SCOUT TRAINING AND THE DUKEOF EDINBURGH'S AWARD a 9p
Contents Foreword
1
lntroduction General
2 3
Literature
4
Entry Assessors Progress
5 5 6 6 7 7
Service Section Expedition Section lnterest Section Physical Activity Section Design for Living Section Residential Oualification The Physically Handicapped Summary of Conditions
I I
9 9
10
Scout Leaders in the Award Scheme Completion of Awards Bronze Award Silver Award Gold Award The Award Schemo Overseas
12
12 14 16
18 20
The Duke of Edinburgh's Award FOREWORD Some people think that the Award Scheme and Scouting duplicate each other, or that Scouts have no need of the Scheme since they 'do it already'. But many Scouts and Scouters welcome the opportunity to go in for a balanced programme of activities leading to a nationally recognised standard of effort, perseverance and achievement. ln addition, participation in the Scheme may help young people to broaden their horizons and bring them into contact with a wider section of the community. Because both Scouting and the Award Scheme cover so many worthwhile and exciting activities, the details of dovetailing the two together are apt to get a bit complicated. This booklet, originally produced bythe Croydon Borough Scout Council on the enthusiastic initiative of
Jack Wort. is a great help in simplifying matters for Scouters and answers a lot of the queries that are likely to arise when planning Award Scheme programmes for Scouts and Venture Scouts.
Since it was first published in 1970, the wide demand
Copyright
@
1975
First
Edition
First Printing
The Scout Association
sBN 851 65 1 08
I
May 1975 Fourth Printing
Aprit 1978
for it showed how much need there is in the Scout Movement for advice on the Award Scheme. Many
young people have undoubtedly been helped by it, and its publication and distribution on a national basis by Scout Headquarters has proved invaluable. DAVID COBB Deputy Director (U.K.)
Acknowledgement We are indebted to the Croydon Borough Scout Council and to Mr Jack Wort for allowing r*rs to use material in their handbook as a basis for this pamphlet. Printed by Gabare Limited, London and Winchester
Scout Training and the Duke of Edinburgh's Award INTRODUCTION
Scouting and the Award Scheme GENERAL The Duke of Edinburgh's Award Scheme is well known but many may not be aware that The Scout Association is an Operating Authority for the Scheme and that thousands of members of the Movement have gained
Many members of the Scout Movement have gained a high proportion of Standards already achieved in the Duke of Edinburgh's Award Scheme. But much more can be accomplished with early help in planning stage.
Awards.
This Booklet sets out to show in simple terms how
training.
requirements for Scout and Venture Scout Standards are related to those of the Award Scheme. To take advantage of this similarity every Scout should be briefed in advance of his fourteenth birthday so that he can make simultaneous progress under both systems. The Appendices are a complete aid to such planning. For those who are older it will help ease entry into the Scheme with the minimum duplication of tests.
The standards of the Award Scheme are widely recognised as being indicative of the character of the holder. Scouts are rightly proud of their own Awards. The holding of both sets of Standards can only enhance their stature in the eyes of the public. We suggest that Scout Districts appoint their own Administrator or Scout Adviser who can refer problems to their Regional Award Office or to The Scout Association Training Department at Gilwell Park, Chingford, London
E4 7OW.
The Award Scheme has a great affinity with Scouting and the Award principles of service, expedition work, interests and physical activity are included in Scout The Scheme is available to all under the age of 23 and may be entered at any stage. There are three Awards: Bronze Award minimum Silver Award age Gold Award of entry
14 years 15 years 16 years
The upper age limit for all Awards is the 25th birthday. Those entering for Bronze, or directly for Silver, may go on to attempt the next higher Award as soon as they are old enough, in which case they are exempted from some parts of the programme which they have already completed.
It is not generally realised that Scout and Venture Scout training and requirements for the Bronze, Silver and Gold Awards are similar, and in some cases identical, so that badges gained and progress made can qualify for
the appropriate section of the Award Scheme and vice versa. Broadly speaking, members of the Movement, provided that entry is made in good time, should be able to achieve these Awards before gaining the Chief Scout's Award, Venture Award or Oueen's Scout Award respectively, as requirements for the Scout Awards cover
a wider field than those of the Award Scheme. An
important point to note is that retrospective qualifications
are not permissible, the only exceptions to this being those for First Aid and Lifesaving, which are allowable if gained not more than twelve months before entry.
The Scout who wishes to qualify for the Bronze or Silver Award in parallel with his progress in Scout training must, therefore, enter at an early date, preferably as soon as he attains the age of 14, and should start before gaining his Advanced Scout Standard, Chief Scout's Award, or any Proficiency Badge. The Venture Scout who wants to qualify for Awards in parallel with his train-
ENTRY Entry into the Scheme is made by the purchase of a Record Book from an authorised source. Some Scout Districts may already have an Award Administrator or other person in that position who holds a stock of Record Books, and it is preferable if local arrangements can be made. lf not available within the Scout District or County, books may be obtained from the Training Department at Gilwell Park.
ing progress must start before he has gained the Venture
Award or Oueen's Scout Award. Should a Venture Scout leave his Unit and become an Adult Leader or lnstructor he may still continue to qualify for Awards provided that he has not reached the age of 25, and enters the Scheme before the age of 23. Members of the Movement who have entered the Scheme under the auspices of another Operating Authority will find their Scouting Achievements acceptable in the same way as outside qualifications are admis-
sible in the Scout training scheme. It may also prove more convenient and advantageous if such entrants transfer to The Scout Association as the Operating Authority in order to make simultaneous progress.
ASSESSORS Assessors for the Bronze Award must be approved by and Expeditions this is, in practice, usually the Scout Leader
the Group Scout Leader. For Expedition training
unless he himself has provided instruction for preliminary training in which case another assessor should judge the qualifying expedition. For the lnterest Section the appropriate badge examiner can assess, but it is pointed out that the mere holding of a proficiency badge in an interest is not sufficient: the interest must be followed for six months and progress shown. For the Service, Physical Activity and Design for Living Sections the examiners and instructors are invariably qualified persons who are competent to assess.
LITERATURE It is essential that Leaders have copies of the following for their references:
1. Award Handbook giving details of conditions. 2. Award Programmes giving detailed sylla-
buses for Service, Expeditions, lnterests, Design for Living, and Physical Activities.
These and other items of literature may be obtained from the Training Department at Gilwell Park. 4
Assessors for the Silver Award must be approved by the District Commissioner or an Assistant District Commissioner appointed by him for that purpose. While Venture Scout Leaders and Unit Executives are normally responsible for seeing that standards are maintained, it is preferable that the approval of the respective Commissioner be obtained if qualification in a pursuit is required. This particularly applies when outside qualifications are not readily available. Assessors for proposed expeditions should also be approved in this manner. For the Gold Award the assessors must be approved
tne County Commissioner or an Assistant !y Commissioner
County
or Award Scheme Adviser appointed by
him.
PROG RESS Suggestions for co-ordinating simultaneous progress
in Scout Training and the Award Scheme are given on
pages 12-17, together with a brief outline of conditions. Leaders should bring these to the attention of all Scouts
and Venture Scouts in order that they may be aware of how qualification can be made for Awards during the course of their Scout training. lt is emphasised that these are purely suggestions: a study of 'Award Program.m-e9' may Uring to tigfit other requirements more suitable
foi individual cases. It will be seen, therefore, that with a little planning and foresight by the entrant and his Leader, Awards are within theiapabilities of Scouts and Venture Scouts who make the necessary effort and progress.
EXPEDITION SECTION Preliminary training as regards campcraft, compass work, cooking, etc., are well covered in ordinary Scout tests but Leaders and Assessors should note particularly the Award Scheme requirements for practice expeditions and supervision. Expeditions for the three Awards are of similar duration as those undertaken in Scout and Venture Scout programmes. They should have a purpose
which in some instances may take the form of a project or survey but could be a full and interesting record of the journey. Plans and projects should be submitted to the Assessor beforehand, and for expeditions in 'wild country'a completed Notification form should be sent, well before the date of the expedition, to the Panel Secretary of the appropriate Award Scheme Expedition Panel.
The 'Expedition Guide' published by the Award Office provides much useful information and is available from Scout Shops Ltd., and the Training Department.
O,ualifying in Section I
NTERESTS SECTION
SERVICE SECTION First Aid and Lifesaving are 'naturals' for this, as requirements are identical, although most of the 'Saving Lifb' alternatives, as well as Leadership Courses, can qualify in the Venture Scout and Oueen's Scout Awards. The conditions for the Gold Award call for twelve months' involvement in the concept of service to others, to include both training and actual service, and there are many ways of fulfilling these conditions both inside and outside Scouting. The Community Service Section of the Oueen's Scbut Award will qualify provided that requisite training has been done, as the actual service sh6uld, if possible, be related to the training undertaken and extend over twelve months. 6
The starting and completion dates should be entered in the Record Book: the pursuit may be changed at the end of each stage, during it in some cases, or may be followed through tor 2 or even 3 stages.
It will be noted that many Scout Proficiency Badges have broadly the same requirements as those detailed for that particular interest in'Awards Programmes'. A
Scout may, therefore, use one Proficiency
Badge
towards his Bronze Award and, once this stage has been reached, use another badge for his Silver Award, while
a Venture Scout can qualify in one or more indoor or outdoor pursuits for Silver and Gold Standards. ln each instance, however, the appropriate time conditions must be observed.
ln general the entrant is assessed on the perseverance, progress and sustained effort made. The lnterests Section of 'Award Programmes' is particularly useful for determining 'pursuit' standards for Venture Scouts.
DESIGN FOR LIVING SECTION Subjects in this Section can be taken as an option
instead of h physical activity by boys and girls for Bronze,
should be noted that the lnterest chosen must be different from that selected for the Service or Physical
Silver and Gold Awards.
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY SECTION
R
It
Activity Sections.
Requirements for this Section are specifically designed so as to enable those who, despite their efforts, cannot
obtain very high standards in physical activity to qualify. Those who are already adept in one field are expected to improve their prowess in that sphere or to undertake training in a fresh activity. Points are to be gained as
ESIDENTIAL OUALI FICATION
This entails not less than five days away from home or may, in special circumstances, be spread over weekends provided that at least four nights are spent away. A wide variety of courses are suitable such as those
for training sessions and six for standards reached. Thus it will be seen that lack of points achieved by standards can be complemented by additional training sessions.
organised by the Sports Council, Youth Service, Outward Bound, etc., as well as Volunteer work or service camps at home or overseas, etc. Residential courses or activities which are, or will be, followed for the Service, lnterests and Physical Activity Sections are also acceptable and the standards reached may count towards qualification in that Section. These include courses run by the Scout
Training sessions are to be undertaken under supervision and outside school or work hours and need not necessarily be in connection with the activity in which points are gained for standards attained.
provided that the expedition itself is not used for training and assessment.
indicated in the Handbook, at least six points being gained
A District might have a regular 'Bath' night, which would simplify training matters for those who do not belong to a swimming club, while participants choosing athletics who are not members of clubs and are unable to use school facilities will find that suitable arrangements can be made without difficulty at Borough Sports Centres. Training is by no means restricted to swimming and athletics but may be undertaken in any recognised physical activity, sport or game.
For the Silver and Gold Standards of the Scheme
entrants have the option of gaining points for lndividual Sports, while for the Gold level there is an additional choice of Games, provided that in each instance at least
six points have been gained from training
I
sessions.
Movement such as Gliding, Caving lnstructor, Leader Training and Mountain Leadership. Special responsibilities on camps and expeditions will also qualify
THE PHYSICALLY HANDICAPPED Physically handicapped members of the Movement may enter the Award Scheme. Arrangements have been made for them to have an equal, but not better, chance of gaining an Award as those who are able-bodied. They enter under the terms set out in the Operating Authority's Guide. Scout Leaders guiding physically
handicapped participants are advised to consult their District Commissioner and County Extension Adviser in the first instance. See also the leaflet 'No Handicap' available from the Training Departmont at Gilwell Park or your local Award Office.
THE AWARDS
_
SUMMARY OF CONDITIONS
For any Award, those taking part must qualif y in f our of th
Award er 1 4 years alify in r sections indicared
e f ive sections. No single activity will count in more than one section. The latest date for entry into the Scheme is the 23rd birthday and the upper age limit for all Awards is the 25th birthday. Design for Living or Physical Activity Service Expeditions I nte rest s Choose one form ol Service and undenake
U ndertake b6sic training, carry out a ptactice journey, and then complete an expedition on toot or by cycle:
lraininq and/or praclical service to others.
Boys Two days oul including one night's camping in normal counlry. 1 5 miles on foot or 50 miles by cycle
Examples: Care of animals Communlly service First Aid Lile saving and ten others
3'il"'auy ort;" ,o,n..r 7 miles on {oot
!6 .it"" ty ver
1
5 years
ualify
i
n
ur sectionS, indicated.
Choose one Iorm of Service and undeilake tralninq and/or praclical seNice to others,
I
Welf ate
Over 1 6 Years Oualily in ,our seclions as indicated and obtain residential
cv"t"
,l
I
Physical elficiency
your
Athletics
su(ou ndings You and your mon€y You and your friends Fun with flowers
Swimming
The aclivity may be changed once during
follow
Boys
this period.
practicalinstruction logether with some practical work.
reach standards in ono group of events choson from:
Make-up and hairstyles Do it yourself Enterlaining Furnishing Flowers Food for the family Modern luels
Alhletrcs Swimming lndlviduai sports
Examples: Arts and Crafts Science and Natutal History Outdoor activilies General pursuils Choice of over 200 activil ies
Physical
EXEMPTIONS FOR THOSE WHO HAVE COMPLETED BBONZE ExLmpt Irom six months I None ol the total pe'rod. I a
tolal period of
eighteen months. The activity may be changed once during this period.
Young mert
Young women Four days out includ,lg tl.ree nignts cahplng A or rn youth hostels, etc.. in unlamiltdr counlry. It 36 mrlcs on foor ll 120 miles by cycle Youoq woren also have lhe oplron ofunder- I
I I
I
Examples: Arts and Crafls Science and Natural History Outdoor activities General pursuils Choice of over 200 actiYitie s
ol
elliciency
Non"
I
Take part jn a number
Follow a lcisure interesi for
Four days out including three nig hts at separate camp siles in wild counlry. 50 miles on toot 1 40 miles by cycle
lakingvolunraryhelpwrthaworlhwhrleproject forarrn'mumperiodolsixdaysinstcadof an
Take part in a number orgarrised physical activity sessions
a course of at least six sessions ol
Erenptfromoneprocticejourney.
Undeilake basic training, carry oul lhree practice
Examples: Communily service Home nursing lndusirial salety Youth service training and over twenty others
lrom:
You and
reach standards in one group of evenis Chosen
Follow a lcisure interest
jourleys. and lhrn coinlele on elpedrlion on loot or by cycle.
quolilicalion
Making the most of yourself
Cho6se one activily trom lhose below and
I
Choose one form of Service and undertake training and praclical service to olhers ovel a period of ai Ie ast twelve monlhs,
and
ol
organised physical activity sessions
for a total period of lwelvc mooths.
Two days out, including one night camping or in a youth hosic l, ctc., in u nlamiliar counlry. 1 6 miles on foot 50 miles hy cvcle Comparable journeys in canoes or boats, or On horse-back also acceDtable.
|
Excntp/es: Arts and Cralts Science and Nalural H istory Outdoor activities Gen€ral pursuils Choice of over 200 activities
Take part in a numbe, Choose one activity ,rom those below and lollow a course ol at least six sessions of practical instruction.
Undenake basic lraining, caily out two practice journeys, and then complete an expedition on loot or by cyclc.
Gils
and over twenty others
E\emptlromtla:n'r3 already covered
"ornr,y
Three days out in cluding two nig hts at separate ca mp siles, in u nfamiliar country. 30 miles on loot 100 miles by cycle
Examples Child care commu nity sgrvice Mountain rescue
Gold
Follow a hobby or leisur€ inl€rest tor a tolal period of six months, The activity may be changed once during this period.
Choose one lopic and a course of study lor at least six sessions or one weekend. Also carry oUt investigation
lollow
and/or practical work overa period of thres months. Examples
oftopics:
Getting matried The family and the commu nity
organised physical activity sessions
ol
reach siandards in one 9roup of evehts chosen
lrom:
Physical elliciency Athletics Swimming lndividual sporls G
ames
N
ono
Finance Democracy in action Both sidos ol indusrry
expedition. Comparable journeys in canoes or boats. or on horse-back also acceplable.
EXEMPTIONS FOR THOSE WHO E{crptf'oltraining alreadv covered.
10
I I
Eremptlromtwopractrcejourneys.
AVE COMPLETED SILVER Exempl from six months I Non" of the total period. I
11
SCOUT LEADERS IN THE AWARD SCHEME Under the conditions of the Award Scheme the Scout Leader is the person who is responsible for finding instructors and assessors for Award Scheme participants. ln many cases local Scouters or badge examiners may be able to help, although care must be taken to ensure that these people are aware of the requirements of the Award Scheme. The Scouter should also watch that the Scouts' or Venture Scouts' Scout training and Award Scheme progress remains in step and that he is aware of the next step.
Liaison with the Youth Office, Local Award Committee and other youth organisations in the area is recommended and should be encouraged. Venture Scout Units can often provide assistance, particularly as regards the Expedition Section, while activities may frequently be undertaken on a joint and mixed basis, and after valuable service in instructing other young people.
ln many areas, local Award Committees have been formed comprising representatives of Operating Authorities and others concerned with the Award Scheme in these areas. Their main functions are to provide local co-operation and to exchange information and ideas about the operation and development of the Scheme. Problems should be referred to the District Administrator or the County Adviser. The Training Department can also be contacted and the Award Scheme Regional Officers are available to help in the event of any difficulty or to answer local queries. Particulars of the Regional Offices are given in the Award Handbook.
Award the Record Book should be handed to the local Commissioner or Administrator responsible, who will
take the appropriate action. The Bronze Award
is
authorised by the District Commissioner or an Assistant District Commissioner appointed for this purpose. The Silver Award is authorised by the County Commissioner or by an Assistant County Commissioner appointed for this purpose. Following completion of the Bronze or Silver Award a Notification Postcard should be completed and sent to the Training Department at Gilwell
Park. Recognition of all Awards is by a Certificate, a lapel or pin badge and a cloth uniform badge. ln the case of Bronze and Silver Awards the Certificate and badge are presented locally.
Following completion of the Gold Award, the completed Record Book should be sent to the Training Department at Gilwell Park for checking and authorisation. lf satisfactory, the Record Book will be returned with two'Gold Award'forms which should be completed and returned to the Training Department. The Gold Award lapel badge will be presented locally and, in due course, the Award Office will send the participant an invitation to attend a Certificate Presentation at one of the Royal Palaces.
ln Northern lreland, Gold Awards are authorised by the Northern lreland Scout Council; in Scotland, by Scottish Headquarters; and in Wales, by the Welsh Scout Council.
Uniform badges are obtainable from District Badge Secretaries and blazer and anorak badges from the Training Department.
THE AWARD SCHEME OVERSEAS COM PLETION OF AWARDS When each particular section of an Award has been completed, the Record Book should be signed by the Assessor. Upon completion of all the stages for an 12
The value of using the Duke of Edinburgh's Award Scheme to complement and supplement Scouting activities is as relevant overseas as in the U.K. Leaders are encouraged to be flexible in adapting the Award (Continued on page 20.) 13
BRONZE AWARD Age Limit for Entry 14-23 Age Limit for Gaining Award 25 Earliest Age for Qualification 14*
Scout Badge
Oualifies for
Duke
of Edinburgh's Award
Fireman
OR Ambulance OR Cycling Proficiency (Chief Scout's Award) OR Bronze Medallion R.L.S.S.
Service Section
Hike for Advanced Scout Standard but must be over 15 miles OR 2-day Hike for Chief Scout's Award OR Hike for Explorer Badge over 15 miles Training expeditions and Preliminary Training requirements are mainly covered in sections of the Scout Standard and Advanced Scout Standard.
Expedition Section
Almost any one Proficiency Badge in the Pursuit and lnterest Groups will qualify provided that the pursuit or interest has been followed for six months. (Badges used for qualifying in other
lnterosts
Sections may not be used),
Certain subjects, such as Civics in lndoor Pursuits may qualify, providing the Award Scheme's guide lines are also followed
Section
Design for Living
Athlete Badge (over 14 standard) provided that sufficient points as detailed in the Handbook are gained OR A.S.A. Personal Survival Silver Award
OR Speed Swimming PLUS at least six Physical Activity Training Sessions.
Physical
Activity Section
The foregoing are only suggestions for co-ordinating simultaneous progress in Scout Training and the Award Scheme. Particulars of alternative requirements for the Duke of Edinburgh's Award which may be more suitable are detailed in 'Award Programmes'. Tests are not retrospective and must be passed after entry into the Scheme.
15
-----l SILVER AWARD Age Limit lor Direct Entry 15-23 Age Limit for Gaining Award 25 Earliest Age for Oualification 16 (15| if holding Bronze Award)
Scout 0ualification
Oualifies for
Duke of Edinburgh's Award
First Aid Certificate (St. John, B.R.C.S., etc.) OR Bronze Cross R.L.S.S. Fire Fighting, provided a suitable Fire Service Course is followed (Saving Life Section - Venture Award) OR Venture Scout Leadership Course OR Cub Scout lnstructor Course
Service Section
3-Day Expedition required for Venture Award but must cover 30 miles (2 nights out). Training expedition and preliminary training
Expedition Section
requirements are mainly covered in the Venture Award.
One further Scout Badge or almost any one of the lndoor or Outdoor pursuits in the Venture Award will qualify provided that the
pursuit has been followed for twelve months. (Six months if Bronze lnterest is previously gained,) Activities covered in other
Inter€sts Section
Sections are not permissible.
Certain subjects, such as Civics in lndoor Pursuits may qualify, providing the Award Scheme's guide lines are also followed.
Design
for
Living
Gain requisite points as detailed in the Handbook
for
Athletics 'r
^
5X BX;H',' I fff,",""'I,l:1t"
Physical
Activlty Section
PLUS at least 6 Physical Activity Training Sessions.
The foregoing are only suggestions for co-ordinating simultaneous progress in Scout Training and the Award Scheme. Particulars of alternative requirements for the Duke of Edinburgh's Award which maybe more suitable are detailed in'Award Programmes'. Tests are nd r€trosp€ctive and must be passed after entry into the Scheme.
17
GOLD AWARD
Oualifies for
Scout Oualification
Age Limit for Direct Enrry 16-23 Age Limit for Gaining Award 25 Earliest Age for Oualification 17! (17 if Sitver Gained) Duke of Edinburgh,s Award
Training
Award of Merit R.L.S.S. OR Cave or Mountain Rescue OR Canoe Life Guard (in Saving Life - Oueen's Scout Award) OR Mountain Leadership OR Basic Adult Leader Training Course The Community Service Section of the Oueen's Scout Award will qualify (minimum 12 months) Service should if possible be related to training undertaken. Expedition covering 50 miles over 4 days as in Expedition requirement in Oueen's Scout Award. Preliminary expeditions and expedition training are mainly covered in Venture Award with particular attention to safety on mountains.
Any one or two indoor or outdoor pursuits in the Venture or
Queen's Scout Awards provided that they have been followed for
a total of eighteen months (twelve months
if
Silver lnterest is
Service Section Actual
Expedition Section
Interests Section
already gained). Activities covered in other Sections are not permissible.
Certain subjects, such as Civics in lndoor Pursuits may qualify providing the Award Schemes' guide lines are also followed. Gain requisite points as detailed in the Handbook from Athletics, Swimming or Sports but in addition there is a choice of qualifying in Games, PLUS at least six Physical Activity Training Sessions. Over 5 days (4 nights) away but may be spread over 2 or 3 weekends. e.g. Residential Activity Courses OR Special responsibilities on camps or expeditions.
Design for Living Physical
Activity Section
Residential
Oualification
The foregoing are only suggestions for co-ordinating simultaneous
progress in Scout Training and the Award Scheme. Particulars of alternative requirements for the Duke of Edinburgh's Award which may be more suitable are detailed in'Award Programmes'. Tests are not retrospsctive and must be passed after entry into the Scheme,
18
19
Programme ideas to suit the different conditions that exist in rural as against urban areas and in other cultures. National Award Authorities have now been established in 45 countries around the world, mostly in the Commonwealth, and will be glad to co-operate, assist and advise on the implementation of the Award Programme within the Scout Movement in their respective areas. lnform-
ation and photographs about international activity of Scout Award participants is always welcome by the editors of Award Journal and World Scouting. The Overseas Operating Authorities Guide and Overseas Award News can, with other literature and information, be obtained from the Overseas Department of the Duke of Edinburgh's Award Scheme at 5 Prince of Wales Terrace, Kensington, London W5 8PG, or from the Training Department at Gilwell Park.
It is hoped that the contents of this booklet will give Leaders a better insight into the requirements of the Scheme.
20