.alternativenews.org www.internazionale.it www.xnet.co.il/architecture/ israelstreet.org www.jpost.com www.haaretz.com www.jewishencyclopedia.com BLOG www.timesofisrael.com terrasanta.net israelpalestineguide.wordpress.com silwanic.net blog.bibleplaces.com bibliobloglibrary.com www.generationword.com/jerusalem101 albustan-silwan-en.blogspot.it OTHERS rice.iuav.it iuavbc.iuav.it/digitallibrary/ en.wikipedia.org www.youtube.com maps.google.com GUIDES . Michel Rauch, Gerusalemme, Tommasi, Milano 2012 . Gerusalemme, Israele, Petra e Sinai, Mondadori, Milano 2012 . Meridiani: Israele, anno XXI, n. 167, Domus, Milano, aprile 2008 . Israele, Territori Palestinesi, Touring Editore, 2010 . BRAVE NEW ALPS, DECODE JERUSALEM www.decodejerusalem.net

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