LNFF>K L<AHHE +)*) <HNKL>L ?HK :=NEML <ABE=K>G CNER 他 :N@NLM
+
P>E<HF> MH LNFF>K L<AHHE +)*)
<HGMBGNBG@ >=N<:MBHG ( LNFF>K L<AHHE +)*)
:m ma^ a^Zkm h_ ma^ \bmr bg hg^ h_ >nkhi^Ãl fhlm ]rgZfb\ Zkmblmb\ \hffngbmb^l% Ma^ @eZl`hp L\ahhe h_ :km h__^kl lmn]^gml Z lmbfneZmbg` ^qi^kb^g\^ bg Z ngbjn^ e^Zkgbg` ^gobkhgf^gm'
Pa^ma^k rhn Zk^ Z [^`bgg^k hk aZo^ [^^g lmn]rbg` hk fZdbg` Zkm _hk lhf^ mbf^% ma^ lnff^k ikh`kZff^ ]^ebo^kl \hnkl^l mh f^^m ma^ bg]bob]nZe g^^]l h_ Zee lmn]^gml'
Mabl \bmr \^gmk^ eh\Zmbhg ikhob]^l lmn]^gml pbma ma^ \aZg\^ mh ^qi^kb^g\^ @eZl`hpÃl bgm^kgZmbhgZeer k^ghpg^] Zkm l\^g^4 Z ]bo^kl^ Zg] \aZee^g`bg` fbq h_ Zkmblml Zg] Zkm `Zee^kb^l'
Mabl r^Zk p^ aZo^ bgmkh]n\^] Z gnf[^k h_ g^p \hnkl^l bg\en]bg` Bgm^kbhk =^lb`g% <Zlmbg` phkdlahil% <Zlm =kZpbg` Zg] IZbgmbg`% Lhng] _hk ma^ Fhobg` BfZ`^ Zg] Bgmkh]n\mbhg mh FhlZb\l'
Ma^ Lnff^k L\ahhe bl Zg ^ll^gmbZe iZkm h_ ma^ \nemnk^ Zm Ma^ @eZl`hp L\ahhe h_ :km% ikhob]bg` ma^ hiihkmngbmr mh phkd bg Zg bgm^kgZmbhgZeer Z\\eZbf^] Zg] \^e^[kZm^] L\ahhe h_ :km pab\a ]kZpl oblbmhkl Zg] lmn]^gml _khf Zee ho^k ma^ phke]' Ma^ ikh`kZff^ mZd^l ieZ\^ hg ma^ L\ahheÃl fZbg \Zfinl pbmabg li^\bZeblm ]^iZkmf^gmZe phkdlahil Zg] Zkmblml liZ\^l% bg\en]bg` ma^ fZ`gbË\^gm iZbgmbg` lmn]bhl h_ ma^ FZ\dbgmhla ;nbe]bg`'
P^ Zbf mh ikhob]^ Z k^eZq^]% bgob`hkZmbg` Zg] ^gchrZ[e^ ^qi^kb^g\^ _hk ^o^krhg^ Zg] ^Z\a p^^d \hg\en]^l pbma Z lh\bZe `Zma^kbg` bg ma^ FZ\dbgmhla ;nbe]bg`% Zeehpbg` lmn]^gml mh f^^m Zg] ob^p ma^ phkd ikh]n\^] ]nkbg` ma^bk mbf^ Zm @L:' B_ rhn phne] ebd^ Zgr a^ei \ahhlbg` \hnkl^l hk ln``^lmbhgl hg ahp mh \hf[bg^ \hnkl^l% p^ Zk^ ZepZrl aZiir mh Z]obl^ rhn' P^ ehhd _hkpZk] mh f^^mbg` rhn mabl lnff^k'
PaZm^o^k rhnk ^qi^kb^g\^ rhn pbee jnb\der _^^e iZkm h_ Zg ^q\bmbg` Zg] bglibkZmbhgZe \hffngbmr' Ma^ ikh`kZff^ h__^kl ma^ \aZg\^ mh [^ mZn`am [r Zg] phkd Zehg`lb]^ ikh_^llbhgZe ikZ\mblbg` Zkmblml pab\a bg\en]^ f^f[^kl h_ ma^ m^Z\abg` lmZ__ Zm @L: Zg] bgobm^] e^\mnk^kl ]kZpg _khf ma^ pb]^k Zkmblmb\ \hffngbmr'
Simone Gibson ( <h&hk]bgZmhk M^e^iahg^3 )*-* ,., -.2/ >fZbe3 l'`b[lhg9`lZ'Z\'nd
,
<HGM>GML
<HGMBGNBG@ >=N<:MBHG ( LNFF>K L<AHHE +)*)
Pd *( Fhg . Cner mh ?kb 2 Cner
Pd ,( Fhg *2 Cner mh ?kb +, Cner
Ihkm_hebh Ik^iZkZmbhg Ma^ AnfZg ?b`nk^3 :g Bgmkh]n\mbhg :\kreb\ IZbgmbg` IhkmkZbm =kZpbg` IZbgmbg` >qiehkbg` <hehnk =kZpbg` IZbgmbg`3 :g >qiehkZmbhg Bgmkh]n\mbhg mh Bgm^kbhk =^lb`g ;eZ\d Pabm^ Iahmh`kZiar3 :g Bgmkh]n\mbhg mh EZg]l\Zi^l ,&= :gbfZmbhg IkbgmfZdbg`3 L\k^^gikbgmbg` C^p^ee^kr Phkdlahi M^qmbe^l3 AZg] FZ\abg^ >f[khb]^kr LmZbg^] @eZll IZg^el L\neimnk^3 ?e^qb[e^ Fhne]l
)1 )2 )2 )2 )2 *) *)
Pd +( Fhg *+ Cner mh ?kb */ Cner Ihkm_hebh Ik^iZkZmbhg IZbgmbg` ma^ ?b`nk^ bg <hehnk =kZpbg` IZbgmbg` IhkmkZbm IZbgmbg` bg Hbel PZm^k\hehnk IZbgmbg` eenlmkZmbhg Bgm^kbhk =^lb`g3 Li^\bZeblf ;eZ\d Pabm^ Iahmh`kZiar3 IhkmkZbml IkbgmfZdbg`3 >m\abg` M^qmbe^l3 FZ\abg^ Dgbmmbg` L\neimnk^3 ?b`nkZmbo^ L\neimnk^3 I^pm^k <Zlmbg` Phkdlahi
Gordon Webb ( A^Z] h_ =^iZkmf^gm M^e^iahg^3 )*-* ,., -./. >fZbe3 `'p^[[9`lZ'Z\'nd
)0 )0 )0 )0 )1 )1 )1
** ** ** ** *+ *+ *+ *+ *, *, *, *,
Ihkm_hebh Ik^iZkZmbhg Eb_^ =kZpbg` IZbgmbg` Phkdlahi <Zlm =kZpbg` EZg]l\Zi^ =kZpbg` IZbgmbg` bg ma^ P^lm h_ L\hmeZg] ?b`nk^ bg <hfihlbmbhg Hbe IZbgmbg` C^p^ee^kr Phkdlahi M^qmbe^l3 Ikbgmbg` !;^`bgg^kl"
*** *. *. *. */ */
Pd -( Fhg +/ Cner mh ?kb ,) Cner Ihkm_hebh Ik^iZkZmbhg Eb_^ =kZpbg`3 IZlm^el L\neimnk^3 IhkmkZbml bg <eZr <Zlm IZbgmbg` >qiehkbg` =kZpbg`3 Fnembie^ :iikhZ\a^l Lmbee Eb_^ =kZpbg` IZbgmbg` EZg]l\Zi^3 Nk[Zg >gobkhgf^gm C^p^ee^kr Phkdlahi !Ghg [^`bgg^kl" @eZll ?nlbg` Lenfibg` !;^`bgg^kl" Lhng] _hk ma^ Fhobg` BfZ`^ Bgmkh]n\mbhg mh FhlZb\l M^qmbe^l3 IZmm^kg <nmmbg`
*0 *0 *0 *0 *1 *1 *1 *1 *2 *2 *2 *2
Pdg] *( LZm *) Lng ** Cner ObgmZ`^ :\\^llhkb^l
+)
Pdg] +( LZm *0 Lng *1 Cner ;Z` FZdbg`
+)
Pd .( Fhg + :n` mh ?kb / :n` <abe]k^gÃl <hnkl^l Eng\a <en[ FZm^kbZel <abe]k^gÃl ;nklZkb^l
+* +* +* +*
-
<BMR H? @E:L@HP
<HGMBGNBG@ >=N<:MBHG ( LNFF>K L<AHHE +)*)
Ma^k^ bl Z mZg`b[e^ \k^Zmbo^ [nss & ma^ \bmr bl ma^ ahf^ mh lhf^ h_ ma^ fhlm \kbmb\Zeer Z\\eZbf^] Zkmblml bg ma^ phke]' Bm bl Zelh ahf^ mh ma^ KhrZe L\hmmbla GZmbhgZe Hk\a^lmkZ% L\hmmbla ;Zee^m% bgghoZmbo^ ma^Zmk^l ebd^ ma^ <bmbs^gl Zg] OblnZe :km liZ\^l ln\a Zl <<:% Mkhg`Zm^ *), Zg] MkZfpZr'
Ma^ ;ZkkZl% @eZl`hpÃl he]^lm fZkd^m% eZ\dl ma^ ihebla^] o^g^^k h_ ma^ fZbg lahiibg` Zk^Z% Zg] bl Zee ma^ fhk^ Zeenkbg` _hk bm' <ehl^ [r% ma^ *2ma \^gmnkr I^hie^Ãl IZeZ\^ ikhob]^l Z lh\bZe ablmhkr h_ ma^ i^hie^ h_ @eZl`hp' :mmZ\a^] bl ma^ Pbgm^k @Zk]^g pahl^ lmnggbg` `eZll lmkn\mnk^ bl [^lm ob^p^] _khf @eZl`hp @k^^g' :elh oblb[e^ _khf ma^ @k^^g bl M^fie^mhgÃl <Zki^m ?Z\mhkr% bg\hg`knhnler fh]^ee^] hg ma^ =h`^Ãl IZeZ\^ bg O^gb\^'
@^hk`^ LjnZk^ bl Z `hh] \^gmkZe ihbgm _khf pab\a mh gZob`Zm^ Zkhng] ma^ \bmrÃl `kb] lrlm^f' Ahp^o^k% _Zk fhk^ \aZkfbg` bl ma^ g^Zk[r KhrZe >q\aZg`^ LjnZk^' Ma^ @Zee^kr h_ Fh]^kg :km bl ma^ \^gmk^ib^\^ a^k^% ahnl^] bg Zg ^e^`Zgm g^h&\eZllb\Ze *1ma \^gmnkr fZglbhg' Ma^ ljnZk^ bl ebg^] pbma lahil% k^lmZnkZgml Zg] iZo^f^gm \Z_^l' @kZ\^_ne Zk\apZrl e^Z] makhn`a mh ;n\aZgZg Lmk^^m% ma^ lahiibg` ^ib\^gmk^' Fhobg` ^Zlm bl ma^ F^k\aZgm <bmr% lh \Zee^] [^\Znl^ h_ bml Zllh\bZmbhg pbma *1ma \^gmnkr f^k\aZgm mkZ]^kl' GhpZ]Zrl _hkf^k fZglbhgl Zg] [Zgdl Z\\hffh]Zm^ _ZlabhgZ[e^ lahil Zg] [Zkl Zg] Zkm `Zee^kb^l' Eh\Zm^] bg ma^ F^k\aZgm <bmr Zg] ahnl^] bg Z _hkf^k >]pZk]bZg pZk^ahnl^% Mkhg`Zm^ *), bl @eZl`hpÃl [kZg] g^p oblnZe Zkml k^lhnk\^ Zg] ahf^ _hk Z kZg`^ h_ @eZl`hp [Zl^] \k^Zmbo^ hk`ZgbsZmbhgl Zg] `Zee^kb^l bg\en]bg` Lmk^^m E^o^e Iahmhphkdl% Ikhc^\m :[bebmr Zg] @eZl`hp Ikbgm Lmn]bh' ?nkma^k >Zlm bl ma^ ablmhkb\Ze a^Zkm h_ ma^ \bmr' @eZl`hp <Zma^]kZe ]Zm^l [Z\d mh ma^ *,ma \^gmnkr Zg] ehhfbg` ]kZfZmb\Zeer [^abg] bm bl ma^ G^\khihebl% fh]^ee^] hg I k^ EZ\aZbl^ bg IZkbl'
Mh ma^ ghkmap^lm bl Ma^ @eZl`hp L\ahhe h_ :km% <aZke^l K^ggb^ FZ\dbgmhlaÃl Zk\abm^\mnkZe fZlm^kib^\^' Mh ma^ p^lm bl ma^ [ha^fbZg ngbo^klbmr Zk^Z' Ma^ Ngbo^klbmr bl Zg bfik^llbo^ @hmab\ K^oboZe [nbe]bg` pbma ]kZfZmb\ ob^pl Z\khll ma^ \bmr% ]hpg mh ma^ Kbo^k <er]^ pa^k^ ma^ ?bggb^lmhg <kZg^ lmZg]l Zl Z k^fbg]^k h_ ma^ hg\^ kh[nlm labi[nbe]bg` bg]nlmkr' Ma^ P^lm >g] bl k^ie^m^ pbma \hhe \Z_^l% e^Z_r Zo^gn^l Zg] gnf^khnl in[eb\ iZkdl' Ma^ ;hmZgb\ @Zk]^glà bffZ\neZm^ _hkfZe `Zk]^gl Zg] Zk[hk^mnf ikhob]^ Z p^e\hf^ [k^Zd _khf ma^ [nlme^ h_ ma^ P^lm >g] Zg] bl p^ee eho^] [r eh\Zel' =^lb`g^] [r Chl^ia IZqmhg% D^eobg`kho^ IZkd bl Z \eZllb\ ^qZfie^ h_ Z Ob\mhkbZg IZkd4 bml ]^lb`g Zg] l^mmbg` hg ma^ [Zgdl h_ ma^ Kbo^k D^eobg ^gaZg\^ Zg] \hfiebf^gm ma^ fZgr fZ`gbË\^gm [nbe]bg`l pab\a lnkkhng] Zg] ma^ phke] k^ghpg^] D^eobg`kho^ :km @Zee^kr Zg] Fnl^nf ikhfbg^gmer _^Zmnk^ pbmabg bm'
.
>:MBG@ =KBGDBG@
<HGMBGNBG@ >=N<:MBHG ( LNFF>K L<AHHE +)*)
A^k^ bl Z aZg] ib\d^] eblm h_ K^lmZnkZgml(In[l( ;Zkl maZm f^f[^kl h_ <hg >] lmZ__ k^\hff^g]'
@eZl`hpÃl e^`^g]Zkr mabklm bl jn^g\a^] bg Zg ^\e^\mb\ fbq h_ ]^lb`g^k [Zkl% Zl p^ee Zl mkZ]bmbhgZe in[l' Ma^ ;^e`bZg bgÌn^g\^] ;Zk ;k^e !:lamhg EZg^" aZl Zg ZmmkZ\mbo^ \hgl^koZmhkr% i^k_^\m _hk lnff^k ^o^gbg`l' G^Zk[r bl <hmmb^kl% !Arg]eZg] Lm" Z [^Znmb_ne \hgo^km^] \ank\a pbma Z `k^Zm [^^k `Zk]^g'
Ma^ P^lm >g] bl Z `hh] ieZ\^ mh lmZkm4 mkr mhi jnZebmr L\hmmbla bg`k^]b^gml Zm Gh Lbqm^^g !;rk^l KhZ]" hk LmkZoZb`bg !@b[lhg Lmk^^m"' ?hk lnfimnhnl \hf_hkm _hh] ma^k^ bl ma^ bg\k^Zlbg`er ihineZk KhZlmbm ;n[[er Ch\dÃl Zg] O^eobm >eobl ![hma eh\Zm^] hg =nf[Zkmhg KhZ]"' :lamhg EZg^ bg ma^ P^lm >g] bl Z ik^mmr \h[[e^] lmk^^m pbma [Zkl Zg] k^lmZnkZgml' ?hk Zkm_neer ik^iZk^] lZg]pb\a^l% lgZ\dl Zg] \h__^^l a^Z] mh Pa^k^ ma^ Fhgd^r Le^^il !P^lm K^`^gm Lmk^^m"' Bg ma^ \^gmk^ ma^ Zkm ]^\h Kh`Zgh !>q\aZg`^ IeZ\^"% ^lmZ[ebla^] *2,.% bl Z ihineZk ]^lmbgZmbhg _hk oblbmhkl mh ma^ \bmr' Ma^ =aZ[[Z [kbg`l Znma^gmb\ Ghkma Bg]bZg \hhdbg` Zg] Z pZkf ]bgbg` ^qi^kb^g\^ mh ma^ F^k\aZgm <bmr !<Zg]e^kb``l"' <Z_ <hllZ\ah\d Zm Mkhg`Zm^ *), l^ko^l mkZ]bmbhgZe KnllbZg \nblbg^ bg lmkbdbg` lnkkhng]l' Ma^ lhiablmb\Zm^] BmZebZg <Z__^ bl Z ieZ\^ mh ^gchr Ëg^ pbg^ Zg] ]^eb\bhnl BmZebZg \nblbg^ bg ma^ a^Zkm h_ ma^ F^k\aZgm <bmr' Ma^ Lhnma Lb]^ h_ @eZl`hp bl ^li^\bZeer `hh] _hk Znma^gmb\ BmZebZg% Bg]bZg Zg] IZdblmZgb \nblbg^' BfZ`^l _khf e^_m mh kb`am( *( D^eobg`kho^ :km @Zee^kr Fnl^nf +( @Zee^kr h_ Fh]^kg :km ,( Ma^ Ngbo^klbmr h_ @eZl`hp -( Ma^ @eZl`hp L\ahhe h_ :km .( Ma^ ;ZkkZl /( :lamhg EZg^ 0( Mkhg`Zm^ *),
E^Zobg` ma^ P^lm >g]% [hma <abgZldbl Zg] ;eZ\d LiZkkhp [hZlm ihla in[ `kn[ f^gnl l^ko^] bg lmrebla lnkkhng]bg`l !Ghkma Lmk^^m% <aZkbg` <khll"' ;Zma Lmk^^m Zelh aZl Zg Z[ng]Zg\^ h_ lmre^ [Zkl' Fhobg` _nkma^k bgmh ma^ \bmr \^gmk^ Ma^ F^k\aZgm <bmr bl Z `k^Zm lhnk\^ h_ in[l Zg] [Zkl' ;Z[[bmr ;hplm^kl !;eZ\d_kbZkl Lmk^^m" bl Z \hlr% ]hpg mh ^Zkma [Zk pbma Zg ^qm^glbo^ l^e^\mbhg h_ k^Ze Ze^l Zg] fZem pabldb^l' ;Zk @Zg]heË l^ko^l _hh] Zg] pbg^ bg Z lmrebla Zmmb\ Z[ho^ ma^ ehg` ^lmZ[ebla^] <Z_^ @Zg]heË !:e[bhg Lmk^^m"'
/
<HNKL>L ( LMN=BH ABK>
<HGMBGNBG@ >=N<:MBHG ( LNFF>K L<AHHE +)*)
:=NEM <HNKL>L
F:<DBGMHLA LMN=BH ABK>
P^^d *( Fhg . Cner mh ?kb 2 Cner
P^^d^g] +( LZm *0 Lng *1 Cner
Mabl hiihkmngbmr bl hi^g mh mahl^ pah aZo^ \hfie^m^] Z fbgbfnf h_ hg^ p^^d hk p^^d^g] mnmhk^] Lnff^k L\ahhe \hnkl^ Zm @L: bg Cner +)*)' Ma^ abk^ pbee Zeehp rhn mh li^g] Z p^^d hk fhk^ bg mabl ZfZsbg` ^gobkhgf^gm pbma ma^ _k^^]hf mh fZd^ rhnk hpg phkd Zm rhnk hpg iZ\^'
<hnkl^l Zk^ h__^k^] bg hg^&p^^d ngbml hk hg^&p^^d^g] ngbml' P^^d&ehg` \hnkl^l kng Fhg]Zr mh ?kb]Zr _khf *)'))Zf mh -'))if ^Z\a ]Zr' P^^d^g] \hnkl^l kng LZmnk]Zr Zg] Lng]Zr _khf *)'))Zf mh -'))if [hma ]Zrl'
RhnÃee aZo^ rhnk hpg liZ\^ pbmabg Z lmn]bh laZk^] pbma Z fZqbfnf h_ / hma^k Lnff^k L\ahhe iZkmb\biZgml' Rhn pbee [^ ikhob]^] pbma Zg ^Zl^e% ]kZpbg` [hZk]% iZbgmbg` mZ[e^ Zg] lmhhe pbma Z\\^ll mh ma^ @L: Eb[kZkr _hk k^_^k^g\^'
P^^d +( Fhg *+ Cner mh ?kb */ Cner P^^d ,( Fhg *2 Cner mh ?kb +, Cner P^^d -( Fhg +/ Cner mh ?kb ,) Cner P^^d^g] *( LZm *) Lng ** Cner
=bl\hngml Zk^ ZoZbeZ[e^ _hk fnembie^ [hhdbg`l h_ :]nem p^^d&ehg` \hnkl^l & b_ rhn [hhd fhk^ maZg hg^ Z]nem \hnkl^ rhn pbee k^\^bo^ Z *) ]bl\hngm hg ma^ _nee ikb\^ h_ ma^ [hhdbg`'
<ABE=K>GÃL <HNKL>L P^^d . Fhkgbg`l( Fhg + :n` mh ?kb / :n`( *)Zf mh *+',)if P^^d . :_m^kghhgl( Fhg + :n` mh ?kb / :n`( *',)if mh -if : ?k^^ Eng\a <en[ bl h__^k^] _hk \abe]k^g pah Zk^ Zmm^g]bg` [hma fhkgbg` Zg] Z_m^kghhg l^llbhgl' !L^^ iZ`^ +* _hk _nkma^k ]^mZbel"'
Bg hk]^k mh [hhd Z lmn]bh liZ\^ lbfier l^e^\m Z hg^ p^^d hk p^^d^g] mnmhk^] \hnkl^ _khf ma^ pb]^ kZg`^ bg mabl [kh\ank^% rhn pbee ma^g [^ Z[e^ mh abk^ Z lmn]bh liZ\^ bg ma^ p^^dl _heehpbg` maZm \hnkl^' Lmn]bh abk^ bl ZoZbeZ[e^ [^mp^^g *+ma Cner ¾ /ma :n`nlm +)*)% Fhg]Zr mh ?kb]Zr% 2',)Zf ¾ -',)if' P^^d^g]% ^o^gbg` hk ]Zber abk^ bl ghm ZoZbeZ[e^' LiZ\^l pbee [^ Zeeh\Zm^] hg Z Ëklm \hf^ Ëklm l^ko^] [Zlbl Zg] Zk^ hger ZoZbeZ[e^ mh lmn]^gml [hhdbg` Z Lnff^k L\ahhe \hnkl^ bg +)*)' *)) i^k p^^d
0
P>>D * ( FHG . CNER MH ?KB 2 CNER
<HNKL>L :K> A>E= *):F ¾ -IF >:<A =:R
Ihkm_hebh Ik^iZkZmbhg MABGDBG@ :;HNM :IIERBG@ MH :KM L<AHHE8
:\kreb\ IZbgmbg`
:\kreb\ iZbgm h__^kl mk^f^g]hnl o^klZmbebmr MZdbg` Z Lnff^k <hnkl^ bg ihkm_hebh ik^iZkZmbhg pbma hnmlmZg]bg` \hehnk kZg`^ Zl p^ee Zl bl Z `k^Zm pZr mh Ëg] hnm b_ mabl bl ma^ iZma _hk a^Zema Zg] ^gobkhgf^gmZe [^g^Ëml' Rhn pbee ^qiehk^ Z oZkb^mr h_ Zkm fZdbg` lmkZm^`b^l% rhn' Pbma Zg ^fiaZlbl hg ]kZpbg`% rhn pbee bg\en]bg` ma^ nl^ h_ k^i^mbmbhg Zg] m^\agb\Ze e^Zkg ahp mh ^qZfbg^ Zg] ]^o^ehi rhnk b]^Zl makhn`a Z oZkb^mr h_ += Zg] ,= ]kZpbg`% fZkd& ikh\^]nk^l kZg`bg` _khf \hgmkhee^] mh \aZg\^ fZgbineZmbhg h_ fZm^kbZel' fZdbg`% iZbgmbg` Zg] fZdbg` ^q^k\bl^l' :g bfihkmZgm iZkm h_ ma^ \hnkl^ bl k^l^Zk\abg` Ma^l^ ^q^k\bl^l Zk^ Z f^Zgl h_ lihgmZg^hnl Zg] ]^o^ehibg` rhnk b]^Zl makhn`a bg]^i^g]^gm bfZ`^ ]^o^ehif^gm Zg] oblnZe l^e_ ]bl\ho^kr ld^m\a[hhd phkd% Zg] lh lmn]^gml Zk^ ^g\hnkZ`^] Mabl \hnkl^ mZd^l Z]oZgmZ`^ h_ ma^ jnb\d ]krbg` jnZebmr h_ mabl pZm^k [Zl^] f^]bnf mh ^qm^g] ma^bk phkd hnm pbma ma^ \eZll ahnkl' mh phkd kZib]er% ^fiaZlblbg` bff^]bZ\r% Bg]bob]nZe lmn]bh mnmhkbZel% `khni ]bl\nllbhg ]bk^\mg^ll Zg] \hehnk l^glbmbobmr' Zg] \kbmbjn^ pbee a^ei ]^o^ehi rhnk Zkm fZdbg` Mnmhk( <hghk D^eer lmkZm^`b^l Zg] ^g\hnkZ`^ eZm^kZe mabgdbg`' ?^^( ,)) =bl\hngm^] ?^^( +1) Mnmhk( m[\ Eh\Zmbhg( FZ\dbgmhla ;nbe]bg` ?^^( +/) !Gh ]bl\hngm^] _^^" Eh\Zmbhg( FZ\dbgmhla ;nbe]bg` =Zr Zg] >o^gbg` <hnkl^l bg Ihkm_hebh Ik^iZkZmbhg Zk^ Zelh ZoZbeZ[e^ _khf :nmnfg mh Likbg` ^Z\a r^Zk' ?hk _nkma^k bg_hkfZmbhg ie^Zl^ \hgmZ\m nl hg )*-* ,., -.2/(-./.'
Ma^ AnfZg ?b`nk^3 :g Bgmkh]n\mbhg Ma^ ikZ\mb\^ h_ Eb_^ =kZpbg` k^fZbgl bgm^`kZe mh Zkm ^]n\Zmbhg Zg] bl Zg ^q\^ee^gm lmZkmbg` ihbgm _hk Zgrhg^ e^Zkgbg` ahp mh ]kZp' Ma^ ]^o^ehif^gm h_ [Zlb\ ]kZpbg` ldbeel pbee [^ ma^ _hng]Zmbhg h_ mabl \hnkl^' Lm^i [r lm^i bglmkn\mbhg hg ma^ gZmnk^ Zg] nl^ h_ fZm^kbZel% ma^ ^e^f^gml h_ mhg^ Zg] \hfihlbmbhg% mh`^ma^k pbma Z l^kb^l h_ ikh`k^llbo^er lhiablmb\Zm^] ^q^k\bl^l pbee [^ ikhob]^]' Phkdbg` ]bk^\mer _khf ma^ eb_^ fh]^e% ma^ Zbf bl mh ikhob]^ lheb] dghpe^]`^% ldbeel Zg] \hgË]^g\^ hg pab\a mh [nbe] hg bg rhnk \ahl^g pZr' Mabl \hnkl^ bl lnbmZ[e^ _hk [^`bgg^kl hk mahl^ pbma ebfbm^] ^qi^kb^g\^' Mnmhk( <Zmar <Zfi[^ee ?^^( ,+) =bl\hngm^] ?^^( ,)) Eh\Zmbhg( FZ\dbgmhla ;nbe]bg`
IhkmkZbm =kZpbg` IZbgmbg`
Ma^ ^fiaZlbl h_ mabl \hnkl^ bl mh ]^o^ehi rhnk ]kZpbg` Zg] iZbgmbg` ldbeel makhn`a Z ikZ\mb\Ze ZiikhZ\a mh ma^ Zkm h_ ihkmkZbmnk^' Phkdbg` ]bk^\mer _khf ma^ fh]^e% ]kZpbg` pbee _hkf ma^ [Zlbl h_ mabl ^qiehkZmbhg' Rhn pbee `h hgmh ^qZfbg^ ma^ k^eZmbhglabi [^mp^^g \hehnk Zg] _hkf% iZbgmbg` Zg] \hfihlbmbhgZe m^\agbjn^l Zg] pbee [^ ^g\hnkZ`^] mh ^qi^kbf^gm pbma Z kZg`^ h_ fZm^kbZel' ;^`bgg^kl Zg] fhk^ ^qi^kb^g\^] Zkmblml Zebd^ Zk^ p^e\hf^ hg mabl \hnkl^' Mnmhk( Chag Jnbgg ?^^( ,+) =bl\hngm^] ?^^( ,)) Eh\Zmbhg( FZ\dbgmhla ;nbe]bg`
1
P>>D * ( FHG . CNER MH ?KB 2 CNER
<HGMBGNBG@ >=N<:MBHG ( LNFF>K L<AHHE +)*)
>qiehkbg` <hehnk Ikh[Z[er ma^ _Z\mhk maZm \Zg fZd^ ma^ fhlm lb`gbË\Zgm ]b__^k^g\^ mh rhnk iZbgmbg` bl rhnk nl^ h_ \hehnk' Fhlm iZbgm^kl Zk^ lmbee e^Zkgbg` Zg] ^qi^kbf^gmbg` pbma \hehnk ehg` bgmh ma^bk ikZ\mb\^' Makhn`a ]^fhglmkZmbhgl Zg] ehml h_ ^q^k\bl^l% mabl \hnkl^ pbee ^qieZbg ma^ [Zlb\ b]^Zl Zg] Zelh bfikho^ rhnk \hgË]^g\^ bg ^qi^kbf^gmbg` hg rhnk hpg' Ma^ ^fiaZlbl pbee [^ hg k^Zeblf iZbgmbg` !\hehnk maZm \Zg lahp _hkf Zg] liZ\^" [nm rhn pbee Zelh ehhd Zm Zg] ikh]n\^ fhk^ Z[lmkZ\m phkd Mnmhk( Khl^fZkr ;^Zmhg ?^^( ,)) =bl\hngm^] ?^^( +1) Eh\Zmbhg( FZ\dbgmhla ;nbe]bg`
=kZpbg` IZbgmbg`3 :g >qiehkZmbhg Mabl bl Z Ì^qb[e^ \hnkl^ maZm pbee h__^k bglmkn\mbhg bg Z pb]^ kZg`^ h_ ]kZpbg` Zg] iZbgmbg` f^]bZ Zg] Zeehpl rhn mh \ahhl^ rhnk fZm^kbZel Zg] phkd _khf Z kZg`^ h_ ln[c^\ml' Ma^ \hnkl^ pbee h__^k hg^ ]Zr h_ Ë`nk^ ]kZpbg` !gn]^ fh]^e"% lmbee eb_^ Zg] ma^ hiihkmngbmr mh phkd pbmabg ma^ \hkkb]hkl h_ ma^ FZ\dbgmhla ;nbe]bg`% ^bma^k lmn]rbg` ma^ l\neimnk^l hk ld^m\abg` ma^ Zk\abm^\mnk^ h_ ma^ _Zfhnl [nbe]bg`' Mabl \hnkl^ bl lnbmZ[e^ _hk [^`bgg^kl Zl Zg bgmkh]n\mbhg mh ]b__^k^gm fZm^kbZel Zl p^ee Zl fhk^ ^qi^kb^g\^] Zkmblml pah pZgm mh ]^o^ehi ma^bk ldbeel hk mkr Z g^p ZiikhZ\a' Mnmhk( m[\ ?^^( ,)) =bl\hngm^] ?^^( +1) Eh\Zmbhg( FZ\dbgmhla ;nbe]bg`
P>>D * ( FHG . CNER MH ?KB 2 CNER
<HNKL>L :K> A>E= *):F ¾ -IF >:<A =:R
Bgmkh]n\mbhg mh Bgm^kbhk =^lb`g
,&= :gbfZmbhg
C^p^ee^kr Phkdlahi
Mabl \hnkl^l bl lnbmZ[e^ _hk [^`bgg^kl Zg] `bo^l Z [khZ] ng]^klmZg]bg` h_ bgm^kbhk ]^lb`g ikbg\bie^l' Ma^k^ pbee [^ Z _h\nl hg ma^ ng]^k& lmZg]bg` h_ ma^ d^r ^e^f^gml h_ ]^o^ehibg` rhnk hpg bg]bob]nZe lmre^ Zg] ma^ ]^lb`g ikh\^ll' Ho^k ma^ \hnkl^ h_ ma^ p^^d rhn pbee [^ k^jnbk^] mh phkd hg Z i^klhgZe ikhc^\m% bg pab\a rhn pbee ]^lb`g Z liZ\^ h_ rhnk \ahb\^ b'^ Z khhf bg rhnk ahnl^'
B_ rhn Zk^ bgm^k^lm^] bg e^Zkgbg` ahp mh \k^Zm^ ZgbfZmbhg nlbg` ma^ eZm^lm ,&= \hfinm^k lh_mpZk^% mabl \hnkl^ bl _hk rhn' Pa^ma^k rhn Zk^ mhmZeer g^p mh ,&= hk aZo^ Z ebmme^ l^e_&mZn`am dghpe^]`^% e^Zkgbg` FZrZ pbma nl pbee ^gZ[e^ rhn mh \k^Zm^ rhnk o^kr hpg lahkm ib^\^ h_ ZgbfZmbhg% [kbg`bg` h[c^\ml Zg] lbfie^ \aZkZ\m^kl mh eb_^'
IkZ\mb\Ze ldbeel _hkf ma^ [Zlbl h_ mabl bgmkh]n\mhkr \hnkl^ mh f^mZe c^p^ee^kr _Z[kb\Zmbhg' Rhn pbee e^Zkg ahp mh lhe]^k% ahp mh _hkf Zg] Ëgbla Zg] Z[hnm lnk_Z\^ ]^\hkZmbo^ m^\agbjn^l bg\en]bg` khee&ikbgmbg` Zg] iheblabg`' Rhn pbee phkd mhpZk]l \hfie^mbg` Z lbfie^ ib^\^ h_ c^p^ee^kr pabe^ [nbe]bg` ni Z ld^m\a[hhd h_ ikZ\mb\Ze ghm^l% phkdbg` ]kZpbg`l Zg] f^mZe lZfie^l' Rhnk mnmhk pbee ikhob]^ hg^&mh&hg^ `nb]Zg\^ Zg] `khni ]^fhglmkZmbhgl' Rhn pbee [^ k^jnbk^] mh h[mZbg Z [Zlb\ mhhe dbm _hk ma^ \hnkl^ !Ziikhq -)"% Z eblm h_ mhhel Zg] lniieb^kl pbee [^ l^gm mh rhn Zehg` pbma rhnk \hnkl^ \hgËkfZmbhg e^mm^k'
2
Rhn pbee [^ bgmkh]n\^] mh ma^ m^\agbjn^l nl^] bg Zg Zk\abm^\mnkZe bgm^kbhk ]^lb`g ikZ\mb\^% Zg] rhn pbee e^Zkg ahp mh li^\b_r _nkgbmnk^% inm \hlml mh`^ma^k Zg] \k^Zm^ Z ikh`kZff^ h_ phkdl _hk rhnk ikhc^\m' Ma^k^ pbee [^ Zg ^fiaZlbl hg \hffngb\Zmbg` Zg] ]^o^ehibg` b]^Zl% [hma oblnZeer Zg] o^k[Zeer' !Ie^Zl^ ghm^ mabl bl ghm Z lh_m _nkgblabg` \hnkl^" Mnmhk( F^e[Z ;^^maZf ?^^( ,+) =bl\hngm^] ?^^( ,)) Eh\Zmbhg( FZ\dbgmhla ;nbe]bg`
Mabl bl Zg bglmkn\mhk e^]% phkdlahi&[Zl^] \hnkl^% pab\a pbee ghm hger bgmkh]n\^ rhn mh ikZ\mb\Ze ldbeel Zg] m^\agbjn^l% [nm Zelh ma^ ebfbme^ll ihllb[bebmb^l h_ ,&= ZgbfZmbhg' Ma^k^ Zk^ Z ebfbm^] gnf[^k h_ ieZ\^l hg mabl \hnkl^% lh p^ k^\hff^g] [hhdbg` ^Zker Mnmhk( @beebZg Fh__Zm ?^^( ,+) =bl\hngm^] ?^^( ,)) Eh\Zmbhg( =b`bmZe =^lb`g Lmn]bh% @eZl`hp IZ\bË\ JnZr
IkbgmfZdbg`3 L\k^^gikbgmbg`
Rhn pbee e^Zkg ahp mh phkd bg ma^ ]Zkdkhhf Zg] ahp mh ikh\^ll% fZd^ \hgmZ\m la^^ml Zg] ikbgm rhnk Ëef'
Mabl \hnkl^ pbee m^Z\a rhn Z kZg`^ h_ ldbeel k^jnbk^] _hk ma^ ikh\^ll h_ l\k^^gikbgmbg`% _khf ma^ fhlm [Zlb\ fZkd fZdbg` mh fnemb& \hehnk iahmh lm^g\be bfZ`^l' ;Zl^] bg ma^ p^ee ^jnbii^] phkdlahi h_ ma^ IkbgmfZdbg` =^iZkmf^gm rhn pbee ^qiehk^ aZg]&]kZpg% iahmh`kZiab\ Zg] ^e^\mkhgb\ bfZ`^kr phkdbg` bg [hma fhgh\akhf^ Zg] \hehnk' Bglmkn\mbhg \ho^kl lm^g\be fZdbg`% \hehnk k^`blmkZmbhg% ikbgm Ëgblabg`% ^]bmbg` Zg] Z]oZg\^] ikbgmfZdbg` m^\agbjn^l' ;r ma^ ^g] h_ ma^ p^^d rhn pbee aZo^ ikh]n\^] Z ngbjn^ ihkm_hebh h_ ikbgml hg iZi^k' Ma^k^ Zk^ Z ebfbm^] gnf[^k h_ 1 ieZ\^l ZoZbeZ[e^ hg mabl \hnkl^' ;^`bgg^kl Zg] mahl^ pbma ik^obhnl ^qi^kb^g\^ Zk^ p^e\hf^'
Mnmhk( I^m^k F\@nbg^ll ?^^( ,+) =bl\hngm^] ?^^( ,)) Eh\Zmbhg( Iahmh`kZiar =^im' Kb\afhg] ;nbe]bg` hg eh\Zmbhg
Mnmhk( Ebg]l^r F\:ne^r ?^^( ,,) =bl\hngm^] ?^^( ,*) Eh\Zmbhg( IkbgmfZdbg` =^im' C = D^eer ;nbe]bg` !FZm^kbZel bg\en]^]"
;eZ\d Pabm^ Iahmh`kZiar3 :g Bgmkh]n\mbhg mh EZg]l\Zi^l Rhn pbee [^ bgmkh]n\^] mh [eZ\d Zg] pabm^ iahmh`kZiar _h\nllbg` hg ma^ eZg]l\Zi^' ;^`bggbg` pbma Z Ë^e] mkbi hnmlb]^ ma^ \bmr hg ma^ Ëklm ]Zr% rhn pbee e^Zkg Z[hnm ,.ff \Zf^kZ aZg]ebg`% iahmh`kZiab\ \hfihlbmbhg Zg] ^qihlnk^ h_ Ëef' Ma^k^ pbee Zelh [^ ma^ hiihkmngbmr mh ^qiehk^ ma^ nk[Zg ^gobkhgf^gm bg ma^ ob\bgbmr h_ ma^ L\ahhe'
Mnmhk( Lnbeo^g IeZsZeldZ ?^^( ,-) =bl\hngm^] ?^^( ,+) Eh\Zmbhg( C^p^ee^kr =^im' G^p[^kr Mhp^k
M^qmbe^l3 AZg] FZ\abg^ >f[khb]^kr Mabl \hnkl^ ikhob]^l Zg bgmkh]n\mbhg mh mkZ]bmbhgZe ^f[khb]^kr ldbeel [hma [r aZg] Zg] nlbg` ]hf^lmb\ l^pbg` fZ\abg^l' Lmn]^gml pbee [^ ^g\hnkZ`^] mh Ziier ma^l^ m^\agbjn^l bg Z \k^Zmbo^ fZgg^k mh \k^Zm^ ]^\hkZmbo^ Zg] fh]^kg lnk_Z\^ iZmm^kgl' : l^e^\mbhg h_ ^f[khb]^kr m^\agbjn^l Zg] _Z[kb\ fZgbineZmbhgl pbee [^ \ho^k^] ln\a Zl lfh\dbg`% Ziiebjn % jnbembg` Zg] [^Z] phkd Zfhg` hma^k f^mah]l h_ ^f[^eeblaf^gm' Rhnk \hee^\mbhg h_ _Z[kb\l lZfie^l \hne] [^ nl^] _hk _Zlabhg Z\\^llhkb^l hk _hk Zg bgm^kbhkl ikhc^\m _hk ^`' \nlabhgl% mZ[e^ kngg^kl Zg] ieZ\^ fZml ^m\' LnbmZ[e^ _hk [^`bgg^kl Zg] mahl^ pbma ik^obhnl ^qi^kb^g\^' Mnmhk( ?bhgZ @e^g ?^^( ,+) =bl\hngm^] ?^^( ,)) Eh\Zmbhg( M^qmbe^ =^im' G^p[^kr Mhp^k
*)
P>>D * ( FHG . CNER MH ?KB 2 CNER
<HGMBGNBG@ >=N<:MBHG ( LNFF>K L<AHHE +)*)
LmZbg^] @eZll IZg^el
L\neimnk^3 ?e^qb[e^ Fhne]l
Mabl \hnkl^ pbee bgmkh]n\^ rhn mh l^o^kZe m^\agbjn^l _hk \k^Zmbg` e^Z]^] Zg] lmZbg^] `eZll iZg^el' Rhn pbee e^Zkg Z[hnm fZdbg` iZmm^kgl% \nmmbg` `eZll% e^Z]bg` Zg] Ëgblabg`' Lmn]^gml pbee [^ ^g\hnkZ`^] mh d^^i Z ld^m\a[hhd h_ ]kZpbg`l% b]^Zl Zg] m^\agb\Ze ghm^l mh lniihkm ma^ ]^o^ehif^gm h_ ma^bk iZg^e ]^lb`g' Rhn pbee [^ `bo^g m^\agb\Ze ]^fhglmkZmbhgl Zg] k^\^bo^ hg^&mh&hg^ mnbmbhg' ;r ma^ ^g] h_ ma^ p^^d rhn pbee aZo^ ]^lb`g^] Zg] \hglmkn\m^] Z ]^\hkZmbo^ lmZbg^] `eZll iZg^e' LnbmZ[e^ _hk [^`bgg^kl Zg] mahl^ pbma ik^obhnl ^qi^kb^g\^'
Mabl \hnkl^ ehhdl Zm lhf^ h_ ma^ ]b__^k^gm mri^l h_ kn[[^k ZoZbeZ[e^ _hk fZdbg` Ì^qb[e^ fhne]l% _khf ma^ o^kr _Zlm Ze`bgZm^% mh eZm^q ldbg fhne]l Zg] ma^ ^qmk^f^er o^klZmbe^ lbeb\hg^ kn[[^k fhne]l' Rhn pbee ehhd Zm ma^ ikhl Zg] \hgl h_ ^Z\a fZm^kbZe% ma^bk ikhi^kmb^l% Ziieb\Zmbhg Zg] ma^ oZkbhnl \hglb]^kZmbhgl k^jnbk^] pa^g ]^lb`gbg` Z fhne]' =n^ mh ma^ \hlm h_ fZm^kbZel lbs^ Zg] l\Ze^ Zk^ ebfbm^] mh ZiikhqbfZm^er *.\f'
Mnmhk( >beb]a D^bma ?^^( ,,) =bl\hngm^] ?^^( ,*) Eh\Zmbhg( @eZll =^im' AZe]Zg^ ;nbe]bg` !FZm^kbZel bg\en]^]"
Ma^k^ fZr [^ Z]]bmbhgZe fZm^kbZe \hlml b_ phkd ^q\^^]l mabl' Mabl \hnkl^ bl lnbmZ[e^ _hk Z kZg`^ h_ lmn]^gml _khf [^`bgg^kl mh mahl^ pblabg` mh bfikho^ ma^bk ldbeel' Mnmhk( A^e^g DZefbcg ?^^( ,+) =bl\hngm^] ?^^( ,)) Eh\Zmbhg( <Zlmbg` Phkdlahi% AZe]Zg^ ;nbe]bg` !FZm^kbZel bg\en]^]"
**
P>>D + ( FHG *+ CNER MH ?KB */ CNER
<HNKL>L :K> A>E= *):F ¾ -IF >:<A =:R
Ihkm_hebh Ik^iZkZmbhg MABGDBG@ :;HNM :IIERBG@ MH :KM L<AHHE8
=kZpbg` IZbgmbg`
Bg]bob]nZe lmn]bh mnmhkbZel% `khni ]bl\nllbhg Zg] \kbmbjn^ pbee a^ei ]^o^ehi rhnk Zkm fZdbg` lmkZm^`b^l Zg] ^g\hnkZ`^ eZm^kZe mabgdbg`'
Mnmhk( Cbf KZflZr ?^^( ,)) =bl\hngm^] ?^^( +1) Eh\Zmbhg( FZ\dbgmhla ;nbe]bg`
Mnmhk( m[\ ?^^( +/) !Gh ]bl\hngm^] _^^" Eh\Zmbhg( FZ\dbgmhla ;nbe]bg`
IhkmkZbm IZbgmbg` bg Hbel
LnbmZ[e^ [hma _hk [^`bgg^kl Zg] Zgrhg^ pah MZdbg` Z Lnff^k <hnkl^ bg ihkm_hebh ik^iZkZmbhg phne] ebd^ mh ]^o^ehi ma^bk ldbeel% mabl \hnkl^ bl Z `k^Zm pZr mh Ëg] hnm b_ mabl bl ma^ iZma _hk pbee a^ei rhn ^qiehk^ oZkbhnl f^mah]l h_ ma^ =kZpbg` Zg] IZbgmbg` ikh\^ll' rhn' Pbma Zg ^fiaZlbl hg ]kZpbg`% rhn pbee >qi^kbf^gmbg` pbma m^\agbjn^l% ma^ \hnkl^ e^Zkg ahp mh ^qZfbg^ Zg] ]^o^ehi rhnk b]^Zl makhn`a Z oZkb^mr h_ += Zg] ,= ]kZpbg`% fZkd& pbee e^Z] rhn makhn`a ma^ nl^ h_ ]b__^k^gm fZm^kbZel Zg] ma^ ^__^\ml h_ eb`am Zg] \hehnk' fZdbg`% iZbgmbg` Zg] fZdbg` ^q^k\bl^l' :g bfihkmZgm iZkm h_ ma^ \hnkl^ bl k^l^Zk\abg` Lmn]^gml pbee [^ ^g\hnkZ`^] mh phkd mhpZk]l Zg] ]^o^ehibg` rhnk b]^Zl makhn`a bg]^i^g]^gm ]^o^ehibg` Zg bg]bob]nZe ZiikhZ\a pabe^ [nbe]bg` ld^m\a[hhd phkd% Zg] lh lmn]^gml Zk^ ^g\hnkZ`^] ma^bk dghpe^]`^ bg Z kZg`^ h_ ]kZpbg` Zg] mh ^qm^g] ma^bk phkd hnm pbma ma^ \eZll ahnkl' iZbgmbg` ldbeel'
IZbgmbg` ma^ ?b`nk^ bg <hehnk Ma^ ^fiaZlbl _hk mabl \hnkl^ bl mh ]^o^ehi Z i^klhgZe% [he] Zg] bfZ`bgZmbo^ \hehnk l^gl^' Ma^ \hnkl^ pbee lmZkm pbma Zg bg_hkfZe ]bl\nllbhg hg \hehnk bg iZbgmbg` Zg] rhn pbee [^ ^g\hnkZ`^] mh d^^i Z ld^m\a [hhd _hk ghm^l' Rhn pbee [^ phkdbg` pbma ma^ eb_^ fh]^e makhn`ahnm ma^ Ëo^ ]Zrl mh \k^Zm^ Zg ^qik^llbo^% \hehnk_ne% Ë`nkZmbo^ eZg`nZ`^ bg oZkbhnl f^]bnfl3 \heeZ`^% bgdl% iZlm^e Zg] hbe( Z\kreb\ hg [hZk](\ZgoZl' Ma^ nl^ h_ ahm Zg] \he] \hehnk pbee [^ ^qiehk^]4 ld^m\a[hhdl pbee [^ Ëee^] pbma fZgr ^q\bmbg` \hehnk \hf[bgZmbhgl Zg] ma^ eb[kZkr pbee [^ ^g\hnkZ`^] _hk lmn]r Zg] \eZll ik^iZkZmbhg' Mabl \hnkl^ bl Zbf^] Zm lmn]^gml pah aZo^ Zmm^g]^] eb_^ ]kZpbg` \eZll^l ik^obhnler Zg] ikZ\mb\bg` Zkmblml' Mnmhk( Khl^fZkr ;^Zmhg ?^^( ,+) =bl\hngm^] ?^^( ,)) Eh\Zmbhg( FZ\dbgmhla ;nbe]bg`
Makhn`a Zg ^qiehkZmbhg h_ ma^ anfZg ihkmkZbm% mabl \hnkl^ bl ]^lb`g^] mh ^g\hnkZ`^ lmn]^gml mh jn^lmbhg ma^bk ng]^klmZg]bg` h_ paZm ma^r mabgd ma^r l^^ pa^g ob^pbg` ma^ ln[c^\m' Phkdbg` ]bk^\mer _khf ma^ eb_^ fh]^e lmn]^gml pbee ng]^kmZd^ Z l^kb^l h_ ]kZpbg` ^q^k\bl^l [^_hk^ `hbg` hg mh iZbgm bg \hehnk% mahkhn`aer ^qiehkbg` ma^ ikhi^kmb^l h_ hbe iZbgm Zg] bml Ziieb\Zmbhg' ;^`bgg^kl Zg] fhk^ ^qi^kb^g\^] Zkmblml p^e\hf^' Mnmhk( Chag Jnbgg ?^^( ,+) =bl\hngm^] ?^^( ,)) Eh\Zmbhg( FZ\dbgmhla ;nbe]bg`
*+
P>>D + ( FHG *+ CNER MH ?KB */ CNER
<HGMBGNBG@ >=N<:MBHG ( LNFF>K L<AHHE +)*)
*,
P>>D + ( FHG *+ CNER MH ?KB */ CNER
<HNKL>L :K> A>E= *):F ¾ -IF >:<A =:R
PZm^k\hehnk IZbgmbg`
Bgm^kbhk =^lb`g3 Li^\bZeblf
IkbgmfZdbg`3 >m\abg`
L\neimnk^3 ?b`nkZmbo^
Mabl \hnkl^ h__^kl Z ikZ\mb\Ze ZiikhZ\a mh ma^ m^\agbjn^l h_ pZm^k\hehnk iZbgmbg`'
Ngebd^ ma^ bgmkh]n\mhkr \hnkl^ bg P^^d Hg^% mabl \hnkl^ bl Zbf^] Zm lmn]^gml pbma ^qi^kb^g\^ h_ bgm^kbhk ]^lb`g hk Z k^eZm^] ikZ\mb\^' Ho^k ma^ \hnkl^ h_ ma^ p^^d rhn pbee phkd hg Z [kb^_ pab\a pbee bg\en]^ ma^ ]^o^ehif^gm h_ \hg\^iml makhn`a k^l^Zk\a% fhh] [hZk]l% Ìhhk ieZgl% eZrhnml% i^kli^\mbo^ ]kZpbg` Zg] ik^l^gmZmbhg h_ b]^Zl'
Ma^ m^kf Â^m\abg`à k^_^kl mh Zg bfZ`^ pab\a aZl [^^g ]kZpg hgmh Z f^mZe ieZm^ Zg] ma^ fZkdl Zk^ ma^g Â[bmm^gà bgmh ma^ lnk_Z\^ [r bff^klbhg bg Zg Z\b] [Zma' Ma^ ^m\a^] ieZm^ bl ma^g bgd^] Zg] ma^ bfZ`^ mkZgl_^kk^] mh iZi^k makhn`a Zg ^m\abg` ik^ll' =nkbg` mabl \hnkl^ rhn pbee e^Zkg Z kZg`^ h_ ldbeel maZm \Zg [^ Ziieb^] mh ma^ ikh\^ll h_ ^m\abg`' Mnbmbhg pbee \ho^k [Zlb\ aZk](lh_m `khng] ^m\abg` Zg] ]krihbgm% makhn`a mh fhk^ Z]oZg\^] m^\agbjn^l ln\a Zl ZjnZmbgm% iahmh&^m\a% Zg] fnemb&ieZm^ \hehnk ikbgmbg`' Ma^ Zbf h_ mabl \hnkl^ bl mh ^jnbi ma^ lmn]^gm pbma ma^ ldbeel mh ikh]n\^ Z ihkm_hebh h_ ab`a jnZebmr ikbgml' Mabl \hnkl^ bl lnbmZ[e^ _hk [^`bgg^kl Zl p^ee Zl mahl^ pbma ik^obhnl ^qi^kb^g\^'
L\neimbg` bg \eZr ]bk^\mer _khf ma^ gn]^ eb_^ fh]^e% mabl aZg]l&hg \hnkl^ bl ]^lb`g^] mh [khZ]^g rhnk h[l^koZmbhg ldbeel Zg] m^Z\a rhn aZg]&[nbe]bg` m^\agbjn^l' <hglb]^kbg` ma^ jnZebmb^l h_ _hkf Zg] ^qiehkbg` pZrl mh \hgo^r [h]r fZll Zg] ikhihkmbhgl% rhn pbee ]^o^ehi Zg ng]^klmZg]bg` h_ ahp mh Z\\nkZm^er k^g]^k ma^ anfZg _hkf mak^^&]bf^glbhgZeer' Rhn pbee k^\^bo^ bglmkn\mbhg [hma Zl Z `khni Zg] bg]bob]nZeer% phkdbg` mhpZk]l \hfie^mbg` Z ib^\^ h_ l\neimnk^ maZm pbee [^ Ëk^] Zg] k^Z]r _hk \hee^\mbhg Zm ma^ ^g] h_ ma^ Lnff^k ikh`kZff^'
: lmkhg` ^fiaZlbl bl ieZ\^] hg e^Zkgbg` ahp mh l^^ Zg] ng]^klmZg] \hehnk% eb`am% mhg^ Zg] \hfihlbmbhg' Ma^ \hnkl^ k^oheo^l Zkhng] ma^ lmn]r h_ mak^^&]bf^glbhgZe h[c^\ml bg ma^ lmn]bh Zg] hnm&h_&]hhkl% p^Zma^k i^kfbmmbg`' Ma^ Zbf h_ ma^ \hnkl^ bl mh ^jnbi rhn pbma Zg ^gaZg\^] oblnZe ZpZk^g^ll \hnie^] pbma ma^ \hgË]^g\^ Zg] ldbee mh ^qik^ll bm bg pZm^k\hehnk iZbgm' :ee Z[bebmb^l p^e\hf^' Mnmhk( m[\ ?^^( ,)) =bl\hngm^] ?^^( +1) Eh\Zmbhg( FZ\dbgmhla ;nbe]bg`
BeenlmkZmbhg Mabl \hnkl^ bl Zg bgmkh]n\mbhg mh oZkbhnl m^\agbjn^l Zg] ldbeel nl^] [r beenlmkZmhkl Zg] Zbfl mh ikhob]^ lmn]^gml pbma Zg bglb`am mh ma^ [khZ] l\hi^ h_ ihllb[bebmb^l pbmabg beenlmkZmbhg' Makhn`a Z l^kb^l h_ ^q^k\bl^l p^ pbee ^qi^kbf^gm pbma ]b__^k^gm f^]bZ ln\a Zl i^g Zg] bgd% ebg^ Zg] \heeZ`^ Zg] Zelh ehhd Zm ma^ phkd h_ hma^k Zkmblml Zg] beenlmkZmhkl' Makhn`ahnm ma^ p^^d rhn pbee [^ phkdbg` pbma Z m^qm !\hfihlbg` m^qm Zg] Zkm phkd"% ik^iZkbg` Âkhn`alÃ% Z lbfie^ fh\d ni [hhd Zg] e^Zkgbg` Z[hnm ma^ ikh\^ll^l h_ \k^Zmbg` beenlmkZmbhgl _hk ^]bmhkbZe Zkmb\e^l Zg] \abe]k^gÃl ebm^kZmnk^' Mnmhk( <Zmar <Zfi[^ee ?^^( ,)) =bl\hngm^] ?^^( +1) Eh\Zmbhg( FZ\dbgmhla ;nbe]bg`
!Ie^Zl^ ghm^ mabl bl ghm Z lh_m _nkgblabg`l \hnkl^" Mnmhk( F^e[Z ;^^maZf ?^^( ,,) =bl\hngm^] ?^^( ,*) Eh\Zmbhg( FZ\dbgmhla ;nbe]bg`
;eZ\d Pabm^ Iahmh`kZiar3 IhkmkZbml Mabl \hnkl^ bl Zbf^] Zm lmn]^gml pbma [Zlb\ ^qi^kb^g\^ h_ iahmh`kZiar Zg] Zbfl mh `bo^ lmn]^gml Zg bglb`am mh ihkmkZbm iahmh`kZiar [hma bg gZmnkZe eb`am Zg] bg ma^ lmn]bh' Rhn pbee ^qiehk^ eb`ambg` Zg] \hfihlbmbhgZe m^\agbjn^l Zg] e^Zkg ahp mh nl^ rhnk \Zf^kZ mh bml _nee ihm^gmbZe' Rhn pbee Zelh li^g] mbf^ bg ma^ ]Zkdkhhf Zg] ^qiehk^ f^mah]l% m^\agbjn^l Zg] fZgbineZmbhgl h_ ikh\^llbg` Zg] ]^o^ehibg`' Lmn]^gml Zk^ k^jnbk^] mh [kbg` ma^bk hpg ,.ff LEK \Zf^kZ _hk mabl \hnkl^' Mnmhk( ;^mmr F^r^k ?^^( ,+) =bl\hngm^] ?^^( ,)) Eh\Zmbhg( Iahmh`kZiar =^im' Kb\afhg] ;nbe]bg`
Ma^k^ Zk^ Z ebfbm^] gnf[^k h_ 1 ieZ\^l ZoZbeZ[e^ _hk mabl \hnkl^' Mnmhk( BZg FZ\?Z]r^g ?^^( ,,) =bl\hngm^] ?^^( ,*) Eh\Zmbhg( IkbgmfZdbg` =^im' C = D^eer ;nbe]bg` !FZm^kbZel bg\en]^]"
M^qmbe^l3 FZ\abg^ Dgbmmbg` ?khf eZ\^ ahe^l Zg] eZ]]^kl mh _Zbkble^ Zg] _^embg`% rhn pbee e^Zkg Z oZkb^mr h_ fZ\abg^ dgbmm^] lmbm\a^l lnbm^] mh \k^Zmbg` Zee p^b`aml h_ _Zlabhg _Z[kb\l' Rhn pbee [^ ^g\hnkZ`^] mh [kbg` Zehg` \hee^\m^] oblnZe k^_^k^g\^ fZm^kbZel !iahmh`kZial(\hehnk \ebiibg`l( bm^fl hk ]^lb`gl maZm bglibk^ rhn" Zg] ]^o^ehi rhnk _Z[kb\ ]^lb`gl makhn`a ld^m\a^l Zg] ]kZpbg`' Mabl \hnkl^ pbee ikhob]^ rhn pbma ma^ m^\agb\Ze dghpe^]`^ bg [Zlb\ fZ\abg^ dgbmmbg` lh maZm [r ma^ ^g] h_ ma^ p^^d rhn pbee aZo^ ]^lb`g^] Zg] fZ]^ Z oZkb^mr h_ _Z[kb\ lZfie^l hk \hfie^m^] Z _Zlabhg Z\\^llhkr' Ik^obhnl dgbmmbg` ^qi^kb^g\^ bl ghm k^jnbk^]' Ma^k^ Zk^ Z ebfbm^] gnf[^k h_ 1 ieZ\^l ZoZbeZ[e^ _hk mabl \hnkl^' Mnmhk( <akblmb^ :e^qZg]^k ?^^( ,+) =bl\hngm^] ?^^( ,)) Eh\Zmbhg( M^qmbe^l =^im' G^p[^kr Mhp^k
Mabl \eZll bl lnbmZ[e^ _hk [^`bgg^kl Zl p^ee Zl fhk^ ^qi^kb^g\^] l\neimhkl pah phne] ebd^ mh mkr g^p ZiikhZ\a^l hk ^qi^kbf^gm pbma m^\agbjn^% l\Ze^ Zg] \hgm^qm' Mnmhk( <Zma Pabii^r ?^^( ,+) =bl\hngm^] ?^^( ,)) Eh\Zmbhg( L\neimnk^ =^im' AZe]Zg^ ;nbe]bg` !FZm^kbZel bg\en]^]"
L\neimnk^3 I^pm^k <Zlmbg` Phkdlahi Ma^ Zbf h_ mabl \hnkl^ bl mh mZd^ lmn]^gml makhn`a ma^ ikh\^ll bgoheo^] bg \Zlmbg` Z ib^\^ h_ phkd bgmh i^pm^k' Mabl bgoheo^l fh]^eebg` ni Z lfZee l\neimnkZe h[c^\m% ]^lb`gbg` Z fhne] _hk Z ehp f^em Zeehr% \Zlmbg` ma^ f^mZe bgmh ma^ fhne] Zg] ËgZeer Ëgblabg` ma^ ib^\^ h_ phkd' =n^ mh ma^ \hlm h_ fZm^kbZel% lbs^ Zg] l\Ze^ Zk^ ebfbm^] mh *) \f' Ma^k^ fZr [^ Z]]bmbhgZe fZm^kbZe \hlml b_ phkd ^q\^^]l mabl' Mabl \hnkl^ bl lnbmZ[e^ _hk Z kZg`^ h_ lmn]^gml _khf [^`bgg^kl mh mahl^ pblabg` mh bfikho^ ma^bk ldbeel' Mnmhk( A^e^g DZefbcg ?^^( ,+) =bl\hngm^] ?^^( ,)) Eh\Zmbhg( L\neimnk^ <Zlmbg` Phkdlahi% AZe]Zg^ ;nbe]bg` !FZm^kbZel bg\en]^]"
*-
P>>D , ( FHG *2 CNER MH ?KB +, CNER
<HGMBGNBG@ >=N<:MBHG ( LNFF>K L<AHHE +)*)
Ihkm_hebh Ik^iZkZmbhg MABGDBG@ :;HNM :IIERBG@ MH :KM L<AHHE8
<Zlm =kZpbg`
*.
Ma^ @L:Ãl \Zlm \hee^\mbhg bl Zfhg` ma^ Ëg^lm MZdbg` Z Lnff^k <hnkl^ bg ihkm_hebh ik^iZkZmbhg bg ma^ ND' K^\^gmer k^lmhk^]% bm bg\en]^l lhf^ bl Z `k^Zm pZr mh Ëg] hnm b_ mabl bl ma^ iZma _hk h_ Zkm ablmhkb^l ik^^fbg^gm l\neimnk^l' Ma^ \Zlm ik^l^gml Z lmZmbhgZkr ln[c^\m pa^k^ rhn' Pbma Zg ^fiaZlbl hg ]kZpbg`% rhn pbee ma^ \hfie^qbmb^l h_ anfZg _hkf Zk^ k^lheo^] e^Zkg ahp mh ^qZfbg^ Zg] ]^o^ehi rhnk b]^Zl makhn`a Z oZkb^mr h_ += Zg] ,= ]kZpbg`% fZkd& [r ma^ l\neimhk Zg] Zk^ _k^jn^gmer hk`Zgbs^] pbma `k^Zm^k \eZkbmr maZg h__^k^] bg ]kZpbg` fZdbg`% iZbgmbg` Zg] fZdbg` ^q^k\bl^l' :g bfihkmZgm iZkm h_ ma^ \hnkl^ bl k^l^Zk\abg` _khf eb_^' : g^nmkZe lnk_Z\^ Zeehpl Z _nee ]blieZr Zg] ]^o^ehibg` rhnk b]^Zl makhn`a bg]^i^g]^gm h_ eb`am% aZe_mhg^ Zg] laZ]hp Zeehpbg` ma^ ld^m\a[hhd phkd% Zg] lh lmn]^gml Zk^ ^g\hnkZ`^] ikh\^ll h_ mhgZe k^g]^kbg` \hg]n\bo^ mh mabl mh ^qm^g] ma^bk phkd hnm pbma ma^ \eZll ahnkl' l^mmbg`' :l lmn]^gml pbee [^ phkdbg` Zm ma^bk hpg iZ\^% mabl \hnkl^ bl lnbmZ[e^ _hk [hma Bg]bob]nZe lmn]bh mnmhkbZel% `khni ]bl\nllbhg [^`bgg^kl Zg] mahl^ pbma fhk^ ^qi^kb^g\^ bg Zg] \kbmbjn^ pbee a^ei ]^o^ehi rhnk Zkm fZdbg` ]kZpbg` Zg] iZbgmbg` ma^ Ë`nk^' lmkZm^`b^l Zg] ^g\hnkZ`^ eZm^kZe mabgdbg`' Mnmhk( ChZgb^ CZ\d ?^^( +/) !Gh ]bl\hngm^] _^^" Eh\Zmbhg( FZ\dbgmhla ;nbe]bg`
Eb_^ =kZpbg` IZbgmbg` Phkdlahi Mabl \hnkl^ bl Zbf^] Zm lmn]^gml pah aZo^ Zmm^g]^] eb_^ \eZll^l hg Z k^`neZk [Zlbl Zg] bgm^g]l mh \aZee^g`^ rhnk ]kZpbg` ldbeel Zg] iZbgmbg` ZiikhZ\a^l mh ]^o^ehi rhnk ^qblmbg` ldbeel' Rhn pbee [^ ^g\hnkZ`^] mh ^qik^ll rhnk k^lihgl^ mh ma^ Ë`nk^ bg Zg bfZ`bgZmbo^ Zg] i^klhgZe pZr pabe^ bfikhobg` rhnk m^\agbjn^' =nkbg` ma^ p^^d rhn pbee phkd hg Z gnf[^k h_ ^q^k\bl^l Zg] ikh]n\^ Z l^kb^l h_ phkdl maZm ]^fhglmkZm^ lnlmZbg^] bgo^lmb`Zmbhg' Mnmhk( =hgZe] Lnma^keZg] ?^^( ,+) =bl\hngm^] ?^^( ,)) Eh\Zmbhg( FZ\dbgmhla ;nbe]bg`
Mnmhk( <rgmabZ ;hpe^l ?^^( ,)) =bl\hngm^] ?^^( +1) Eh\Zmbhg( FZ\dbgmhla ;nbe]bg`
P>>D , ( FHG *2 CNER MH ?KB +, CNER
<HNKL>L :K> A>E= *):F ¾ -IF >:<A =:R
EZg]l\Zi^ =kZpbg` IZbgmbg` bg ma^ P^lm h_ L\hmeZg]
Hbe IZbgmbg`
:g hiihkmngbmr mh bff^kl^ rhnkl^e_ bg ma^ ib\mnk^ljn^ P^lm h_ L\hmeZg] eZg]l\Zi^' Ma^ \hnkl^ pbee [^ liebm [^mp^^g lmn]bh mbf^ Zg] Ë^e] mkbil _hk hg eh\Zmbhg ld^m\abg` Zg] iZbgmbg`' Rhn pbee [^ ^g\hnkZ`^] mh mZd^ Z iZbgm^ker ZiikhZ\a mh \hehnk Zg] mhg^% m^qmnk^ Zg] fZkd fZdbg` Zg] ^qiehk^ ma^ ihllb[bebmb^l h_ rhnk \ahl^g f^]bnf pabe^ phkdbg` ]bk^\mer _khf ma^ ^gobkhgf^gm' =nkbg` ma^ p^^d rhn pbee Zelh nl^ rhnk ik^iZkZmhkr ld^m\a^l _khf ma^ eZg]l\Zi^ mh ]^o^ehi rhnk b]^Zl _nkma^k [Z\d bg ma^ lmn]bh' Ma^k^ pbee [^ Zg ^e^f^gm h_ ]^fhglmkZmbhg bg ma^ m^Z\abg`' Ma^ \hnkl^ bl hi^g mh [^`bgg^kl Zg] ^qi^kb^g\^] Zkmblml' Mnmhk( Cbf KZflZr ?^^( ,,) =bl\hngm^] ?^^( ,*) Eh\Zmbhg( FZ\dbgmhla ;nbe]bg` Zg] hg eh\Zmbhg !_^^ bg\en]^l mkZglihkm mh eh\Zmbhgl"
?b`nk^ bg <hfihlbmbhg Mabl ab`aer lmkn\mnk^] \hnkl^ bl lnbmZ[e^ _hk mahl^ lmn]^gml pbma lhf^ ^qi^kb^g\^ h_ phkdbg` _khf ma^ Ë`nk^' Rhn pbee ^qiehk^ bgmnbmbo^ Zg] bgm^ee^\mnZe ZiikhZ\a^l mh phkdbg` Zg] mabgdbg` Z[hnm ma^ Ë`nk^' Rhn pbee ]^o^ehi Zg ng]^klmZg]bg` h_ ikh& ihkmbhgl Zg] _hkf Zg] ma^ ^qik^llbo^ jnZebmb^l h_ ebg^% mhg^ Zg] \hgmkZlm makhn`a Z l^kb^l h_ ]kZpbg`l' Ma^l^ ]kZpbg`l pbee _hkf Z [Zlbl mh ^qiehk^ Z oZkb^mr h_ f^]bZ% \hfihlbmbhgZe ihllb[bebmb^l Zg] b]^Zl mh ]^o^ehi rhnk hpg bg]bob]nZe lmre^ h_ k^ik^l^gmbg` ma^ anfZg Ë`nk^ _hk rhnk ËgZe iZbgmbg`l' Mnmhk( FZk`Zk^m Angm^k ?^^( ,+) =bl\hngm^] ?^^( ,)) Eh\Zmbhg( FZ\dbgmhla ;nbe]bg`
Mabl \hnkl^ pbee ^qiehk^ ma^ o^klZmbebmr h_ hbe iZbgm% bgbmbZeer \ho^kbg` ahp mh ik^iZk^ Z lnk_Z\^% ma^ fbqbg` Zg] Ziieb\Zmbhg h_ hbe iZbgm Zg] paZm lhkm h_ [knla^l mh nl^' Rhn pbee [nbe] ni dghpe^]`^ h_ Z oZkb^mr h_ m^\agbjn^l mh a^ei [nbe] ma^ ldbeel Zg] \hgË]^g\^ mh ikh]n\^ [hma Z\\nkZm^ k^g]^kbg` Zg] fhk^ Z[lmkZ\m phkdl' Pbma Zg ^fiaZlbl hg h[l^koZmbhgZe lmn]r% rhn pbee e^Zkg ahp mh fZgbineZm^ fZm^kbZel mh ]^o^ehi rhnk ng]^klmZg]bg` h_ \hehnk% mhg^ Zg] ma^ bfihkmZg\^ h_ \hfihlbmbhg' Lmn]^gml pbma Zee e^o^el h_ ^qi^kb^g\^% bg\en]bg` [^`bgg^kl Zk^ p^e\hf^ hg mabl \hnkl^' Mnmhk( FZkmbg F\BgZeer ?^^( ,)) =bl\hngm^] ?^^( +1) Eh\Zmbhg( FZ\dbgmhla ;nbe]bg`
*/
P>>D , ( FHG *2 CNER MH ?KB +, CNER
<HGMBGNBG@ >=N<:MBHG ( LNFF>K L<AHHE +)*)
C^p^ee^kr Phkdlahi
M^qmbe^l3 Ikbgmbg` _hk ;^`bgg^kl
IkZ\mb\Ze ldbeel _hkf ma^ [Zlbl h_ mabl bgmkh]n\mhkr \hnkl^ mh f^mZe c^p^ee^kr _Z[kb\Zmbhg' Rhn pbee e^Zkg ahp mh lhe]^k% ahp mh _hkf Zg] Ëgbla Zg] Z[hnm lnk_Z\^ ]^\hkZmbo^ m^\agbjn^l bg\en]bg` khee& ikbgmbg` Zg] iheblabg`' Rhn pbee phkd mhpZk]l \hfie^mbg` Z lbfie^ ib^\^ h_ c^p^ee^kr pabe^ [nbe]bg` ni Z ld^m\a[hhd h_ ikZ\mb\Ze ghm^l% phkdbg` ]kZpbg`l Zg] f^mZe lZfie^l' Rhnk mnmhk pbee ikhob]^ hg^&mh&hg^ `nb]Zg\^ Zg] `khni ]^fhglmkZmbhgl' Rhn pbee [^ k^jnbk^] mh h[mZbg Z [Zlb\ mhhe dbm _hk ma^ \hnkl^ !Ziikhq -)"% Z eblm h_ mhhel Zg] lniieb^kl pbee [^ l^gm mh rhn Zehg` pbma rhnk \hnkl^ \hgËkfZmbhg e^mm^k'
Mabl \hnkl^ pbee bgmkh]n\^ rhn mh ]^lb`gbg` _Z[kb\' Nlbg` rhnk hpg ]kZpbg`l rhn pbee ]^lb`g Z kZg`^ h_ m^qmbe^l pabelm ^qiehkbg` Z oZkb^mr h_ ikbgm m^\agbjn^l' Rhnk ]kZpbg`l pbee [^ nl^] mh \k^Zm^ Z lbedl\k^^g _khf pab\a rhn pbee ]^lb`g rhnk _Z[kb\l' Rhn pbee aZo^ ma^ hiihkmngbmr mh ib`f^gm ikbgm% ]^ohk^ Zg] nl^ a^Zm mkZgl_^k ]r^l' ;r ma^ ^g] h_ ma^ p^^d rhn pbee aZo^ Z \hee^\mbhg h_ m^qmbe^l maZm rhn aZo^ ]^lb`g^]'
Mnmhk( ;bee Mnkg[nee ?^^( ,-) =bl\hngm^] ?^^( ,+) Eh\Zmbhg( C^p^ee^kr =^im' G^p[^kr Mhp^k
Mnmhk( Erg]l^r Kh[^kmlhg ?^^( ,+) =bl\hngm^] ?^^( ,)) Eh\Zmbhg( M^qmbe^l =^im' G^p[^kr Mhp^k
*0
P>>D - ( FHG +/ CNER MH ?KB ,) CNER
<HNKL>L :K> A>E= *):F ¾ -IF >:<A =:R
Ihkm_hebh Ik^iZkZmbhg MABGDBG@ :;HNM :IIERBG@ MH :KM L<AHHE8
L\neimnk^3 IhkmkZbml bg <eZr
Mabl phkdlahi pbee lahp rhn ahp mh nl^ ma^ MZdbg` Z Lnff^k <hnkl^ bg ihkm_hebh ik^iZkZmbhg mhhel Zg] ^jnbif^gm k^jnbk^] _hk Ë`nkZmbo^ bl Z `k^Zm pZr mh Ëg] hnm b_ mabl bl ma^ iZma _hk l\neimnk^ pabe^ phkdbg` _khf ma^ eb_^ lbmm^k mh fh]^e rhnk hpg \eZr [nlm' Rhn pbee [^ Z]obl^] rhn' Pbma Zg ^fiaZlbl hg ]kZpbg`% rhn pbee hg `eZs^l Zg] Ëgblabg` m^\agbjn^l Zg] rhnk e^Zkg ahp mh ^qZfbg^ Zg] ]^o^ehi rhnk b]^Zl makhn`a Z oZkb^mr h_ += Zg] ,= ]kZpbg`% fZkd& l\neimnk^ pbee [^ Ëk^] Zg] k^Z]r _hk \hee^\mbhg Zm ma^ ^g] h_ ma^ Lnff^k L\ahhe ikh`kZff^' fZdbg`% iZbgmbg` Zg] fZdbg` ^q^k\bl^l' ;^`bgg^kl Zg] ^qi^kb^g\^] Zkmblml Zebd^ Zk^ :g bfihkmZgm iZkm h_ ma^ \hnkl^ bl k^l^Zk\abg` p^e\hf^' Ma^k^ Zk^ Z ebfbm^] gnf[^k h_ 1 Zg] ]^o^ehibg` rhnk b]^Zl makhn`a bg]^i^g]^gm ieZ\^l ZoZbeZ[e^ hg mabl \hnkl^' ld^m\a[hhd phkd% Zg] lh lmn]^gml Zk^ ^g\hnkZ`^] mh ^qm^g] ma^bk phkd hnm pbma ma^ \eZll ahnkl' Mnmhk( <Zma Pabii^r ?^^( ,+) =bl\hngm^] ?^^( ,)) Bg]bob]nZe lmn]bh mnmhkbZel% `khni ]bl\nllbhg Eh\Zmbhg( L\neimnk^ =^im' AZe]Zg^ ;nbe]bg` Zg] \kbmbjn^ pbee a^ei ]^o^ehi rhnk Zkm fZdbg` !FZm^kbZel bg\en]^]" lmkZm^`b^l Zg] ^g\hnkZ`^ eZm^kZe mabgdbg`' Mnmhk( ChZgb^ CZ\d ?^^( +/) !Gh ]bl\hngm^] _^^" Eh\Zmbhg( FZ\dbgmhla ;nbe]bg`
:l Z _heehp hg mh ma^ <Zlm =kZpbg` \hnkl^ p^ Zk^ h__^kbg` Z p^^d h_ <Zlm IZbgmbg`'
Eb_^ =kZpbg`3 IZlm^el ?h\nllbg` hg ma^ nl^ h_ iZlm^el rhn pbee ^qiehk^ ma^ f^]bnf makhn`a Z l^kb^l h_ eb_^ lmn]b^l' =kZpbg` _khf ma^ fh]^e% rhn pbee [^ bgmkh]n\^] mh Z oZkb^mr h_ ZiikhZ\a^l Zg] m^\agbjn^l mh ]kZpbg` Zg] pbee [^ ^g\hnkZ`^] mh ^qiehk^ ma^f fhk^ _neer' Mabl \hnkl^ bl lnbmZ[e^ _hk Z pb]^ kZg`^ h_ lmn]^gml Zg] bl ]^lb`g^] mh ]^o^ehi [^mm^k h[l^koZmbhgZe ldbeel Zg] ]kZpbg` ikZ\mb\^' Mnmhk( FZkmbg F\BggZeer ?^^( ,+) =bl\hngm^] ?^^( ,)) Eh\Zmbhg( FZ\dbgmhla ;nbe]bg`
<Zlm IZbgmbg`
Pbma Zg bgmkh]n\mbhg mh Hbe IZbgmbg`% ma^ \hnkl^ pbee _h\nl hg ma^ ikh\^ll h_ mhgZe fh]^eebg`' Ma^ fhgh\akhfZmb\ \Zlml h__^k Zg b]^Ze hiihkmngbmr mh fZd^ l^gl^ h_ mhgZe oZen^l pbmahnm ma^ Z]]^] \hfieb\Zmbhg h_ \hehnk' Ho^k ma^ p^^d lmn]^gml pbee [^ `nb]^] bg ma^ ikh]n\mbhg h_ mph iZbgmbg`l4 Z pbi^ hnm ikh\^]nk^ pab\a bl lbfbeZk mh ]kZpbg` pbma hbe iZbgm% Zg] ma^ \eZllb\ ng]^k iZbgmbg` m^\agbjn^ _Zohnk^] [r ma^ O^g^mbZgl' Lmn]^gml pbee [^ ikhob]^] pbma hg^ mh hg^ lniihkm bg ma^ phkdbg` ikh\^]nk^l h_ aZg]ebg` hbe iZbgm bg ]^o^ehibg` Z oZen^ l\a^f^ bg ma^ ma^hkr h_ eb`am Zg] laZ]^' Mnmhk( <rgmabZ ;hpe^l ?^^( ,)) =bl\hngm^] ?^^( +1) Eh\Zmbhg( FZ\dbgmhla ;nbe]bg`
*1
P>>D - ( FHG +/ CNER MH ?KB ,) CNER
<HGMBGNBG@ >=N<:MBHG ( LNFF>K L<AHHE +)*)
>qiehkbg` =kZpbg`3 Fnembie^ :iikhZ\a^l Mabl \hnkl^ bl Z [khZ] [Zl^] bgmkh]n\mbhg mh ma^ [k^Z]ma Zg] ihllb[bebmb^l h_ ]kZpbg` nlbg` Z oZkb^mr h_ f^]bZ Zg] ln[c^\ml' Bm bl Zbf^] Zm [^`bgg^kl hk mahl^ ehhdbg` _hk g^p ZiikhZ\a^l' Rhn pbee ]^o^ehi rhnk h[l^koZmbhgZe Zg] ZgZermb\Ze ]kZpbg` ldbeel% ^qiehkbg` Z kZg`^ h_ ]kZpbg` fZm^kbZel pabe^ phkdbg` _khf Z oZkb^mr h_ lhnk\^l% _hk ^qZfie^ h[c^\ml(lmbee eb_^% hnm]hhkl% bfZ`bgZmbhg Zg] f^fhkr' :l p^ee Zl e^Zkgbg` Z[hnm \hfihlbmbhg% ikhihkmbhgl Zg] ahp mh k^g]^k lhf^mabg` eb_^ ebd^ rhn pbee ^qi^kbf^gm pbma fZkd fZdbg`% `^lmnk^ ]kZpbg`% Z[lmkZ\mbhg Zg] \hehnk' Mabl \hnkl^ Zbfl mh Zllblm ma^ lmn]^gm `Zbg \hgË]^g\^ Zg] ]^o^ehi g^p ldbeel _hk Z \hgmbgnhnl ikZ\mb\^ h_ ]kZpbg`' Mnmhk( ?bhgZ Lahkm ?^^( ,)) =bl\hngm^] ?^^( +1) Eh\Zmbhg( FZ\dbgmhla ;nbe]bg`
Lmbee Eb_^ =kZpbg` IZbgmbg` =^o^ehif^gm h_ [Zlb\ ]kZpbg` Zg] iZbgmbg` ldbeel pbee [^ ma^ Zbf h_ mabl \hnkl^' Lmn]^gml pbee phkd _khf lmbee eb_^ ZkkZg`^f^gml bg ma^ lmn]bh% pbma ^fiaZlbl hg f^Zlnk^f^gm% l\Ze^ Zg] liZ\^4 ^e^f^gml h_ mhg^ Zg] \hfihlbmbhg' Rhn pbee `h hg mh e^Zkg ahp mh \k^Zm^ Z lmkhg` \hfihlbmbhg% [eh\dbg` bg ma^ bgbmbZe laZi^l [^_hk^ Z]]bg` ]^mZbe' :kmblml h_ Zee Z[bebmb^l Zk^ p^e\hf^' Mnmhk( m[\ ?^^( ,)) =bl\hngm^] ?^^( +1) Eh\Zmbhg( FZ\dbgmhla ;nbe]bg`
P>>D - ( FHG +/ CNER MH ?KB ,) CNER
<HNKL>L :K> A>E= *):F ¾ -IF >:<A =:R
EZg]l\Zi^3 Nk[Zg >gobkhgf^gm
@eZll ?nlbg` Lenfibg` !;^`bgg^kl"
Bgmkh]n\mbhg mh FhlZb\l
Mabl bl Zg hiihkmngbmr mh fZd^ ]kZpbg`l Zg] iZbgmbg`l [hma bg ma^ lmn]bh Zg] hnm&Zg]& Z[hnm bg ma^ \bmr' Rhn pbee [^ ^g\hnkZ`^] mh fZd^ ]bk^\m [he] phkd Âhg eh\Zmbhgà pab\a \Zg [^ ma^ bglibkZmbhg _hk hma^k phkd [Z\d bg ma^ lmn]bh'
Mabl Ëo^ ]Zr \hnkl^ \ho^kl ma^ m^\agbjn^l h_ \nmmbg` `eZll% iZbgmbg`% _nlbg` Zg] lenfibg`'
Mabl p^^d ehg` \hnkl^ pbee bgmkh]n\^ iZkmb\biZgml mh d^r ^e^f^gml ^g\hngm^k^] bg fhlZb\ ]^lb`g Zg] fZdbg`'
Rhn pbee [^ `bo^g ]^fhglmkZmbhgl Zg] ^g\hnkZ`^] mh phkd bg Z oZkb^mr h_ f^]bZ Zg] Zelh lahpg ahp mh \hee^\m \^kmZbg dbg]l h_ nl^_ne oblnZe bg_hkfZmbhg' Ma^ eh\Zmbhg phkd pbee [^ p^Zma^k i^kfbmmbg`% [nm p^ pbee Zbf mh mZd^ l^o^kZe ^q\nklbhgl mh ieZ\^l h_ bgm^k^lm pbmabg @eZl`hp' Mnmhk( =hgZe] Lnma^keZg] ?^^( ,*) =bl\hngm^] ?^^( +2) Eh\Zmbhg( FZ\dbgmhla ;nbe]bg` hg eh\Zmbhg
C^p^ee^kr Phkdlahi !Ghg [^`bgg^kl" Mabl \hnkl^ bl lnbmZ[e^ _hk ma^ fhk^ Z]oZg\^] lmn]^gm(ikh_^llbhgZe c^p^ee^k pblabg` mh ni]Zm^ ma^bk ikZ\mb\^' : lhng] dghpe^]`^ h_ Zee ma^ m^\agbjn^l hnmebg^] bg ma^ C^p^ee^kr Phkdlahi hg iZ`^ 2 bl k^jnbk^]' Fhk^ Z]oZg\^] m^\agbjn^l pbee [^ bgmkh]n\^] makhn`ahnm ma^ p^^d Zg] Zl iZkm h_ ma^ \hnkl^ p^ pbee [^ h__^kbg` Z li^\bZeblm lmhg^ l^mmbg` phkdlahi _hk hg^ ]Zr pbma Z oblbmbg` c^p^ee^k' Rhn pbee [^ k^jnbk^] mh [kbg` rhnk mhhedbm & Z eblm h_ k^\hff^g]^] mhhel pbee [^ l^gm hnm ikbhk mh ma^ \hnkl^ lmZkmbg`' Mnmhk( :gg^ @kZaZf ?^^( ,-) =bl\hngm^] ?^^( ,+) Eh\Zmbhg( C^p^ee^kr =^im' G^p[^kr Mhp^k
*2
P^ pbee ^qi^kbf^gm pbma ]b__^k^gm mri^l h_ `eZll bg hk]^k mh e^Zkg Z[hnm ma^ \hfiZmb[bebmb^l h_ ma^ fZm^kbZe Zg] Zelh ^qiehk^ ma^ ^__^\ml h_ oZkbZ[e^ dbeg m^fi^kZmnk^l Zg] Ëkbg`l' =nkbg` ma^ p^^d lmn]^gml aZo^ ma^ hiihkmngbmr mh phkd pbma Z l^e^\mbhg h_ `eZll^l !^`' ;neel^r^% ]b\akhb\% bkb]^l\^gm% m^qmnk^]"% obmk^hnl iZbgml% _kbml% lmkbg`^kl Zg] ihp]^kl' <hehnk Zg] ]^lb`g _hkfl Zg bfihkmZgm iZkm h_ hnk lmn]bh phkd ]nkbg` mabl p^^d Zg] bg iZkmg^klabi pbma ma^ m^\agb\Ze lmn]b^l bm pbee Zeehp ma^ ikh]n\mbhg h_ Z oZkb^mr h_ phkd kZg`bg` _khf lfZee _nl^] ib^\^l h_ c^p^ee^kr mh eZk`^k lenfi^] [hpel' Mnmhk( >beb]a D^bma ?^^( ,,) =bl\hngm^] ?^^( ,*) Eh\Zmbhg( @eZll =^im' AZe]Zg^ ;nbe]bg` !FZm^kbZel bg\en]^]"
Lhng] _hk ma^ Fhobg` BfZ`^ B_ rhn mabgd rhnk fhob^l \hne] [^ ^gaZg\^] pbma ma^ nl^ h_ lhng] mkZ\dl% hk rhnÃo^ phg]^k^] ahp iZkmb\neZk lhng]l Zk^ ikh]n\^] ma^g mabl \hnkl^ b_ _hk rhn' Bg mabl p^^d ehg` \hnkl^ p^ pbee ikhob]^ rhn pbma Z [Zlb\ ng]^klmZg]bg` h_ ma^ d^r ikh\^ll^l% \kZ_m Zg] ikbg\bie^l bgoheo^] pbmabg lhng] ]^lb`g Zg] fnlb\ ikh]n\mbhg _hk ma^ fhobg` bfZ`^' Ma^ \hnkl^ Zelh `bo^l Z mZlm^ h_ ma^ m^\agbjn^l bgoheo^] bg lhng] Zg] fnlb\ ikh]n\mbhg _hk Ëef% [khZ]\Zlmbg`% ZgbfZmbhg% oblnZe Zkm% fnemb& f^]bZ% ma^Zmk^ Zg] `Zfbg`' Mnmhk( KhgZg ;k^lebg ?^^( ,+) =bl\hngm^] ?^^( ,)) Eh\Zmbhg( =b`bmZe =^lb`g Lmn]bh% @eZl`hp IZ\bË\ JnZr
>e^f^gml pbee bg\en]^ k^l^Zk\a% ablmhkr% ]^lb`g Zg] \hfihlbmbhg Zg] ma^ nl^ h_ \hehnk' :_m^k phkdbg` makhn`a ma^l^ mhib\l ma^ `khni pbee ikZ\mb\^ \nmmbg`% \hkk^\m liZ\bg`% nl^ h_ Z]a^lbo^l% `khnmbg` Zg] Ëgblabg`% Zee ma^ g^\^llZkr ldbeel k^jnbk^] mh \k^Zm^ ZmmkZ\mbo^ Zg] kh[nlm fhlZb\ Phkdbg` ^bma^k += hk ,= rhn pbee \k^Zm^ Z _neer k^g]^k^] bfZ`^ hk h[c^\m h_ rhnk \ahb\^' Mnmhk( ?bhgZ ?e^fbg` ?^^( ,+) =bl\hngm^] ?^^( ,)) Eh\Zmbhg( L\neimnk^ =^im' AZe]Zg^ ;nbe]bg` !FZm^kbZel bg\en]^]"
M^qmbe^l3 IZmm^kg <nmmbg` :g bgmkh]n\mbhg _hk iZmm^kg \nmmbg` m^\agbjn^l% mabl \hnkl^ bl Zelh lnbmZ[e^ _hk mahl^ pbma ik^obhnl ^qi^kb^g\^ pah pbla mh ^qiehk^ ]kZibg` Zg] fhneZ`^' :ee `Zkf^gml pbee [^ fZ]^ mh lZfie^ li^\bË\Zmbhgl !lbs^ *)(*+" Zemahn`a \Zg [^ Z]cnlm^] mh i^klhgZe lbs^l _hk mahl^ pbma fhk^ ^qi^kb^g\^' Rhn pbee phkd _khf Z ]^lb`g maZm rhn aZo^ l^e^\m^] _khf Z ib^\^ h_ k^l^Zk\a hk hg^ maZm rhn \k^Zm^] rhnkl^e_' Rhn pbee e^Zkg ahp mh fZd^ Z iZi^k iZmm^kg Zg] ma^g ikh]n\^ Z mhbe^ _hk _nmnk^ nl^ Zg] ]^o^ehif^gm' Mahl^ pbma `k^Zm^k ^qi^kb^g\^ fZr pbla mh ^qi^kbf^gm hg ma^ lmZg] nlbg` fhneZ`^ Zg] ]kZibg` hk [kbg` ma^bk hpg _Z[kb\ mh [^`bg fZdbg` Z Ëgbla^] `Zkf^gm' Mnmhk( ?bhgZ @e^g ?^^( ,+) =bl\hngm^] ?^^( ,)) Eh\Zmbhg( M^qmbe^ =^im' G^p[^kr Mhp^k
+)
P>>D>G= <HNKL>L
P>>D>G= * ( L:M *) LNG ** CNER P>>D>G= + ( L:M *0 LNG *1 CNER
ObgmZ`^ :\\^llhkb^l !pd] *( LZm *) Lng ** Cner"
;Z` FZdbg` !pd] +( LZm *0 Lng *1 Cner"
Mbii^ml% \heeZkl% [he^khl Zg] `eZfhnk
?h\nllbg` hg ]^lb`gbg` Zg] fZdbg` Z \nlmhf fZ]^ [Z`% mabl \k^Zmbo^ phkdlahi pbee lahp rhn ahp mh mkZgleZm^ Zg b]^Z bgmh Z k^Ze h[c^\m' ;kbg`bg` rhnk hpg fZm^kbZel% rhn pbee [^ ^g\hnkZ`^] mh ^qi^kbf^gm pbma m^\agbjn^l Zg] ]b__^k^gm p^b`aml m^qmnk^l h_ _Z[kb\' ?khf e^Zma^k^mm^% lbed% \Zeb\h Zg] \hmmhg mh k^\r\ebg` k^oZfibg` he] \nkmZbgl% rhn pbee \k^Zm^ Z ikZ\mb\Ze bm^f ngbjn^ mh rhn' Ln``^lm^] [Z`l \hne] bg\en]^ lahii^k% \enm\a% inkl^% fZd^ ni [Z` hk `Zk]^gbg` [Z`'
Rhn pbee mZd^ Z ehhd [Z\d Zm ]^lb`gl phkg ]nkbg` ma^ *2))l ¾ *2-)l% mZdbg` bglibkZmbhg _khf mabl phg]^k_ne ^kZ bg _Zlabhg' <ahhlbg` _khf Z gnf[^k h_ iZmm^kgl rhn pbee fh]b_r ma^l^ ]^lb`gl mh ikh]n\^ Z ab`a jnZebmr% obgmZ`^ Z\\^llhkr pbma Z fh]^kg ]Zr mpblm' Rhn pbee k^l^Zk\a Zg] ^qi^kbf^gm pbma _Z[kb\l% \hehnkl% m^qmnk^l% iZmm^kgl Zg] ]^\hkZmbo^ m^\agbjn^l mrib\Ze h_ ma^ i^kbh] rhn \ahhl^' ;^`bgg^kl Zg] mahl^ pbma ik^obhnl ^qi^kb^g\^ Zk^ p^e\hf^' Mnmhk( Aheer HÃAZkZ ?^^( *,) Eh\Zmbhg( M^qmbe^l =^im' G^p[^kr Mhp^k
Mnmhk( Aheer HÃAZkZ ?^^( *,) Eh\Zmbhg( M^qmbe^l =^im' G^p[^kr Mhp^k
+*
P>>D . ( FHG + :N@NLM MH ?KB / :N@NLM
<HGMBGNBG@ >=N<:MBHG ( LNFF>K L<AHHE +)*)
<ABE=K>GÃL <HNKL>L
F:M>KB:EL
P^ aZo^ Z oZkb^mr h_ <abe]k^gÃl <hnkl^l h__^k^] mabl Lnff^k ]nkbg` ma^ Ëklm p^^d h_ :n`nlm' <hnkl^l kng _hk Z _nee p^^d !Fhg]Zr mh ?kb]Zr" ^bma^k _hk Z fhkgbg` l^llbhg !*)Zf ¾ *+',)if" hk Zg Z_m^kghhg l^llbhg !*',)if ¾ -if"'
Lmn]^gml Zk^ Zld^] mh [kbg` ma^bk hpg ]kZpbg` Zg] iZbgmbg` fZm^kbZel _hk ma^bk \hnkl^'
<abe]k^g Zk^ p^e\hf^ mh ^gkhe _hk + \hnkl^l% fhkgbg` Zg] Z_m^kghhg _hk pab\a Z *) ]bl\hngm^] _^^ bl ZoZbeZ[e^ Zg] bg\en]^l Z _k^^ Eng\a <en[' Ma^ \hnkl^l Zk^ a^e] Z\khll ma^ @L: \Zfinl% [hma bg ma^ FZ\dbgmhla ;nbe]bg` Zg] pbmabg ma^ li^\bZeblm phkdlahil h_ M^qmbe^l% Iahmh`kZiar Zg] L\neimnk^'
ENG<A <EN; : _k^^ Eng\a <en[ bl ikhob]^] _hk \abe]k^g pah Zmm^g] Z _nee ]Zr h_ \hnkl^l makhn`ahnm ma^ p^^d' <abe]k^g Zk^ lni^kobl^] [r Zg Z]nem ]nkbg` ma^ eng\a ahnk' Ie^Zl^ ghm^ maZm \abe]k^g fnlm [kbg` ma^bk hpg iZ\d^] eng\a' : ebfbm^] gnf[^k h_ ieZ\^l Zk^ ZoZbeZ[e^ hg ma^ Eng\a <en[ lh ie^Zl^ [hhd ^Zker' B_ Z lmn]^gm bl Zmm^g]bg` ma^ _nee ]Zr h_ \eZll^l Zg] ]h^l ghm pbla mh iZkmb\biZm^ bg Eng\a <en[% bm bl ^ll^gmbZe maZm pkbmm^g i^kfbllbhg bl `bo^g [r ma^ iZk^gm( `nZk]bZg mh Zeehp ma^ \abe] mh e^Zo^ ma^ ik^fbl^l Zm eng\ambf^' Ie^Zl^ ln[fbm pkbmm^g i^kfbllbhg Zehg` pbma rhnk \hnkl^ Ziieb\Zmbhg _hkf'
Hger Z _^p bm^fl Zk^ g^^]^]% ln\a Zl Z ld^m\a[hhd% i^g\bel Zg] kn[[^k' : fhk^ ]^mZbe^] eblm bl bg\en]^] pbma ma^ \hgËkfZmbhg e^mm^k' :ee lmn]^gml ^gkhee^] hg Lnff^k L\ahhe pbee k^\^bo^ Z *) ]bl\hngm Zm ma^ :kmlmhk^' Ie^Zl^ l^^ _nkma^k ]^mZbel hg iZ`^ +-'
;NKL:KB>L :l iZkm h_ ma^ L\ahheÃl lmkZm^`r mh ^g\hnkZ`^ iZkmb\biZmbhg bg ?nkma^k Zg] Ab`a^k ^]n\Zmbhg _khf \nkk^gmer ng]^k k^ik^l^gm^] `khnil% Z lrlm^f h_ [nklZkr lniihkm bl ZoZbeZ[e^ _hk <abe]k^gÃl <hnkl^l' Mabl lniihkm bl Zbf^] Zm ehp bg\hf^ hk ng^fiehr^] _Zfbeb^l pah phne] hma^kpbl^ [^ ngZ[e^ mh Zmm^g] ma^ <hgmbgnbg` >]n\Zmbhg ikh`kZff^' Hnk Zbf bl mh h__^k ]bk^\m ZllblmZg\^ bg ma^ _hkf h_ Z _^^ pZbo^k' Ma^k^ Zk^ Z ebfbm^] gnf[^k h_ [nklZkb^l ZoZbeZ[e^ Zg] hger hg^ [nklZkr fZr [^ ZpZk]^] i^k ahnl^ahe]' Ie^Zl^ \hgmZ\m nl _hk _nkma^k ]^mZbel hg ahp mh Ziier [r iahgbg` ma^ <hgmbgnbg` >]n\Zmbhg h_Ë\^ hg )*-* ,., -./.(-.2/'
++
P>>D . ( FHG + :N@NLM MH ?KB / :N@NLM
<HGMBGNBG@ >=N<:MBHG ( LNFF>K L<AHHE +)*)
<ABE=K>GÃL <HNKL> Fhg]Zr +g] ¾ ?kb]Zr /ma :n`nlm Fhkgbg` Mbf^l !*)Zf ¾ *+',)if" :_m^kghhg Mbf^l !*',)if ¾ -if"
P>>D . ( FHG + :N@NLM MH ?KB / :N@NLM
FHG=:R +G= ¾ ?KB=:R /MA :N@NLM
=kZpbg` IZbgmbg`
Fbq^] F^]bZ L\neimnk^
;eZ\d Pabm^ Iahmh`kZiar
<hnkl^l bg ]kZpbg` Zg] iZbgmbg` Zk^ [Zl^] Zkhng] aZg]l&hg e^Zkgbg`% ^g\hnkZ`bg` ^qi^kbf^gmZmbhg pbma ]b__^k^gm fZm^kbZel Zg] b]^Zl mh lmbfneZm^ eZm^kZe mabgdbg` Zg] \k^Zmbo^ ]^o^ehif^gm' <eZll lbs^l Zk^ lfZee% lh hg^&mh& hg^ `nb]Zg\^ bl ikhfbg^gm Zehg`lb]^ `khni e^Zkgbg`'
Mabl \eZll h__^kl Z pb]^ oZkb^mr h_ fZm^kbZel mh phkd pbma bg Zg hi^g Zg] bgo^gmbo^ pZr' >fiaZlbl bl `bo^g mh k^\r\ebg` Zg] ma^ ng& \hgo^gmbhgZe nl^ h_ ^o^kr]Zr fZm^kbZel Zg] bfZ`^l _khf hnk gZmnkZe lnkkhng]bg`l'
Lmn]^gml Zk^ ikhob]^] pbma Z ,.ff \Zf^kZ _hk ma^ p^^d Zg] pbee [^ bgmkh]n\^] mh \Zf^kZ aZg]ebg` Zg] ]Zkd khhf m^\agbjn^l'
+,
Li^\bZeblm fZm^kbZel Zk^ ikhob]^] _hk mabl \hnkl^'
Rhn pbee mZd^ Z gnf[^k h_ lahml% mabgdbg` Z[hnm \hfihlbmbhg Zg] ^qihlnk^ \hgmkhe Zg] ma^g li^g] mbf^ bg ma^ ]Zkdkhhf e^Zkgbg` Z[hnm ikh\^llbg`% ]^o^ehibg` Zg] ^geZk`bg`' Rhn pbee \hf^ ZpZr _khf ma^ phkdlahi pbma Z gnf[^k h_ m^lm lmkbil Zg] ËgZe iahmh`kZial'
Li^\bZe >__^\ml3 FZd^&ni _hk ?bef MO(;^`bgg^kl
?^^( **.
Li^\bZeblm fZm^kbZel Zk^ ikhob]^] _hk mabl \hnkl^'
?^em FZdbg`3 ?Zlabhg :\\^llhkb^l
;eZ\d Pabm^ Iahmh`kZiar *+ ¾ *.
E^Zkg ma^ m^\agbjn^l nl^] [r Ëef Zg] m^e^oblbhg fZd^&ni Zkmblml mh \k^Zm^ k^Zeblmb\ \ZlnZemr fZd^&ni ^__^\ml' Rhn pbee [^ nlbg` ikh_^llbhgZe fZm^kbZel Zg] ^qi^\m mh [^ e^m bg hg lhf^ h_ ma^ l^\k^ml h_ ma^ mkZ]^
?^em FZdbg`3 ?Zlabhg :\\^llhkb^l
*+ ¾ *.
Li^\bZeblm fZm^kbZel Zk^ ikhob]^] _hk mabl \hnkl^'
C^p^ee^kr FZdbg`
*+ ¾ *.
?^^( **.
=kZpbg` IZbgmbg`
*- ¾ *.
Eng\a <en[ !*+',)if ¾ *',)if" ?k^^ Fhkgbg`l !*)Zf ¾ *+',)if" <hnkl^
:`^ @khni
=kZpbg` IZbgmbg`
0 ¾ 2
=kZpbg` IZbgmbg`
*) ¾ **
Fbq^] F^]bZ L\neimnk^
*) ¾ **
Li^\bZe >__^\ml3 FZd^&ni _hk ?bef MO& ;^`bgg^kl
*) ¾ **
=kZpbg` IZbgmbg`
*+ ¾ *,
:_m^kghhgl !*',)if ¾ -if" <hnkl^
:`^ @khni
=kZpbg` IZbgmbg`
0 ¾ 2
=kZpbg` IZbgmbg`
*) ¾ **
Li^\bZe >__^\ml3 FZd^&ni _hk ?bef MO& Bgm^kf^]bZm^ *) ¾ *, =kZpbg` IZbgmbg`
*+ ¾ *,
Fbq^] F^]bZ L\neimnk^
*+ ¾ *,
;eZ\d Pabm^ Iahmh`kZiar *+ ¾ *. =kZpbg` IZbgmbg`
*- ¾ *.
?^^( *))
Li^\bZe >__^\ml3 FZd^&ni _hk ?bef MO(Bgm^kf^]bZm^ ?heehpbg` hg _khf ma^ ;^`bgg^kl \hnkl^ bg Li^\bZe >__^\ml FZd^&ni% mabl Bgm^kf^]bZm^ \hnkl^ mZd^l rhn fhk^ bg&]^ima Zg] Zeehpl rhn mh mZd^ rhnk ldbeel _nkma^k' Li^\bZeblm fZm^kbZel Zk^ ikhob]^] _hk mabl \hnkl^' ?^^( **.
Rhn pbee ]^lb`g Zg] \k^Zm^ rhnk hpg ngbjn^ l\neimnk^ pabe^ ^qiehkbg` ma^ nl^ h_ ]b__^k^gm _hkfl% lmkn\mnk^l% lnk_Z\^l% m^qmnk^l Zg] \hehnkl'
Rhn pbee ]^lb`g Zg] fZd^ rhnk hpg ngbjn^ aZg]fZ]^ _^em _Zlabhg Z\\^llhkb^l' ?^emfZdbg` bl Z ab`aer o^klZmbe^ m^\agbjn^ maZm \Zg [^ nl^] mh ikh]n\^ l^Zfe^ll mak^^&]bf^glbhgZe ib^\^l ln\a Zl [Z`l% aZml% lebii^kl% fbmm^gl Zg] aZg]& khee^] [^Z]l mh fZd^ c^p^ee^kr'
?^^( **.
C^p^ee^kr FZdbg`
Rhn pbee e^Zkg ahp mh \k^Zm^ ngbjn^ lnk_Z\^ iZmm^kgl Zg] m^qmnk^l makhn`a eZr^kbg` fhmb_l Zg] Z]]bg` _Z[kb\l Zg] rZkgl' Lbfie^ iZmm^kg \nmmbg` Zg] l^pbg` \Zg [^ nl^] mh fZd^ Z aZg][Z`% \hklZ`^ hk rhnk hpg ]^lb`g'
<k^Zm^ Z oZkb^mr h_ c^p^ee^kr ib^\^l nlbg` fZm^kbZel ln\a Zl [^Z]l% iZi^k% pbk^% _hng] Zg] k^\r\e^] fZm^kbZel' Rhn \Zg [^ Zl ^qik^llbo^ Zl rhn ebd^% ^qiehkbg` \hehnk% m^qmnk^% l\Ze^ Zg] p^Zk&Z[bebmr' Ma^ phkd rhn ]^lb`g \Zg [^ _hk ^o^kr]Zr p^Zk hk _hk ma^ \ZmpZed Lhf^ fZm^kbZel Zk^ ikhob]^] _hk ma^ \hnkl^ [nm lmn]^gml Zk^ ^g\hnkZ`^] mh [kbg` Zehg` fZm^kbZel maZm bglibk^ ma^f Zl p^ee Zl iahmhl Zg] fZ`Zsbg^ \nmmbg`l'
Li^\bZeblm fZm^kbZel Zk^ ikhob]^] _hk mabl \hnkl^'
?^^( **.
?^^( **.
+-
BG?HKF:MBHG
<HGMBGNBG@ >=N<:MBHG ( LNFF>K L<AHHE +)*)
BG?HKF:MBHG
<HGMBGNBG@ >=N<:MBHG ( LNFF>K L<AHHE +)*)
Mnbmbhg
FZm^kbZel
Eb[kZkr
=blZ[e^] :\\^ll
Lmn]^gml Zk^ ikhob]^] pbma mnbmbhg h_ ma^ ab`a^lm jnZebmr' <hnkl^ mnmhkl Zk^ f^f[^kl h_ ma^ @L: m^Z\abg` lmZ__ hk bgobm^] Zkmblml Zg] ]^lb`g^kl ]kZpg _khf ma^ pb]^k Zkmblmb\ \hffngbmr pah li^\bZebl^ bg ma^bk Ë^e]'
Rhn Zk^ Zld^] mh lniier rhnk hpg fZm^kbZel% nge^ll hma^kpbl^ bg]b\Zm^]' : fZm^kbZel _^^ aZl [^^g bg\en]^] bg lhf^ \hnkl^ _^^l !l^^ \hnkl^ ]^l\kbimbhgl"' :gr fZm^kbZel nl^] bg ^q\^ll pbee [^ rhnk hpg k^lihglb[bebmr'
Hnk Zbf bl mh ^glnk^ maZm lmn]^gml aZo^ Z\\^ll mh \nkk^gm bgbmbZmbo^l bg ^]n\Zmbhg ^li^\bZeer bg ma^ Zk^Z h_ ldbee Z\jnblbmbhg' Mnbmbhg bl makhn`a ]^fhglmkZmbhg Zg] ]bl\nllbhg% Zl p^ee hg^&mh& hg^ Z]ob\^ Zg] `nb]Zg\^'
Ma^k^ bl gh ]bl\hngm hg ma^ fZm^kbZel bg\en]^]' B_ g^\^llZkr _hk ma^ \hnkl^% rhn pbee [^ Z]obl^] bg rhnk \hgËkfZmbhg e^mm^k h_ k^\hff^g]^] fZm^kbZel mh [kbg` Zehg`'
Ma^ @L: eb[kZkr pab\a bl eh\Zm^] bg ma^ ;hnk]hg :l ma^ l\ahhe lbml hg Z o^kr lm^^i abee% bm bl [nbe]bg` pbee [^ hi^g ]nkbg` ma^ Lnff^k fhgmal k^\hff^g]^] maZm lmn]^gml pbma fh[bebmr _khf Fhg]Zr mh ?kb]Zr% 2'))Zf ¾ -'-.if' ]b_Ë\nemb^l ]bl\nll ma^bk k^jnbk^f^gml pbma ma^ <hgmbgnbg` >]n\Zmbhg ]^iZkmf^gm [^_hk^ Ma^ Eb[kZkr pbee ghm [^ hi^g Zm p^^d^g]l' fZdbg` Z _hkfZe Ziieb\Zmbhg' <nk[l Zk^ ehp^k^] Ma^ Eb[kZkr bg ma^ FZ\dbgmhla ;nbe]bg` bl bg Zk^Zl lnkkhng]bg` ma^ L\ahhe' Eb_ml Zk^ hi^g^] [r Ziihbgmf^gm' ZoZbeZ[e^ bg [nbe]bg`l nl^] _hk \hnkl^l' !Ie^Zl^ ghm^ ma^ eb[kZkr pbee [^ \ehl^] hg Fhg]Zr *2ma Cner"' >jnZe hiihkmngbmb^l
:kmlmhk^
:\\hffh]Zmbhg
Eb_^ Fh]^el
Lmn]^gml Zmm^g]bg` <hgmbgnbg` >]n\Zmbhg \hnkl^l Zk^ ^eb`b[e^ _hk Z *) ]bl\hngm hg fZm^kbZel ink\aZl^] Zm ma^ :kmlmhk^% eh\Zm^] Zm 2- Jn^^g Lmk^^m% @eZl`hp !hiihlbm^ ma^ @Zee^kr h_ Fh]^kg :km"' : [kZg\a h_ ma^ :kmlmhk^ bl Zelh eh\Zm^] hg \Zfinl pbmabg ma^ AZe]Zg^ ;nbe]bg` hg Khl^ Lmk^^m' :m ma^ mbf^ h_ `hbg` mh ikbgm% :kmlmhk^ hi^gbg` ahnkl ho^k ma^ Lnff^k i^kbh] aZ] ghm [^^g \hgËkf^]'
Ma^ L\ahhe bl Z[e^ mh ikhob]^ lhf^ l^e_ \Zm^kbg` Z\\hffh]Zmbhg bg ma^ @L: Lmn]^gm K^lb]^g\b^l Zm FZk`Zk^m FZ\=hgZe] Ahnl^ hg ;n\\e^n\a Lmk^^m hk Ma^ He] L\ahhe Ahnl^ hg K^g_k^p Lmk^^m _hk lmn]^gml hg Lnff^k L\ahhe \hnkl^l' ?hk _nkma^k bg_hkfZmbhg% ie^Zl^ \hgmZ\m ?bhgZ LehZg% K^lb]^g\^ FZgZ`^k hg )*-* ,,* *+/*' B_ ma^ K^lb]^g\b^l Zk^ ngZ[e^ mh ikhob]^ rhn pbma Z\\hffh]Zmbhg% ma^r pbee aZo^ Zem^kgZmbo^ ln``^lmbhgl pbmabg pZedbg` ]blmZg\^ h_ ma^ L\ahhe' Ie^Zl^ ghm^% rhn \Zgghm [hhd Z\\hffh]Zmbhg makhn`a ma^ <hgmbgnbg` >]n\Zmbhg H_Ë\^'
FZgr \hnkl^l bg\en]^ Z eb_^ fh]^e' Eb_^ Fh]^el Zk^ gn]^(ng\ehma^] Zg] Z e^o^e h_ lmn]bh ^mbjn^mm^ fnlm [^ _heehp^] !eb_^ khhf kne^l ^mbjn^mm^ bg_hkfZmbhg pbee [^ ZoZbeZ[e^ _hk ma^l^ \eZll^l"' Ma^ fh]^e phkdl mh ma^ ]bk^\mbhg h_ ma^ mnmhk% bgoheobg` lahkm% fhobg` hk lnlmZbg^] ihl^l' Fh]^el Zk^ \ehma^] _hk ihkmkZbmnk^ \eZll^l' Iahmh`kZiar bl ghm i^kfbmm^] pbmabg ma^ lmn]bh ]nkbg` Z eb_^ \eZll' Lmn]bhl(Phkdlahil <hnkl^l mZd^ ieZ\^ bg ma^ lmn]bhl ghkfZeer nl^] [r =^`k^^ lmn]^gml ]nkbg` m^kf mbf^' Mabl bg\en]^l ma^ IZbgmbg` lmn]bhl h_ ma^ fZ`gbË\^gm FZ\dbgmhla ;nbe]bg` Zg] li^\bZeblm phkdlahil Z\khll ma^ @L: \Zfinl' Ie^Zl^ mZd^ \Zk^ h_ rhnk [^ehg`bg`l pabelm rhn Zk^ a^k^' P^ k^`k^m maZm p^ \Zgghm [^ a^e] k^lihglb[e^ _hk ma^ ehll h_ lmn]^gmlà [^ehg`bg`l'
Bg]n\mbhg P^^der K^\^imbhg >Z\a p^^d p^ bgobm^ Zee lmn]^gml mh f^^m [^_hk^ ma^ lmZkm h_ \eZll^l bg ma^ LmZ__ Ehng`^ _hk m^Z(\h__^^ Zg] Z [kb^_ bg]n\mbhg hg ma^ p^^dÃl ^o^gml' :m ma^ ^g] h_ ^Z\a p^^d p^ \hg\en]^ pbma Z lh\bZe `Zma^kbg` bg ma^ FZ\dbgmhla ;nbe]bg` h__^kbg` ma^ hiihkmngbmr mh ob^p phkd Zg] f^^m lmn]^gml Zmm^g]bg` hma^k \eZll^l' !Ie^Zl^ ghm^ maZm mabl ]h^l ghm Ziier mh P^^d^g] <hnkl^l ]n^ mh mbf^ k^lmkb\mbhgl"'
+.
IZkdbg` MkZglihkm IZkdbg` Zkhng] ma^ L\ahhe \Zfinl bl ]b_Ë\nem lh p^ Z]obl^ maZm rhn nl^ in[eb\ mkZglihkm pa^k^ ihllb[e^' IZkd Zg] kb]^ _Z\bebmb^l Zk^ ZoZbeZ[e^ Zm ma^ _heehpbg` ng]^k`khng] lmZmbhgl3 ;kb]`^ Lmk^^m% D^eobg[kb]`^% Lab^e]l KhZ] Zg] P^lm Lmk^^m' !<hp\Z]]^gl bl ma^ g^Zk^lm ng]^k`khng] lmZmbhg mh ma^ :km L\ahhe"' ?hk kZbe mkZglihkm3 Jn^^g Lmk^^m% <aZkbg` <khll Zg] <^gmkZe LmZmbhg Zk^ Zee pbmabg ^Zlr pZedbg` ]blmZg\^' :em^kgZmbo^er% ma^k^ bl Z G<I \Zk iZkd Zm <Zf[kb]`^ Lmk^^m o^kr g^Zk mh ma^ L\ahhe' IZb] iZkdbg` bl ZoZbeZ[e^ Zm ma^ L\b^g\^ \^gmk^ <Zk IZkd Zm ehp \hlm _hk \hnkl^l a^e] Zm ma^ =b`bmZe =^lb`g Lmn]bh Zm IZ\bË\ JnZr'
@L: bl \hffbmm^] mh lniihkmbg` ^jnZe hiihkmngbmb^l' P^ Zbf mh ^glnk^ maZm ^o^krhg^ ¾ k^`Zk]e^ll h_ kZ\^% `^g]^k% ]blZ[bebmr% Z`^ hk l^qnZe hkb^gmZmbhg bl Z[e^ mh fZd^ ma^ fhlm h_ ma^bk mbf^ hg ma^ ikh`kZff^' Bm bl ma^ k^lihglb[bebmr h_ ma^ mnmhkl Zg] lmn]^gml mh a^ei Z\ab^o^ mabl `hZe' Ma^ @L: Ikhfhmbg` =bo^klbmr Iheb\r bl ZoZbeZ[e^ hg k^jn^lm' A^Zema LZ_^mr Ma^ A^Zema Zg] LZ_^mr k^`neZmbhgl h_ ma^ :km L\ahhe \Zg [^ h[mZbg^] _khf ma^ <hgmbgnbg` >]n\Zmbhg h_Ë\^ hg k^jn^lm' A^Zema LZ_^mr `nb]^ebg^l pbee [^ blln^] Zm ma^ lmZkm h_ Ziieb\Z[e^ \hnkl^l'
+/
>GKHEF>GM IKH<>=NK>
<HGMBGNBG@ >=N<:MBHG ( LNFF>K L<AHHE +)*)
>gkhef^gm bl [r m^e^iahg^% ihlm hk bg i^klhg ]bk^\m mh ma^ <hgmbgnbg` >]n\Zmbhg h_Ë\^' IeZ\^l Zk^ Zeeh\Zm^] hg Z Ëklm \hf^ Ëklm l^ko^ [Zlbl _khf ma^ mbf^ maZm ma^ [kh\ank^ bl blln^]' :g Ziieb\Zmbhg _hkf \Zg [^ _hng] hg iZ`^l +0(+1' Ie^Zl^ \hfie^m^ Zee l^\mbhgl hg mabl _hkf Zg] bg\en]^ iZrf^gm b_ l^g]bg` [r ihlm mh ma^ Z]]k^ll ]^mZbe^] hg ma^ _hkf' <a^jn^l lahne] [^ fZ]^ iZrZ[e^ mh ÂMa^ @eZl`hp L\ahhe h_ :kmÃ'
;hhdbg` <hgËkfZmbhg
:em^kgZmbo^er% [hhdbg` Zg] iZrf^gm \Zg [^ fZ]^ [r ]^[bm(\k^]bm \Zk] [r iahgbg` ma^ <hgmbgnbg` >]n\Zmbhg ]^iZkmf^gm hg )*-* ,., -./.(-.2/'
?^^l
Bm bl ghm ihllb[e^ mh k^l^ko^ Z ieZ\^ hg Zgr \hnkl^' ?nee iZrf^gm bl k^jnbk^] bg hk]^k mh ieZ\^ rhnk [hhdbg`' ;hhdbg` <Zg\^eeZmbhg K^_ng]l \Zgghm [^ h__^k^] b_ rhn \ahhl^ mh \Zg\^e rhnk [hhdbg`' P^ ng]^klmZg] maZm i^klhgZe \bk\nflmZg\^l \Zg \aZg`^% ahp^o^k @L: \Zgghm Z\\^im k^lihglb[bebmr _hk mabl' Ahp^o^k% b_ ma^k^ bl Z \aZg`^ mh rhnk i^klhgZe \bk\nflmZg\^l [^rhg] rhnk \hgmkhe ikbhk mh ma^ lmZkm h_ rhnk \hnkl^% p^ pbee fZd^ ^o^kr ^__hkm mh h__^k rhn Zg Zem^kgZmbo^ \hnkl^ hk ]bl\nll iZrf^gm ieZgl' Ma^ hger ^q\^imbhg _hk Z k^_ng] pbee [^ lmn]^gml pbma]kZpbg` _khf Z \hnkl^ hg f^]b\Ze hk \hfiZllbhgZm^ `khng]l !]h\nf^gmZmbhg fZr [^ k^jn^lm^]"'
<hgËkfZmbhg h_ rhnk [hhdbg` pbee [^ l^gm [r ihlm hk ^fZbe !b_ ^fZbe lniieb^]"' Rhn pbee k^\^bo^ \hgËkfZmbhg Zl lhhg Zl _nee ^gkhef^gm bl k^Z\a^] pab\a \Zg [^ ni mh *) ]Zrl ikbhk mh ma^ lmZkm h_ ma^ \hnkl^' !:ee fZbe _khf @L: bl l^gm +g] <eZll"' FZm^kbZe eblml Zg] Zgr Z]]bmbhgZe bg_hkfZmbhg pbee [^ bg\en]^] bg rhnk \hgËkfZmbhg'
?^^l oZkr Z\\hk]bg` mh \eZll lbs^% _Z\bebmb^l( ^jnbif^gm hk ^ll^gmbZe fZm^kbZel k^jnbk^]% mnbmbhg Zg](hk eb_^ fh]^el Zl p^ee Zl bg]n\mbhg Zg] lh\bZe ^o^gml maZm mZd^ ieZ\^ ]nkbg` ma^ p^^d' =bl\hngml >Z\a p^^d&ehg` Z]nem \hnkl^ ]^l\kbimbhg li^\bË^l Z \hnkl^ _^^ Zg] ]bl\hngm^] _^^' Ie^Zl^ l^^ <abe]k^gÃl <hnkl^l l^\mbhg hg iZ`^ +* _hk ]^mZbel h_ ]bl\hngml _hk <abe]k^gÃl <hnkl^l' Ma^ p^^d&ehg` Z]nem \hnkl^ ]bl\hngm^] _^^ pbee [^ Ziieb\Z[e^ b_ rhn Zk^ Z l^gbhk \bmbs^g bg k^\^bim h_ Z lmZm^ i^glbhg% ng^fiehr^] hk Z ?> hk A> lmn]^gm' Rhn pbee [^ k^jnbk^] mh ikhob]^ ^ob]^g\^ h_ rhnk lmZmnl hg Ziieb\Zmbhg' =bl\hngml Zk^ Zelh ZoZbeZ[e^ _hk mahl^ [hhdbg` fhk^ maZg hg^ _nee ikb\^] Z]nem \hnkl^' B_ rhn Zek^Z]r k^\^bo^ ma^ ]bl\hngm^] _^^ Zg] [hhd fhk^ maZg hg^ \hnkl^% rhn Zk^ ngZ[e^ mh h[mZbg Z _nkma^k ]bl\hngm'
K^_ng]l pbee hger [^ Znmahkbl^] [r ma^ A^Z] h_ ?bgZg\^ bg \hglnemZmbhg pbma ma^ A^Z] h_ <hgmbgnbg` >]n\Zmbhg'
=^mZbel Zk^ ZoZbeZ[e^ hg [hhdbg`'
H\\ZlbhgZeer <hgmbgnbg` >]n\Zmbhg fZr [^ _hk\^] mh \Zg\^e Z \hnkl^ ]n^ mh bgln_Ë\b^gm ^gkhef^gm bg pab\a \Zl^ Zg Zem^kgZmbo^ \hnkl^ hk Z _nee k^_ng] pbee [^ h__^k^]' :m ma^ mbf^ h_ `hbg` mh ikbgm% Zee \hnkl^ bg_hkfZmbhg bl \hkk^\m ahp^o^k rhn pbee [^ ghmbË^] h_ Zgr \aZg`^l maZm fZr ]bk^\mer Z__^\m rhnk \hnkl^'
Ie^Zl^ ]h ghm a^lbmZm^ mh \hgmZ\m nl b_ rhn k^jnbk^ Zgr ZllblmZg\^ pbma rhnk Ziieb\Zmbhg hk aZo^ Zgr _nkma^k bgjnbkb^l'
Jn^lmbhgl
+0
:=NEM :IIEB<:MBHG ?HKF
<HGMBGNBG@ >=N<:MBHG ( LNFF>K L<AHHE +)*)
;^_hk^ \hfie^mbg` mabl _hkf% ie^Zl^ k^Z] >gkhef^gm Ikh\^]nk^l hg iZ`^ +/ B pbla mh [hhd Z ieZ\^ hg ma^ _heehpbg` \hnkl^!l" Ie^Zl^ bg]b\Zm^3 P^^d <hnkl^ <hnkl^ Mbme^ !?bklm <ahb\^"
hk P^^d^g] <hnkl^
<hnkl^ Mbme^ !L^\hg] <ahb\^"
?bklm gZf^
LnkgZf^
?nee :]]k^ll Ihlm\h]^ M^e^iahg^ Gh !=Zr"
Fh[be^
>fZbe
M^e^iahg^ Gh !>o^"
Ie^Zl^ mb\d b_ rhn Zk^ ^eb`b[e^ _hk ma^ ]bl\hngm^] _^^ !i^glbhgZ[e^ lmZmnl(ng^fiehr^](lmn]^gm" R^l Gh !>ob]^g\^ h_ rhnk lmZmnl fnlm [^ ikhob]^]" =h rhn aZo^ Zgr li^\bZe g^^]l maZm rhn phne] ebd^ Ma^ L\ahhe mh [^ ZpZk^ h_ !]blZ[bebmr Z\\^ll% f^]b\Zmbhg% Zee^k`b^l ^m\" B_ lh% ie^Zl^ ikhob]^ ]^mZbel [^ehp'
Ie^Zl^ lb`g ]Zm^ mh \hgËkf maZm rhn Z`k^^ mh ma^ \Zg\^eeZmbhg m^kfl Zl ]^mZbe^] bg >gkhef^gm Ikh\^]nk^l hg iZ`^ +/
Lb`gZmnk^
=Zm^
Ie^Zl^ l^g] mabl \hfie^m^] _hkf pbma rhnk \a^jn^ fZ]^ iZrZ[e^ mh ÂMa^ @eZl`hp L\ahhe h_ :kmà mh3 <hgmbgnbg` >]n\Zmbhg% Ma^ @eZl`hp L\ahhe h_ :km% */0 K^g_k^p Lmk^^m% @eZl`hp% @, /KJ' ?hk iZrf^gm [r \k^]bm(]^[bm \Zk]% ie^Zl^ m^e^iahg^3 )*-* ,., -.2/(-./.
Lbfhg^ @b[lhg% <h&hk]bgZmhk )*-* ,., -.2/ hk Zm l'`b[lhg9`lZ'Z\'nd
H_Ë\bZe Nl^ Hger
@hk]hg P^[[% A^Z] h_ =^iZkmf^gm )*-* ,., -./. hk Zm `'p^[[9`lZ'Z\'nd
K^_^k^g\^ Gnf[^k
:fhngm K^\^bo^]
\a^jn^(\Zla
K^\^bo^] ;r
=Zm^
<hlm <^gmk^
+1
<ABE=K>GÃL :IIEB<:MBHG ?HKF
<HGMBGNBG@ >=N<:MBHG ( LNFF>K L<AHHE +)*)
+2
;^_hk^ \hfie^mbg` mabl _hkf% ie^Zl^ k^Z] >gkhef^gm Ikh\^]nk^l hg iZ`^ +/ B pbla mh [hhd Z ieZ\^ hg ma^ _heehpbg` \hnkl^!l" <hnkl^ Mbme^ :F !?bklm <ahb\^"
:`^ @khni
<hnkl^ Mbme^ :F !L^\hg] <ahb\^"
:`^ @khni
<hnkl^ Mbme^ IF !?bklm <ahb\^"
:`^ @khni
<hnkl^ Mbme^ IF !L^\hg] <ahb\^"
:`^ @khni
?bklm gZf^
LnkgZf^
<:FINL F:I
<HGMBGNBG@ >=N<:MBHG ( LNFF>K L<AHHE +)*)
)* FZ\dbgmhla ;nbe]bg` )+ G^p[^kr Mhp^k ), ?hnebl ;nbe]bg` )- AZe]Zg^ ;nbe]bg` ). Ma^ ;Zkg^l ;nbe]bg` )/ FZk`Zk^m FZ\=hgZe] Ahnl^
)0 C'=' D^eer ;nbe]bg` )1 Kb\afhg] ;nbe]bg` )2 @L: Eb[kZkr *) ;hnk]hg ;nbe]bg` ** :ll^f[er ;nbe]bg` *+ F\E^eeZg @Zee^kb^l
GZf^ h_ IZk^gm(@nZk]bZg ?nee :]]k^ll Ihlm\h]^ M^e^iahg^ Gh !=Zr"
Fh[be^
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M^e^iahg^ Gh !>o^"
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