Recycling Process

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Superlocal SoSe 2016

Lehrstuhl für Rezykliergerechtes Bauen Prof. Dr. Linda Hildebrand M.Sc. Magdalena Zabek Fakultät für Architektur RWTH Aachen Templergraben 83 52062 Aachen Tel. +49 241 80 93677 www.rb.rwth-aachen.de

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Content Introduzione

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Superlocal Kerkrade Parkstad What is IBA? IBA history IBA Parkstad Hisory Deconstrution Definitions Demolition methods Mechanical method Selectiv method Demolition by detonation Selective method Buildings’s description Plan layout Construction Analysis Potentialities Problems Solutions Deconstruction plan Quantity of Elements Deconstraction order Deconstruction method and required machines Goods lifting system Safety measures Workers’ fall Overturning elements Shoring Hazardous materials Weather protection

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Storage Definitions Storage plan Material listing Potentialities Solutions Construction site

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Construction Definitions Material potential use Analysis Potentialities Problems Solutions Construction plan Retrofitting methods Foundation slabs Required Energy Performance Facade layers Assembly Detail Sandwich panel/foundation slab Sandwich panel/floor slab Sandwich panel/windows Sandwich panel/roof slab

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Acknowledges

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Introduzione

The construction industry and the connected material production are some of the activities with major impact on the environment because of the exploitations of natural resources, the emissions and the waste produced from the dismissal of old buildings. This simple statement explains why, in the last two decades, with a growing interest for ambient and climate changes, the attention of the scientific community has been focused on studying new strategies to reduce the construction industry effect on the environment.

The application of a recycling process to construction waste resulted a really productive research field not only for wooden, metal and plastic materials, that are easily associated with the recycling concept but also for concrete elements. The improvement in demolition and construction technics allowed the realization of several prototypes, such as the Plattenpalast (p.1), an experimental residential cell (1), or the Plattenvereinigung (p.2), a temporary pavilion (2), that demonstrate that is possible not only to recycle dismissed concrete as new aggregate but also to reuse concrete elements such as share walls or slabs. The appliance of those new technics are not anymore reserved to experiments and pavilions: CONCLUS Architekten, in collaboration with the IEMB (Institut fßr Erhaltung und Modernisierung von Bauwerken of TU Berlin), is currently realizing three residential buildings using concrete elements that are for the 95% precast elements (3) recovered from DDR’s block of flats.

(p.1) Plattenpalast

(p.2) Plattenvereinigung

construction sustainability

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booklet structure

This booklet has two purposes: first, offer a short overview of the technics required in the recycling process, secondly, apply the general information to a study case, to better understand the procedure, individualize possible problems and, if possible, related solutions. The selected study case is the “Superlocal project� promoted by the Heemwonen cooperative as competitor project to the IBA Parkstad.

The booklet is structured in four chapters: in the first one, the project will be introduced with the information that concerns geographical position, new purpose related to the IBA competitions, history and social context. This background information will be essential to understanding the other three chapters, that represent the three phases of the recycling process: deconstruction, storage and (re)construction.

Each of those chapters starts with a general introduction of developed technics and methods and proceed with the application to the study case.

superlocal

The Superlocal project interests three high rise block of flats (p.3) located in Kerkrade, a town situated in the southeast of Limburg, province of the Netherlands. Developed along the German border, Kerkrade is the western half of a divided city: it was originally part of the German town of Herzogenrath, now adjacent to Kerkrade on the west border of the town, and it became an independent municipality after the independence of Netherlands (4). The border between the two towns runs along the middle of the street Nieustraat/NeustraĂ&#x;e, that is only 600 m far away from the project area. From 1968 till 1995 the border used to be marked with a 40 cm high wall that ran between the two lanes blocking the vehicles but allowing the passage of pedestrians (5). The environmental system is mainly composed of Agricultural and farming areas that enclose Kerkrade on the southern and north-west border, while some wooden areas are enclosed in the north part of the town and in between Kerkrade and the Dutch town of Landgraf on the north and north-east border. The landscape is characterized also by the presence of the Worm, the river among which began the Rode, first settlement of Herzogenrath (4). Extremely interesting for the purpose of our project is the railway and long distance road net that connect the town of Kerkrade with an adjacent pole of interest.

In fact, it is important to consider Kerkrade not as single town but as part of the Parkstad stadtregio. Stadtregionen are agglomerations established by the government between towns that are historically,

Kerkrade

Parkstad

(p.3) high rise block

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What is IBA?

IBA history

geographically or demographical linked with the purpose of analyzing common problems with related solutions and of developing coordinated infrastructural, traffic and residential expansion plans.

In particular, Parkstad is composed of seven municipalities (Heerlen, Kerkrade, Landgraaf, Brunssum, Simpelveld, Voerendaal, Onderbanken and Nut) and it is the first Dutch region suffering from shrinking, the demographic phenomenon that inspired “IBA OPEN”: the international architecture exposition researching new strategy to help the region to face the economical and demographical change.

International Architecture Exhibition, originally called “Internationale Bauausstellung (IBA) is a German tool for urban engineering and architecture, in order to show new concepts in terms of social, cultural and ecologic ideas.” (6) The planning process is based on international contest open to professionals involved in the construction industry: architects, engineers, urbanists, landscapers and private companies.

The prices, conferred from public institutions, consist in significant financial allocations for the fulfilment of the presented projects.

The first International Architecture Exhibition took place in Darmstadt in 1901: the archduke Ernst Ludwig promoted the construction of an artists’ colony on the Mathildenhöeh hill with the purpose of researching an alternative to the compressed space that characterised the industrial cities. The realized buildings are nowadays considered milestones of the German Jugendstil.

(p.4) Weißenhofsiedlung_1927

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We need to wait less than 30 years to attend the second IBA, better known as the Stuttgart exposition of 1927. The most important architects of the Bauhaus, led by Mies van der Rohe and promoted by the DBW (Deutscher Werkbund), planned and realized the “Weißenhofsiedlung” (p.4) that, with his compact and clean volumes, introduced a new residential program for a modern life and became the manifesto of the modern movement.

In the second post-war period, East and West Germany were distinguished not only by conflicting political ideology but also by urbanistic strategy. While DDR realized the Stalinallee as first soviet boulevard, Berlin West promoted, in 1957, the reconstruction of the Hansaviertel district, destroyed in the bombardments. Hansa-Platz (p.5) became a focus for the new residential typologies: the previous blocks of flats are replaced from buildings with variable high e several wide green areas are realized in between the new constructions.

Contrasting with the extended experimentation in the residential field the new district didn’t leave space for other activity, turning in a dorm area.

After thirty years the residential problem in Berlin West is still unsolved and, in 1987, is promoted the first real international architecture exposition called “Interbaus – IBA 57” and based on two main themes: “caution urban renovation” and “critic reconstruction”.

Even if most of the realized experiments, such as the Hochbausiedlung, are firmly criticized it is possible to appreciate a clear progress in the

(p.5) Hansa-Platz _1957

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urban planning method, a good example is Prager Platz, where the designers tried to restore, through new instruments, the historical values of the destroyed square.

In 1987 IBA Emscher Park demonstrated that the international expositions are valid planning instruments also in the landscaping field: after the closure of several iron and steel industries in the region enclosed by the cities of Duisburg and Dortmund, the North RhineWestphalia promoted a ten years project to transform the ex-industrial area in a social, ecological and cultural attraction pole.

Another example of landscaping exposition is the “IBA Fürst-PücklerLand” that, in 2006, turned the old brown coal extraction area exploited

by DDR in a new lakes region (p.6), rich of industrial and cultural parks and residential districts.

In 2003, from the collaboration between the regional administration, the Bauhaus and the SALEG (Landesentwicklungsgesellschaft) born the project “a new perspective for a changing city” to help cities in facing the shrinking and economic crisis.

The last concluded IBA project wants to investigate on “the city of the future”: how will society and housing react to globalization? How can we construction technology face the climatic changes? Hamburg exposition was promoted in 2006 to develop and realize prototypes that could answer those questions and, moreover, that can solve the problem of the urban interaction between south and north Hamburg.

(p.6) lakes region_2006

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After seven years, the designers’ answers have been presented in March 2013 in the Wilhelmsburg district, on the Elba island.

After those several national successful experiments, this planning method has been recently exported in other European countries such as IBA Basel 2020 and IBA OPEN 2020.

On the 11th June 2011 “IBA OPEN” has been presented in the Parkstad theatre of Heerlen: the exhibition has been promoted with the aim of facing the economical and demographical change.

On the 19th September 2011, the executive government of Limburg and the eight municipalities of Parkstad officially approved the IBA plan and the competition notice is published on the 27th June.

The number of candidate projects resulting from the competition notice is 39 (p.7) and, between these, there’s the Superlocal project (8).

Superlocal has the aim of transforming three high-rise blocks of flats in the district of Bleijerheide (south Kerkrade), while the buildings and their footprint is propriety of the HeemWonen housing association the surrounding area is a public green zone that should be involved in the transformation (9). In 1967 HeemWonen built four 100-apartmentconstructions, organized on 10 residential levels and with a footprint of 11x90 m circa. Both the apartments and the surrounding area present several interesting elements for what concern historical development, geographic position, adopted construction method and their social function in the district. Because of the shrinking phenome and some structural problems, a demolition plan was started in 2014 with the deconstruction of one of the four original buildings.

However, the housing association decided to stop the demolition program after the publication of the IBA OPEN’s competition note: several potentialities have been individuated in a brand new project that involves the replacement of the 300 apartments with 100 new flats and a qualification of the surrounding(p.7) IBA Parkstadt candidates

IBA Parkstad

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Hisory 1965-1989

area. HeemWonen expressed the resolution to apply IBA’s fundamental “slow, less, local”; a simple and clear guideline openly in contrast with the most common constructing method “fast, slow and global”. The main themes are also: the recycling of the materials that compose the buildings and a design focused on the local urban neighboring (9).

Between 1965 and 1989 Dutch economy was strongly characterized by an irregular trend caused by internal and external crisis and the economic recovery arrived only at the end of the 80’s thanks to several government’s measures focused on fighting the unemployment. In the meantime, from the beginning of the 60’s, a baby boom caused a population growth that brought the Dutch population from 12.4 to 13 million in only five years (1965-1970). The Netherlands had to face an extremely high social housing request that, despite the intense postwar reconstruction program, the government struggled to answer to and, during the whole decade, local authorities promoted expansion plans grounded on only two basic fundaments: density and velocity.

The expansion plans are elaborated by accountable committee and then published so that the social housing associations could have references for new projects.

Numerous critics moved to the modern inhospitable cities inspired, at the beginning of the 70’s, new experiments on a different, smaller scale. Simultaneously, architects and businessmen developed rational constructive systems and fundaments that allowed the construction of macrostructures, such as Bijlmermeer, and of new residential

(p.8) mine in Kerkrade

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typologies such as the “galreijflat” (gallery flat). Those constructions appeared in the suburbs and along the towns’ limit as social housing.

In the 80’s the construction trend changed again: solved the house emergency caused by the population growth the focus in again on the esthetical quality of architecture and the government offer economic assistance to private trade or rent of small properties. This new trend had consequences also on the urban development: it is in this period that appeared the “cauliflower district” characterized by small and tortuous pedestrian paths.

Kerkrade had origin, as all the Parkstad region, as a mineral district (p.8) but, in 1965, the government closed all the extraction activities.

As a direct consequence, all the mine employees found new job as workforce in other sectors, also in the confining Germany, causing a saturation of the job market, an increasing unemployment rate and a decrease of the average salary with a consequent increment of the social housing request. In this contest, between 1965 and 1990, was built the southern district of Kerkrade, called Bleijerheide, and a new residential complex composed of four Galreijflat: 400 new families, a small village, moved to Bleijerheide and, in the surrounding area, is increased the quality of the green and public spaces. The Galreijflat’s façade became an icon: the four new buildings were considered as a symbol of the modern life and became a positive element in the surrounding: they contributed to create a new cohesive community that is committed to the maintenance of the neighboring. The first decades of activities of the buildings were also characterized by a strong community that had its origin from different channels: church, public associations and entrepreneurial activities. The buildings offered also a meeting point and common areas such as galleries (p.9), where families could have breakfast together, or the garages, where it was possible to find even a shop. The obtained success of this new housing typology is related also to the new flat layout offered: a wide living room, a balcony developed among the whole length (p.9) Gallery of the façade and a flexible number of bad

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1990-1914

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rooms.

The 90s were characterized by significant political changes: as a response to the growing public debt and the deep economic crisis of the whole continent the Maastricht Treaty (1992) and the Schengen Agreement (1995) were stipulated. In the same year, following the fall of communism, the Dutch economy benefited of the Internet as well as the opening of new commercial markets in Eastern Europe: people witnessed a new exponential economic growth that stopped only after the Internet bubble of 2000 and in 2008 the country recessed. Drastic changes also occurred in the structure of the households: the average number of children per couple was 1.5, the number of divorces was growing and so did the average life expectancy.

In the 90s the building market attention shifted from housing construction to strengthening the commercial centers and the protection of green areas through a management policy called VINEX. The municipalities obtained more power and independence in the decision about the urbanistic development, even if they still had to respect some fundamentals provided by the government: only already medium-large cities could expand the residential area and, in that case, the expansion had to be adjacent to the existing building to reduce the car traffic. The construction was less focused on the normal class groups – only around 30% of the building was for low-income families, and the rest was built by companies creating housing for higher income groups. In around 20 years about 120,000 homes were demolished and replaced with other housing. In the period 20082015, the construction activities in the Netherlands were detained.

In 1992 Kerkrade reached a demographic peak with 53,364 inhabitants and in the subsequent years the whole area was subjected to a demographic decline; the reasons lied in the lack of employment opportunities, which pushed the new generations to move out of town, and the decrease in births. The Bleijerheide neighbourhood, for example, was affected by this demographic change, both in terms of the density and the average age of the population: in comparison to the 4895 inhabitants in the area in 1990, in 2015 there are only about 3955, the average age of the population has increased considerably, leading to a change of the overall needs of the people and the malfunctioning of the social system.

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The Schengen Treaty had an enormous influence on the development of the territory because of the presence of the German border: the wall on the Neuestrasse / Niustraat is shot down and the suppression of customs had a negative effect on the area: the German crime was setting up in the neighbourhood, taking advantage of the flexible rules for drugs and prostitution. Losing the social cohesion the buildings started to degrade: the death of renters caused for units to remain vacant, the buildings became outdated and, in the district, they were gradually dismantled: in 2012 began the emptying and demolition of block D, in 2014 - apartments in block C, and at the end of that year a review of the tunnels revealed structural problems solved temporarily with a props system.

After almost fifty years the Dutch economic global picture was finally stable: according to the IMF the country was in motion, although at a very slow pace. Nevertheless, the Parkstadt region seemed not to benefit from the economic recovery and the demographic contraction was unstoppable. While the nation’s housing market stabilized, Kerkrade was not affected and kept on demolishing, in fact, for the first time since the 60s, there was a housing surplus.

The surplus of housing is the reason for an excess of supply that and in turn leads to a depreciation of the property that immobilizes the trades. In response to the problem in the housing market the regional administration worked on two fronts: on one hand a program to demolish the excess housing and/ or the ones in poor condition, and on the other hand a plan to modify the city so that it could attract more people: value sites created by developing profitable and longterm projects.

The demolitions were affecting the whole town of Kerkrade: in the western city, Paete, the whole block “Witte Flats� was demolished, while Bleijerheide, or at least in much of the district, had reached equilibrium, except for the three Galeijriflat that dominated the area: as calculated the number of hosted apartments should have been decreased from three to one hundred. While the municipality required the demolition of buildings, the cooperative HeemWonen wanted to develop quality accommodation for low-income groups leveraging the existing capital: items, materials, equipment, history, landscape and social capital. The complex is characterized by four capitals that

2015+

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could be used for the realization of a point of interest. The material is present on the land in large quantities and the main objective of the project is its recycling; the green spaces surrounding the area are public property and are regarded as the highlight of the building complex; the historical memory of the town as the mining district, and finally, in an area prone to shrinking populations, also residents represent an important capital.

The challenge is therefore to develop a building and a new urban plan which, although originally from the capital already present, meets the needs of today. (10)

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deconstrution

Demolition is generally defined as the “the tearing-down of buildings and other structures� (11) but, for our purpose, it is important to describe in detail the shades of the lexicon linked to what the demolition process involves.

Specifically, demolition is technically defined as the elimination/ removal or constructions or part of constructions. It can be complete or partial and realized with one or a combination of the following methods: mechanical, selective and detonation. It is extremely important to distinguish demolition from deconstruction, that is a procedure that concerns the suppression of the constrains through a process which is the inverse of the construction method to not modify the shape and the stability of the component.

What all the demolitions have in common is the presence of waste material but, however, dimension and qualities of those materials strictly depend on the method (or the combination of methods) used to tear the construction down and influence the recyclability, that is the amount of demolition mass that can be used in a new life cycle.

How the waste can be used is determinate by several factors such as class material or physical condition.

As previously mentioned, the demolitions methods are numerous and depends on the material and on the shape of the construction to demolish. However, before listing the most common procedures it is important to individualize the characteristics of the three methods: mechanic, selective and by detonation.

The mechanical demolition is operated by large machines such as cranes, bulldozers, excavators, rams, demolition chisels and wreaking balls that apply a kinetic energy that can be vertical or horizontal.

Generally, on one side, mechanic demolition requires a relatively restrained time and cost in the planning phase and only a few basic safety measures, such as the boundary delimitation of the deconstruction site and a safety distance depending on the high of the building and on the direction of the applied kinetic energy; it is considered as a low potential danger procedure since no employees are allowed in the surrounding area. On the other side the required time are intermediate between the selective method, extremely slow, and the one by detonation, extremely fast, and also the emissions (dust, noise and vibrations) are higher than for the selective method

definitions

Demolition methods

Mechanical method

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but moderate if confronted with the ones produced by explosion.

Moreover, the recyclability of the waste material is extremely slow and involves a high disposal cost. selectiv method The selective methods are realized mainly through cutting and deconstruction processes that have the purpose of modifying the qualities and characteristics of the elements as few as possible. It requires, compared to the other two methods, the longest and most expensive planning phase, since every aspect needs to be analyzed to ensure safety, efficiency and short deconstruction time on the working site. Also, the safety aspect required a special attention since the employees work in between the construction, a boundary delimitation of the construction area is, in this case, not enough: the protections need to be focused on avoiding the falls of employees and/or material and component. Moreover, a selective demolition requires time and a high number of machines and employees. Nevertheless, it is possible to control the emissions, that can be almost completely avoided and the disposal cost is extremely low since the recyclability quote is extremely high.

The demolition by detonation is realized through charges specifically demolition by calibrated and placed, the quantity and the position of explosive detonation material need to be carefully planned and this causes a restrained time and cost in the planning phase. The safety measures are closer to the ones required by the mechanical method rather that by the selective one: a large safety area need to be delimited to ensure the protection of employees. The phase of the proper demolition is particularly quick but, on the other hand, it is not possible to control the emissions production, to reduce the high disposal cost and time or to re-use/ recover the waste material.

The selective method is the only one which guarantees a controlled selective demolition and, therefore, the recyclability of the waste material. The method choice of the needed selective procedure depends on material class (wood, metal, concrete‌), conformation and dimension of the element and purpose of the recyclability (reuse, repurpose, material exploitation or energy exploitation).

When possible, it is always preferred the disassembly procedure by the disassembly release of connections between the elements that compose the building in absence of damages. This ensures the possibility of reusing the 16

deconstruction

elements and the absence of emissions but the process is slow and, on average, expensive. Sometimes is required a first phase of breakage to expose the mechanical connection that should be removed by disassembly.

The most common selective demolition procedure is the cut by saws.

Cut by saw allows to easily cut concrete, wood, masonry or steel construction through a different kind of saws (manual, circular, rope, chain‌) that offer a high precision vibration-free cut, even if averagely slow.

It is possible to choose between various machine typologies, depending on the position, shape and material of the element.

Floor saw (p.10): used for horizontal surface, it is a large automatic machine (electricity or flue supply) that could weight from 300 to 1000 kg and causes low emissions. It is indicated for reinforced concrete floor and not for asphalt surfaces.

Wall saw: machine similar to the floor saw, that uses vertical rails or tracks that need to be previously ensured.

Chainsaw: used to realized high precision cuts, it is constituted by a chain of variable material, depending on the material that needs to be cut (metal to cut wood, diamond to cut concrete). The saw can be driven manually or by pressure and are used as finishing procedure or to cut element in hardly reachable position. The interested materials are concrete (reinforced or not), natural stone, masonry and wooden

sawing

(p.10) Floor saw

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drilling

not-explosive demolition

elements.

Rope saw: the machine moves a diamond rope used to cut horizontal or vertical elements too thick for a circular saw made of concrete (reinforced or not), masonry and natural stone.

By drilling the element to deconstruct is possible to realize both single holes (probing), to obtain material test pieces or as preparation for a second selective procedure demolition, or consecutive borings, to open gaps in the element. In the first case, the corer machines (p.11) are usually composed by a cylindrical saw with diamond edges e use a water jet to control temperature and dust emissions; while consecutive holes are realized with metal borer and drill. The procedure is vibration free and the few dust emissions are easily controllable and offers a high precision quality work that can be used in conjunction with other demolition methods. On the other hand, it is not possible to control the acoustic emissions and the efficiency depends on the material’s hardness, moreover, it is, on average, expensive and potentially dangerous for the employees.

Drilling can be the preparation for the not-explosive demolition systems: the purpose is to crack concrete, lightly reinforced concrete or masonry element using expansive substance or machines that apply different stresses using, as starting point, the holes realized with the drilling system (p.12). Even if the result of this system is not a clear cut, it is an emission free procedure that can be useful to expose joint or to lose constraint.

(p.12) Not-explosive demolition

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(p.13) Hydraulic princes

deconstruction

In case of necessity, to separate the concrete from the reinforcing wire Water cut machine mesh or to cut masonry or concrete structure in a contest that requires low acoustic emissions is possible to use a water cut machine, that uses a high-pressure water jet (1000/4000 bar) that usually vehicular abrasive substance. In this case, it is important to plan the proper disposal of water and scraping materials.

A single element (column, wall, concrete roof, foundation‌) could be Hzdraulic pliers demolished by hydraulic pliers cut: compression stress exercises by cut hydraulic princes (p.13). This method is emissions free and product small rubble easy to disposal, but not to recover. It has a high application flexibility but requires time and extraordinary safety measures because of the risk of falling materials.

A similar procedure is the shear stress cut, that applies a similar Shear stress principle to the steel structures such as cable or metal sheets: a princecut shape machine exerts load in opposite direction therefore the element is cut by shear stress. This is an emissions-free method that works with low temperature, but cause deformations of the remaining structure, requires large machines and there is a high risk of falling materials.

A cold cut procedure is not always possible; the alternatives are several thermal cuts methods: Welding system (p.14): the steel elements are removed by oxygen and Thermal cut gas mixture combustion. A blowlamp directs an oxygen jet to the element that oxidizes and melts. It is important to adopt the proper safety measures against sparks, smokes and falling materials

(p.14) Welding system

(p.15) Ferrous-dust cut system

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Plasma cutting system: gasses such as argon or helium are ionized through electric power. This is the quickest thermal cut system and it is used to cut or shatter not ferrous metal.

Ferrous-dust cut system (p.15): oxidation by ferrous-dust. This is a mechanical or manual method, implementation of the welding system since the ferrous dust is added to the oxygen jet, with a consequent sensible higher temperature that increase is efficiency and allows to cut of thick elements or of cast iron or alloy steel.

Thermal lance system: boring, combustion, cut or shipping of constructive element by oxidation. Pure oxygen, that reaches 2000°C is burned by a thermal lance. A manual process applicable to all metals.

Those systems have several characteristic in common: as proper preparation is required to remove of combustible and flammable materials, moreover they are acoustic and vibration emissions free, cause a slight destabilisation of the structures, have a high application flexibility, require time, are, on average, expensive and involve always a high burning risk. (12)

Buildings’s description Plan layout

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The footprint of the building measures 92,52 x 11,79 and the elevation measure 32,9 m: while the ten residential floors have a story high of 2,8 m, the ground floor and the basement measure 2,45 m. The plan has a symmetric layout structured in five different spans: the final ones with the emergency stairs of 2,74 m, the following ones of 3,9 m, then two different spans of 4,2 and 3,8 m alternate themselves for the rest of the building with the only exception of the central span: the main entrance and with the vertical circulation system (main stairs and elevators). Galleries on the main façade and balcony on the back run along the long side of the building, with the only exception of the central span, where the space for the balcony is occupied by the two elevators. In between galleries and balconies there are three different typologies of apartments: the most common, repeated eight times per floor, is a five people flat that occupies two spans, the other two typologies occupy three spans at the external limit, one on the left and one on the right side, are repeated only once per floor and are respectively for seven and eight family members. Moreover, each apartment has a kitchen, a spacious living room, storage room, bathroom, separated toilet and wardrobe.

deconstruction

(p.15) Plans

(p.16) Axonometry

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construction

Analysis

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The structure is composed by precast elements: reinforced slabs of 0,18 m of thickness and not reinforced share walls of 0,2 m of thickness which lie transversely parallel to each other with a variable distance.

The strip foundations are combined with a water-repellent layer.

Originally, all the walls were not reinforced but an additional layer has been added in 1977, so the resulting structure of basement and of the ground floor walls are structures composed of two reinforced concrete layers, each of them of 0,25 m of thickness, within the not reinforced original walls.

There are also elements made up of caste in case concrete: the retaining walls, the floor of the ground and basement levels, the perimeter wall on the short size and the galleries that characterize the facade. The elevation characterized not only by the walkway with his metal parapet but also by two different vertical enclosures typology: a brick structure on the garage level and a light facade made up of timber wood framework and asbestos wave foil alternated to wide one-layer-glass windows. The internal partitions are made of aereal concrete and the internal finishes were personalized by the inhabitants and are different almost in every apartment. The main central stairs are made of precast concrete and are situated in the middle of the building, aligned with the entrance, while the emergency staircases are made up with the same construction and absolve also a stiffening function. In conclusion, the cover is a flat roof, whose structure is comparable to the residential level floors.

Scientific research proved that buildings built with precast concrete elements can be generally demolished (13), but the applicable techniques depend on qualities, characteristics and dimensions of the construction (14) that need to be analyzed to recognize potentiality and possible problems. In particular, the focus of the analysis should be on: Deconstruction of construction parts Boundary limits conditions adjacent residential constructions planning of the materials’ reuse/recycle From the examination of those main points if possible to individualize several potentialities and problems.

deconstruction

Absence of adjoining structures: The tree buildings are not only unconnected to any other structure but have also a minimum distance of 38,6 m from the nearest building. Dust, vibration, and noise don’t represent a problem.

Large site: The area that surrounds the buildings measures ca 46982 sm (building imprint excluded) large enough to organize a construction site and a temporary storage area for the materials that need to be recycled.

Constructive joint: The connection between wall slabs and floors are realized through caste in case concrete without steel elements. The detachment of the components will not be problematic.

Elements size: Walls and floor slabs size is relatively small. It is not necessary to cut into smaller portions the elements.

Buildings height: Each building measures 30,44 m high. Cranes and elevator machines selection is based on elements size and buildings height. Moreover, once that the facade will be removed, it is important to implement the security measurements against fall because of the wind, that can be reinforced from the wall scheme.

Absence of reinforcement: The walls on the residence levels are composed of not reinforced concrete.

Dangerous material: The exterior layer of the light facade consists of asbestos wave foil.

Basement/ground floor walls: While the walls on the residential levels consist of one layer of precast concrete, the first two levels wall have been reinforced in the 1977 and consist nowadays in a double layer structure that measures 0,7 m width.

Ground floor masonry: Selective demolition of brick structures is usually avoided because of the copious time and employee resource it needs. (solution) Buildings height: Careful planning of the retaining system for deconstructed elements and for workers Absence of reinforcement: In the handling phase, it is extremely important to calculate the right anchors’ positions, configurations and numbers.

potentialities

problems

solutions

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Dangerous material: Removal of the asbestos elements, operated by a specialized company, before the start of the deconstruction process Basement/ground floor walls: Replacement of the circular saw with a rope saw, recommended for wide structures.

Ground floor masonry: Mechanical demolition operated by a boring hammer.

After the identification of the main problems and possible solution is deconstrucit possible to proceed the planning procedure that has to consider the tion plan following points (15): • Quantity/numbers of Elements • Deconstruction order • Deconstruction method • Required machines • Goods lifting system • Safety measures The list of the elements, grouped per material, is suumarized at the Quantity of Elements end of the chapter: Concrete structure: table 1 pag.

Not structural element and damaged concrete: table 2 pag.

Technical systems: table 3 pag.

Deconstraction 1. Construction site boundary delimitation order 2. Location of cranes, elevator machines and scaffold.

3. Removal of the asbestos elements operated by a specialized company.

4. Removal of not structural elements: » light facade timber wood structure, window fixtures, bathroom fixtures and technical systems (radiators and pipes) through disassembly. » (eventually) interior claddings and pavements through mechanical manual demolition methods. » railing metallic elements through disassembly. » finishing layers on the roof » partition walls, cut in small elements 24

deconstruction

5. Drilling of the roof slabs and lashing to the cranes, shoring of the underlying walls, cutting of the roof in the original slabs shape by floor saw machine, cutting of the joint between the roof and underlying walls, removal of the elements, storage.

6. Drilling of the wall or, if possible, use of the already existing door opening, and lashing to the cranes, releasing of the previous shoring, cutting of the joint between walls and underlying floor by circular diamond saw, removal of the elements, storage.

7. Drilling of the stairs elements and lashing to the cranes, cutting of the connection between stairs and floor slabs by floor saw machine, removal of the elements, storage.

8. Drilling of the floor slabs and lashing to the cranes, shoring of the underlying walls, cutting of the floor slabs in the original conformation and cutting of the balconies and galleries caste in case concrete base by floor saw machine, cutting of the joint between the roof and underlying walls, removal of the elements, storage.

9. Repetition of phase 6, 7 and 8 for each floor.

10. Mechanical demolition of the brick facade on the garage level operated by hydraulic pliers, rubble collection and storage or disposal.

11. Drilling of the wall slabs or, if possible, use of the already existing door opening, and lashing to the cranes, releasing of the previous shoring, cutting of the joint between walls and underlying floor by a wire saw, removal of the elements, storage.

12. Drilling of the stairs elements and lashing to the cranes, cutting of the connection between stairs and floor slabs by floor saw machine, removal of the elements, storage.

13. Drilling of the floor slabs and lashing to the cranes, shoring of the underlying walls, cutting of the floor slabs according to the crane power by floor saw machine, cutting of the joint between the floor and underlying walls, removal of the elements, storage.

14. Repetition of phase 11, 12 and 13 for the basement level.

15. Drilling of the strip foundations and lashing to the cranes, cutting of the elements according to the crane power by floor saw machine, removal of the elements, storage.

25

superlocal

Deconstruction The first phase of demolition concerns the dismantling and removal of method and light faรงade, timber wood structure, bathroom fixtures, railing metallic required elements and technical systems. For this purpose, are required the machines

basic work tools such as, for example, drill (p.17), wrench (p.18), screwdriver (p.19) and hacksaw (p.20). Other work tools required for the of window fixtures, interior claddings and pavements could be needle scalers (p.21) and chisel (p.22).

Before starting the sawing process is important to anchor the floor and roof elements to the crane, to do so it is usually preferred to use the original anchor points, if still in good condition (14). In necessary, new hooking point could be planned and realized and drilled in the concrete elements by a concrete drill (p.23) or a concrete corer (p.24), depending on the anchor typology. The rest of the deconstruction is based on the cut of the different elements through floor (p.25) and wall saws (p.26) for the ten residential floors and through rope saws (p.27) for the reinforced walls on the ground floor and the basement.

The masonry faรงade of the ground floor is removed by mechanical demolition through hammer drills (p.28).

26

(p.17) Drill

(p.18) Wrench

(p.19) Screwdriver

(p.20) Hacksaw

deconstruction

The machines required to lift the elements are top rotating tower cranes, dimensioned according to the dimensions and weight of the elements. An example of the required machine could be the “BBL sky worker 8524e.tronic� (p.29) that allows to lift till 12500 kg and have a brace that measures 86 m. (16)

(p.25) Floor saw

Goods lifting system

(p.26) Wall saw

(p.21) Chisel

(p.22) Vibration reduced needle scalers

(p.23) Concrete Drill

(p.24) Concrete corer

27

superlocal

(p.27) Rope saw

(p.29) BBL sky worker 8524e.tronic

(p.28) Hammer drills

28

deconstruction

Selective demolition method implies a careful planning and suitable Safety measures evaluation of the risks on the construction site (14) and those risks could be classified into the following four categories (17): • Workers’ Fall • Elements’ overturn • Hazardous materials • Weather precipitation Workers fall have to be prevented by general protections, such as Workers’ fall guardrail system or cover, personal protection, such as personal protection system, and scaffoldings.

Guardrail systems (p.30) are used on flat surfaces (h≤2,5 m) or leading Guardrail systems edges (g≤15°) as fixed protection from falling. The elements can be made of either wood or steel and can have to conformation: open, composed of three rails or closed, (grating fences, wood walls or nets on open systems) “The guardrail system must be capable of withstanding a force of at least 890 N applied within 5 cm of the top edge in any outward or downward direction.” (18) Horizontal openings and cuts need to be closed on roofs and floor covers structures (≤2,5m) and on the soil (always). Covers are made of wood and “the one located in roadways and vehicular aisles must be able to support at least twice the maximum axle load of the largest vehicle to which the cover might be subjected. All other covers must be able to ≤2 m

3x15 cm

3x15 cm

≥1 m (±0,5)

3x15 cm

3x15 cm (p.30) Guardrail system

29

superlocal

support at least twice the weight of employees, equipment, and materials that may be imposed on the cover at any one time. To prevent accidental displacement resulting from wind, equipment, or workers’ activities, all covers must be secured.” (19) In case of high buildings, personal fall protection systems are personal fall protection systems compulsory. “The system is composed by anchorage, connectors, and a body belt or body harness and it must be inspected prior to each use for wear damage and other deterioration. Snap-hooks shall be sized to be compatible with the member to which they will be connected, or shall be of a locking configuration”. (20) Ropes and straps are made of synthetic fibers. “Anchorages are designed, installed, and used under the supervision of a qualified person, as part of a complete personal fall arrest system capable of supporting at least twice the weight expected to be imposed upon it. Anchorages used to attach personal fall arrest systems shall be independent of any anchorage being used to support or suspend platforms and must be capable of supporting 2.2 kN per person attached”. (21) scaffolding “Scaffolding is a temporary structure used to support a work crew and materials to aid in the construction, maintenance and repair of buildings, bridges and all other man-made structures.” (22) There are four main types of scaffolding: Tube and Coupler components, prefabricated modular system components, H-frame / facade systems, and timber scaffolds. The structure includes, generally, a base plate, upright component with related connectors, diagonal braces that cross and hold the structure.

The tube and coupler components typology require vertical bracings for the whole high, specific static calculations if the scaffold high exceed 30 m, a base of ≥1,2m for heavy work (as masonry or concrete), the vertical distance between two levels ≤2m. (23) If not properly secured the elements that need to be demolished could Overturning fall or overturn. For this reason, before every action, it is important to elements ensure both the element that is to be removed and the underlying structures. The first ones are anchored through lashing and eyebolts to the good lifting systems, while the second ones are stabilized through shoring systems.

Crane lashings must be used by users that ”must be trained in the crane lashing selection and use of industrial crane slings. They must also know how 30

deconstruction

to inspect the rigging and be aware of hazards, such as chemical and environmental damage, as well as knowing proper storage conditions.”

(24) The slings can be costtuited of metal or of sysntetic metarial, the metal typologies include chain slings, wire rope slings, metal mesh slings. Metal slings are more robust and are more durable, but also much heavier than synthetic slings. “Metal rigging slings can withstand higher temperature exposure.” (24) Synthetic slings include synthetic rope slings, web slings and round slings. The synthetic slings are susceptibility to damage by cutting and abrasion and damage by heat. (24) Slings conformation (p.31) depends on weight and geometry of the element that needs to be lifted. (25) Common anchor systems are: • Plug systems: threaded bolt or a stop hook are plugged in boreholes drilled in the element. (26) • Stop hooks/anchor systems: supports pass-through-element and can be inserted, secured and dismantled from above. (26) • Structural bolts systems: appropriate bolts guided through a hole and secured on the opposite side. (26) • Approved ropes and belts that are tied at suitable existing openings (windows or doors). (26) While the lifting procedure of the slabs does not present any problem

single leg

basket

single adjustable

3 leg

endless basket

double leg

double basket

double adjustable

4 leg

double endless

(p.31) Sling configuration

metal slings

synthetic slings

slings conformation Anchor systems

endless chain

31

superlocal

because of the reinforcement and can be operated with four legs chain sling associated to stop hooks, the not reinforced walls cannot be lifted in a traditional way, since every not-compression stress could damage the element. The problem could be solved with the employment of robotic force and a clipping steel system that would absorb the traction stress and allow to move the walls without causing any damage.

Shoring “Shoring is the process of supporting a building, vessel, structure, or trench with shores (props) when in danger of collapse or during repairs or alterations” Inclined supports Raking or inclined supports (28) (p.32) operate in compression and in traction, because of this, wooden plates are not required and the stability is guaranteed.

Indoor / outdoor pipe dimensions: Inner tube Ø48,3 mm, outer tube Ø57 / 60.3 mm.

Sometimes it is possible to choose the shape of the base plates to adapt the support to corner or other particular situations. (29) Horizontal Flying or horizontal supports (28) (p.33) are used to temporary supports support the parallel walls. The structure consists of “wall plates, struts, straining pieces, horizontal shore, needles, cleats and wedges”. “The wall plates are secured to the walls by means of needles and cleats”.

“The inclined struts are supported by the needles at their one end and straining sill at the other end.” (30) Inclined supports Dead or vertical supports (28) (p.34) are used to not permanent “support the walls, roofs, floors” on construction site. (31) Raking supports are used to sustain the share walls while removing

(p.33) Horizontal supports

32

(p.32) Inclined supports

deconstruction

the floor above (p35).

(p.34) Dead or vertical supports

(p.35) Inclined shoring scheme

33

superlocal

“A hazardous material is any item or agent (biological, chemical, radiological, and/or physical), which has the potential to cause harm to humans, animals, or the environment, either by itself or through interaction with other factors.” (32) “Asbestos (p.36) has been shown to cause cancer. In the past, it was Asbestos used as a building material, especially in the field of fire protection.

These materials are generally concealed so that the asbestos content of such materials cannot readily be identified by non-experts.” (33) Synthetic mineral The term “synthetic mineral fibers” (p.37) refers to a variety of fibers synthetic mineral fiber products. Of special technical importance are glass wool and rock wool as well as ceramic fiber products. These usually contain respirable fibers (WHO fibers). Whether these are carcinogens or are suspected carcinogens is determined by the wet chemical characteristics of the index of cancerogenic (KI) the other end.” (33) Polycyclic “PAHs are a group of chemicals that are produced during the aromatic incomplete combustion of organic substances such as coal, oil, gas and hydrocarbons wood.” “Several PAHs have been classified [...] carcinogenic in humans.” (34) “All asbestos containing materials and asbestos-contaminated waste must be disposed of to an Environment Agency licensed asbestos landfill site, carried by vehicles marked with hazardous waste signage” (35) and the light façade (p.38) of the analysed buildings is made of

Hazardous materials

(p.36) Asbestos

34

(p.37) Synthetic mineral fibers

deconstruction

asbestos wave sheets, that need to be removed before the start of the demolition process.

(p.38) Asbestos light facade

35

superlocal

Weather protection

36

It is important to plan a strategy to protect the building from eventual precipitations.

• Wheeled weather protection (p.39): a removal covering structure that, in case of necessity, can be moved on a wheel-tracks system.

(36) • Prefabricated weather resistant construction (p.40): covering structure quick to assemble that cover the construction for the whole period of deconstruction. (36) • Provisional cover with tarps (p.41) : plastic tarps are used, in case of emergency, to cover the exposed elements. (36) • Provisional cover with metal sheets (p.42) : metal sheets are used, in case of emergency, to cover the exposed elements. (36) Dou to the high of the building is recommendable to use Provisional cover with tarps to avoid wind problems with additional roof constructions.

deconstruction

(p.39) Wheeled weather protection

(p.40) Prefabricated weather resistant construction

(p.41) Provisional cover with tarp

(p.42) Provisional cover with metal sheet

37

superlocal

table 1

38

name

materials

VS1 VS2 VS3 VS4 VS5 VS6 VS7 VS8

caste in case concrete caste in case concrete precast concrete precast concrete precast concrete

OS1 OS2 OS3 OS4 OS5 OS6 OS7 OS8 OS9

precast concrete precast concrete precast concrete precast concrete precast concrete precast concrete

S1

precast concrete

S2

precast concrete

F1a F1b

precast concrete precast concrete

F2

precast concrete

h (m)

b (m) t vertical st 11.79 2.78 2.58 2.6 9.32 2.6 11.9 2.6 5.4 2.6 horozonta 2.68 4.66 3.9 4.66 3.8 4.66 4.27 4.66 5 7.97 5 1.4 stair

0.9 1.7

founda 0.7 1 0.7 1

deconstruction

t (m) n of element tructure 0.2 20 0.2 20 0.2 200 0.2 20 0.2 10 al slabs 0.18 40 0.18 40 0.18 20 0.18 180 0.18 10 0.18 10 rs

ation 11.75 11.75

volume (m²) weigh (t) tot volume (m²) 6.56 1.34 4.85 6.19 2.81

16.39 3.35 9.69 12.38 5.62

131.10 26.83 969.28 123.76 28.08

2.25 3.27 3.19 3.58 7.17 1.26

5.62 8.18 7.97 8.95 17.93 3.15

89.92 130.85 63.75 644.70 71.73 12.60

10

1.87

4.68

18.70

20

0.8

2.00

16.00

2 20

7.40 13.98

18.51 34.96

14.81 279.65

1

6.03

15.08

6.03 2627.79 39

superlocal

table 2

40

name

materials

h (m)

PW1 PW2 PW3 PW7 PW4 PW5 PW6 PW8 PW9 PW9 PW10 PW11 PW12 PW13 PW14 PW15 PW16

aereal concrete aereal concrete aereal concrete aereal concrete aereal concrete aereal concrete aereal concrete aereal concrete aereal concrete aereal concrete aereal concrete aereal concrete aereal concrete aereal concrete aereal concrete aereal concrete

2.5 1.97 2.54 3.71 3.07 0.93 2.54 5.14 3.89 4.79 2.05 1.92 1.14 2.91 1.6 1.14

G1 G2 B1 B2 CB1

caste in case concrete caste in case concrete caste in case concrete caste in case concrete caste in case concrete

48.8 42.8 48.8 42.8

CB2

caste in case concrete

b (m) partitio 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 gallery and 1.25 1.28 0.97 0.94

t (m) on walls 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 d balcony 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12

deconstruction

n of element volume (m²)

weigh (t) tot volume (m²)

100 10 20 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

0.52 0.41 0.53 0.77 0.64 0.19 0.53 1.07 0.81 1.00 0.43 0.40 0.24 0.61 0.33 0.24

0.94 0.74 0.95 1.39 1.15 0.35 0.95 1.92 1.46 1.79 0.77 0.72 0.43 1.09 0.60 0.43

52.00 4.10 10.57 7.72 6.39 1.93 5.28 10.69 8.09 10.96 5.12 5.19 3.32 9.08 5.32 4.03

10 10 10 10 20

7.496 6.574 5.680 4.982 2.20

18.74 16.44 14.20 12.45

74.96 65.74 56.80 49.82 43.92

20

1.92

4.80

5.49

38.40 479.43 41

superlocal

table 3

name

materials

h (m)

b (m)

R1 R2 R3 R4

metal metal metal metal

0.78 1.1 0.79 1.6

0.59 0.59 0.49 0.5

Pz1

zinc

0.01

300

Pm1

metal

0.015

1250

Pm2

metal

0.03

640

Pm3

metal

0.025

500

Pp1

PVC

0.04

250

Pp2

PVC

0.12

300

(p.42) Floor plan and system layout

42

t (m) n of element radiator 0.4 200 0.4 200 0.4 200 0.4 100 pipe

v

deconstruction

volume (m²)

tot volume (m²)

0.18 0.26 0.15 0.32

36.82 51.92 30.97 32.00 0.02 0.22 0.45 0.25 0.31 3.39

43

superlocal

Storage

The term storage can be defined in three different ways (38): definitions • the space where you put things when they are not being used • the state of being kept in a place when not being used • the act of putting something that is not being used in a place where it is available, where it can be kept safely, etc.

Material warehousing and transportation are essential stages of the recycling process. A proper storage guarantees the preservation of all the elements characteristics, efficiency on the construction site a compact storage area.

During the planning process is important to consider and list all the storage plan materials that need to be stored and the related special requirements.

So the first step is the materials listing, consecutive identification of the required hygrothermal conditions and eventually grouping of elements based on shape, dimension and material. Each class of elements will be storage according to the appropriate stacking method and protective structures. Only after the choice of the stacking method is possible to calculate the volume of the warehouse and the area of the construction site that need to be reserved as storage area.

The product of the deconstruction that need to be stored are: • Concrete (p.44) (slabs/walls structure) Material listing • Aereal concrete (p.45) (flat partitions) • Window fixtures (p.46) (light façade) • Timber woods (p.47) (substructure of the light façade) • Pipes and square section bars (p.48) (plumbing, heating and electronic systems and railing sustaining system) • Radiators and metal plates (p.49) (heating system and railing system) • Bathroom fixtures (p.50) (bath tub and toilets) • Masonry (p.51) (ground floor façade) From the information about the material listing is it possible to Analysis individualized a potentiality and several possible problematics.

Absence of insulating material: The elements to store are not composed Potentialities of any material that required special precautions, but only to be protected from water and precipitation.

49

superlocal

50

(p.44) Concrete (slabs/walls)

(p.45) Areal concrete

(p.46) Pipes and square bares

(p.47) Radiators and metal plates

storage

(p.48) Window fixtures

(p.49) Timber wood

(p.50) Bathroom fixtures

(p.51) Masonry

51

superlocal

solutions

Stacking methods

52

Size and numbers of the elements: Despite the ground extension, a logic and organized warehouse is required to avoid the use of a too extended surface.

Long-period storage: Construction materials are supposed to stay on the construction site as short as possible and a long permanence could damage the elements and cause problems in construction site’s organization.

Size and numbers of the elements: with appropriate stacking method it is possible to develop the required stocking space in the vertical direction instead that on the surface, saving space.

Long-period storage: A long-term permanence is translated into a more sophisticated structure as warehouse. One the option to avoid resources waste in terms of money, space and time it is recommended a parallel construction/deconstruction site that would allow reducing the storage time and the required planar surface.

As mentioned, each material requires a proper tracking method.

storage

Slabs and similar elements can be also stocked in horizontal position but they need to be “stacked separately using strips of woods or battens across the full width (p.52). The position of the support depends on the position of the lifting points, however, is really important that the supports are vertically aligned and in number not larger than two. (38) Considering the possibility of stacking 6 slabs one on each other (1.98 m) the sm required for the slabs storage is 843.04 sm plus pedestrian way and, considering the foundation and stairs structures needed to add 170.81 sm plus pedestrian way for the foundation blocks and 214 sm plus pedestrian way for the stairs.

OS1 OS2 OS3 OS4 OS5 OS6 OS7 OS8 OS9

precast concrete precast concrete precast concrete precast concrete precast concrete precast concrete

S1 S2 F1a F1b F2

2.68 3.9 3.8 4.27 5 5

Concrete slabs 4.66 0.18 4.66 0.18 4.66 0.18 4.66 0.18 7.97 0.18 1.4 0.18

40 40 20 180 10 10

2.25 3.27 3.19 3.58 7.17 1.26

89.92 130.85 63.75 644.70 71.73 12.60 1013.55

precast concrete

10

1.87

18.70

precast concrete precast concrete precast concrete precast concrete

20 2 20 1

0.8 7.40 13.98 6.03

16.00 14.81 279.65 6.03

Concrete slabs

stairs/foundations

0.9 1.7

0.7 0.7

11.75 11.75

335.19

(p.51) Concrete slabs storage

53

superlocal

Concrete walls

Walls, especially the not-reinforced ones, should remain in the vertical position. The racking is based on a finger rack system: An A-frame wood structure (38) or a skeleton composed of steel (38) (p.53), through pins and wood support, the concrete elements in vertical position. The metal bars should overlap the element at least of 7/9 cm (39) and the wooden supports function is to avoid any contact between concrete, metal pins and ground. (38) Considering that each element is 0,2 m wide and the possibility of distancing the wall elements of 0.3 m from each other, the space required for the walls storage is 1350 sm plus pedestrian way Concrete walls VS1 VS2 VS3 VS4 VS5 VS6 VS7 VS8

caste in case concrete caste in case concrete

2.78

0.2

20

6.56

131.10

2.58

2.6

0.2

20

1.34

26.83

precast concrete

9.32

2.6

0.2

200

4.85

969.28

precast concrete precast concrete

11.9 5.4

2.6 2.6

0.2 0.2

20 10

6.19 2.81

123.76 28.08 1279.06

(p.52) Concrete walls storage

54

11.79

storage

Temporary storage of areal concrete, that has been cut into smaller portions during the deconstruction, can be realized through the stack of small group of elements on euro pallet that, according to the norm EN 13698-1 measures 120 × 80 × 14,4 cm (40) and can be normally be stuck on classic roll-formed pallet racks available in every dimension (41).

aereal Concrete

Stacking the areal concrete in blocks of 1 cm (12 elements of 1m*1m) on 3 stocks of a roll-formed pallet rack with a depth of 120 cm the required surface is 167 sm (139 m) plus pedestrian and machines way.

PW1 PW2 PW3 PW4 PW5 PW6 PW7 PW8 PW9 PW10 PW11 PW12 PW13 PW14 PW15 PW16

aereal concrete aereal concrete aereal concrete aereal concrete aereal concrete aereal concrete aereal concrete aereal concrete aereal concrete aereal concrete aereal concrete aereal concrete aereal concrete aereal concrete aereal concrete aereal concrete

2.58 3.71 2.64 0.93 2.54 3.07 5.07 3.59 2.05 1.92 1.34 1.14 3.01 4.79 1.7 4.35

2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6

0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90

0.54 0.77 0.55 0.19 0.53 0.64 1.05 0.75 0.43 0.40 0.28 0.24 0.63 1.00 0.35 0.90

5.37 7.72 5.49 1.93 5.28 6.39 10.55 74.67 38.38 35.94 25.08 21.34 56.35 89.67 31.82 81.43 497.41

(p.53) Aereal concrete storage

55

superlocal

Long elements

Windows, doors and other similar product can be storage within a Millwork Racks (42) on two or three rack high. Each element should be protected from the impact with the ranking system, especially on the edges and corners, by angle profiles (43). The elements are lifted through piggyback lifts (44) that are “system whereby purpose builtlorry semi trailers are carried on specially built rail wagon for the trunk leg of long-haul rail journeys” (45). Considering the possibility of stacking fixtures in a vertical position and on two stocks the required surface is 39.80 sm plus pedestrian and machine way.

WE1a WE1b WE2a WE2b WE2c

wood + glass wood + glass wood + glass wood + glass wood + glass

DE1 DE2 DI1 DI2 DI3

wood + glass wood + glass wood + glass wood + glass wood + glass

(p.54) Millwork racks

56

Windows fixtures 1.67 1.21 0.04 1.67 0.7 0.04 1.8 0.7 0.04 1.8 1.8 0.04 1.8 1.3 0.04 Door fixtures 0.97 2.54 0.04 0.87 2.54 0.04 0.82 2.05 0.04 0.62 2.05 0.04 0.67 2.05 0.04

200 200 10 80 10

0.08 0.05 0.05 0.13 0.09

16.17 9.35 0.50 10.37 0.94

100 100 200 600 600

0.10 0.09 0.07 0.05 0.05

9.86 8.84 13.45 30.50 32.96 132.94

storage

Long elements such as pipes, metal extrusions and disassembled wood frame, that do not need any special treatment (46) can be storage in a vertical position with a double A-frame Rack system (47) to save space.

Considering the possibility of stacking elements in a vertical position the required surface is 43.68 sm plus pedestrian and machine way

WE1a

wood

0.016

Timber 0.008 0.003

200

0.07

WE1b

wood

0.016

0.006

200

0.06

11.62

WE2a

wood

0.016

1.562

10

6.28

62.79

WE2b

wood

0.016

0.012

80

0.08

6.57

WE2c DE1

wood wood

0.016 0.016

10 10

0.38 0.06

3.76 0.60

EX

metal

0.06

0.086 0.006 0.003 Extrusion 0.06 2.54 Pipes

800

0.01

7.32

Windows fixtures

13.67

Pz1

zinc

0.01

300

0.02

Pm1

metal

0.015

1250

0.22

Pm2

metal

0.03

640

0.45

Pm3

metal

0.025

500

0.25

Pp1

PVC

0.04

250

0.31

Pp2

PVC

0.12

300

3.39 110.97

(p.55) A-frame rack system

57

superlocal

radiators and Radiators and Bathroom fixtures don’t require any special system, but bathroom fixtures classic roll-formed pallet racks (41).

Considering the possibility of stacking elements on 3 stocks the required surface measures 75.33 sm plus pedestrian and machine way

RADIATORS R1 R2 R3 R4 METAL PLATS MP BATHROOM FIXTURES Wc sink

metal metal metal metal

0.78 1.1 0.79 1.6

0.59 0.59 0.49 0.5

0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

200 200 200 100

0.18 0.26 0.15 0.32

36.82 51.92 30.97 32.00

metal

2

0.87

0.03

800

0.05

41.76

ceramic ceramic

0.6 0.4

0.45 0.6

0.35 1

100 100

0.09 0.24

9.45 24.00 226.91

(p.56) Pallet rack

58

storage

Masonry rubble can be stored like aggregate between in specific areas equipped with retaining walls to limit the required surface. Considering the possibility of storing rubble in a 3 m high heap the footprint of the rubber measurs11.40 sm plus pedestrian and machine way.

M1 M2

brick

1.2

Masonry 2.3 0.1

16

0.28

4.42

1.8

2.3

72

0.41

29.81

0.1

masonry

34.22

(p.57) Retaining walls for rubber storage

59

superlocal

(p.58) Required surfaces for material storage

60

remaining area 2700 sm

window fixtures 130 sm long elements 129 mq masonry 37 mq

radiators 225 sm

areal concrete 507 sm

foundations 637 sm

slabs 2523 sm

buildings footprint 3322 sm

Most of the troubles that the construction sites have a matrix in a not corrected or not complete planning of the building site (48). A proper layout planning would reduce extensive time loss and cost and it involves a clear traffic plan, access plan (49) and the logic location of the many several facilities required (50): job office, subcontractors office, document storehouse, first aid office, toilet on site, cranes, enloading area, equipment storehouse, material warehouse, waste storehouse, internal streets, car parking lots, machine parking lots...

A material warehouse needs to be located on a drained and flat area, easily accessible by the location machines and close enough to the cranes to allow a perfect and quick management of the location procedure. A preliminary draft of the construction site (img.) shows that the size and the position of the flat area that could be drained to became a warehouse has a not optimal access point from the outside and, moreover, the area is not enough wide: in the scheme (p.58) is possible to observe the relations between the required sm of storage, the buildings footprints and the complete size of the construction site.

Planning a double building site with parallel demolition and construction activities seems to be an essential compromise.

walls 4049 sm

Construction site

construction

The conclusive phase of the recycling process is the employment of the materials in a new life cycle. As mentioned in “chapter one – deconstruction” the use of the recovered elements depends on their quality, on the material and on the eventual damages and can be realized in four different ways (52): • Reuse: to use the elements in their original function without radical change • Repurpose: to use the components changing their function • Material exploitation: totally change the geometry or the characteristics of the elements (usually waste material is turned in rubber) and of their function.

• Energy exploitation: waste material is used to generate energy by combustion.

Each material has a different potential use: Mineral materials can be generally reused and repurposed even when they are damaged during the demolition process (12).

Metal elements are usually recycled in factory, where they can be melted and modelled as new elements. This case of material exploitation helps the industry in implementing energy saving between 38% and 95 % (53).

Synthetic materials are both repurposed and used as raw material. In the first case, the molecular structure is not modified and the elements are cut and repurposed as smaller elements. Using the material as second raw material implies a manipulation of the molecular structure and it is possible only if the material is pure and clear from colorants and fireproof or plasticiser substances.

Wooden materials are usually used as second raw material to compose wooden panels (plywood, chipboard…) or as an energy source (12).

Composite materials: Concrete: reuse and repurpose are both possible. In case the elements are cracked it is possible to use injection material (epoxy resin, polyurethane resin or cement) to restore the original quality. Reuse and repurposed of concrete elements in residential construction has already been widely experimented (54). In case of extensive damages, concrete can be crushed and repurposed as aggregate for new fresh

definitions

material potential use

61

superlocal

Analysis

Potentialities Problems

62

concrete (55).

Reinforced concrete: before reusing reinforced concrete element it is important to test the progress of carburizing that is the “process in which iron or steel absorbs carbon“ (56) and causes a change in the alkaline balance between concrete and steel. This balance is what protect the reinforcing wires from the rusting process so, in case the carburizing process is to advance it is not possible to reuse the element, but only to repurposed. If the element is damaged by the steel element but the carburizing process did not influence jet the alkaline balance the cracked can be fixed as mentioned before. When the rebar supports are damaged they need to be separated from the concrete part of the component: the concrete will be repurposed as aggregate for fresh concrete and the bars can be cleaned by sanding and reused as new reinforcement (12).

Masonry: the masonry reused is possible but expensive since the detachment of the mortar from the brick is a procedure that needs to be realized manually. For this reason, it is usually preferred to crash the masonry and use the brick rubble as aggregate for fresh concrete or new bricks. The manufacturing involves several core screenings and thermal treatments according to the methods developed by the COTTBUS university (12).

The main purpose of our project is to reuse and, eventually, repurpose as many elements and material as possible, restricting as much as possible the employment of new materials.

The construction planning has to be elaborated on the basis of the analysis of potentialities and risks.

Variability of material: Different solutions could be realized using a combination of concrete, metal and wood elements.

Absence of connectors: metal connectors are usually precast in concrete walls and slabs.

Absence of insulation: New energy performances are required to the building envelope.

Foundations: Expanding the footprint of the buildings or contemporary running deconstruction and construction implies that new foundations are required.

Static changes: New structural configuration could overstress the

construction

current elements.

Absence of connectors: Use of external connectors such as metal plates, angles and expansion bolt combined with epoxy resin and reparating mortars.

Absence of insulation: A new insulation layer needs to be bought Foundations: Modifications and cast in case extensions of existing slabs Static changes: Retrofitting of the current structures Therefore, the required steps for the construction of new elements are: retrofitting methods identification of required Energy Performance and façade layers assembly of the facade details examples Retrofitting processes are adopted with the purpose of “providing (something) with new parts that were not available when it was originally built” (57).

In fact, in case of changes in the structure conformation, the recovered element could need an improvement of the static performance, that can be pursued by several methods (58) that could involve an increment of the resisting sections with new concrete or new reinforcement or additional metal or synthetic elements disposed according to the structural necessities (59): Replacement of concrete members

Replacing method

Addition of concrete sections

Overlay method

Addition of members

Vertical girder addition method

Addition of support points

Support method

Addition of retrofitting members

Steel plate bonding method

solutions

Construction plan

retrofitting methods

Jacketing construction method

Retrofitting methods

Fiber-reinforced plastic bonding method Steel plate jacketing construction method Introduction of prestressing

(p.60) Retrofitting methods (58)

Prestressing introduction method

63

superlocal

Concrete replacement (p.61): Damaged concrete is removed so that the aggregate of the old concrete is exposed and the surface is clean (every loose material need to be removed), then the formwork of the web is prepared a new concrete is mixed and poured from one side of the wall.

Jacketing (p.62): Wall dimensions are increased by adding new concrete to the original web. Reinforcement (horizontal, vertical or diagonals bars) could be used to increase the strength and ductility of the wall, but it need to be anchored to the wall foundation: the reinforce is placed in holes drilled in the foundation and then it is grouted with epoxy.

Retrofitting using steel sections(p.63): Steel plates are attached to the walls to increase strength, stiffness ductility or a combination of them, depending on the position of the plates. The metal elements are attached on the concrete panel and then enclosed by a ductile material that provides corrosion and fire resistance to the steel.

Retrofitting using steel bracing: Steel bracings are anchored to the wall at small intervals to minimize the buckling length (special attention could be directed to connections between existing structure and metal elements). It is usually recommended to add vertical steel strips at the wall edges when using diagonal bracings.

Retrofitting using composite materials (p.64): Fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) are a composite material that can ensure high strength,

(p.61) Concrete replacement

64

(p.62) Jacketing

construction

light weight, ease of application and high resistance to corrosion.

TFRP are used as laminates, sheet or roods and they can be prestressed to increase the efficiency of retrofit, however, some of the characteristics of FRP composites such as long-term performance are still under investigation.

Addition of wall boundary elements: Reinforced concrete elements or steel sections can be added to act as boundary elements to correct a deficient in flexure. A special attention should be considered to the connection between the existing wall and the new boundary elements.

Retrofitting using shape memory: alloys SMA have the ability to undergo large deformations and restore the original shape when the applied stress is removed, so they are bee investigate especially in civil engineer and seismic retrofitting.

To retrofit the not reinforced walls, a steel bracing system (p.66) has walls retrofitting been preferred to jacketing methods, that would have increment the dimensions of the elements, and to a systemic method that represent a potential risk since the long-term performance are not completely tested. Steel plates are attached to the concrete section to make up for insufficiencies of the existing element; the main purpose is to form a composite configuration in order to achieve the required performance improvement (58).

Slabs elements are already reinforced and, considering that the story- Slabs retrofitting high of the existing building is already limited a fiber reinforced

(p.63) Steel section

(p.64) Fiber reinforced polymers

65

superlocal

(p.65) Steel bracing_retroffitted walls

(p.66) Fiber reinforced polymers_retrofitted slabs

66

construction

polymers system (p.67) has been preferred to more hulking systems.

Sheets and lamellas are arranged in a net configuration attached in specific grooves realized for the purpose, filled with epoxy resin in order to achieve required performance improvement (60).

The net configuration is so composed: On the direction parallel to the short edge of the slab FRP lamellas, 25 cm in between.

On the direction parallel to the long edge of the slab FRP sheets (10 cm), 27.4 cm in between.

FRP are mounted in grooves of a rectangular cross section 5x14 are filled with epoxy resin.

It is possible to realize the foundation slabs by modifying the floor slabs. A partial demolition of the edges exposes the existing reinforcement bars that will be connected to a new wire mesh properly placed, in conclusion, the construction will be complete with fresh cast in case concrete (68).

foundation slabs

(p.67) Foundation slab

67

superlocal

required Energy Performance

According to The Dutch National Plan nearly zero-energy buildings (“Nationaal Plan Bijna Energieneutrale Gebouwen” BENG) the EPC requirement for new houses is EPC ≤ 0,4 (61).

Typically, for EPC ≤ 0,4 the following values are taken as a reference (62): Maximum installed heating power alternatively space heating demand

60 to 15 W/m2 60 to 15 kW/m2a

Alternatively, combining various thermal insulation requirements: Roofs Facades Floors Outdoor glazing

Facade

layers

RC-Value U-value 5 to 7 m2k/W 0,14 to 0,2 W/m2k 3.5 to 7 m2k/W 0,14 to 0,28 W/m2k 3.5 to 5 m2k/W 0,2 to 0,28 W/m2k minimum HR++/triple glazing

To preserve the historical identity of the buildings, the rough and unrefined aspect of the cut concrete has been preserved using sandwich panels composed of two layers of concrete with an additional intermediate insulation layer. Sandwich panels are usually precast in fabric and represent a sustainable alternative to light facades because of the energy efficiency (63).

layer internal liminal plasterboard concrete insula•on concrete external liminal

λ thick(W/ ess (m) mK)

R 0.13

0.02

0.21

0.10

0.20 0.14 0.20

1.60 0.04 1.60

0.13 3.50 0.13 0.04 4.02

(p.68) Sandwich panel layers

68

U (W/ m2K)

0.25

construction

layer internal liminal ceramic floor subfloor system screed insula•on concrete

thickess (m)

λ (W/ mK)

R

U (W/ m2K)

0.17 0.02

1.30

0.02

0.04

0.45

0.09

0.05

0.10

0.50

0.14 0.18

0.04 1.60

3.50 0.11 4.39

0.23

(p.69) Foundation floor structure

layer internal liminal concrete vap insula•on sl double Ply Membrane external liminal

λ thick(W/ ess (m) mK)

R

U (W/ m2K)

0.17 0.18 0.00 0.18 0.10

1.60 0.40 0.04 0.10

0.11 0.01 4.51 0.96

0.00

0.20

0.01 0.04 5.82

0.17

(p.80) Roof floor structure

69

superlocal

Facade assembly

70

The assembly of the sandwich concrete panel can represent a problem because of the absence of the usual precast steel connectors. Among the researched options: Steel hook system (64) (p.81): elements anchored through steel plates and iron bars inserted in the panels and secured with epoxy resin.

Since both concrete layers are 20 cm wide, the stress in the connectors would be excessive. Moreover, in the assembly phase, the movement of the panels need to be extremely accurate.

Combination of steel noose and iron bars (65) (p.82): elements anchored through steel plates and rope inserted in the panels and secured with epoxy resin. Even if this method solves the problem of the stress in the connections the assembly phase can still represent a problem because of the high accuracy required.

Internal steel supporting raster (p.83): raster of vertical supports anchored to the internal concrete layer through structural bolt and epoxy resin and horizontal square section bars secured to the vertical elements by angle brackets and structural bolt. On this sub-structure, the external concrete layer is ensured with pass-through structural bolts. The structure reminds the layout of the substructure for a light faรงade and, even if with the proper dimensioning, could cause static problems. Moreover, thermic bridges would represent a problem.

Fiber composite connector-rods elements (66) (p.84): elements inserted in the panels and secured with epoxy resin and shaft with anchorage ends and one or more locating flanges. The anchorage ends provide bi-directional force transfer between the connector body and surrounding concrete.

The fiber composite connectors with anchorage ends represent a good option because of the structural efficiency, do not cause thermic bridges and require a relatively not complex assembly phase: 1. Drill of the concrete elements 2. Eventual injection of insulation foam 3. Injection of epoxy resin 4. Placement of the connection 5. Placement of the isolating (7 cm panel on each concrete panel) 6. Assembly

construction

(p.81) hook system

71

superlocal

(p.83) steel supporting raster

72

construction

(p.84) Fiber compositive connector

73

superlocal

sandwich panel foundation slab

74

construction

75

superlocal

sandwich panel floor slab

76

construction

77

superlocal

sandwich panel windows

78

construction

79

superlocal

sandwich panel roof slab

80

construction

81

Acknowledges Information

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OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration (1998) Fall Protection in Construction p.9-11 (https://www.wbdg.org/ccb/OSHA/osha3146.pdf) http://hci.frontstepsmedial.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/fall-protection-harness.jpg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaffolding OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration (1998) Fall Protection in Construction p.16 (https://www.wbdg.org/ccb/OSHA/osha3146.pdf) http://www.lift-it.com/blog/how-to-properly-select-industrial-crane-slings-andwhat-you-must-know-when-using-them/ G. Bianchini (2013) Manuale della sicurezza per l uso delle gru a torre, I quaderni della SBA, Scuola Edile Bresciana, Brescia B. Janorschke, U. Palzer, B. Rebel (2010) Abbuch und Rückbau von Fertigteilwohngebäuden (gefährdungschwerpunkte – Arbeitsschutzmaßnahmen) p.25-26, Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin (BAuA), Dortmund https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoring http://civilengineer.tech/2016/01/shoring-and-types-of-shoring-2.html http://www.amadio.com/de/shoring/a-c-push-pull-props-tp/2/[1](2)http://civilengineer.tech/2016/01/shoring-and-types-of-shoring-2.html http://www.theconstructioncivil.org/flying-or-horizontal-shores/ http://www.theconstructioncivil.org/dead-or-vertical-shores/ http://www.ihmm.org/about-ihmm/what-are-hazardous-materials https://www.tuv-nord.com/en/hazardous-substances/asbestos-and-synthetic-mineral-fibres-3578.htm https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/ file/316535/benzoapyrene_BaP_polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbons_PAH_guidance. pdf http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Asbestos_in_constructiong B. Janorschke, U. Palzer, B. Rebel (2010) Abbuch und Rückbau von Fertigteilwohngebäuden (gefährdungschwerpunkte – Arbeitsschutzmaßnahmen) p.32, Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin (BAuA), Dortmund http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/storage https://www.bca.gov.sg/professionals/iquas/others/precastdelivery.pdf https://www.osha.gov/dts/shib/shib021004.pdf

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europoolpalette http://sunbelt-rack.com/storage-solutions/roll-formed-pallet-racks/ http://sunbelt-rack.com/storage-solutions/millwork-racks/ http://www.posaclima.it/koenigleim/imballaggio/148-angolari-per-l-imballaggio-ed-il-trasporto-del-serramento-in-cantiere.html https://www.eqdepot.com/equipment/speciality/brand/piggyback D. Lowe (2011) The Dictionary of Transport and Logistics, Kogan Page Publishers, London https://www.google.de/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwivsI-YvZzOAhUF7hoKHeeIC9UQFggsMAI&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trada.co.uk%2Ftechinfo%2Flibrary%2Fsend%2F8 9A36B38-CEF0-4CFF-B997-0C0535383FEF%2FStoring%2520timber%2520and %2520wood-based%2520products%2520on%2520building%2520sites%2Findex. pdf&usg=AFQjCNFHQubmNNo0Nps81qElMEC14eZLAw&sig2=UYIc3dcycxzolbRs8FAkRQ&bvm=bv.128617741,d.bGs http://sunbelt-rack.com/storage-solutions/a-frame-racks/ http://osp.mans.edu.eg/elbeltagi/R%208-2%20Site%20Layout.pdf http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Site_layout_plan_for_construction http://brainshare.ug/system/attachments/att_files/000/000/512/original/site_layout_ planing.pdf?1431695574 http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/construction https://www.clearancesolutionsltd.co.uk/the-three-rs-the-difference-between-recycling-reusing/ V. W.Y. Tam, C.M. Tam (2006) A review on the viable technology for construction waste recycling. Resources, Conservation and Recycling volume 4 issues 3 pag.

209-221[Accessed: 18/07/2016] http://www.tagesspiegel.de/wirtschaft/immobilien/ein-plattenbau-mit-satteldach/630884.html http://www.rc-beton.de/rc-beton.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carburizing http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/retrofit JSCE Working Group on Retrofit Design of Concrete Structures in Specification Revision Committee chairman: Tamon UEDA (1997) Guidelines for retrofitting of con-

crete structures, chapter 7 selection of retrofitting method, CONCRETE LIBRARY No.95, JSCE [Accessed: 18/07/2016] K. Galal, H. El-okkary (2008) recent advancements in retrofit of RC shear walls. The 14th World conference on earthquake engineering, Beijing [Accessed: 19/07/2016] S. Florut, V. Stoian, T. nagy-Gyorgy; D. Dan, D. Diacoinu, Retrofitting of two-way RC slabs with and without cut-out openings by using FRP composite materials, Latest Trends on Engineering Mechanics, Structures, Engineering Geology ,“Politehnica�

University of Timisoara file:///C:/Users/G/Downloads/nationaal-plan-bijna-energieneutrale-gebouwen.pdf https://www.rvo.nl/sites/default/files/2015/01/Gerealiseerde%20Nieuwbouw%20Woningen%20EPC%20kleiner%200%204.pdf I. Banjad Pecur, B.Milovonovic, I. caravic, M. Alagusic (2014) Precast sandwich panel _ innovative way of construction, Department of Material, faculty od Civil Engineering, University of Zagreb, Croatia http://www.peikko.it/product-it/p=Cappio+di+connessione+PVL http://www.peikko.de/product-de/p=TENLOC+Elementverbinder https://www.google.ch/patents/US7266931

pictures

(p.1) Plattenpalast - http://www.plattenpalast.de/architektur.htm (p.2) Plattenvereinigung - http://www.thf-berlin.de/tempelhofer-feld (p.4) Weißenhofsiedlung_1927 - https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei%C3%9Fenhofsiedlung (p.5) Hansa-Platz _1957 - http://luomoeilpaesaggio.blogspot.de/2011/12/hansaviertel-di-berlino.html (p.6) lakes region_2006 - http://www.mediamaritim.de/blog/2009/10/31/wassersport-bakterien-fur-saubere-seen/ (p.8) mine in Kerkrade - M. Maurer, N. Maurer, J. Roekaerts (2015) Jidderinne vòlt ziech doa Heem, HEEMwonen and Maurer United Architects, Boxtel (p.9) Gallery - M. Maurer, N. Maurer, J. Roekaerts (2015) Jidderinne vòlt ziech doa Heem, HEEMwonen and Maurer United Architects, Boxtel (p.10) Floor saw - http://1-888-cleanup.com/services/concrete-cutting/ (p.12) Not-explosive demolition – http://www.darda.de/produkte/spaltgeraete.html (p.13) Hydraulic princes - http://www.tagliomuri.com/le-tecniche-di-demolizione-dei-manufatti-edilizi/ (p.14) Welding system - https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/ Oxy-fuel_cutting1.jpg (p.15) Ferrous-dust cut system - http://www.blechworks.ch/ueber-uns/aktuelles/detail/was-ist-eigentlich-high-focus-plasmaschneiden.html (p.17) Drill - http://www.ferramentaveneta-toolshop.com/Trapano-Fein-BOP-10 (p.18) Wrench - http://www.doitgarden.ch/it/costruzione-e-lavoro-manuale/officina-e-attrezzi/attrezzi-manuali/attrezzi-per-sanitari/chiave-inglese-280-mm/ pp.60143930000 (p.19) Screwdriver - http://www.cfadda.com/shop/prodotti_19890_cacciavite-acroce-pz-1-x-75-mm.html (p.20) Hacksaw - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacksaw (p.21) Chisel - http://www.toolstop.co.uk/stanley-fmht0-16145-fatmax-folding-chisel-p66660 (p.22) Vibration reduced needle scalers - http://www.novatekco.com/products/surface-prep/vrs-scalers/ (p.23) Concrete Drill - https://www.hilti.in/) (p.24) Concrete corer - http://www.homedepot.com/p/Hilti-120-Volt-DD-120-Com-

pact-Diamond-Coring-Rig-Kit-274935/204697779 (p.25) Floor saw - http://www.jmarmitage.co.uk/saws/ (p.26) Wall saw - http://www.eurodima.com/en/products/sawing/braxx-system/ braxx-wall-saws/ (p.27) Rope saw - http://www.bbsp-petrat.de/leistungen/seilsaegen/files/stacks-image-4FC3BAE.jpg (p.28) Hammer drills - http://www.italmek.com/prodotti/pinze-idrauliche/ (p.29) BBL sky worker 8524e.tronic - http://www.bbl-baumaschinen.de/cranes_detail. php?id=31&cid=8 (p.36) Asbestos - https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/FAC-roofsheeting.JPG (p.37) Synthetic mineral fibers - https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Rockwool_4lbs_per_ft3_fibrex5.jpg (p.39) Wheeled weather protection - http://www.malerblatt.de/wp-content/uploads/2/7/2712724.jpg (p.40) Prefabricated weather resistant construction - http://schaefer-geruestbau.com/ wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Wetterschutzdach_Schaefer_Geruestbau_3.jpg (p.41) Provisional cover with tarp - http://pcs01.photocase.com/l/l5wwhozt/69658527/photocase696585271.jpg (p.42) Provisional cover with metal sheet - http://www.volksstimme.de/storyimage/ MA/20160212/ARTIKEL/160219635/EP/1/1/EP-160219635.jpg&MaxW=620&ImageVersion=default&NCS_modified=20160212062548&filename.jpg (p.54) Millwork racks - http://sunbelt-rack.com/storage-solutions/millwork-racks/ (p.55) A-frame rack system - http://sunbelt-rack.com/storage-solutions/a-frameracks/ (p.56) Pallet rack - http://sunbelt-rack.com/storage-solutions/roll-formed-palletracks/ (p.61) Concrete replacement - https://www.concreterepairsite.co.uk/images/Concrete%20Beam%20Repairs.jpg (p.62) Jacketing - http://3.imimg.com/data3/BV/OD/MY-75588/ranson-concrete-repair-consultants-500x500.jpg (p.63) Steel section - https://www.concreterepairsite.co.uk/images/Structural%20 Strengthening%20with%20Epoxy%20Bonded%20CarboDur%20CFRP%20Plates.jpg

(p.64) Fiber reinforced polymers - http://static1.squarespace.com/static/4ff3cbc4ac6f/1421298365485/cfrp-beam-roxsan-zdx-1.jpg (p.84) Fiber compositive connector - https://www.google.ch/patents/US7266931

Aachen August 2016

T