The Seafood Market in Italy
GLOBEFISH RESEARCH PROGRAMME
The Seafood Market in Italy Volume 92
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Fish Products and Industry Division Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 00153 Rome, Italy Tel.: +39 06 5705 5074 Fax: +39 06 5705 5188 www.globefish.org
Volume 92
The Seafood Market in Italy
by
Camillo Catarci (April 2008)
The GLOBEFISH Research Programme is an activity initiated by FAO's Fish Utilisation and Marketing Service, Rome, Italy and financed jointly by: -
NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Service), Washington, DC, USA FROM, Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación, Madrid, Spain Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries, Copenhagen, Denmark European Commission, Directorate General for Fisheries, Brussels, EU Norwegian Seafood Export Council, Tromsoe, Norway OFIMER (Office National Interprofessionnel des Produits de la Mer et de l’Aquaculture), Paris, France ASMI (Alaska Seafood Marketing Institute), USA DFO (Department of Fisheries and Oceans), Canada SSA (Seafood Services Australia), Australia Ministry of Fisheries, New Zealand
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, GLOBEFISH, Fish Products and Industry Division Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153Rome, Italy – Tel.: (39) 06570 56313 E-mail: GLOBEFISH@fao.org - Fax: (39) 0657055188 – http//:www.globefish.org
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The designation employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
Camillo Catarci; THE SEAFOOD MARKET IN ITALY GLOBEFISH Research Programme, Vol.92 Rome, FAO. 2008. p. 44
Fish consumption in Italy grew from 11.8 kg/pc in 1961 to 25.1 kg/pc in 2003. The main group of products purchased by Italian families is fresh seafood, with 50 percent of purchases, followed by frozen seafood (23 percent) and canned seafood (20 percent). Due to the increasing consumption and declining domestic supply, Italy is a net importer of seafood. Italian seafood imports increased from 353 300 tonnes in 1976 to 970 100 tonnes in 2006, molluscs being the main commodity imported and Spain being the main country of origin. Like in many other developed countries, the seafood processing sector in Italy is gradually being restricted to the niche of quality preparations. Acknowledgement: Karine Boisset, FAO
Richard Grainger, FAO Helga Josupeit, FAO Gabriella Laurenti, FAO Audun Lem, FAO Paolo Manzoni, NHS, Italy Gerry O’Sullivan, FAO Tony Piccolo, FAO Sachiko Tsuji, FAO Stefania Vannuccini, FAO
Cover image: Reproduction of this mural painting by Walter Casotti depicting the fishing village of Cesenatico (Itlay), was given with kind permission by Rosa Casali, from the estate of Walter Masotti. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Information Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.
Š FAO 2008
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TABLE OF CONTENT
1.
INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................1 1.1. Seafood imports into Southern Europe ..........................................................................2 1.2. How to export seafood to Southern EU countries: a guide for developing countries....5 1.2.1. Trade and Development ...........................................................................................5 The Bilateral level ..................................................................................................5 Autonomous measures............................................................................................7 1.3. Health and safety requirements ......................................................................................7
2.
ITALY....................................................................................................................................10 2.1. Executive Summary .....................................................................................................10 2.2. Seafood consumption in Italy.......................................................................................10 2.3. The industry..................................................................................................................12 2.3.1. Total production.....................................................................................................13 Capture fisheries ..................................................................................................13 Aquaculture ..........................................................................................................16 2.3.2. International trade .................................................................................................18 Imports .................................................................................................................18 Exports .................................................................................................................26 2.3.3. Processing ..............................................................................................................30 2.3.4. Key industry players...............................................................................................31 Fresh seafood .......................................................................................................31 Frozen seafood .....................................................................................................32 Canned seafood ....................................................................................................33 2.3.5. Marketing ...............................................................................................................33 Home consumption ...............................................................................................33 Away-from-home consumption.............................................................................34
3. ANNEX 1: ITALIAN IMPORTERS, EXPORTERS, PRODUCERS, AQUACULTURE FARMERS AND DISTRIBUTORS ...................................................................................................... 35 4.
ANNEX 2: ITALIAN SEAFOOD RECIPES .............................................................................. 41
5.
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................. 43
TABLES TABLE 1: MAIN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES EXPORTING TO THE SOUTHERN EU REGION (1 000 TONNES). ....................................................................................................................3 TABLE 2: MAIN COMMODITIES IMPORTED INTO THE SOUTHERN EU REGION FROM DEVELOPING COUNTRIES (1 000 TONNES). .........................................................................................4
TABLE 3: SEAFOOD CONSUMPTION IN ITALY BY GROUP OF COMMODITIES, 1993-2003 (KG/PC) ......................................................................................................................................................12 TABLE 4: COMPOSITION OF THE ITALIAN CATCH, 1950-2005 (TONNES)...................................15 TABLE 5: COMPOSITION OF THE ITALIAN AQUACULTURE OUTPUT, 1970-2005 (TONNES) ...................................................................................................................................................18
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TABLE 6: ITALIAN SEAFOOD IMPORTS BY GROUP OF COMMODITIES (1 000 TONNES) .......20 TABLE 7: ITALIAN SEAFOOD IMPORT QUANTITIES, VALUES AND UNIT VALUES BY MAIN COMMODITY. ................................................................................................................................21 TABLE 8: ITALIAN SEAFOOD IMPORTS BY MAIN COUNTRY OF ORIGIN, 1995-2006 (1 000 TONNES). ........................................................................................................................................25 TABLE 9: ITALIAN SEAFOOD EXPORTS BY MAIN COUNTRY OF DESTINATION, 1995-2006 (1 000 TONNES). .....................................................................................................................27 TABLE 10: ITALIAN SEAFOOD EXPORT QUANTITIES, VALUES AND UNIT VALUES BY MAIN COMMODITY. ...............................................................................................................................28
FIGURES FIGURE 1: SOUTHERN EU IMPORTS OF SEAFOOD ............................................................................2 FIGURE 2: SEAFOOD CONSUMPTION IN ITALY, 1961-2003.............................................................11 FIGURE 3: TOTAL FISHERY AND AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION IN ITALY 1950-2005.....................................................................................................................................................13 FIGURE 4: ITALIAN FISHERY CAPTURES, 1950-2005........................................................................15 FIGURE 5: ITALIAN AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION, 1950-2005 .....................................................17 FIGURE 6: ITALIAN SEAFOOD IMPORTS, 1950-2005 .........................................................................19 FIGURE 7: ITALIAN SEAFOOD EXPORTS, 1976-2006.........................................................................27 FIGURE 8: SEAFOOD PROCESSING IN ITALY, 1976-2005 .................................................................30 FIGURE 9: SEAFOOD CANNING AND CURING IN ITALY, 1976-2006 .............................................31
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1. INTRODUCTION The European Union (EU) is composed of 27 Member States: • • • • • • •
Founding members (1951) Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands; Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom, which joined in 1973; Greece, which joined in 1981; Portugal and Spain, which joined in 1986; Austria, Finland and Sweden, which joined in 1995; Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia which joined in 2004; Bulgaria and Romania which joined in 2007.
The EU is the top world importer of seafood. In 2006, the Union imported 5.71 million tonnes of seafood, whereas Japan imported 3.02 million tonnes of seafood and the United States imported 2.45 million tonnes of seafood. Within the Union, there are three macro-areas of seafood consumption. The Northern EU sub-region (Austria, Benelux, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Sweden, the United Kingdom) is more priceconscious and dominated by relatively cheap fish preparations. Consumption of fish in the Central and Eastern EU sub-region (Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania and Slovakia) has been, traditionally, very low. However, social and economic development of the area is resulting in changing food habits and increasing seafood consumption. Instead, Southern EU sub-region (Cyprus, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Malta, Portugal, Slovenia and Spain) is the EU sub-region with the highest fish consumption patterns, due to its geographical position and cultural habits of its inhabitants1. The sources utilized for this report have been seafood marketing reports (including online reports), the GLOBEFISH databank, personal contacts and statistical databases, mainly EUROSTAT and FAO Fishstat Plus. The global fishery statistics of production in capture and aquaculture and trade are mostly collected by the Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service, FIES, of FAO, and made available through yearbook publications, web sites and the Fishstat Plus database. National reports are the main, but not the only source of data used by FAO to maintain its fishery statistics database. In cases where data are missing or are considered unreliable, FAO includes estimates based on the best available information from any qualified sources including EUROSTAT and various Regional Fishery Management Organizations. A comprehensive network of regional intergovernmental institutions created by FAO, the FISH INFOnetwork, also provides supplemental information on international trade. FAO’s fishery statistics are global in coverage, have complete time series since 1950 for production and since 1976 for trade and are regularly updated. During the last decade, financial support for the development and maintenance of individual national fishery statistical systems has decreased sharply, while supporting efforts have shifted toward improvement of data collection and monitoring capacity at regional and sub-regional level. At the same time, information needs have been increasing
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It has to be highlighted that the partition between the three regions is extremely loose. In fact, there are several differences in seafood consumption habits within sub-regions and some countries may share the seafood consumption habits of two sub-regions. For instance, France can be placed in the middle between Northern and Southern Europe and Slovenia can be placed in the middle between Southern and Eastern Europe in terms of seafood consumption habits.
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dramatically. In general, the global trends are probably reliably reflected by the FAO statistics but the individual figures and the assessments involve a certain degree of uncertainty. 1.1. Seafood imports into Southern Europe In 2006, combined imports of the seven Southern EU countries (Cyprus, France, Greece Italy, Malta, Portugal, Slovenia and Spain) totalled 3.38 million tonnes, of which 59 percent came from developing countries, 31 percent from other EU countries and only 10 percent came from non-EU developing countries2 (Figure 1). Figure 1
Fig. 1. Southern EU imports of seafood: a breakdown by economic group of countries, 2006
Other developed countries 10%
Other EU countries 31%
Developing countries 59%
Imports of seafood from developing countries into the Southern EU region increased from 726 200 tonnes in 1995 to 1.99 million tonnes in 2006, equivalent to a growth rate of 10 percent/year. The main suppliers of seafood to the Southern EU region among developing countries are Argentina, Morocco, Peru, China, Chile, Ecuador, India, Thailand, Vietnam and Namibia. The ten major exporting countries represent nearly 50 percent of total Southern EU imports of seafood from developing countries. Every country experienced positive annual growth rate, with the exception of Namibia, whose exports to Southern Europe increased from 1995 to 2003, to decline in the years that followed, reaching in 2006 the same levels of 1995 (Table 1) due to a decline in exports of fresh hake3.
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However, due to the frequent misreporting of imports from non-EU countries as imports from the Netherlands (in fact, Rotterdam is often the first point of entry of seafood imported into the EU) the share of developing countries in total Southern EU exports might be even higher. 3 Hakes (whether M. capensis or M. paradoxus) are the main fish species the EU imports from Namibia.
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Table 1. Main developing countries exporting to the Southern EU region (1 000 tonnes). Country
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Argentina
126.51
145.5
172.91
196.4
188.93
152.75
184.62
168.05
175.78
143.89
133.32
216.18
Morocco
89.25
96.9
118
107.4
123.7
158.43
176.42
159.22
144.61
142.62
152.91
169.57
Peru
102.82
102.65
146.08
49.34
116.98
131.68
180.57
137.13
164
154.63
175.86
156.54
China
23.87
20.34
36.16
55.73
61.27
78.33
94.83
44.02
64.12
81.54
121.15
149.4
Chile
103.81
76.55
84.63
82.01
66.24
78.86
108.75
103.61
126.15
136.29
138.7
138.18
Ecuador
52.3
50.21
57.94
67.3
87.28
59.31
56.67
53.68
78.57
71.3
98.19
123.51
India
53.99
43.13
32.15
28.47
44.13
47.71
60.16
60.83
65.27
74.25
86.36
97.36
Thailand
51.41
49.8
45.57
69.46
59.87
52.71
52.78
59.42
71.19
68.73
75.74
92.01
Vietnam
1.29
1.83
6.7
7.75
8.77
10.16
15.02
17.38
23.26
32.06
50.34
82.41
Namibia
63.56
58.79
61.45
83.54
88.96
85.62
93.88
79.95
90.14
85.09
70.15
66.34
726.24
780.52
1226.3
1294
1342.8
1379.6
1596.2
1555.8
1703.6
1661.5
1821.9
1993.7
TOTAL
(inc. others)
(source: EUROSTAT).
Argentina is the top developing country exporter of seafood to Southern Europe, with 216 200 tonnes of seafood supplied to the area in 2006 (Table 1). More than 70 percent of Argentine exports of seafood to the Southern EU region go to Spain. In fact, several frozen seafood producing companies in Argentina have been set up through Spanish funding. Argentina supplies Spain with frozen Illex squid, frozen shrimp (Pleoticus muelleri) and frozen Argentine hake (Merluccius hubbsi) fillets. Also in the case of Morocco, 65 percent of its seafood exports to the Southern EU region go to Spain. Spain imports from Morocco mostly octopus, snails and unidentified fresh saltwater fish. Most of the remainder of Moroccan exports is shared between France and Italy. Italy imports mostly frozen octopus, whereas France imports canned sardines (mostly European pilchard or sardine, Sardina pilchardus), fish oil, canned anchovies (Engraulis spp.) and frozen sardines. The main exports of Peru to Southern Europe are fish meal, frozen molluscs and fish oil. The trend of exports of fish meal and fish oil is discontinuous as these products are linked to the cyclical abundance of small pelagics in the Pacific Ocean. Fish meal is also the main exported commodity from Chile, together with fresh southern hake Merluccius australis. Imports of seafood from China to the Southern EU region increased from 23 900 tonnes in 1995 to 149 400 tonnes in 2006, equivalent to an annual growth rate of 18 percent (Table 1). The lower quantities imported between 2002 and (to a lesser extent) 2004 are due to the EU ban on seafood from China on the grounds of evidences of potentially risky chloramphenicol residues found in samples of shrimps and prawns imported from China in January 2002. The ban was lifted more than two years later. The main commodities imported by Southern EU countries from China are frozen pre-cooked shrimps and prawns, frozen Alaska Pollack Theragra chalcogramma, frozen monk Lophius spp. and surimi preparations. Exports from Ecuador increased from 52 300 tonnes in 1995 to 123 500 tonnes in 2006 (Table 1). The main commodities are frozen pre-cooked Penaeus shrimp, frozen pre-cooked tuna loins for canning and canned tuna. Ecuador hosts several shrimp farming facilities, the main species produced being the whiteleg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) and the blue shrimp (Penaeus stylirostris). Ecuador is also a large producer of canned tuna and tuna loins, with processing facilities belonging to (or affiliated with) tuna companies from Spain and the United States, as well as to the international tuna loins’ producing company Tri-Marine. Imports from India are dominated by molluscs and crustaceans, especially cephalopods (Loligo squid, cuttlefish and octopus) and frozen pre-cooked shrimps. Frozen Loligo squid is also the main product imported from Thailand, followed by frozen yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) for canning, canned
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tuna and surimi preparations. Canned tuna from Thailand is gradually entering the otherwise conservative and quality conscious Southern EU tuna market4 while frozen shrimp imports appear to be increasing. Imports of seafood from Vietnam increased from 1 300 tonnes in 1995 to 82 400 tonnes in 2006, equivalent to an annual growth rate of 46 percent (Table 1). Imports from Vietnam are dominated by frozen fillets of freshwater fish, e.g. Pangasius catfish, which is largely consumed as a cheaper alternative to traditional whitefish species such as Northern cods (Gadus spp.) and hakes (Merluccius spp.). Other significant imports from Vietnam include frozen cephalopods, frozen pre-cooked Penaeus shrimps and frozen Venus clams. Overall, the main commodities imported from developing countries are frozen shrimp, fish meal, frozen cephalopods and tunas (Table 2). In terms of value, the most important commodities include shrimp and canned tuna.
Table 2. Main commodities imported into the Southern EU region from developing countries (1 000 tonnes). Commodity
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
0
0
68.7
86.33
80.68
80.59
97.18
103.05
133.19
137.81
150.42
194.28
142.51
133.94
174.13
90.12
123.48
162.79
179.21
133.91
165.7
150.79
147.86
128.58
35.55
43.82
39.37
67.26
60.55
84.89
97.09
82.71
100.14
93.41
106.13
106.23
26.74
33.54
65.86
73.49
86.89
80.78
93
69.19
75.32
44.91
66.66
101.61
Frozen pre-cooked Penaeus shrimps
Fish meal
Frozen Loligo squid
Frozen Illex squid
Frozen Octopus spp.
39.2
37.89
50.43
54.9
87.66
64.78
78.29
86.57
84.46
75.1
82.42
88.79
Canned tuna not in oil
58.39
61.85
61.19
66.04
50.82
61.21
58.72
72.52
76.79
82.65
76.66
88.12
Frozen pre-cooked tuna loins
27.19
31.17
38.32
47.48
52.5
51.3
44.24
55.91
77.74
66.01
77.65
82.16
Frozen molluscs nei
8.07
10.46
14.04
7.08
10.07
13.9
18.85
26.85
27.98
50.09
52.75
76.37
(source: EUROSTAT).
Large-sized shrimps and prawns, mainly warmwater species, are extremely appreciated in Southern Europe. They are mainly consumed grilled but also as an ingredient in pasta and rice dishes. Depending on the year, the main wild species is the Argentine red shrimp Pleoticus muelleri, which is a large-sizes coldwater shrimp. The trends in captures of Pleoticus muelleri and other wild species are often discontinuous, whilst warmwater shrimp farming ensures a steady supply of these appreciated crustaceans to the European market. The EU imports farmed warmwater shrimps and prawns in frozen form from Ecuador, India, China, Brazil and Bangladesh. The species favoured by the EU are the whiteleg shrimp, produced in China, Brazil and Ecuador, and the giant tiger prawn Penaeus monodon, produced in India, China and Bangladesh. Tuna is a staple food in the Mediterranean diet. It is normally eaten in a sandwich, with salad or mixed with pasta sauces. Canned tuna is mostly imported from developing countries such as Seychelles and Côte d’Ivoire where substantial EU investments facilitated the setting up of state of the art processing units. Those countries belong to the group of ex-European colonies from the African, Caribbean and 4
Also through the help of a progressive tariff reduction, as the general 24 percent tariff applied by the EU to third countries exporting canned tuna has been gradually lowered to a 20.5 percent Generalised System of Preference with a 12 percent special tariff applied to an yearly quota.
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Pacific (ACP) regions. On the other hand, frozen pre-cooked tuna loins are really semi-processed commodities aimed at the canning industries of Italy, France, Spain and to a lesser extent Portugal. The processing of raw materials into loins in developing countries benefits from the cheaper labour costs in those countries. At the same time, undertaking the final canning stage in investor countries enables the partial protection of employment in their canneries. 1.2. How to export seafood to Southern EU countries: a guide for developing countries 1.2.1. Trade and Development International trade can become a factor for development and growth if accompanied by the proper support policies and if used correctly. Thus, development is a fundamental principle of the EU trade strategy. The EU trade policy aims to contribute to a more equitable integration of developing countries into the international trading system through action on the multilateral5 level, the bilateral level and through autonomous measures. The focus of this chapter will be on the bilateral level and autonomous measures. The Bilateral level Traditionally, countries from the Africa, Caribbean and the Pacific (ACP) region have been benefiting from zero tariffs applied to their EU exports through a non reciprocal system of trade preferences under the framework of the Lomé Convention. As the non reciprocal system was declared incompatible under the World Trade Organization (WTO)’s rules, in 2002 the ACP States and the EU decided to overhaul their previous trade relations. The Parties agreed to enter into economic integration agreements (the Economic Partnership Agreements, EPAs) concluding new WTO-compatible trading arrangements, setting up a free trade area between the EU and the ACP and enhancing cooperation in all areas related to trade. These agreements are aimed at fostering development by strengthening regional integration and improving the business environment in a sustainable way. The agreements have been negotiated since 2002; they entered into force in January 2008, therefore replacing the old Lomé system. There are four pillars to the EPAs: Partnership: EPAs entail rights and obligations for both sides. While the Union will be prepared to further open up its market to ACP products and tackle all other trade barriers, the ACP States must be prepared to implement appropriate policies to strengthen their supply capacity and to reduce transaction costs. Regional integration: the implementation of EPAs will sustain the integration process within the ACP.
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The World Trade Organisation's fourth Ministerial Conference in Doha (Qatar) in November 2001 resulted in, inter alia, the launch of a new round of trade negotiations, the Doha Development Agenda (DDA). The DDA aims at improving market access and establishing rules that help foster development and increase developing countries’ opportunities to benefit from further trade liberalisation. The EU proposes advancing meaningful liberalisation across all non-agricultural products (including fishery products), which represent over 70 percent of developing country exports, by eliminating tariff peaks and high tariffs, and significantly reducing tariff escalation. The EU intends to fulfil the promise of the Doha Mandate in these non-agricultural products by establishing real new market access for all, with the largest opportunities for Least Developed Countries (LDCs) through tariff and quota-free access offered by both developed and if possible most advanced developing countries. Despite its importance, the multilateral level of negotiations is outside the scope of this report. For more information, please check http://ec.europa.eu/trade/issues/newround/doha_da/index_en.htm and http://ec.europa.eu/trade/issues/global/development/index_en.htm.
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Development: EPAs have been designed with all the flexibility required to take account of the economic, social and environmental constraints of the ACP countries and of their capacity to adapt to the new trading environment. On the other hand, they must be integrated into the development policy of the ACP countries and into the support strategies of the EU. Link to WTO: Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) are intended to act as a stepping stone to the gradual integration of the ACP countries into the world economy and WTO led trade liberalization. However, EPAs are also defining more specific and more operational, bilateral trade related provisions, for example in the area of sanitary and phytosanitary standards. These are intended to tackle non-tariff barriers to trade between the ACP countries themselves and between the ACP and the EU. This process will be supported through EU trade related assistance. True to the principle of regionalism, ACP countries were encouraged to enter the EPAs in regional groupings. Agreements with the following regional groups were concluded: • • • • • •
EU and West Africa (Economic Community of West Africa, ECOWAS6, and Mauritania); EU and Central Africa (Communauté Economique et Monétaire de l'Afrique Centrale, CEMAC7 and São Tomé and Príncipe); EU and Eastern and Southern Africa (Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, COMESA8); EU and Southern African Development Community (SADC)9; EU and the Caribbean Forum of ACP States (CARIFORUM10); EU and the Pacific Region11.
A six year-long period of negotiations (2002-2008) resulted in the entry into force of the EPAs for the EU and 35 ACP States12 through the adoption of Council Regulation 1528/2007. The Regulation has been in force since 1 January 2008. The regulation confirms the elimination of all import duties for fish and fishery products, which is particularly important for prepared and preserved products under the code 1604 and 1605, usually
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Its members being Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Côte d’Ivoire, the Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo. Of these countries, only Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana and Nigeria are not among the group of the Least Developed Countries (LDC), which, from a tariff point of view, benefit from tariff exemption from all products excluding weapons (the “Everything But Arms”, EBA clause). 7 Its members being Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Chad, the Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea and Gabon. The Central African Republic, Chad and Equatorial Guinea are LDCs (see previous footnote). 8 Its members who decided to negotiate the EPA with the EU are Burundi, Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Rwanda, Seychelles, Sudan, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Burundi, Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Madagascar, Malawi, Rwanda, Sudan, Uganda and Zambia are LDCs (see previous footnote). 9 Its members who decided to negotiated the EPA with the EU are Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, Swaziland and Tanzania. Angola, Lesotho, Mozambique and Tanzania are LDCs (see previous footnote). 10 Its ACP members being Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, the Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago. Haiti is an LDC (see previous footnote). 11 Cook Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Kiribati, the Marshall Islands, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Samoa, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu. Solomon Islands, Tuvalu and Vanuatu are LDCs (see previous footnote). 12 Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Comoros, Côte d’Ivoire, Dominica, the Dominican Republic, Fiji, Ghana, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Papua New Guinea, Rwanda, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Seychelles, Suriname, Swaziland, Tanzania, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda and Zimbabwe.
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subject to higher tariffs13. In turn, most tariffs on fresh and frozen fish may have been eliminated already for all third countries, or may be very low. Regulation 1528/2007 includes strict provisions on rules of origin. A product imported by the EU is to be considered as originating in the ACP States if it has been: • •
wholly obtained in the ACP States; or obtained in the ACP States incorporating materials which have not been wholly obtained there, provided that such materials have undergone sufficient working or processing in the ACP States.
Regulation 1528/2007 is available online from the EUROPA server lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2007:348:0001:0154:en:PDF.
at:
http://eur-
Autonomous measures For many years the EU has been operating unilateral preferential market access schemes under the Generalised System of Preferences (GSP). There are currently three types of GSP in force in the EU: • •
•
The general arrangement for all beneficiary countries; The special incentive arrangement for sustainable development and good governance (the “GSP Plus”) provides additional benefits for countries implementing certain international standards in human and labour rights, environmental protection, the fight against drugs, and good governance. In particular, the special arrangements to fight drug production and trafficking provide duty free market access for all industrial products, which enables large canned tuna and tuna loins producers like Colombia Ecuador to export their products duty-free to the Union; The special incentive arrangement for Least Developing Countries, that are allowed to export duty-free “Everything But Arms” (EBA) to the EU.
Rules of origin also apply to country benefiting from the GSP system according to Council Regulation 2454/93. The product should be either “wholly obtained” in the beneficiary country (or countries14), or undergo a series of operations in the beneficiary country/ies conferring to the product the origin from the beneficiary country/ies. Details on the Generalised System of Preferences are available at: http://ec.europa.eu/trade/issues/global/gsp/legis/index_en.htm, whilst the webpage “The Integrated Tariff of the Community” (TARIC) is extremely useful to find out quickly the EU’s tariff regime by product and country (http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/dds/tarhome_en.htm). The texts to the basic European Union legislation relating to GSP, tariffs, trade and development are to be found through http://eur-lex.europa.eu/.
1.3. Health and safety requirements As import duties of fish in general have been much reduced, remaining barriers to developing countries’ exports often relate to health and safety. The EU requirements on the health and safety of seafood (http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/s84000.htm) are particularly stringent.
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The so-called “tariff escalation”: the higher degree of processing, the higher the tariff. If there is cumulation of origin, e.g inputs from other countries are considered as originating in the exporting country. Provisions on cumulation thus extend the possibilities for producers in beneficiary countries to use such inputs. More details on rules of origin can be found at: http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/common/publications/info_docs/customs/index_en.htm 14
7
The official certification of imports from non-EU countries is based on the recognition of the competent authority of the non-EU country by the Commission. This is a necessary pre-requisite for the country to export to the Union. National competent authorities must ensure credible inspection and controls throughout the whole production chain. All relevant issues concerning imports of fishery products must be undertaken by the national competent authority. As a first step, companies wishing to export seafood or other fishery products to the EU should contact the relevant national authorities in their country to become authorised. For all fishery products, countries of origin must be on a positive list of eligible countries for the relevant product. The eligibility criteria are: •
•
• •
•
• • •
the presence, in the third country, of a competent authority which is empowered, structured and resourced to implement effective inspection and guarantee credible public health and animal health attestations in the certificate to accompany fishery products that are destined for the EU. Live fish, their eggs and gametes intended for breeding and live bivalve molluscs must fulfil the relevant animal health standards. Therefore, the veterinary services must ensure effective enforcement of all necessary health controls and monitoring programmes. The national authorities must also guarantee that the relevant hygiene15 and public health requirements are met. List I (fish and fishery products): Imports are only authorised from approved vessels and establishments which have been inspected by the competent authority of the exporting country and found to meet EU requirements. The authority provides the necessary guarantees and is obliged to carry out regular inspections and take corrective action, if necessary. A list of such approved establishments is available at: http://circa.europa.eu/irc/sanco/vets/info/data/listes/ffp.html. List I (live bivalve molluscs): Specific conditions apply for imports of live or processed bivalve molluscs, echinoderms or marine gastropods. These imports are allowed only if they come from approved and listed production areas (http://circa.europa.eu/irc/sanco/vets/info/data/listes/lbm.html)16. In the case of aquaculture products, a control plan on heavy metals, contaminants, residues of pesticides and veterinary drugs must be in place to verify compliance with EU rules. A control plan must be designed by the competent authority and submitted to the European Commission for initial approval and yearly renewal. Inspections by the Commission’s Food and Veterinary Office are necessary to confirm compliance with the above requirements.
Imports of fishery products from non-EU countries must enter the EU via an approved Border Inspection Post under the authority of an official veterinarian. Each consignment is subject to a systematic documentary check, identity check and, as appropriate, a physical check. which are found
15
The hygiene legislation contains specific requirements on the structure of vessels, landing sites, processing establishments and on operational processes, freezing and storage. 16 However, there is an opportunity to enter EU markets on the basis of bilateral agreements (the so-called “List II”). List II countries are non-EU countries that are either those that have not yet been visited by EU Commission inspectors or those still subject to some outstanding hygiene requirements. To facilitate the continuation of trade until an inspection visit has taken place or compliance guarantees received, provision has been made for an EU Member State to establish bilateral agreements with those List II countries wanting to export to their country. Any non-EU country entering into such an agreement must provide the Member State with a list of their approved establishments or production areas and guarantees that these meet equivalent EU hygiene controls. Non-EU countries which do not appear on one of the authorised lists, or that are on List II but do not have a bilateral agreement with an EU country, cannot export fishery products or bivalve molluscs to the EU.
8
not to be compliant with Community (EU) legislation shall either be destroyed or, under certain conditions, re-dispatched within 60 days. The European Commission provides training, technical assistance and facilities for institutional capacity building to help developing countries comply with EU rules (http://ec.europa.eu/food/training/index_en.htm). Furthermore, national and regional development programmes of the European Union are available in individual countries, as well as bilateral aid projects of the Member States. The delegations of the European Union (http://ec.europa.eu/comm/external_relations/delegations/intro/web.htm) can provide detailed information on these programmes.
9
2. ITALY 2.1. Executive summary Fish consumption in Italy grew from 11.8 kg/pc in 1961 to 25.1 kg/pc in 2003. Consumption of fish in Italy is traditionally associated with the image of the fresh whole fish purchased from the fishmonger (now the fish counter in supermarkets) or chosen at the restaurant. However, frozen fish fillets and value-added products such as canned tuna and breaded fish offer cheap, practical and ready-to-prepare options for everyday food. Italian fishery captures increased from 186 400 tonnes in 1950 to 481 300 tonnes in 1984. However, in the years that followed, Italian captures dropped to 298 400 tonnes in 2005. At the same time, aquaculture production partially compensated the declining wild fisheries supply by increasing from 300 tonnes in 1950 to 180 900 tonnes in 2005. Due to the increasing consumption and declining domestic supply, Italy is a net importer of seafood. Italian seafood imports increased from 353 300 tonnes in 1976 to 970 100 tonnes in 2006, molluscs being the main commodity imported and Spain being the main country of origin. Like in many other developed countries, the seafood processing sector in Italy is gradually being restricted to the niche of quality preparations due to lack of competitiveness vis-à -vis emerging economies as far as mass production is concerned. The tuna canning industry remains the biggest processing industry in Italy in terms of output, which is nevertheless declining. More than 400 000 tonnes of seafood are consumed annually at home and 190 000 tonnes seafood are consumed annually away from home in Italy. The main group of products purchased by Italian families is fresh seafood, with 50 percent of purchases, followed by frozen seafood (23 percent), canned seafood (20 percent) and finally cured fish (7 percent, mostly smoked salmon and cured cod). 2.2. Seafood consumption in Italy Italy is traditionally a meat-consuming country. However, fish consumption grew from 11.8 kg/pc in 1961 to 25.1 kg/pc in 2003, equivalent to a rate of 2 percent/year (Figure 2). Seafood is consumed in hors d’oeuvre (shrimp cocktail, mixed seafood platters, smoked salmon, surimi), pasta dishes (with clams, mussels, anchovies, tuna, salmon), rice dishes (with shrimps, lobster, mixed seafood) and as main course (oven-baked, deep-fried, broiled, boiled). Shrimps, clams, mussels and squids are also used as pizza topping and surimi is used to prepare salads.
10
Figure 2
Fig. 2. Seafood consumption in Italy, 1961-2003 26 24 22
kg/pc
20 18 16 14 12
2003
2000
1997
1994
1991
1988
1985
1982
1979
1976
1973
1970
1967
1964
1961
10
year
(source: FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Information and Statistics Service, FIES). In Italy, fish has traditionally conveyed an image of freshness, health and luxury. Seafood consumption is associated with the idea of the fresh whole fish purchased from the fishmonger (now the fish counter in supermarkets) or chosen from the restaurant counter. In Italian cuisine, fish is the fresh food par excellence, set to “jump” ideally from the sea straight into the pan. Ironically, most fish consumed in Italy is now imported; therefore, the image of fish caught, cooked and eaten in the same area is quite distant from reality. Fish Market in Veneto In the past, fish was consumed mainly on Fridays, during Lent and in the summer, in seaside or lakeside resorts. It was purchased fresh from fishmongers and cooked by the housewives themselves. The changes which occurred in the job market such as longer working hours, increasing flexibility and access of women to employment left a shorter amount of time photo credit: Paolo Manzoni. for people to purchase, prepare and consume their meals. The setting up of fresh fish counters (as well as of several other services) in supermarkets and hypermarkets, allowed customers to save time by concentrating their shopping in one go (“onestop-shopping”). The marketing of frozen fish, in many cases boneless, skinless and filleted is another
11
Paolo Manzoni.
time-saving option, saving people from paying frequent visits to supermarkets and from spending extra-time on preparation and cooking. Fish auction in Mazara del Vallo, Sicily Nevertheless, Italian consumers remain conservative. Under ideal conditions they would always choose fresh rather than frozen fish. Frozen fish is generally considered a quick, everyday food, which should nevertheless look as “natural” as possible. In fact, frozen fish marketed in Italy is often packaged in see-through cellophane or in cardboard boxes with a cellophane window, in order to allow consumers to evaluate their purchase. Some value-added products are also accepted as quick options for everyday meals. Canned tuna is a staple food in the Mediterranean diet. It is normally eaten with salad or mixed with pasta sauces. Other value-added products consumed in Italy include canned molluscs and crustaceans for hors d’oeuvres, pasta sauces and pizza topping, surimi for hors d’oeuvres and seafood-based ready meals. Demersal fish species are the main group of commodities consumed in Italy, although their consumption declined by 2 percent/year between 1993 and 2003. Instead, consumption of other commodities is growing, particularly consumption of molluscs which grew by 5 percent/year between 1993 and 2003 (Table 3). Table 3. Seafood consumption in Italy by group of commodities, 1993-2003 (kg/pc) Group of species All
Demersal
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 21.25 21.33 21.36 21.4 21.21 21.92 22.15 22.55 24.51 23.36 25.06
6.91
7.26
6.13 6.47
5.95
5.92
5.66
5.55
5.94
5.65
5.81
3.8
3.77
3.94 3.89
3.87
4.09
4.06
4.16
4.57
4.24
5.11
Molluscs
2.87
2.41
3.57 3.06
3.41
3.67
3.75
4.14
4.32
4.51
4.49
Cephalopods
2.66
2.87
2.81 2.74
2.88
3.03
3.38
3.17
3.59
3.51
3.58
Marine
2.03
1.84
1.94 1.98
1.85
1.82
1.94
1.9
2.2
1.9
2.08
Freshwater
1.53
1.65
1.55
1.7
1.76
1.76
1.68
1.81
1.9
1.78
2.01
Crustaceans
1.45
1.53
1.42 1.55
1.48
1.63
1.68
1.83
1.98
1.75
1.98
0
0
0 0.01
0.01
0
0
0
0.02
0.01
0
Pelagic
Other aquatic animals (source: FAO FIES).
2.3. The industry The importance of the Italian fishing industry has declined constantly over the last three decades, due to a reduction in fish stocks and the subsequent restrictions placed on fishing. On the other hand, aquaculture in Italy has gained importance over time, but its development is constrained by environmental concerns, lack of area with adequate characteristics and legislative bottlenecks. Furthermore, the number of companies involved in processing in Italy has constantly declined over the last two decades. A recent deal between European member states secured EU funding for Italian fisheries in the amount of EUR376 million (at 2004 value) for the period 2007-2013. In addition to the
12
EU resources, Italian national resources provided EUR32 million through the National Programme for Fisheries and Aquaculture. 2.3.1. Total production Total fishery and aquaculture production in Italy increased from 186 700 tonnes in 1950 to 606 500 tonnes in 1995. However, it declined in the years that followed to 479 300 tonnes in 2005. From the mid to late nineties, the decline of capture production was no longer compensated by the increase of aquaculture production. Finally, from the early two thousands, aquaculture production started to decline itself, hence reducing the fish supply in Italy to levels comparable to those of the seventies (Figure 3). Figure 3
Fig. 3. Total fishery and aquaculture production in Italy, 1950-2005 650 000 600 000
Aquaculture
550 000
Capture
500 000 450 000 tonnes
400 000 350 000 300 000 250 000 200 000 150 000 100 000
2005
2000
1995
1990
1985
1980
1975
1970
1965
1960
1955
1950
50 000
year
(source: FAO FISHSTAT Plus). Capture fisheries The Italian marine fishery is a multi-gear, multi-species fishery, with a highly heterogeneous fleet widely dispersed along the coast and more concentrated in some areas, principally the Straits of Sicily and the Adriatic. The fleet is ageing, with 45 percent of vessels aged more than 26 years old, and 29 percent of vessels aged between 15 and 25 years old. In November 2004, the fleet consisted of approximately 15 000 vessels. More than 70 percent of the fleet consisted of artisanal vessels. The fishing capacity of the Italian fleet has fallen very sharply since 1999, particularly following various decommissioning schemes. At the same time, employment in fisheries and aquaculture dropped from 65 000 in 1970 to less than 40 000 according to the last available FAO data (2001).
13
The three cooperative associations that represent most fishers and shellfish producers are Lega Pesca, Federcoopesca and Associazione Generale Cooperative Italiane. These together bring together 1 251 cooperatives and 39 415 fishers. All these organizations are represented on the Fisheries Committee of the General Directorate for Fisheries and Aquaculture, and in local administrations. Associazione Piscicoltori Italiani (API) is the reference point for fish farmers. The largest fleet is located in Sicily, with 2 353 vessels, accounting for 22 percent of the national fleet. Most of the artisanal vessels (65 percent) are concentrated in southern Italy and Sardinia. They use fixed nets (trammel nets, combined trammelgillnets, and gillnets) and longlines in order to target a large number of species. Fishing areas are located on the continental shelf, generally down to 100 m depth, and within 6 nautical miles of the coast. The most important areas for trawling are Sicily and
photo credit: Paolo Manzoni.
The wholesale fish market in Milan Adriatic Sea. Bottom trawlers show a high variability in the fishing areas exploited, which may change in the same day from the continental shelf to the middle slope, up to 700 m depth. Trawler landings are therefore characterized by a high number of species of fish, decapod crustaceans and cephalopods, in various commercial categories. Sicily hosts 40 percent of purse seiners, which target basically European anchovies (Engraulis encrasicolus); another 36 percent is spread along the Tyrrhenian coasts; and the rest of the fleet is located in the central-southern Adriatic. Pelagic trawlers and hydraulic dredgers are concentrated along the Adriatic coast. Italian fishery captures increased from 186 400 tonnes in 1950 to 481 300 tonnes in 1984. However, in the years that followed, Italian captures dropped to a low of 269 900 tonnes in 2002. In 2005, Italian captures totalled 298 400 tonnes (Figure 4). The Italian catch output is decreasing due to the status of the fish stocks in the Mediterranean, where between 80 and 90 percent percent of Italian catches come from. In order to halt this decline, the EU has been launching sustainability measures aimed at reducing fishing capacity, introducing fishing quotas and protecting juveniles and by-catches.
14
Figure 4 Fig. 4. Italian fishery captures, 1950-2005 500 000 450 000 400 000 350 000
tonnes
300 000 250 000 200 000 150 000 100 000
2005
2000
1995
1990
1985
1980
1975
1970
1965
1960
1955
1950
50 000
year
(source: FAO FISHSTAT Plus). The main species landed are the small pelagics, e.g. the European anchovy and the European sardine. Among demersal fish, the most abundant species landed is the European hake (Merluccius merluccius). An important portion of total Italian landings is cephalopods, comprising common cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis), common octopus (Octopus vulgaris), and horned octopus (Eledone cirrhosa). The deep-water rose shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris) is the most important crustacean landed (Table 4). Table 4. Composition of the Italian catch, 1950-2005 (tonnes). 1955 1960 Species 1950 European anchovy 28 100 31 500 20 500 Marine fishes nei 58 700 65 000 37 600 European hake 5 400 2 700 6 500 Striped venus 3 100 4 900 4 400 Deep-water rose shrimp 4 000 3 600 5 800 European pilchard(=Sardine) 27300 30200 31900 Cuttlefish,bobtail squids nei 4 400 7 000 6 600 Mediterranean mussel 8 900 14 000 14 200 TOTAL (inc. others) 186 395 218 448 212 660
Species 1980 European anchovy 79 282 Marine fishes nei 68 629 European hake 12 096 Striped venus 29 336 Deep-water rose shrimp 6 562 European pilchard (=Sardine) 47 712 Cuttlefish,bobtail squids nei 15 349 Mediterranean mussel 9 326 TOTAL (inc. others) 427 645 (source: FAO FISHSTAT Plus).
1985 57 275 59 829 33 766 25 603 18 782 47 382 14 915 10 984 479 396
15
1990 15 993 41 227 21 612 21 174 20 922 37 737 9 877 20 314 371 864
1965 44 100 92 400 8 800 8 800 5 000 31600 13 400 14 000 343 041
1970 54 974 93 148 10 316 15 692 5 987 45296 12 081 14 290 387 117
1975 51 049 64 352 14 330 52 739 9 518 44347 11 820 4 548 397 103
1995 42 746 39 476 38 051 32 609 7 998 36 825 12 389 21 425 396 791
2000 50 728 24 131 9 220 34 191 7 500 25 805 6 325 44 200 302 149
2005 63 361 27 611 15 397 14 946 13 364 12 039 10 518 10 000 298 373
The main targeted species vary according to fleet segment. The most important commercial species for bottom trawlers are M. merluccius, red mullets (Mullus barbatus), Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus), deep-water rose shrimp, spottail mantis shrimp (Squilla mantis), common octopus, horned octopus and squids of the species Loligo vulgaris and Illex coindetii. Artisanal vessels target a wide number of species, both demersal and pelagic, such as cuttlefish, octopus, scorpionfish (Scorpaena spp.), common spiny lobster (Palinurus elephas), hake, common sole (Solea vulgaris), sparids and serranids, swordfish (Xiphias gladius), tuna-like fishes, etc. Purse seiners and pelagic trawlers target basically small pelagics, such as sardine and anchovy. The tuna fishery exploits Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) and, to a lesser extent, albacore (Thunnus alalunga). Among bivalves, the main target species for hydraulic dredgers are clams (Tapes spp., Chamalea galina and Callista chione). Aquaculture Aquaculture in Italy is an activity relying on a wide range of species and of applied technologies. Two main production practices dominate Italian aquaculture. The first one regards the coastal lagoon management, from culture-based fisheries to vallicultura, e.g. aquaculture developed in coastal lagoons. The second system is represented by fish farming plants of euryhaline species (mainly European seabass, Dicentrarchus labrax and gilthead seabream Sparus aurata). The main farming systems employed in Italy are: • • • •
Extensive farming (with farm surface around 15 000 ha); Semi-extensive farming (with farm surface around 27 000 ha); Intensive farming; and Mussel culture.
Historically, some farming of seabass and seabream was reported in Roman documents already 2 000 years ago. In more modern times, the presence of some kind of extensive, large-scale vallicultura aquaculture was reported since the fifteenth century in the Adriatic. In the nineteenth century, the culture of shellfish became common practice, particularly in the Western Mediterranean and the Adriatic. At first, farms used to belong to public companies or state-controlled power companies. In fact, the waters from the cooling cycle of the turbines in the power stations are regularly available at a constant average temperature to supply the aquaculture plants. The second step of aquaculture evolution started after the Second World War in the continental regions, following the modernisation process that accelerated trout farming to world level. In those years, Italian aquaculture used to take place mainly in inland areas, in lagoons and ponds, where trout, carp (Cyprinus carpio) and eel (Anguilla anguilla) were grown. Modern marine intensive aquaculture production started between the late seventies and the early eighties. At the experimental level, farming of European seabass and gilthead seabream only started during the late eighties. Entirely private and independent seabass and seabream farm plants were established only at the beginning of the nineties. These companies were initially oriented towards the development of land-based plants located along coastal areas, because intensive farming is traditionally land-based. However, environmental and aesthetic considerations, as well as the lack of land due to the use of coastal areas limited the development of intensive farming. Hence, EU and national funding stimulated the development of offshore systems in the second half of the nineties. However, offshore cage cultivation is far from being uncontroversial. Offshore aquaculture development has the potential to cause many of the same problems which have been generated by some forms of coastal aquaculture development, such as pollution from waste, negative impacts on wild population of fish through escapes, dependence on wild fisheries for feed inputs and negative interactions with other stakeholders.
16
The rapid expansion of the Italian fish farming sector has required a large amount of effort and investment which has contributed to the development of the sector. The aquaculture sector in Italy is financed by the EU Structural Funds as well as national initiatives. In Italy, aquaculture (whether marine or freshwater) is considered a farming activity. The policy and administrative framework of the aquaculture sector is managed by the Ministry of Forestry, Department of Fishery and Aquaculture. Law no. 122 of 27 March 2001, as supplemented by Law no. 102 of 5 February 1992, describes fish farming entrepreneurs as: “agricultural entrepreneurs, under Art. 2135 of the Civil Code, subjects, individual or legal persons, single or in partnership, who practise aquaculture and the relevant harvesting activities within fresh, salted or brackish water�. The legal aspects that limit the development of aquaculture are linked to the presence of environmental regulations, to the complexity of the rules concerning state concessions, as well as to the difficulties encountered in the course of the implementation and enforcement of International Sanitary Regulations. Italian aquaculture production grew from 300 tonnes in 1950 to 180 900 tonnes in 2005, peaking at 218 300 tonnes in 200117. (Figure 5). Figure 5
Fig. 5. Italian aquaculture production, 1950-2005 225 000 200 000 175 000
tonnes
150 000 125 000 100 000 75 000 50 000
2005
2000
1995
1990
1985
1980
1975
1970
1965
1960
1955
1950
25 000
year
(source: FAO FISHSTAT Plus). The main cultured species are the Japanese carpet shell (Ruditapes philippinarum), the Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Sturgeon (Acipenser spp.) farming is growing, whilst farming of a traditional species, the European eel is currently at the same output level as in 1970 (Table 5).
17
Aquaculture output was significantly lower in 2004 due to a major decline in the production of mussels following the anomalously hot water temperature of the summer of 2003.
17
Table 5. Composition of the Italian aquaculture output, 1970-2005 (tonnes). 1985 1
1990 1995 16 710 60 000
2000 53 000
2005 65 893
Mediterranean mussel
12 000 30 000 46 948 65 000
84 200 84 000
94 000
63 577
Rainbow trout
13 500 16 000 20 400 25 000
35 000 50 000
44 500
30 558
Species Japanese carpet shell
1970 0
Gilthead seabream
10
European seabass
1975 0
1980 0
80
250
360
850
3 200
6 000
6 914
30
120
340
1 050
3 600
8 100
6 262
Grooved carpet shell
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3 785
Sturgeons nei
0
0
0
0
250
500
550
1 158
European eel 1 073 1 716 2 722 2 800 4 100 3 000 2 700 1 132 TOTAL (inc. others) 28 632 51 088 74 640 104 301 148 744 209 725 213 525 180 943 (source: FAO FISHSTAT Plus).
Italy is one of the main global producers of mussels and clams, mostly farmed in the Adriatic regions. The main technology is represented by longlines for intensive production and lagoons for extensive or organic production. The most important freshwater cultured species are trout, sturgeon and carp. Freshwater species are mainly reared in ponds and raceways. In the north-east of the country finfish are cultured in vallicultura and ponds. Cage culture is the main farming system in the south and in the main islands. The most important euryhaline species are seabream, seabass and eels. There are currently approximately 130 farms producing euryhaline species. The production of gilthead seabream and European seabass represents around 96 percent of the total Italian production of euryhaline species. Farms are scattered throughout the Italian territory, mainly in the southern regions. However, Italian production of seabass declined from 12 200 tonnes in 2001 to 9 000 tonnes in 2006. At the same time, seabream production declined from 10 500 tonnes in 2001 to 8 800 tonnes in 2006 (source: AQUAMEDIA). The Italian seabass and seabream farming industry has experienced difficulty coping with the challenges of internationalization of production; hence, it has remained small, fragmented and struggling against the global decline of bass and bream prices. Instead, seabass and seabream farming in other countries such as Greece and Spain have grown through consolidation and vertical integration. Currently 14 fish species and 11 shellfish species are cultured and/or being studied. At least 11 new species are now ready to be commercially cultured. The new species represent a great opportunity, but also a potential threat for the well established markets of seabass and seabream. 2.3.2 International Trade Imports Italy is a net importer of seafood due to the increasing consumption and declining domestic supply. Italian seafood imports increased from 353 300 tonnes in 1976 to 970 100 tonnes in 2006 (Figure 6).
18
Figure 6
Fig. 6. Italian seafood imports, 1976-2006 1 000 000 900 000 800 000 700 000
tonnes
600 000 500 000 400 000 300 000 200 000
2006
2001
1996
1991
1986
1981
1976
100 000
year
(sources: FAO FISHSTAT Plus -1976 to 2005- and EUROSTAT -2006). Fresh, frozen and cured molluscs represent the main group of commodities imported by Italy. Italian imports of molluscs increased from 167 200 tonnes in 1995 to 259 100 tonnes in 2006. They include frozen Loligo squid, frozen octopus, fresh/live mussels and frozen cuttlefish. In 2006, imports of fresh, frozen and cured molluscs represented nearly 30 percent of total Italian seafood imports. Prepared and preserved fish, mostly canned tuna, follows with 183 200 tonnes. Imports of fresh fish doubled in ten years, from 62 900 tonnes in 1995 to 116 200 in 2006 (Table 6). Seabass and salmon (mostly farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, from Norway) represent the most important identified imports among fresh fish. In turn, the market for live fish represents a small niche. The main categories imported in live form are eel and ornamental saltwater fish. Imports of frozen fish declined from 146 300 tonnes in 1995 to 90 300 tonnes in 2006, mainly as a result of the decline of imports of frozen whole yellowfin for canning18. Imports of crustaceans, led by frozen shrimp, reached almost 90 000 tonnes in 2006, against approximately 40 000 tonnes in 1995. Imports of canned molluscs and crustaceans are more limited, but equally growing. Imports of fish meal and fish oil dropped dramatically due to the decline of supply of small pelagics from the Pacific Ocean (Table 6). Imports of fish fillets and fish meat (including surimi), increased from a total of 51 300 tonnes in 1995 to 98 800 tonnes in 2006. This is due to the increasing role of supermarkets and hypermarkets purchasing pre-filleted fish rather than selling whole fish or undertaking the filleting operations themselves. Imports of cured fish remained stable during the 1995-2006 period (Table 6). The main cured fish consumed in Italy are smoked salmon and cured cod (mostly Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua). Imports of smoked salmon are growing, due to the increasing supply of cheaper fish from aquaculture which has 18
Please read end of present chapter and chapter on processing.
19
changed the status of salmon from luxury fish to affordable foodstuff, whereas imports of cured cod are stagnant. Cod used to be consumed traditionally in Italy as the typical working class meal in wetsalted, dried-salted and dried-unsalted form. Declining cod stocks resulted in higher production costs and higher prices, hence cod has turned out to be an unaffordable option for low income groups without really entering the food culture of the Italian middle class. Table 6. Italian seafood imports by group of commodities (1 000 tonnes). Product type
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Molluscs, fresh frozen, cured
167.23
169.27
186.32
198.26
228.43
209.55
Prepared and preserved fish
74.97
85.25
98.9
109.56
122.86
127.83
Fresh fish
62.85
67.85
70.46
76.69
92.25
90.83
Frozen fish
146.3
133.18
120.43
121.6
123.92
117.19
Crustaceans, fresh, frozen, cured
41.43
48.34
45.41
58.03
58.43
63.1
128.87
109.29
112.24
87.55
99.32
106.19
Frozen fish fillets
42.68
46.41
43.13
49.76
46.36
46.11
Cured fish
38.53
38.71
38.19
36.69
36.8
33.55
Fresh fish fillets
5.51
8.4
10.47
11.51
11.05
14.62
Prepared and preserved molluscs
7.51
7.15
6.95
5.99
4.54
7.34
Prepared and preserved crustaceans
5.28
4.84
4.93
5.88
6.47
6.29
Frozen fish meat and surimi
3.07
3.99
4.78
4.8
5.49
4.47
Live fish
5.65
6.59
4.93
3.91
4.23
2.66
TOTAL
729.9
729.3
747.1
770.2
840.1
829.7
Product type
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Molluscs, fresh frozen, cured
227.07
234.05
241.44
242.14
247.58
259.07
Prepared and preserved fish
136.6
147.5
165.36
172.75
183.66
183.23
Meals and Oils
Fresh fish
98.97
94.64
106.06
108.11
113.96
116.22
Frozen fish
115.22
111.98
108.35
99.34
93.71
90.32
Crustaceans, fresh, frozen, cured
Meals and Oils
Frozen fish fillets
Cured fish
71.9
64.11
71.25
73.77
78.93
89.13
109.77
85.25
85.21
81.35
87.85
68.67
52.14
52.91
52.39
55.19
57.14
64.8
38.1
35.69
37.06
39.72
38.71
37.99
16.93
18.34
21.76
25.78
29.58
28.46
Prepared and preserved molluscs
7.4
10.07
9.93
11.87
11.71
13.87
Prepared and preserved crustaceans
7.09
6.22
7.24
8.12
9.15
8.78
Frozen fish meat and surimi
5.27
5.37
4.93
3.88
5.01
5.58
Live fish
2.81
3.95
4.28
2.4
2.66
4
TOTAL
889.3
870.1
915.2
924.4
959.6
970.1
Fresh fish fillets
(source: EUROSTAT). Fish meal is the main single commodity imported into Italy. However, Italian imports of fish meal declined from 98 700 tonnes in 1995 to slightly more than 54 000 tonnes in 2006 (Table 7).
20
Frozen shrimps and prawns are the most important commodities in terms of unit values. Furthermore, consumption of shrimps and prawns in Italy is growing: total Italian shrimp imports increased from 48 200 tonnes in 2002 to 76 700 tonnes in 2006 (Table 7). The Ecuadorian farming industry managed to produce good enough shrimps for the quality-conscious Italian market. There is a strong consumption of cephalopods in Italy. Frozen Loligo squid is the main cephalopod import category, growing from 23 300 tonnes in 1995, equivalent to EUR46.6 million, to 52 300 tonnes in 2006, equivalent to EUR151.2 million. Frozen octopus follows with 51 200 tonnes in 2006, equivalent to EUR188.7 million. Frozen cuttlefish totalled 22 200 tonnes in 2006 and frozen Illex squid totalled 20 000 tonnes in the same year (Table 7). Canned tuna is mostly imported from Spain and developing countries enjoying EU tariff benefits such as Seychelles and Côte d’Ivoire. Argentine hake, seabass, swordfish and salmon are amongst the most important finfish imported into Italy. The development of farming turned salmon and seabass from being exclusive, niche products to mass production products. In particular, dwindling domestic supplies of both wild and farmed seabass in Italy fostered imports in order to ensure a steady supply of one of the Italian consumer’s favourite fish products. The increasing availability of cheaper farmed fish from Greece and other Mediterranean countries led to a decline in unit values of seabass prices in Italy, from EUR7.46/kg in 1996 to EUR4.86/kg in 2006 (Table 7). Table 7. Italian seafood import quantities, values and unit values by main commodity. Commodity
1995 98.72 37.95 0.38 23.25 46.57 2 0 0 0 27.95 85.61 3.06 16.51 51.46 3.12 0 0 0
1996 86.35 43.89 0.51 22.38 47.89 2.14 0 0 0 26.57 81.83 3.08 21.06 62.75 2.98 0 0 0
1997 88.9 51.08 0.57 26.68 62.64 2.35 27.08 103.69 3.83 30.73 111.46 3.63 27.33 97.07 3.55 5.93 39.85 6.72
1998 66.99 45.35 0.68 26.71 67.98 2.55 30.51 120.63 3.95 28.21 85.23 3.02 31.67 132.26 4.18 5.51 33.47 6.07
1999 69.85 35.24 0.5 29.44 61.49 2.09 34.73 124.44 3.58 52.21 124.92 2.39 30.88 103.39 3.35 11.04 69.49 6.29
2000 76.76 42.58 0.55 35.77 82.13 2.3 32.79 115.05 3.51 34.69 77.67 2.24 27.25 88.79 3.26 11.14 91.03 8.17
1 000 MT
15.33
15.86
17.21
18.25
18.98
18.63
million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg
42.07 2.74 21.44 10.74 0.5
41.58 2.62 19.37 11.06 0.57
45.71 2.66 27.32 15.4 0.56
50.12 2.75 28.2 18.23 0.65
57.27 3.02 30.36 21.12 0.7
57.77 3.1 23.44 15.93 0.68
1 000 MT 23012000 – Fish meal million € €/kg 1 000 MT 03074938 - Frozen Loligo squid (except L. vulgaris and L. million € patagonica) €/kg 1 000 MT 16041411 - Canned tuna in oil million € €/kg 1 000 MT 03075910 - Frozen octopus million € €/kg 1 000 MT 16041416 - Frozen pre-cooked tuna million € loins €/kg 1 000 MT 03061350 - Frozen Penaeus shrimp, cooked by steaming or million € boiling in water €/kg
16041991 -Frozen breaded or battered fish fillets (excl. salmon, herring, sardine, sardinella, sprat, tuna, skipjack, bonitos, mackerel, anchovies)
03073110 - Live, fresh or chilled mussels
21
(Cont)
03026999 - Edible fresh saltwater fish
03061380 - Frozen shrimp and prawns, excluding Crangon spp. Pandalidae, Parapenaeus longirostris and Penaeus spp.
03079918 - Frozen unidentified molluscs
03074918 - Frozen cuttlefish Sepia officinalis and Rossia macrosoma
03079911 - Frozen Illex squid
03042056 -Frozen fillets of Argentine hake, Merluccius hubbsi
03026994 - Fresh and chilled Seabass Dicentrarchus labrax
03037987 - Frozen Swordfish Xiphias gladius
03021200 - Fresh and chilled Pacific, Atlantic and Danube salmon
1 000 MT million €
0
18.5
17.28
18.52
21.09
20.88
0
95.25
89.24
97.94
106.79
111.15
€/kg
0
5.15
5.16
5.29
5.06
5.32
1 000 MT
0
0
15.53
25.02
18.66
22.98
0 0
0 0
97.63 6.29
164.06 6.56
115.75 6.2
166.91 7.26
0.19 0.56 2.92
1.01 2.01 1.98
0.51 1.21 2.38
0.55 1.76 3.23
0.84 3.05 3.64
0.81 2.44 3.03
22.69 48.08 2.12
25.73 53.49 2.08
32.45 86.35 2.66
33.69 80.81 2.4
30.11 60.95 2.02
31.6 71.86 2.27
9.02 13.74 1.52
9.46 14.6 1.54
16.75 24.18 1.44
20.01 23.33 1.17
21.37 24.43 1.14
18.32 23.75 1.3
0 0 0
0 0 0
9.47 18.61 1.96
10.97 24.71 2.25
11.96 28.12 2.35
7.61 24.59 3.23
0 0 0
4.24 31.61 7.46
6.1 42.97 7.05
6.86 48.36 7.05
9.94 57.9 5.83
10.77 56 5.2
3.98 15.46 3.89
5.66 22.6 4
6.84 31.26 4.57
8.89 28.49 3.2
11.77 33.71 2.86
9.16 49.16 5.37
8.86
11.11
10.89
12.11
13.45
11.01
35.89
38.8
39.81
44.9
49.13
46.52
4.05
3.49
3.66
3.71
3.65
4.22
million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT
million €
€/kg
22
(Cont)
15042090 -Fish oil
03026995 -Fresh and chilled saltwater fish unidentified
03037998 – Frozen saltwater fish
TOTAL (inc. others)
1 000 MT
28.06
20.93
20.98
18.95
28.03
27.68
million €
10.69
8.83
11.7
14.36
13.15
10.92
€/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg
0.38
0.42
0.56
0.76
0.47
0.39
0 0 0
2.53 14.02 5.54
4.68 23.84 5.1
5.71 29.83 5.22
9.76 44.1 4.52
10.98 48.76 4.44
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
730
729
747
770
840
830
1895
2066
2320
2547
2623
2790
2.6
2.83
3.11
3.31
3.12
3.36
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
87.66 49.75 0.57
67.21 46.55 0.69
66.06 40.76 0.62
65.05 38.67 0.59
63.15 36.1 0.57
54.08 44.13 0.82
37.6 86.97 2.31
33.96 89.08 2.62
42.22 100.28 2.38
44.68 108.7 2.43
47.28 126.76 2.68
52.27 151.21 2.89
37.58 138.7 3.69
42.48 167.81 3.95
48.39 192.4 3.98
51.39 195.72 3.81
53.84 209.17 3.89
51.95 222.52 4.28
43.47 130.6 3
52.45 207.36 3.95
48.59 192.68 3.97
44.2 160.08 3.62
48.74 171.7 3.52
51.16 188.71 3.69
28.94 102.3 3.53
32.87 121.21 3.69
36.45 115.01 3.16
33.94 102.02 3.01
37.17 127.59 3.43
40.48 147.09 3.63
12.59
13.54
17.29
21.24
26.65
34.84
86.85
78.37
104.82
109.41
138.04
189.32
6.9
5.79
6.06
5.15
5.18
5.43
Commodity
23012000 – Fish meal
03074938 - Frozen Loligo squid (except L. vulgaris and L. patagonica)
16041411 - Canned tuna in oil
03075910 - Frozen octopus
16041416 - Frozen pre-cooked tuna loins
03061350 - Frozen Penaeus shrimp, cooked by steaming or boiling in water
1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT
million €
€/kg
23
(Cont)
16041991 -Frozen breaded or battered fish fillets (excl. salmon, herring, sardine, sardinella, sprat, tuna, skipjack, bonitos, mackerel, anchovies)
03073110 - Live, fresh or chilled mussels
03026999 - Edible fresh saltwater fish
03061380 - Frozen shrimp and prawns, excluding Crangon spp. Pandalidae, Parapenaeus longirostris and Penaeus spp.
03079918 - Frozen unidentified molluscs
03074918 - Frozen cuttlefish Sepia officinalis and Rossia macrosoma
03079911 - Frozen Illex squid
03042056 -Frozen fillets of Argentine hake, Merluccius hubbsi
03026994 - Fresh and chilled Seabass Dicentrarchus labrax
03037987 - Frozen Swordfish Xiphias gladius
1 000 MT
19.64
21.01
22.46
26.33
28.27
27.45
million €
62.73
66.56
66.36
72.87
79.36
83.58
€/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg
3.19
3.17
2.96
2.77
2.81
3.05
20.5 14.41 0.7
24.53 18.58 0.76
30.52 22.93 0.75
32.17 23.74 0.74
21.41 14.98 0.7
25.69 16.47 0.64
0 0 0
19.37 113.26 5.85
21.81 121.98 5.59
22.59 125.97 5.58
23.45 132.17 5.64
24.34 137.76 5.66
27.5
21.67
23.08
19.72
20.03
22.79
million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT
182.1 6.62
136.18 6.29
164.74 7.14
119.02 6.04
113.79 5.68
141.33 6.2
1.68 4.15 2.47
1.36 3.75 2.75
1.3 3.48 2.67
1.17 2.58 2.2
3.5 6.56 1.88
22.57 54.18 2.4
35.69 87.93 2.46
37.05 93.18 2.51
34.83 81.11 2.33
36.51 78.08 2.14
38.27 86.09 2.25
22.24 59.49 2.67
18.02 27.44 1.52
17.08 23.11 1.35
17.01 25.16 1.48
15.33 29.36 1.92
18.39 34.46 1.87
20.04 28.04 1.4
8.66 26.85 3.1
12.95 35.3 2.73
12.77 32.96 2.58
15.26 37.11 2.43
15.16 42.6 2.81
19.25 58.62 3.05
11.32 50.83 4.49
13.47 57.26 4.25
14.69 67.51 4.59
16.82 83.41 4.96
18.94 89.54 4.73
16.61 80.8 4.86
10.94
10.42
12.96
13.16
14.35
14.19
million €
55.14
39.08
43.59
55.3
64.57
63.2
5.04
3.75
3.36
4.2
4.5
4.45
1 000 MT
€/kg
24
(Cont)
03021200 - Fresh and chilled Pacific, Atlantic and Danube salmon
15042090 -Fish oil
03026995 -Fresh and chilled saltwater fish unidentified
03037998 – Frozen saltwater fish
TOTAL (inc. others)
1 000 MT
13.5
12.74
14.11
14.35
13.57
13.59
million €
47.74
45.12
43.3
44.25
51.79
64.96
€/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million €
3.54
3.54
3.07
3.08
3.82
4.78
21.46 11.68 0.54
17.03 12.39 0.73
17.97 12.47 0.69
14.82 11 0.74
23.17 16.83 0.73
13.22 13.34 1.01
12.4 47.54 3.83
12.2 46.35 3.8
12.01 47.38 3.94
12.83 58.36 4.55
14.26 62.31 4.37
12.53 56.38 4.5
17.38 36.03 2.07
15.56 30.74 1.98
16.78 31.04 1.85
13.81 22.26 1.61
11.33 19.5 1.72
12.25 20.56 1.68
889
870
915
924
960
970
3102
3117
3209
3254
3517
3812
3.49
3.58
3.51
3.52
3.67
3.93
€/kg
(source: EUROSTAT). Spain is the main exporter of seafood to Italy. Imports from Spain amount to approximately 20 percent of total Italian seafood imports. France, Denmark and the Netherlands follow (Table 8), even though certain imports from the Netherlands are really from trans-shipment from third countries via Rotterdam. Table 8. Italian seafood imports by main country of origin, 1995-2006 (1 000 tonnes). Country 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Spain 120.9 130.7 135.8 132.8 144.2 156.4 172.9 170.8 175.5 176.1 174.9 185.4 France 55.6 56.1 49.3 49.9 56.4 68.6 70.7 63.6 68.4 74.1 68.0 69.2 Denmark 74.3 74.6 70.9 84.8 85.0 77.4 74.1 64.0 65.2 67.5 68.0 59.6 The Netherlands 69.0 64.3 63.6 63.7 59.0 54.9 56.9 53.8 52.8 53.8 53.1 54.8 Thailand 21.1 20.4 22.2 35.9 31.1 28.0 28.7 34.2 37.4 38.8 36.8 43.3 Germany 23.5 27.1 31.6 32.1 33.6 32.4 35.0 33.3 32.7 35.6 37.3 40.0 Greece 26.2 29.0 36.0 36.8 46.4 42.0 38.8 39.2 43.6 40.9 40.0 38.9 Argentina 23.6 25.6 24.0 33.1 38.3 20.9 26.6 33.5 29.4 29.5 24.7 36.0 Ecuador 5.7 7.0 9.6 15.3 16.7 13.2 15.4 20.8 22.1 23.7 27.5 33.3 Chile 39.9 27.6 28.2 14.2 8.6 17.8 44.4 36.5 40.8 40.1 39.7 33.2 Vietnam 0.4 0.9 4.1 5.0 5.8 6.6 8.7 11.0 13.7 13.6 21.4 32.6 Morocco 20.5 17.2 14.7 19.8 18.4 26.4 26.2 23.5 21.3 15.4 21.7 24.0 India 17.3 14.0 8.8 6.2 9.5 11.0 14.0 11.2 12.9 14.8 15.9 20.6 United Kingdom 18.2 20.3 16.5 20.6 20.4 19.5 18.2 17.3 19.6 22.7 22.8 18.8 Malaysia 4.9 5.1 5.7 6.2 6.8 6.9 7.0 5.9 10.8 13.3 16.8 18.8 Peru 45.5 37.0 40.3 10.7 37.4 33.5 33.0 18.2 25.9 19.4 33.4 18.5 China 0.2 0.2 0.1 3.0 4.1 10.0 14.9 4.2 7.4 8.5 12.4 17.3 Croatia 6.2 6.8 7.2 5.9 6.7 6.4 6.6 7.9 8.2 11.0 13.1 15.1 Colombia 4.9 8.2 18.2 15.5 14.4 16.5 11.7 16.4 18.4 19.4 21.4 14.8 South Africa 10.8 11.9 9.4 13.3 14.3 14.4 13.4 13.9 14.2 16.0 15.6 13.4 TOTAL (inc. others) 729.9 729.3 747.1 770.2 840.1 829.7 889.3 870.1 915.2 924.4 959.6 970.1 (source: EUROSTAT).
25
The share of developing countries is significant and growing. Italian imports of fish from developing countries and region increased from 288 600 tonnes in 1995 to 436 100 tonnes in 2006. Imports from Thailand doubled between 1995 and 2006 (Table 8). The main imported product is frozen Loligo squid, which represents approximately 50 percent of Italian imports of seafood from Thailand. Argentina is the second developing country exporter to Italy, mainly shipping frozen fillets of Argentine hake and frozen squid. Ecuadorian supplies grew from 5 700 tonnes in 1995 to 33 300 tonnes in 2006 (Table 8) through the development of state-of-the-art, export-oriented shrimp farms and tuna processing facilities. The main products imported from Ecuador are frozen Penaeus shrimps and frozen pre-cooked tuna loins, representing altogether more than 90 percent of Italian seafood imports from Ecuador in 2006. Imports from Vietnam increased from almost zero in 1995 to 32 600 tonnes in 2006 (Table 8), the main products being frozen Pangasius fillets and frozen Eledone octopus. In turn, frozen Octopus spp. is the main imported seafood from Morocco. Imports from this North African country remained relatively stable between 1995 and 2006, apart from the collapse in 2004, due to the closing of the octopus fisheries in this country. Whilst Italian imports from other developing countries are dominated by a few major products, imports from India are quite fragmented. In 2006, the main products imported from India were frozen molluscs (29 percent of Italian seafood imports from India), frozen Loligo squid (18 percent), frozen unidentified shrimps and prawns (15 percent), frozen cuttlefish (12 percent), frozen octopus (11 percent) and frozen Penaeus shrimp (6 percent). Imports from Malaysia are also growing (from 4 900 tonnes in 1995 to 18 800 tonnes in 2006, Table 8) and relatively fragmented in terms of products, the main exported commodities being frozen molluscs, frozen Loligo squid, frozen cuttlefish, frozen Penaeus shrimp, preparations of surimi and frozen unidentified shrimps and prawns. Chinese imports increased from almost zero in 1995 to 17 300 tonnes in 2006 (Table 8), excluding the period between 2002 and 2004, when imports of seafood from China was banned on health and safety grounds. The main products imported from China are surimi preparations, frozen Loligo squid, frozen unidentified shrimps and prawns, frozen monk and frozen unidentified freshwater fish. Finally, imports from Colombia are dominated by frozen pre-cooked loins for canning and canned tuna. Like Ecuador, Colombia hosts state-of-the-art tuna processing plants. Among the top twenty seafood exporters to Italy, most developing countries increased their imports to the country. Only Chilean and Peruvian imports declined due to a drop in fish meal production caused by the scarcer availability of small pelagics in the Pacific Ocean. Exports Italian seafood exports increased from 78 350 tonnes in 1976 to 148 600 tonnes in 2006, peaking at 151 300 tonnes in 1985 (Figure 7).
26
Figure 7
Fig. 7. Italian seafood exports, 1976-2006 160 000 140 000 120 000
tonnes
100 000 80 000 60 000 40 000
2006
2001
1996
1991
1986
1981
1976
20 000
year
(sources: FAO FISHSTAT Plus -1976 to 2005- and EUROSTAT -2006-). The main countries of destination for Italian exports are other developed countries, especially EU member states. The top destinations for Italian exports are Spain, France, Germany and Greece (Table 9). Italy mainly exports fresh and chilled anchovies to Spain, in order to supply its anchovy processing industry. Other significant exports are live, fresh or chilled unidentified molluscs (live, fresh/chilled and dried-salted), live and fresh scallops, fresh and chilled saltwater fish and sardines, both in fresh and frozen form. Live and fresh mussels are the main export to France, followed by frozen pre-cooked tuna loins, the latter a trans-shipment from Latin America. Fresh unidentified saltwater fish and canned tuna in oil are the main export to Germany. Fishmeal and canned tuna are the main exports to Greece.
Table 9. Italian seafood exports by main country of destination, 1995-2006 (1 000 tonnes). Country 1995 1996 Spain 50.38 44.72 France 15.79 22.79 Germany 8.34 9.07 Greece 10.07 10.79 TOTAL (inc. others) 126.17 126.67
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
53.6
46.69
54.27
58.64
48.09
40.49
51.6
54.81
59.77
64.48
21.05
23.62
18.3
22.35
20.79
21.72
15.08
15.23
16.32
15.22
10.13
11.48
11.11
12.29
14.41
11.8
10.28
10.63
11.14
11.52
13.9
13.3
13.32
14.51
12.72
12.17
10.11
9.61
9.02
11.25
131.5 130.55 126.27 139.38
133.7 127.28 123.71 128.71 137.39 148.56
(source: EUROSTAT). Fresh anchovies represent the largest export commodity in volume terms, whilst canned tuna in oil is the highest value export commodity (Table 10).
27
Table 10. Italian seafood export quantities, values and unit values by main commodity. Commodity
1995 7.9 9.21 1.17 0
1996 4.69 7.38 1.57 7.51
1997 13.85 18.77 1.35 9.65
1998 6.84 8.55 1.25 10.66
1999 5.25 6.46 1.23 11.63
2000 10.38 12.26 1.18 13.39
0
21.3
27.82
29.43
30.67
36
€/kg 1 000 MT 16041411 - Canned tuna in oil million € €/kg 1 000 MT 03073110 - Live, fresh or chilled million € mussels €/kg 1 000 MT 23012000 -Fish meal million € €/kg
0 0 0 0 2.85 2.38 0.84 20.16 8.12 0.4
2.84 0 0 0 5.72 3.87 0.68 14.08 7.38 0.52
2.88 4.41 22.17 5.03 4.35 3.33 0.77 10.85 5.84 0.54
2.76 4.89 24.26 4.96 5.32 3.67 0.69 11.14 6.78 0.61
2.64 5.25 26.49 5.05 4.21 3.53 0.84 4.76 2.44 0.51
2.69 8.89 37.51 4.22 6.2 5.72 0.92 3.39 2.5 0.74
1 000 MT
9.87
13.52
12.48
12.56
14.57
10.68
million €
16.15
19.96
21.99
24.73
24.05
24.96
1.64
1.48
1.76
1.97
1.65
2.34
1 000 MT
12.09
11.11
9.37
10.04
11.53
10.72
million €
24.43
24.99
26.76
24.51
25.55
27.83
€/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT
2.02 0.96 1.99 2.08 0.73 1.42 1.93 1.03 4.5 4.36 126.17
2.25 1.58 2.46 1.56 0.69 1.18 1.71 1.14 5.37 4.7 126.67
2.86 1.6 3.06 1.91 1.48 1.89 1.28 1.6 7.23 4.51 131.5
2.44 1.8 3.61 2 1.15 1.46 1.28 1.59 7.69 4.83 130.55
2.22 2.52 4.71 1.87 1.58 2.25 1.42 1.69 8.18 4.85 126.27
2.6 2.6 6.18 2.38 1.33 2.17 1.63 1.97 9.29 4.72 139.38
million €
272.68
296.05
342.63
339.58
348.02
412.92
2.16
2.34
2.61
2.6
2.76
2.96
3026955 - Fresh/chilled anchovies
1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT
03026999 - Unidentified fresh or million € chilled saltwater fish
03079100 -Unidentified live, fresh or chilled molluscs
€/kg
03079990 - Unidentified dried, salted molluscs
03072100 - Live, fresh and chilled scallops
03056300 - Salted anchovies
16041418 – Canned tuna not in oil
TOTAL (inc. others)
€/kg
28
(Cont) Commodity
3026955 - Fresh/chilled anchovies
03026999 - Unidentified fresh or chilled saltwater fish
16041411 - Canned tuna in oil
03073110 - Live, fresh or chilled mussels
23012000 -Fish meal
03079100 -Unidentified live, fresh or chilled molluscs
03079990 - Unidentified dried, salted molluscs
03072100 - Live, fresh and chilled scallops
03056300 - Salted anchovies
16041418 – Canned tuna not in oil
TOTAL (inc. others)
1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg 1 000 MT million € €/kg
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
8.85 11.73 1.32
7.91 9.86 1.25
10.83 14.4 1.33
13.25 15.82 1.19
17.85 27.77 1.56
19.72 35.98 1.83
0 0 0
9.12 29 3.18
11.16 36.51 3.27
13.09 39.83 3.04
14.33 40.09 2.8
13.62 42.18 3.1
11.47 52.72 4.6
11.22 55.69 4.96
8.87 42.63 4.81
9.62 45.58 4.74
9.76 47.34 4.85
9.58 50.29 5.25
7.63 5.89 0.77
6 6.03 1.01
4.9 4.15 0.85
3.92 4.24 1.08
7.71 5.92 0.77
7.34 5.86 0.8
4.62 2.92 0.63
6.57 4.5 0.68
4.66 3.1 0.66
4.08 2.68 0.66
4.59 3 0.65
6.83 5.36 0.79
8.57 27.15 3.17
4.68 21.49 4.59
7.18 23.49 3.27
8.08 24.34 3.01
7.62 26.15 3.43
6.67 27.07 4.06
8.16 32.82 4.02
5.69 32.92 5.79
7.05 32 4.54
8.32 32.58 3.91
7.44 30.43 4.09
6.51 31.83 4.89
3.07 7.65 2.49
1.2 4.55 3.8
2.63 6.32 2.4
2.97 6.33 2.13
2.8 6.14 2.19
4.45 14.69 3.3
2.02 2.84 1.4
0.91 1.49 1.64
0.4 1.07 2.7
1.65 2.94 1.78
3.49 8.15 2.33
4.24 10.78 2.54
2.22 10.96 4.93
5.47 23.52 4.3
4.67 20.01 4.28
3.99 17.13 4.29
4.53 19.09 4.21
4.04 18.58 4.59
133.7
127.28
123.71
128.71
137.39
148.56
434.14
460.98
417.63
459.3
498.11
579.36
3.25
3.62
3.38
3.57
3.63
3.9
source: EUROSTAT)
29
2.3.3. Processing Most Italian catches are intended for human consumption. Nearly all catches from the Mediterranean are marketed chilled or canned, whereas most catches from distant waters are frozen. Aquaculture products are mostly sold fresh and whole, but some products are processed, such as trout, which are also sold filleted or smoked, and other minor products are produced by the fish farmer in order to add value to the product. The increase in cultured fish production during the last decade has brought about more competition and a downward trend in sale prices. FAO FISHSTAT data and estimates on seafood processing19 output in Italy indicated that there was an increase from approximately 122 600 tonnes in 1976 to 208 800 tonnes in 2005, and a peak in 1999 with 231 800 tonnes (Figure 8). Figure 8
Fig. 8. Seafood processing in Italy, 1976-2005 225 000 200 000
tonnes
175 000 150 000 125 000 100 000 75 000 50 000
1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
25 000
year
Other European anchovy, salted Crustaceans and molluscs, prepared or preserved Marine fish, frozen, nei Tunas nei, prepared or preserved
(source: FAO FISHSTAT Plus). Like in many other developed countries, the seafood processing sector in Italy is gradually being restricted to the niche category of quality preparations due to lack of competitiveness vis-Ă -vis emerging economies as far as mass production is concerned. Seafood canning and curing increased from 65 300 tonnes in 1976 to 164 800 tonnes in 1999, but declined to 114 900 tonnes in 2003. In 2005, estimated output of the Italian seafood canning and curing industry amounted to 137 400 tonnes (Figure 9).
19
Includes freezing, curing, filleting.
30
Figure 9 Fig. 9. Seafood canning and curing in Italy, 1976-2006 175 000 150 000
tonnes
125 000 100 000 75 000 50 000
1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
25 000
year
Fish, dried, salted, or smoked Crustaceans and molluscs, canned Fish, canned
(source: FAO FISHSTAT Plus). Tuna canning is the most important seafood processing activity in Italy. Up to the mid-nineties, tuna was processed almost exclusively from frozen whole raw material. However, aggressive competition from emerging countries, Thailand in particular, led the Italian tuna canning sector to increase its reliance on frozen pre-cooked loins in order to capitalize on the cheaper labour force in Latin America whilst at the same time partially protecting employment in Italy by undertaking the final cutting and canning operations in the peninsula. As loining operations account for 80 percent of the total canning process a restructuring of the sector took place. Furthermore, the ever-increasing competition from developing countries’ canneries in an increasingly globalised world contributed to the further shrinking of the sector. As a result, production of canned tuna in Italy, which had increased from 38 200 tonnes in 1976 to 93 100 tonnes in 1992, declined to 59 600 tonnes in 2005 (Figure 9). Salted anchovy production is another important, albeit mature, seafood processing activity in Italy. The anchovy processing industry in Italy is mainly concentrated along the shores of the Tyrrhenian Sea, in the area stretching from Campania to Calabria as well as in Sicily. Salted anchovies are either filleted and packed in small glass jars, or sold directly in 5 kg barrels in supermarkets and retail shops. Production of salted anchovies declined from 10 200 tonnes in 1976 to an average of less than 4 500 tonnes/year between 1982 and 1992. However, it picked up in the years that followed to an average of 12 500 tonnes/year estimated between 2003 and 2005 (Figure 9). Italian anchovy packers rely on domestic captures but they are also increasingly using cheaper pre-salted anchovies from Croatia and, to a lesser extent, from Argentina. Several of these companies are also importing finished products from Albania and marketing them under their own brands. 2.3.4.
Key industry players
Fresh seafood Supply of fresh fish in Italy is ensured by domestic producers and by imports. The main buyers are supermarket and hypermarket chains that buy direct from the numerous, fragmented suppliers.
31
Fishmonger in Messina, Sicily Compared to countries such as France and the United Kingdom, the Italian retail sector is relatively fragmented. Nevertheless, in 2006, supermarket and hypermarket chains reached a 77 percent market share of the total expenditure for food, peaking at 88 percent for drinks and groceries. There is a relatively large number of supermarket and hypermarket chains active in Italy, the most important in terms of turnover include COOP Italia photo credit: Paolo Manzoni. (17.7 percent market share in 2005), Conad-Leclerc (9.5 percent), Carrefour (9.4 percent), Auchan (7.9 percent), Selex (7.2 percent), Interdis (7.0 percent) and Esselunga (6.2 percent). As several other countries, Italian retail chains grouped together to form larger buying groups, the most important being Coop Italia (grouping Coop Italia, Sigma, Despar and il Gigante), holding a 24 percent market share. Intermedia (Auchan, Bennet, Lombardia, Sun) has a 18 percent market share. ESD Italia (Selex, Esselunga, Agora) holds a 17 percent market share. Carrefour (Carrefour, Finiper) holds a 14.5 percent market share. CONALEC (Conad, Leclerc, Rewe) holds a 12 percent market share and finally Mecades (Metro, Interdis, Sisa, Despar Nord, Crai) holds a 11 percent market share. These retail chains often reduce the cost of supplies by buying fish directly from producers or exporters. The latter practice has helped the retail sector to reduce the number of intermediaries e.g. import companies and wholesale markets. Frozen seafood Italian processors produce approximately 60 000 tonnes/year of frozen fish, crustaceans and molluscs. At the same time, Italy imports between 160 000 and 170 000 tonnes/year of frozen seafood. The main producer is the Panapesca Group, which employs 6 000 people and processes 70 000 tonnes of fish per year. Panapesca has eight affiliates with business units in several countries such as USA, Argentina, Uruguay, Spain, France, Morocco and Thailand. It supplies more than 6 000 customers among supermarkets, catering, door-to-door, specialised shops and wholesalers. Its main products are marketed under the company’s own brands Panapesca and Frescogel, but Panapesca also produces frozen seafood for other brands, including supermarket labels. Other key actors are Unilever-Sagit, with the brands Findus and Capitan Findus, Arena with the brands Mare Pronto and Arena and Nestlé with the brands Buitoni, Surgela and Davigel. Unilever markets fish fingers and breaded fish under the brands Findus and Capitan Findus and value-added seafood-based ready meals under the brands That’s Amore and Quattro Salti in Padella. Arena markets fish fillets, breaded fish, squid rings and shrimp tails under the brand Mare Pronto; value-added ready-meals complete with side dish are marketed under the brand I Già Pronto. Finally, Nestlé markets fish fingers, fish fillets and more elaborate dishes such as grilled hake in sauce under the brand Buitoni. Simpler fish fillets are marketed by Nestlé under the brand Surgela and frozen fish for the catering sector is marketed under the brand Davigel. Other important frozen fish brands are the Spanish Pescanova and the Italian Orogel.
32
Canned seafood Solid pack yellowfin tuna in olive oil is the main canned seafood produced and consumed in Italy. The largest brands in the Italian market are: • • • • •
Rio Mare, which accounts for 34 percent of the market; Nostromo, which accounts for 12 percent; Star (Mareaperto), which accounts for 9 percent; Palmera and its luxury line Alco, which accounts for 7 percent; Mareblu and Maruzzella, which account for 6 percent each.
Rio Mare is owned by the Dutch-based Bolton Group, which also owns the French canned tuna brand Saupiquet and its cannery in Côte d’Ivoire. Nostromo is owned by the Spanish group Calvo. Mareblu used to be owned by Heinz, however in 2006 it was sold together with all remaining European tuna activities of Heinz to the investment bank Lehman Brothers. The owner of Star is the Spanish group Jealsa, whilst Palmera and Maruzzella are owned by private Italian investors. Private brands, including supermarket own labels, now take about 25 percent of the market. In 1992, Italian canneries used to produce 93 100 tonnes of canned tuna in oil, whilst importing 30 300 tonnes only. According to 2005 data, Italy imports approximately 72 400 tonnes of canned tuna, whilst producing less than 60 000 tonnes. Italy mostly imports its tuna from Spain (Nostromo and Star), Côte d’Ivoire (Rio Mare) and Seychelles (Mareblu). Increasing relocation of investments in low cost countries will widen further the gap between imports and domestic production. 2.3.5. Marketing Home consumption According to the national Institute for the Agricultural and Food Markets, ISMEA (Istituto di Servizi per il Mercato Agricolo ed Agroalimentare), home consumption of seafood declined from 459 000 tonnes in 2000 to 417 000 tonnes in 2004. Fresh fish purchases declined by 3.6 percent/year; cured (dried, salted, smoked) fish declined by 2.1 percent/year, whereas purchases of frozen and canned seafood remained steady. On the other hand, Italian consumers increased their expenditure for fish products from EUR3.55 billion in 2000 to EUR3.66 billion in 2004, an increase which points to an increase in seafood prices. In 2004, of the total seafood purchased for home consumption in the new and traditional distribution channels, the supermarket and hypermarket share amounted to 57 percent in terms of quantity and 59 percent in terms of value. On the other hand, seafood purchases in fishmongers amounted to 21 percent both in quantity and in value terms, equivalent to a 7 percent decline from 2000.
photo credit: Paolo Manzoni.
The wholesale fish market in Chioggia, Veneto
33
The main group of products purchased by Italian families is fresh seafood, with 50 percent of purchases, followed by frozen seafood (23 percent), canned seafood (20 percent) and finally cured fish (7 percent). Between 2000 and 2004, 2 percent of total purchases shifted between fresh fish and canned fish. Among the canned seafood products purchased by Italian families, canned tuna in oil enjoys a dominant position. The fresh sector is more fragmented, with anchovies, seabass and seabream and mussels representing the main products consumed. Among cured products, consumption of smoked salmon is growing while consumption of stockfish is declining. Away-from-home consumption According to ISMEA data, more than 200 000 tonnes seafood are consumed annually away from home in Italy. In the past, eating outside the home implied eating at a restaurant or pizzeria in the weekend or during festive and holiday seasons. Working people used to go back home for lunch and few big offices had cafeterias on their premises. The progressive adoption of a more dynamic working lifestyle based on Northern models resulted in fewer people having time to come back home on lunch break and fewer women staying at home to cook meals for their families. Hence, eating away from home at lunch time during weekdays in office cafeterias and snack bars became a regular habit for Italian consumers, especially in big cities. The running of office cafeterias is outsourced to a few big catering companies which have also taken over institutional catering such as restaurants and fast food services in railways and bus stations as well as hospital, school and university canteens. The contracts are awarded to the caterers on a competitive basis; hence, they are forced to focus on low-cost food. Caterers are obliged to offer a certain percentage of seafood in their daily menu, most of it being frozen. The main seafood commodities appearing on their menus are surimi and cephalopods as hors d’oeuvres, while farmed salmon, dogfish (Squalus acanthias), breaded hake and increasingly high quantities of Nile perch (Lates niloticus) are offered as main courses. The leisure catering sub-sector includes restaurants, pizzeria and hotels. Italian consumers may turn a blind eye on everyday canteen food but they are extremely fussy about what they eat when they go out. Fish is normally fresh, often shown on display at the restaurant counter. The most sophisticated seafood restaurants have their own aquarium with live lobsters. Frozen seafood (such as cephalopods, clams, mussels) is generally used for the preparation of hors d’oeuvres and pizzas. Generally supply of fresh fish to restaurants is ensured by the wholesale market. The favoured species by the leisure catering sector are molluscs (mussels, clams) followed by marine fish (seabass and seabream) and crustaceans (large tropical prawns).
34
3. Annex 1: Italian importers, exporters, producers, aquaculture farmers and distributors STREET
ADLER SRL
Viale Magrini, 19
47042
Cesenatico (FC)
39
054780068
054782534
adler@adlerit.com
www.adlerit.com
AGRAS SRL
Piazza della Vittoria, 14/30
16121
Genova
39
010586703
010565779
info@agras.it
www.agras.it
AGROITTICA LOMBARDA SPA
Viale Kennedy, 101/A
25012
Viadana di Calvisano (BS)
39
0309686991
030968433
info@agroittica.it
www.agroittica.it
ALFA FOODS SRL
Via di Val Cannuta, 181
00166
Roma
39
0666512592
0666512582
info@alfafoods.it
ALOIA RICCARDO
V. Centro Direzionale Is. F/3
80143
Napoli
39
0817348050
0817347928
office@riccardoaloia.eu
ANTONIO VERRINI & FIGLI SPA
Piazza Camillo Benso di Cavour, 2
16128
Genova
39
0102466532
0102466418
verrini@verrini.com
www.verrini.com
ARBI DARIO SPA
Via del Terzo, 411/E
51015
Monsummano Terme (PT)
39
0573357801
0573357860
arbi@arbi.it
www.arbi.it
ASSOITTICA ITALIA
Via Emilio de Cavalieri, 7
00198
Roma
39
068841587
0685352992
info@assoittica.it
www.assoittica.it
B.E. SPECIALITA' GASTRONOMICHE
Via Due Giugno, 5
50057
Empoli (FI)
39
0571931775
0571931272
info@wineandgourmet.biz
www.wineandgourmet.biz
BALENA SRL
Via dei Vespucci, 210
50145
Firenze
39
055317244
055319281
info@balenasrl.it
www.balenasrl.it
BELLUCCI FRANCO SAS
Via Staffette Partigiane, 41
41100
Modena
39
059312002
059311430
commerciale@belluccifranco.it
www.belluccifranco.it
BOLTON ALIMENTARI ITALIA SPA
Via Luigi Einaudi, 18/22
22072
Cermenate (CO)
39
031779111
031779302
BURGASSI SPA
Via Reginaldo Giuliani, 109
50141
Firenze
39
0554379041
055413191
info@burgassi.it
www.burgassi.it
C.P.L. IMPERIAL SPA
Via Tiburtina Valeria 475
65131
Pescara
39
0854304214
0854304215
cpozzolini@cplimperial.it
www.cplimperial.it
CALABRIA PESCA S.R.L
ZI SS 112 km 5,600
89011
Bagnara Calabra
39
0966337040
0966337015
info@calabriapesca.it
www.calabriapesca
CASCARANO SEAFOOD GROUP SRL
Via Venisti, 65
70010
Capurso (BA)
39
0804559060
0804559879
specialfish@virgilio.it
CESARE REGNOLI & FIGLIO SRL
Piazza S. Francesco, 10
40122
Bologna
39
051222483
051269938
info@regnoli.it
www.regnoli.it
CHINOOK SRL
Contrada Santa Reparata
64010
Civitella del Tronto (TE)
39
0861910496
0861910498
info@chinookfish.it
www.chinookfish.it
00126
Roma
39
0652364432
0652364432
egidio@choicegroup.co.in
www.choicegroup.co.in
30015
Chioggia (VE)
39
0415573611
041490441
spa@clodiafrigo.com
CHOICE TRADING CORPORATION Via delle Case Basse, 195/12 LTD CLODIAFRIGO SRL
Via Brondolo, 13
ZIP
TOWN
CODE TEL
COMPANY
FAX
35 37
WEB SITE
Imp. Exp.
Proc.
Farm. Dist..
COMPANY
STREET
ZIP
TOWN
CODE TEL
FAX
COAM INDUSTRIE ALIMENTARI SPA
Via Stelvio 286
23017
Morbegno (SO)
39
0342604411
0342614066
COMMIMPORT FISH SRL
Via G. Mugnano, 2
80018
Mugnano di Napoli (NA)
39
0817453322
0817453780
COMP. PRODOTTI AGROITTICI MEDITER.
Località Topaie - zona PIP
58015
Albinia / Orbetello (GR)
39
0564871055
CONAD
Via Michelino, 59
40127
Bologna
39
CONS. CO.AL.GO
Via del Pusaro, 21
44020
Goro (FE)
COOPESCA SPA
Via G. Brodolini, 67
80026
COSTA ADRIATICA SRL
Via De Carolis, 27
COTRALPESCA SCRL
WEB SITE
info@coamspa.it
www.coamspa.it
0564872001
info@copaim.it
www.copaim.it
051508111
051508414
info@conad.it
www.conad.it
39
0533995385
0533792182
info@coalgo.it
Casoria (NA)
39
0817363000
0817384384
coopesca@coopesca.it
www.coopesca.it
47037
Rimini
39
0541382178
0541382178
cadriatica2@rimini.com
www.costaadriatica.biz
Via R. Ballatore, 5
91026
Mazara del Vallo (TP)
39
0923933352
0923933625
cotralpesca@tiscalinet.it
www.cotralpesca.it
DE LANGLADE & GRANCELLI
Via Cairoli, 6
16124
Genova
39
0102512672
010281556
info@insuperabile.it
www.insuperabile.it
DEL TEDESCO SILVIO E BISCARO CLARA & C
Via Luigi Nono, 38
33074
Fontanafredda (PN)
39
3482632659
043499170
deltedescofabio@libero.it
DELICIUS RIZZOLI SPA
Via Micheli, 2
43056
S. Polo/Torrile (PR)
39
0521813525
0521819721
s.capelli@delicius.it
www.delicius.it
DELIGUSTI SPA
Via Brallo, 12
27010
Siziano (PV)
39
038267841
0382678420
info@deligusti.it
www.deligusti.it
EREDE ROSSI SILVIO
Via Madonna dei Calcinai, 2
62025
Sefro (MC)
39
073745122
073745262
info@trote.it
www.trote.it
ESCA SRL
Via Piane Tronto, 68
64010
Controguerra (TE)
39
0861809921
0861809946
info@esca.it
www.esca.it
ESSELUNGA SPA
Via Giambologna, 1
20096
Piottello (MI)
39
02923671
029267202
acq-freschi.mi@esselunga.it
www.esselunga.it
EUROFOOD SPA
Via Tacito
20094
Corsico (MI)
39
02448761
024491007
info@eurofood.it
www.eurofood.it
EUROPESCA SPA
Vl. Rimembranze di Greco, 2
20125
Milano
39
026694755
0266982125
FIORITAL
Località Marittima - fabbricato 114
30135
Venezia
39
0412409200
0412410708
info@fiorital.com
www.fiorital.com
FJORD SPA
Via Cassano Magnago, 120
21052
Busto Arsizio (VA)
39
0331681155
0331686353
salmoncompany@salmoncompany.c www.salmoncompany.com om
FOODLAB
Str.Prov.le per Cremona, 67
43010
Polesine Parmense (PR)
39
052496423
052496486
info@foodlab.net
www.foodlab.net
FRES. CO SRL
Viale Kennedy, 1156
21050
Marnate
39
0331645129
0331645129
c.pozzoli@fres.co.it
www.fres.co.it
FRIGOSCANDIA SPA
Via Monzoro, 140
20010,
S. Pietro all'Olmo (MI)
39
02931901
0293560171
36
Imp. Exp.
Proc.
Farm. Dist..
COMPANY
STREET
ZIP
TOWN
CODE TEL
FAX
FRIOFISH SRL
Contrada Vallecupa, 27
64010
Controguerra (TE)
39
086189763
086189762
friofish@friofish.it
www.friofish.it
FRIOMED SRL
S.S. 115 - C/da Serroni Cartubuleo
91026
Mazara Del Vallo (TP)
39
0923933393
0923672662
info@friomed.com
www.friomed.com
FRIULITTICA SOC. COOP. AGRI
Via Chiavornicco, 68
33084
Cordenons (PN)
39
043444246
0434541985
friulitt@tin.it
FRIULTROTA DI PIGHIN SRL
Via Aonedis, 10
33038
San Daniele Del Friuli (UD)
39
0432-956560
0432-956726
info@friultrota.it
www.friultrota.it
FROLLANPESCA SRL
Piazza Stefano Jacini, 14
00191
Roma
39
0636303887
0636306863
alexfr@tin.it
www.frollanpesca.com
GADOPESCA SRL
Via C. Lombroso, 54
20137
Milano
39
0259902105
0259902453
gadopesca@gadopesca.it
www.gadopesca.it
GADUS SRL
Via Flaminia, 441
00196
Roma
39
063231468
063231468
gadisl@tin.it
GIESSE SPA
Viale J.F. Kennedy, 1156
21050
Marnate (VA)
39
0331607611
0331389029
ced@giessespa.it
www.giessespa.it
GIOIOSO ITTICA SAS
Zona Ind. Sud/contr. S. Angelo
72015
Fasano (BR)
39
080-4389836
080-4389867
info@gioioso.it
www.gioioso.it
GIOLFO & CALCAGNO SPA
Via Ovada, 1/A/R
16158
Genova-Voltri
39
0106133741
0106133761
info@giolfoecalcagno.it
www.giolfoecalcagno.it
GOURMET LINE SRL
Via di Trigoria, 45
00128
Roma
39
065062737
065060709
info@gourmetline.it
www.gourmetline.it
GROUP BOVO SRL
Via XX Settembre, 133/Z
35047
Solesino (PD)
39
0429708620
0429770110
bovocommerciale@tin.it
GS-GENERALE SUPERMERCATI SPA
Via Caldera, 21
20153
Milano
39
025473472
0248253277
ICAT FOOD SPA
Via Palestro, 2/5
16122
Genova
39
01084091
0108398227
icatfood@icatfood.it
www.icatfood.it
ISUMAR SRL
Via Frigia, 25
20126
Milano
39
0227080792
0225785861
info@isumar.com
www.isumar.com
ITTICA POSEIDON SRL
Via Don Minzoni, 7
92027
Licata (AG)
39
info@itticaposeidon.it
www.itticaposeidon.it
JAIS SPA
Via Andrea Solari, 43/2
20144
Milano
39
024221420
024234198
jaisspa@jais.it
LA PIEMONTESE SNC
Via Levis, 60
10050
Chiomonte (TO)
39
012254102
012254610
nuovascozia@libero.it
LE DELIZIE DEL CAPO
Via Vittorio Veneto (Pal. Nastasi)
98057
Milazzo (ME)
39
0909286388
0909286388
info@ledeliziedelcapo.it
www.ledeliziedelcapo.it
MARR SPA
Via Spagna, 20
47900
Rimini
39
0541746111
0541620668
info@marr.it
www.marr.it
MAZZOLA IGINO SPA
C.so Buenos Ayres Torre A
16129
Genova
39
0105533175
MEGA ALIMENTARE SRL
Via Anastasio II, 274
00165
Roma
39
0639379416
0639388229
info@megalimentare.it
METRO PADANA SPA
Via XXV Aprile, 23
20097
San Donato Milanese (MI)
39
0251712290
0251712454
37
WEB SITE
Imp. Exp.
Proc.
Farm. Dist..
COMPANY
STREET
ZIP
TOWN
CODE TEL
FAX
MITICA SURGELATI SRL
Via Brodolini 2/I
84091
Battipaglia (SA)
39
0828305795
0828305860
NESTLE ITALIANA/GELATI E SURGELATI
Viale Mentana, 43
43100
Parma
39
05217921
0521771591
NEW SHARK SRL
Via Maestri del Lavoro, 10
30034
Mira (VE)
39
0415675331
0415675426
info@newshark.it
www.newshark.it
NORDPESCA
Via Egadi, 12
20144
Milano
39
0248009768
0248007355
seafood@nordpesca.com
www.nordpesca.com
NOSTROMO
Via Scaglia Est, 5
41100
Modena
39
0592051311
0592051333
mailbox@tonnonostromo.it
NUOVA AZZURRO
Via A. Pacinotti, 27/a
37135
Verona
39
0458299500
0458876112
nuovaazzurro@gruppopizzolo.it
www.gruppopizzolo.com
OCEANPESCA SRL
Lungomare Fata Morgana, 20
91026
Mazara del Vallo (TP)
39
0923945667
0923945656
info@oceanpesca.it
www.oceanpesca.it
OROBICA PESCA SPA
Via Bianzana, 19
24124
Bergamo
39
0354172611
0354172619
info@orobicapesca.it
www.orobicapesca.it
PALMERA SPA
Palazzo Marco Polo Il Girasole
20084
Lacchiarella (MI)
39
02905719
0290571117
www.palmera.it
PAM
Via delle Industrie, 8
30038
Spinea (VE)
39
0415496111
0415411933
www.e-pam.it
PANAPESCA SPA
Via G. Mazzini, 31
51010
Massa e Cozzile (PT)
39
05727791
0572772186
stefano@panapesca.it
www.panapesca.it
PENNACCHIONI - PENSALMON
Via al Capo di S. Chiara, 7/A
16146
Genova
39
0103733677
0103733677
salmon@pensalmon.com
www.pensalmon.com
PESCA PRONTA SPA
Via G. Durli, 45
00054
Fiumicino (RM)
39
06658771
0665877207
info@pescapronta.it
www.pescapronta.it
PESCAMAR (Q.R.L.)
Viale Coni Zugna, 8
20144
Milano
39
0248011946
024986126
marpescat@libero.it
PESCANOVA ITALIA SRL
Via dell' Indipendenza, 42
40121
Bologna
39
051233745
051233866
info@pescanova.it
www.pescanova.it
PESCE AZZURRO CEFALU'
C.da Presidiana
90015
Cefalu' (PA)
39
0921424333
0921424556
info@pesceazzurro.it
www.pesceazzurro.it
RIVAMAR
Via del Lavoro, 41
45019
Taglio di Po (RO)
39
0426346588
0426346607
rivamar@sistemieinformatica.it
www.rivamar.com
ROYAL FISH SRL
Via Monzani, 2
30175
Venezia Marghera
39
0415380967
041538097
info@royalfish.it
ROYAL GREENLAND ITALIA S.P.A
Via Anastasio II, 274
00165
Roma
39
0639377256
0639388229
info@royalgreenland.it
SALMONTRUTTA G. SRL
Via Molino di Basso, 1
24050
Torre Pallavicina (BG)
39
0363996823
0363996652
salmontrutta@libero.it
SAPIZOO
Via Saval, 19
37124
Verona
39
0458301999
0458302607
sapizoo@tin.it
SEA-FISH SRL
Via Trento, 53
20021
Bollate/Ospiate (MI)
39
023501221
023501222
SIRACUSANA ITTICA SRL
Largo G. Arezzo della Targia, 12
96100
Siracusa
39
093168856
093168857
38
EMAIL info@miticasurgelati.it
WEB SITE www.miticasurgelati.it www.nestle.it
www.royalgreenland.com
www.sapizoo.it
Imp. Exp.
Proc.
Farm. Dist..
COMPANY
STREET
ZIP
TOWN
CODE TEL
FAX
SKALO SEAFOOD
Via dell'Industria, 8
60028
Osimo (AN)
39
071781616
071781615
info@skalo.it
www.skalo.it
STAR SPA
Via G. Matteotti, 142
20041
Agrate Brianza (MI)
39
03968381
0396838207
contact@staralimentare.it
www.star.it
STELLA SRL
Via Ticino, 54
20098
San Giuliano Milanese (MI)
39
0298284304
029881001
stella@stellafoods.com
www.stellafoods.com
SUPERNOVA SRL
Via Eufrate, 10
00144
Roma
39
065427911
065918695
info@supernovafrozenfood.it
www.supernovafrozenfood.it
TALATTA SRL
C.da Bordea
92019
Sciacca (AG)
39
info@talatta.it
www.talatta.it
TORRENTE SRL
Via A. Pacinotti, 21
67051
Nucleo Industriale Avezzano (AQ)
39
0863497138
0863509435
info@torrente-italy.it
www.torrente-italy.it
TREVISANI PIETRO SRL
Via A. Pigafetta, 16
63039
San Benedetto del Tronto (AP)
39
0735581858
0735582499
info@trevisani.com
www.trevisani.com
UNILEVER ITALIA SRL
Via Paolo di Dono, 3/A
00142
Roma
39
5449454
5449589
antonio.delli-carri@unilever.com
www.uniler.it
VIS INDUSTRIE ALIMENTARI
Via E. Mattei, 36
60125
Ancona
39
071201956
071202378
info@visalimentari.com
VOGLIAZZI SPA
Via Vercelli, 59
13030
Caresana Blot (VC)
39
0161234311
016133001
info@vogliazzi.it
39
WEB SITE
www.vogliazzi.it
Imp. Exp.
Proc.
Farm. Dist..
4. ANNEX 2: Italian seafood recipes
Spaghetti with clams (Spaghetti alle vongole). Species: carpet shells (Ruditapes decussatus, Ruditapes philippinarum, Ruditapes variegatus, Ruditapes spp.) striped venus (Chamelea gallina) or golden carpet shell (Venerupis aurea). Preparation time: between 20’ and 30’. Ingredients (4 servings): 600 g clams 500 g spaghetti 8 cherry tomatoes 2 cloves of garlic 4 table spoons of extra-virgin olive oil 1 small chilli 2 table spoons of chopped Italian parsley ½ glass of white wine Salt White pepper. Start frying the extra-virgin olive oil in a pan, then crush the garlic and add to the hot olive oil together with the chilli (careful not to burn the oil). Allow the garlic to sizzle and therefore slightly golden in colour. When the oil has reached a very high temperature throw in the cleaned clams which have been previously washed and drained. As they cook you will see them slowly opening and releasing the juices inside which will blend with the oil and garlic. At this point add the wine, lower the flame and simmer for a few minutes. Toss in the cleaned cherry tomatoes already cut in halves. Throw in the chopped parsley and turn off the flame. You may add a bit of salt if you wish, however keep in mind that the clams are already fairly high in salt content. Begin to cook the spaghetti in abundant salted water. Drain the pasta once it has cooked “al-dente” (cooking time is always specified on pasta boxes, but it is generally around 8’) and toss it into the clams. Mix well and adding a cup of water from the boiling pasta if necessary.
Oven-roasted turbot (Rombo con patate). Species: turbot (Psetta maxima) or, alternatively, any thick flounder species. Preparation time: 40’. Ingredients (4 servings): 1 whole turbot or flounder (3 kg) 10 small potatoes (1 and ½ kg) 2 medium yellow onions, peeled and quartered through the core ¼ cup extra virgin olive oil, plus more for drizzling Salt White pepper 4 sprigs of fresh rosemary.
over
the
cooked
turbot.
In Italy, this dish is generally prepared with turbot, but a thick flounder is certainly an excellent substitute. Flounder is a flakier fish and will cook quicker, so either cut the potatoes into slightly thinner wedges, or boil them a minute or two longer.
41
Clean the fish, cut off the head and peel off the dark skin, but leave the tails, fins and white skin intact. Heat a large saucepan of salted water to the boil. Peel the potatoes, cut them in half and cut the halves into 1-inch wedges. Cook the wedges in the boiling water until softened; e.g. approximately 5 minutes. Drain the potatoes and toss them in a bowl with the onions and 2 tablespoons of olive oil. Season with salt and pepper and toss again. Pre-heat the oven to 220°C. Choose a wide roasting pan large enough to hold the whole turbot, potatoes and onions in a single layer. Season the turbot generously with salt and pepper and brush the bottom of the roasting pan with the remaining olive oil. Place the turbot in the centre of the pan, then arrange the potatoes and onions around the turbot. Distribute the rosemary evenly around the pan. Roast until the fish is opaque at the thickest part and the potatoes are golden brown, for approximately 30 minutes. To make sure the potatoes and onions cook and brown evenly, remove the pan from the oven and turn the potatoes and onions. Once fish and potatoes are cooked, fillet the fish and transfer everything to a platter, then drizzle the fish and vegetables with extra virgin olive oil.
PLEASE MAKE SURE YOU PURCHASE YOUR SEAFOOD FROM SUSTAINABLE SOURCES ONLY.
42
5. REFERENCES Introduction Catarci, C. 2004. World tuna markets. FAO/GLOBEFISH Research Programme, vol. 74. FAO, Rome. 135pp. Catarci, C. 2007. Fish Trade Regulations on the Web. Available at: http://www.globefish.org/index.php?id=3206. Eur-Lex. Access to the European Union law. Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/index.htm. European Commission – Fisheries Directorate-General. 2008. Bilateral fisheries partnership agreements between the EC and third countries. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/cfp/external_relations/bilateral_agreements_en.htm. European Commission – Health and Consumer Protection Directorate-General. 2008. EU import conditions for seafood and other fishery products. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/food/international/trade/im_cond_fish_en.pdf. European Commission – Taxation and Customs Union Directorate-General. 2008. The Integrated Tariff of the Community (TARIC). Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/dds/tarhome_en.htm. European Commission – Trade Directorate-General. 2008a. Generalised System of Preferences. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/trade/issues/newround/doha_da/index_en.htm. European Commission – Trade Directorate-General. 2008b. The Doha Development Agenda. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/trade/issues/newround/doha_da/index_en.htm. European Commission – Trade Directorate-General. 2008c. Trade and Development. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/trade/issues/global/development/index_en.htm. EUROSTAT data. Available at: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/newxtweb/. FAO FISHSTAT Plus data. Available at: http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/16073. Oceanic Développement, Poseidon Aquatic Resource Management Ltd. and Megapesca. 2005. La filière thonière européenne, bilan économique, perspective et analyse des impacts de la libéralisation des échanges. Convention spécifique SC12. Rapport final, Novembre 2005. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/publications/studies/tuna_2005_fr.pdf. Trade Statistics of Japan. Homepage. Available at: http://www.customs.go.jp/toukei/info/tsdl_e.htm. Italy Accademia Italiana della Cucina. L’Italia del pesce: sulle nostre tavole solo il 10% delle specie mediterranee. Available at: http://www.accademiaitalianacucina.it/press/pressdoc/2007_04_pesce.pdf. Auchan. Homepage. Available at: http://www.auchan.com. Carrefour. Homepage. Available at: http://www.carrefour.com. Catarci, C. 2004. World tuna markets. FAO/GLOBEFISH Research Programme, vol. 74. FAO, Rome. 135pp. EUROFISH. Italy – dependence on imports. Available at: http://www.eurofish.dk/indexSub.php?id=3422.
43
EUROFISH. The Italian Seafood Market. Available at: http://www.eurofish.dk/indexSub.php?id=915&easysitestatid=-1674812964. EUROSTAT data. Available at: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/newxtweb/. FAO FISHSTAT Plus data. Available at: http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/16073. FAO. Fishery and Aquaculture Country Profiles. Available at: http://www.fao.org/fishery/countryprofiles/search. Food and Drink Europe.com. 2005. Multinational retailers eye small Italian supermarkets. Available at: http://www.foodanddrinkeurope.com/news/ng.asp?id=63520-esselunga-italian-food-retail-delhaize. Istituto di Servizi per il Mercato Agricolo e Alimentare. 2005. Consumi domestici, Report annuale 2005. ISMEA, Roma. 22pp. Istituto di Servizi per il Mercato Agricolo e Alimentare – AC Nielsen. 2008. Nuove tendenze di consumo. Surgelati 1(2008):16-18. Istituto di Servizi per il Mercato Agricolo e Alimentare. Rapporto sui consumi domestici alimentari in Italia. ISMEA, Roma. 23pp. Available at: http://pcssviluppo.it/public/ossidiana/agroalimentare/ismea_rapporto_consumi_alimentari_italia.pdf. Istituto Italiano di Alimenti Surgelati. Rapporto sui consumi di alimenti surgelati in Italia nel 2004. IIAS, Roma. 12pp. Available at: http://www.istitutosurgelati.org/TESTI%20RAPPORTO%20CONSUMI%20SURGELATI%202004.pdf. Istituto Nazionale di Statistica. 2006. Principali risultati sull’attività di pesca. Anno 2004. ISTAT, Roma. 14pp. Available at: http://www.istat.it/salastampa/comunicati/non_calendario/20060111_00/testointegrale.pdf. Lem, A. and M. Di Marzio. 1998. The Italian seafood market. FAO/GLOBEFISH Research Programme, vol. 53. FAO, Rome. 73pp. Lidia’s Italy Shopping. Rombo al forno. Available at: http://recipes.lidiasitaly.com/ProductDetails.aspx?productID=538. Marino, G., E. Ingle and S. Cataudella. 1998. Status of aquaculture in Italy. Pp. 117-126 in CIEHAM, ed. Proceedings of the Workshop of the CIHEAM Network on Socio-Economic and Legal Aspects of Aquaculture in the Mediterranean (SELAM), Tangiers (Morocco), 12-14 Mar 1998. FAO, Rome. Available at: http://ressources.ciheam.org/om/pdf/c43/99600264.pdf. Martelli, M. 2008. Crescono i numeri del sottozero. Catering. Rivista della ristorazione e dei consumi fuori casa 1(2008):22-27. Oceanic Développement, Poseidon Aquatic Resource Management Ltd. and Megapesca. 2005. La filière thonière européenne, bilan économique, perspective et analyse des impacts de la libéralisation des échanges. Convention spécifique SC12. Rapport final, Novembre 2005. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/publications/studies/tuna_2005_fr.pdf. Paquotte, P. 2007. Le marché des produits de la pêche et de l’aquaculture dans les pays méditerranéens de l’Union Européenne. OFIMER, Montreuil, France. In press. SeaWeb. Aquaculture Issues: Offshore Aquaculture. Available at: http://www.seaweb.org/resources/aquaculturecenter/documents/Aquaculture.Offshore.pdf.
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GLOBEFISH MARKET RESEARCH PROGRAMME Vol.69 Vol.70 Vol.71 Vol.72 Vol.73 Vol.74 Vol.75 Vol.76 Vol.77 Vol.78 Vol.79 Vol.80
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Vol.81 Vol.82 Vol.83 Vol.84 Vol.85
2
2
2
2
Vol.87 Vol.89
Nov 2001
2
The German Market for Fish and Seafood (116p.)
Jan 2002
2
Fish Roe in Europe: Supply and Demand Conditions (47p.) Salmon – A Study of Global Supply and Demand (151p.) World Tuna markets (135p.)
2
2
2
Sept 2004
2
Overview of Organic Markets: an Opportunity for Aquaculture Products? (98p.)
Jan 2005
2
2
2
Apr 2005
2
30 30 30 30
2
Apr 2005
u
30 30
2
July 2004
2
30 20
June 2005
30
Nov 2005
50
Dec 2005
30
Fish Supply and Demand in the Near East Region (67p.)
Jan 2006
30
The Market for Nile Perch (94p.)
Apr 2006
30
Fishery Industry Profile – Russia (70p.) 2
Freshwater Species on the European Market (119p.)
Supermarkets and the Artisanal Fisheries Sector in Latin America (79p.)
Apr 2006
Markets and Marketing of Aquaculture Finfish in Europe (50p.)
Aug 2006
Focus on the Mediterranean Focus on the Mediterranean World Surimi Market (125p)
Lobster Markets (92p.) 2
2
July 2003
2
30 30 30
2
May 2004
Fishery Industry in China (74p.) Seafood Price Indices (44p.)
2
Nov 2002
u
u
2
Fishery Industry Profile – Viet Nam (57p.)
World Market of Tilapia (28p.)
2
Nov 2001
2
Trends in European Groundfish Markets (153p.)
Vol.86 Vol.88
Fishery Industry Profile – Thailand (76p.) The Fishery Industry in Greece (59p.)
Republic of Korea – Fishery Industry Profile (Post Harvest Sector) (72p.)
2
Oct 2006
30 2
2
Nov 2006 Nov 2006
2
2
30 30 30 30
Vol. 90
Market Penetration of Developing Country Seafood Products in European Retail Chains (57p.) Apr 2008
30
Vol. 91
Ecolabels and Marine Capture Fisheries: Current Practice and Emerging Issues (52p.)
Apr 2008
30
Vol. 92
The Seafood Market in Italy (44p.)
Apr 2008
30
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GLOBEFISH RESEARCH PROGRAMME Trends in European Groundfish Markets Volume 81
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Trends in European Groundfish Markets
Volume 81