A History of Pharmacy in Pictures

A HISTORY o{

PHARMACY

In Pictures

,4 Seriu oJ Forty

Original Oil Painting; w ith brieJ commentarie.r Pre.rented by

PARKE, DAVIS & COMPANY

J

ntroduction

The 40 original oil paintings reproduced here were commissioned by Parke, Davis & Company to immortalize pictoriaily highlights in the history of Pharmacy-one of the oldest of the health professions.

Approximately eight vears of intensive research and study, and some 250,000 miles of travel have gone into the preparation of the paintings and their accompanying stories. The stories are only briefly epitomized in this publication.

This project was conceived and directed by George A. Bender, Editor of llodern Pharmacy.

The pictures were painted by Robert A. Thom.

The assistance of expert advisors has contributed greatly to the accuracy and authenticity of the paintings and the accompanying articles. sr.-P

A Hrsrony oF Pnannacy rN PrcruRps i.r pre,rented in behalJ oJ the proJearion oJ Pharmacy by Parke, Dapi.r el Company.

1. BEFORE THE DAWN

OF HISTORY From beginnings as remote and as simple as these came parallels our proud profession of Pharmacy' Its development that of man himself.

Ancient man learned from instinct, from observation of birds and beasts. Cool water, a leaf, dirt, or mud, rvere his first soothing applications' By trial, he learned which served him best. Eventually, he applied his knowledge for the benefit of others' Though the caveman's methods sources were crude, many of today's medicines spring from pictured here' as simple and elementary as those rvhich are

2. PHARMACY IN BABYLONIA (ALo,t 2600 Babr-lon, jewel

B.C.)

of ancient Mesopotamia, often called the

cradle of civilization, provides the earliest known record of practice of the art of the apothecary.

Practitioners of healing of this era were priest, pharmacist

and physician, all in one. Medical texts on clay tablets record first the symptoms of illness, the prescription and directions for compounding, then an invocation to the gods.

Ancient Babylonian methods find counterpart in today's modern pharmaceutical, medical and spiritual care of the sictrr.

3. PHARMACY IN ANCIENT CHINA (ALo.,t 2ooo B.C') Chinese Pharmacy, according to legend, stems from Shen

Nung, emperor who sought out and investigated

the

medicinal value of several hundred herbs. He is reputed to have tested many of them on himsclf, and to have written

the first Pen T',rao, or native herbal, recording 365 drugs.

Still worshiped by native chinese drug guilds as their patron god, Shen Nung is pictured examining familiar herbs' barks and roots brought in from the fields, swamps and woods'

4. DAYS OF THE PAPYRT]S

EBERS

(15oo B.c.)

Though Egyptian medicine dates from about 2900 8.C., best known and most important pharmaceutical record is the

Papyru,r Eber,r, (1500 B.C.), a collection of g00 prescriptions,

mentioning 700 drugs.

Egyptian pharmacists, like other professional men, were of the priesthood; learned and practiced their arts in the temple.

In a setting

have been dictated

such as this, the papyru.r Eber.r might

to a

scribe

as he directed compounding

by

in the

"

priest-pharmacist

temple,s drug room.

5. FAT}IER OF PHARMACOGNOSY (About 3oo B.C.) Theophrastus, among the greatest early Greek philosophers His and natural scientists, is called "the father of botany." observations and writings d.ealing with the medical qualities and peculiarities of herbs entitle hirn to be considered

n'the

father of pharmacognosy." His pharmaceutical and pharin macological observations are unusually accurate' even

the light of present knowledge' He lectured to informal groups of students who walked about with him' learn-

ing of nature by observing her treasures at first hand'

6. THE ROYAL TOXICOLOGIST (Abo.,t 1oo B.C.) From men's fears, their cupidity and the drives of ambition have come many scientific advances. pharmacy and Medicine ha'e profited from the works of investigators about s'hose motives there may hang a cloud of dubiety.

Of such was Mithridates VI, King of pontus, who, though he battled Rome for a lifetime, found time to make not only

the art of poisoning, but also the art of preventing and counteracting poisoning, subjects of intensive study. unhesitatingly, he used himself as well as his victims as "gttinea-pigs." His famed formula of alleged pan:antidotal powers, "Mithridatum," lived for over a thousand years.

7. TERRA SIGILLATA First "Tt'J" MttL"J" Dru$ advantage of Man Iearned early of the prestigious of source and of gaining marks as a means of identification the first therapeutic agents of One confidence' customers' a SigitLata (Sealed Earth)' to bear such a mark was Terra the Mediterranean Island of on originating tablet clay Lemnos before 500 B'C' pit on a Lemnian year clay was dug from a trade

One day each

dignitaof governmental and religious presence the in hillside official seal and impressed with an pastilles into Formed ries. it was then widely distributed commercially'

by priestesses,

8. PEDANIOS DIOSCORIDES (First Century A.D.) In the evolution of all successful and enduring systems of knowledge there comes a time when the observations of many men, or the intensive studies of one, transcend from the level of trade or vocation to that of a science. Pedanios Dioscorides contributed mightily to such a transition in Pharmacy.

In order to study materia medica, Dioscorides accompanied the Roman armies throughout the known rvorld. He recorded what he observed, promulgated excellent rules for the collection of drugs, their storage and use. His texts rvere considered basic science as late as the sixteenth century.

9. GALEN - E*Purirnenter in Co*porr, Jir.g (faf- 2Ol A'D') and Of the men of ancient times whose names are known Medicine' revered in both the professions of Pharmacy and and Galen, undoubtedly, is the foremost' Galen practiced taught both pharmacy and medicine in Rome; his principles of preparing and compounding medicines ruled in the is assowestern world for 1,500 years; and his name still

by ciated with that class of pharmaceuticals compounded of mechanical means-g alenical't' He was the originator that the formula for a cold cream, essentially similar to have their known today. Many proced'ures Galen originated counterparts in today's modern compounding laboratories'

10. DAMIAN ANJ COSMAS

(Atout

3OO A.D.)

Trrinship of the health professions, pharmacy and Medicine, is nowhere more strikingly portrayed than by Damian, the apothecary, and Cosmas, the physician. Twin brothers of Arabian descent, and devout Christians, they offered the solace of religion as well as the benefit

of their knowledge to the sick who visited them. Their twin careers were cut short in the year 505 by martyrdom. For centuries their tomb in the Syrian city of cyprus was a shrine. churches *'ere buiit in their honor in Rome and other cities. After canonization, they became the patron saints of pharmacy and Medicine, and many miracles were attributed to them.

11. MONASTIC PHARMACY (sth to L2th Centurie s) During the Middle Ages remnants of the \\/estern l<nowledge of Pharmacy and Medicine wcre presen'ed in tl're monasteries. These sciences are known

to have been taught in

the cloisters as early as the seventh century' Manuscripts from many lands were translated or copied for monastery libraries. The monks gathered herbs and simples in the field,

or raised them in their own herb gardens, such as the one pictured here. These they prepared according to the art of

the apothecary for the benefit of the sick and iniured'

L2. T}JE FIRST APOTIIECARY SHOP

(Abo,t 754 A.D.)

The Arabs separated the arts of apothecary and physician, establishing in Bagdad about Ts4 A.D. the first privately-

orvned-but governmentally supervised-drug stores. They preserved much of the Greco-Roman wisdom, added to

it,

developing

with the aid of their natural

resources

syrups, confections, conserves, distilled waters and alco-

holic liquids. when the Moslems swept across Africa, Spain and Southern France, they carried a new pattern of Pharmacy which Western Europe soon assimilated.

13. AVICENNA-the "Persian Grl.,," (Abo,t 9SO -LO37 A.D.) Among the brilliant contributors to the sciences of Pharmacy and Medicine during the Arabian era was one genius

who seems to stand for his time-the Persian, Ibn Sena, called Avicenna by the Western world' Pharmacist, physician, poet, philosopher and diplomat' Avicenna was an intellectual giant, a companion of Persian princes and rulers. He wrote in Arabic, often while secluded

in the home of an apothecary friend' His pharmaceutical teachings were accepted as authoritative in the West until the ITth century; still are dominant influences in the orient.

14. SEPARATION OF PHARMACY AND MEDTcTNE \zao A.D.) In European countries

exposed to Arabian influence, public

pharmacies began to appear

it

in the llth century. However,

until 1240 A.D. that, in Sicily and Southern Italy, Pharmacy was legally separated from Medicine. I-redwas not

erick

II

of Hohenstaufen, Emperor of Germany as well as King of Sicily, was a living link between oriental and occidental worlds. At his palace in Palermo , in 1240, he presented his subject Pharmacists with the first European edict com-

pletely separating their responsibilities from those of Medicine, and prescribing regulations for their professional prac tice.

15. FIRST PHARMACOPOEIA $aoa A.D.) The idea of a pharmacopoeia with oflicial status, to be folIowed by all apothecaries, originated in Florence. The Nuoto

in Italian, was published and became the legal standard for the city-state in 1498' It was Receptario, originally written

the result of collaboration of the Guild of Apothecaries and the Medical Society-one of the earliest manifestations of

constructive interprofessional relations. The professional groups received oflicial advice and guidance from the powerful Dominican monk, Savonarola, (seated, foreground) who, at the time, was the political leader in Florence'

L6. SOCIETY OF APOTIIECARIES (LorrJorr, L6L7 A.D.) Trade in drugs and spices was rucrative in the Middre Ages.

In the British Isles, it was monoporized by the Guild of Grocers, which had jurisdiction over the apothecaries.

After years of effort, the apothecaries found alries among court physicians

and the philosopher-politician, Francis Bacon. upon their persuasion King |ames I granted a charter which formed a separate company known as the ,.Master, Wardens and Society

of the Art and Mystery of the Apothecaries of the City of London" over vigorous protests of the grocers. This was the first organization of pharmacists in theAnglo-saxon worrd.

LOUIS HEBERT First Apotl, ecax1 in Cur.ul' T7.

Young Parisian Apothecary Louis H6bert answered the call of the New World in 1605, when he helped de Monts and Champlain build New France's first settlement, the Habitation, at Port Royal (Nova Scotia, Canada)' H6bert looked after the health of the pioneers, cultivated native drug plants, and supervised the gardens' For a short time he served as governor of the colony. when the Habitation was destroyed by the English in 1613, he returned to his Parisian apothecary shop. The lure of Canada was strong, however' and in 1617,he and his family returned with Champlain to Ouebec, where H6bert's "green thumb" gained him lasting fame as the first successful farmer in what is now Canada'

18. GOVERNOR \THO HEALED THE SrcK ftoao A.D.) Many Europeans "of quality and wealth, particularly those who were non-conformists in religion" were attracted to the possibilities of the American coronies. From Britain came /ohn Winthrop, first Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony and founder of Boston. Governor winthrop, unabre to induce professionals

to the Colony,

sought advice from English apothecaries and physicians, and added to his small store of imported drugs those derived from plants native to New

In his home, he made available as best he could the "art and mystery" of the apothecary for his citizens.

England.

L9.

TIIE MARSHALL APOTIIECARY (L72e-LBzs)

Christopher Marshall, Irish immigrant, established his apothecary shop in Philadelphra tn 1729. During the next 100 years, this pioneer pharmaceutical enterprise became a leading retail store, nucleus of large-scale chemical manufac-

turing; a "practical" training school for pharmacists; an important supply depot during the Revolution; and finally, it was managed by granddaughter Elizabeth, America's first woman pharmacist. Christopher earned the title, "The fighting ChrisQuaker," during the Revolution; his sons, Charles and topher, |r., (shown as youths with their father, about L756), earned individual fame and camied on his fine traditions.

20. AMERICA'S FIRST HOSPITAL PHARMACY (About L775) colonial America's first hospital (pennsylvania) nas established in Philadelphia rn LTSI; the first Hospital pharmacy began operations there

in

ingenuity of Benjamin Franklin was helpful to both. First Hospital pharmacist was |onathan Roberts; but it was his successor, /ohn Morgan (1755-56), whose practice as a hospital pharmacist and whose impact upon Pharmacy and Medicine influenced changes that were to become of great importance to the deveropment of professional pharmacy on this continent. First as pharmacist, later as physician, he advocated prescription writing LTE2. The

and championed independent practice of the two professions.

2t. CARL SCHEELE, 0ZaZ't786) PHARMACIST.CHEMIST During his few short years, carl wilhelm Scheele gave to the world discoveries that have brought its people incalculable a advantages. Yet he never forgot that he was' first of all' pharmacist. Encouraged by enlightened preceptors' all of his he discoveries were made in the Swedish pharmacies in which worked, as apprentice, clerk, and finally as owner in K6ping' He began in a corner of the stockroom of the Unicorn Apothecary in Gothenburg. With rare genius, he made thousands of experiments, discovered oxygen, chlorine' prussic acid' tartaric acid, tungsten, molybdenum, glycerin' nitrogl'cerin, and countless other organic compounds that enter into today's daily life, industry, health' and comfort'

22. FIRST APOTHECARY GENERAL ArrJ.e* Craigie (P.rioJ z L77 5-17 $) First man to hold the rank of a commissioned pharmaceutical oflicer in an American army was the Bostonian apothecary, Andrew Craigie. First appointed commissary of medical stores by Massachusetts' Committee of Safety, April 50,

l775,he was present at the Battle of Bunker Hill, |une 17, 1775, ard probably assisted in taking care of the sick and wounded there in a makeshift station back of the lines. When Congress reorganized the Medical Department of the Army rn 1777, Craigie became the first Apothecary General. His duties included procurement, storage, manufacture, and dis-

tribution of the Army's drug requirements. He also developed an early rvholesaling and manufacturing business.

23. FIRST ALKALOID CHEMIST FrieJrich Vllh"lrr. Sertiirn., (Ab"ut 1816) Srvedish pharmacist Scheele paved the way for isolating organic plant acids; but it remained for a young German apothecary, Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Sertiirner, to give the

rvorld opium's chief narcotic principle, morphine; and to recognize and prove the importance of a new class of organic substances: alkaloids. His first announcements challenged,

Sertiirner

in

1816 conducted a new series of bold, startling

experiments in his apothecary shop in Einbeck, including a series of physiologic tests on himself and three young friends.

Recognition and fame followed' Relocating in an apothecary shop in Hameln, Sertiirner continued organic chemical

experimentation and discovery throughout his life.

24. CAVENTOIJ, PELLETIER,

,r'J QIIININE (Atout 1820) Taking their cue from Sertiirner's alkaloidal experiments, two young French pharmacists, Pierre-)oseph Pelletier and foseph-Bienaim6 Caventou, isolated emetine from ipecacuanha in IBIT; strychnine and brucine from nux vomica in IB18; then, in their laboratory in the back of a Parisian apothecary shop, they tackled the problem that had baffled scientists for decades-wresting the secrets of the Peruvian Barks that were so useful against malaria. In IB20 Caventou and Pelletier announced the methods for separation of quinine and cinchonine from the cinchona barks; prepared pure salts, had them tested clinically, and set up manufacturing facilities. Many other discoveries came from their pharmacy-laboratory, and high honors were accorded them.

25. AMERICAN PHARMACY'S FOT]NDATIONS

PhilrJ"lphl' Coll"g. o{ Ph"rmacy (rsZr) Faced with two major threats: deterioration of the practice of pharmacy, and discriminatory classification by the University of Pennsylvania medical faculty, the pharmacists

of Philadelphia held a

tempestuous protest meeting in Carpenters' Hall, February 23, l92l. At a second meeting, March 15, the pharmacists voted formation of: an association, which became the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy; a self-policing board; and a school of pharmacy' 68 pharmacists signed the constitution of the first pharmaceutical association in the United States; by November 9, American Pharmacy's first educational institution opened.

26. SHAKERS AND MEDICINAL HERBS (Atout 1830) First U. S. industry in medicinal herbs was carried on by the United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing, commonly known as the Shakers. Begun about 1820, and commercially important by 1850, the medicinal herb industry flourished, hit its peak in the 1860's, then waned at the close of the century. The Shakers gathered or cultivated some 200 varieties; dried, chopped, and pressed them into ,,bricks,,; wrapped, labeled, and sold them to pharmacists and physicians the world over. Tons of solid and fluid extracts also were produced. The Shaker label was recognized for reliability and quality for more than a century.

27. AMERICAN PHARMACEUTICAL ASSOCIATION (F."J"J i" L852) Need

for better intercommunication among pharmacists;

and quality coned.ucational and apprenticeship standards; of trol of imported d'rugs, Ied to calling of a convention of the Philadelphia representative pharmacists in the HaIl 1852' Under leadership College of Pharmacy, October 6 to 8' Daniel B' Smith' and first Secretary'

of first President,

the American William Procter, )r., the 20 delegates launched objectives; and Pharmaceutical Association; mapped its and drugopened its membership to "All pharmaceutists its Constitution gists" of good character who subscribed to Pharmacy today' and Code of Ethics. It continues to serve

28. ET]ROPEAN AND AMERICAN PHARMACY MEET (1867) Over the years, no real discord has existed between representatives of European and American Pharmacy as far as ethical and scientific aims are concerned. But when the two groups met for the first time, at the Second International Congress of Pharmacy, in Paris, France, August 2l to 24, 1867, there was a great divergence of opinion on the subject of compulsory limitation of pharmacies. William procter, /r., leading the delegates of the American Pharmaceutical Association, told the international body that "Public opinion is in America a forceful agent of reform," and that, in his country, "there is not the slightest obstacle toward a multiplication of drug stores save that of lack of success." His declaration vividly documented the American Way of Pharmacy.

29.FATHER OF AMERICAN PHARMACY

\[ilhrr..

Procter, J*- (faf Z-f 874)

Rarely has a titular distinction been so deserved. william Procter, )r., graduated from Philadelphia College of Pharmacy rn 1837 ;operated a retail pharmacy; served the College in foundas Professor of Pharmacy for 20 years; was a leader ing the American Pharmaceutical Association; served that organization as its first secretary; Iater, as its president; was served 50 years on the u.s.P. Revision committee; for 22 years Ed.itor of the american Journal oJ Phar' macy. From retirement he returned to PCP's chair of Pharmacy

in

1872;

literally died "in the harness"' in 1874'

30. A REVOLT]TION

fJniversity

"[

IN EDT]CATION

Michigan (ALotrt

18 71)

When Dr. Albert B. Prescott launched the pharmacy course at the University of Michigan in 1868, critical attention was aroused because he abandoned the traditional require-

ment of pre-graduation appenticeship. At the 1871 convention of the American Pharmaceutical Association, he was denied membership and virtually ostracized. However, the

Michigan course pioneered several other major changes: laboratory pharmacy, a definite curriculum that included basic sciences, and a program that demanded students' full-time attention. During the next 50 years, Dr. Prescott had the satisfaction of seeing his once-revolutionary innovations generall;r adopted

by pharmaceutical

faculties.

31.

THE PHARMACOPOEIA COMES OF AGE (Ab"ut 1878)

in

1820'

The first United States Pharmacopoeia' issued It was the first was the work of the medical profession' source to have book of drug standards from a professional 1877, the u'S'P' was achieved a nation's acceptance. In of the in danger of dissolutio" it'" to the lack of interest manufacEdward R Suuibb, -"di"ui profession'asDr' well as physician' took the problem tr.irrg pt^u"-u"i.t to the American Pharmaceutical Association convention' Revision'" The pharmacists formed a "Committee on Charles Rice' Under chairmanship of hospital pharmacist P' Remington' assisted by ph""ti""i"t-educator |oseph Dr' squibb' the and their ind.efatigable collaborator, United, States Pharmacopoeia surged

to new importance'

32. THE STANDARDIZATION OF PHARMACEUTICALS (Abo,t 1883) Despite the professional skill and integrity of lgth-century pharmacists, seldom did two preparations of vegetable drugs have the same strength, even though prepared by identical processes. Crude plant drugs varied widely in active alkaloidal and glucosidal content. First answer to this problem came when Parke, Davis & Company introduced standardized Liquor Ergotae Purifi.catur rn 1879.

Dr. Albert Brown Lyons, as the firm's Chief Chemist, further developed methods of alkaloidal assay. Messrs.

Parke and Davis recognized the value of his work, and in 1885, announced a list of 20 standardized "Normal Liquids." Parke-Davis also pioneered in developing pharmacologic and physiologic standards for pharmaceuticals.

33. WRESTING TI{E II]NGLE'S SECRETS (Atout 1885) Expeditions in search of new medicinal plants probably are as old as Pharmacy. Scientific adventurers, such as Henry Hurd. Rusby, opened vast new horizons for the advancement of Pharmacy and Med'icine, Iate in the lgth century' Sent

by Parke, Davis & Company in 1884 to Peru for supplies of coca leaves, Dr. Rusby crossed the Andes and iourneyed down the Amazon to the Atlantic amid incredible hardships. He returned with 45,000 botanical specimens' Among them were many new drug plants' including Cocillana Bark, pharmaceutical preparations of which are still important to Medicine' Dr' Rusb;' later became Dean of the college of Pharmacy of columbia university.

34. STANISLAS LIMOT]SIN Phr.*rorl Inrentor (Abo.rt 1886) One of those persons singularly gifted in combining scientific knowledge with technical skill and inventive genius was the French retail pharmacist, Stanislas Limousin (1851-1887). Among the many devices which he introduced to pharmacy and medicine were the medicine dropper; the system of coloring poisons (such as corrosive sublimate); and wafer cachets (which found much favor prior to the advent of the gelatin capsule). His greatest contributions, however, were the development and perfection of apparatus for the inhalation and therapeutic administration of oxygen; and invention of glass ampoules that could be sealed and sterilized for preservation of solutions for hypodermic use.

35.

When,

TI{E ERA OF BIOLOGICALS

in

effec1894, Behring and Roux announced the

tivenessofdiphtheriaantitoxin'pharmaceuticalscientists put the both in Europe and the United States rushed to & Company new discovery into prod'uction' Parke' Davis the pioneers' The serum became available in

was among were saved' The 1895, and lives of thousands of children painting d.epicts inoculation of a horse with diphtheria toxin-first step of many in producing antitoxin' Parke-

in 1905' Davis received U. S' Biological License No' I to beNew, improved biological products have continued vaccine' come available, climaxed in 1955 by poliomyelitis

36. THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHEMOTHERAPY Ernest F. A. Foo..re", (Ab o:uLt L92O) one of the most successful researchers in the development chemical compounds specifically created to fight disease-causing organisms in the body was the French pharmacist, Ernest Francois Auguste Fourneau, who for three decades headed chemical laboratories in the world-renowned Institut Pasteur, in Paris. His early work with bismuth and arsenic compounds advanced the treatment of syphilis. He broke the German secret of a specific for sleeping sickness; paved the way for the chain of life-saving sulfonamide compounds; and from his laboratories came the first group of chemicals having recognized antihistaminic properties. His work led many other investigators to broad fields of chemotherapeutic research.

of new

37. PHARMACEI]TICAL RE SEARCII Research in some form has gone hand in hand with the development of Pharmacy through the ages' However' it was the chemical synthesis of antipyrine in 1885 that gave impetus and inspiration for intensive search for therapeutically-useful compounds' Begun by the Germans' who dominated the field until world war I, the lead in pharma-

ceutical research passed thereafter to the United States.

Research in Pharmacy came into its own in the late 1950's and early 1940's; has grown steadily since, due to the support of pharmaceutical manufacturers, universities' and. government. Today it uses techniques and trained personnel from every branch of science in the unending search for new life-saving and life-giving drug products'

38. PIIARMACEUTICAL MANI]FACTURING COMES OF AGE Pharmaceutical manufacturing as an industry apart from retail Pharmacy had its beginnings about 1600; really got under way in the middle I700's. It developed first in Germany, then in England and France. In America, it was the child of wars-born during the Revolution; grew rapidly during and following the Civil War; became independent of Europe during World War I; and came of age during and following World War II. Utilizing latest technical advances from every branch of science, manufacturing pharmacy economically produces the latest and greatest drug developments in immense quantities, so that everywhere physicians may prescribe them and pharmacists dispense them for the benefit of all mankind.

39. THE ERA OF ANTIBIOTICS Antibiotics are not new. Their actions probably were first observed by Pasteur rn1877. However, the second quarter of the 20th century marked the flowering of the antibiotic era-a new and dramatic departure in the production of disease-fighting drugs. Fleming's discovery of penicillin in 1929 went undeveloped until Florey and Chain studied it in 1940. Under pressure of World War II, pharmaceutical manufacturers rapidly adapted mass production methods to penicillin; have reduced its cost 1,000 per cent. Other antibiotic discoveries came rapidly in the '40's, including Chloromycetin@, first to be produced commercially by synthetic methods. Intensive research continues to find antibiotics that will conquer more of man's microbial enemies.

40. PHARMACY TODAY AND TOMORROW Pharmacy, with its heritage of 50 centuries of service to mankind, has come to be recognized as one of the great professions. Like its twin, Medicine, it has come thiough many revolutions, has learned many things, has had 1o discard many of its older ways. pharmacists are among the community's finest, educated people. When today,s retail pharmacist fills a prescription written by . phy"i"i"n, he provides a professional service incorporating-the benefits of the work of pharmacists i., of the "ll b.rrrJh"" profession-education, research, development, standards, production, and distribution. Pharm""y," professional stature will continue to grow in the future as this great heritage and tradition of service is passed on from p"e""pto" to apprentice, from teacher to student, from father to son.

A"Lno*lnlgments ACKNOWLEDGMENT of most helpful assistance, and sincere thanks, are extended to the many persons, experts in their fields, who have assisted in the development of the stories which accompany them' of these pictures, ^G"o"g" and "..th".rii."tion "rd p.rtic.la" Urdang, Director, and Dr. Glenn Sonnedecker, thanks are due Dr. lladison' WisSecretary, of the America, Institute of the History of Pharmacy' iho"" assistance and criticism have guided the author-artist team throughout "orr.irr, the project, and without which the task *ould have been almost insurmountable' in Other persons who gave freely of their time, knowledge' advice and assistance connection with one or more

"ub]e.t";

and sources of reference; include the following:

New York' Dr, Charles C. Atlus, Directorâ&#x201A;Źmeritus, New York State Museum' Albany' Edward Alexander, Colonial Willimsburg, Virgida' The American Journal o.f PharrucY. Parke' Davis & Companv' Detroit' Michigan' ;.'ii.;ffi;;;;n'l,uiuLgoo"i"i"inalvtical Deputment' T. d. A-;J";"";, Yice President, Pa"ke, Dati* & Companv' Detroit' Michigan' O". na*."a D. Andrews, New York StaLe Mmeum, Albany' Nex York' Arbor' Michigan' n. Cf"""" B.fa, Assistan; Director, Michigan Histortal Collectiom' Ann Paris' France' i';"f;;; E.'s;aa, Facult6 de Pharmacie, Universit6-de-Paris' Mmsachusette' s..;;; ni".ta" Beldeo, Hancock Commuuitv, Pittsfield' Bengt Bengtsson, Nordiska Musee, Stockholm, Sweden' Michigan' D;.'Alu ffi;il;, Universitv of Michigan, College of PhuullY' Ann Arbor' France' Paris' Dr- Maurice Bouvet, Presiaenl UJon i{Lndiale ales Soci6t6sd'Ilistoire Pharmaceutique, Massachusetts' D;. wnit" T.-B;Jl"v, M"""^"h,""tts College of Pharmacv'^Bcton' Simpso., Ltd., Montreal, Quebec' Canada' i."f" C-.1"i, t TheY Wrote on ClqY. Etlward Chiera, "eth-a-, Charles Childs. Childs Gallery, Boston, Massachusetts' The Cloisters, New York CitY. Dr. E. Fullerton Cook, Media, Pennsvlvania' Mrs. W. A. Cooper. Long Boat Key. Florida' & Companv' Detroit, Miohigan' wriri* ii c*rir,'DireJtor riO""'ritv Control, Parke, Davis Shakespearean Lilirary, O".--Cif"" B. D.*"oo, Corator oiBooks and Ma,uscripts, F-olger Washington,

D'

C.

'fhe Detroit Public Librarv, Detroit, Michigan' Detroit' Michigan' nA.-.-. St"Ut OlU, l-ibrariau, iarke, Davis & Company,

The Eesex Ictitute, Salem, Massachusetts' The Firsl Centurv oJ Thc Philailclphia College oJ Pharmacv' Washingto,' Dr. Robert P. Fischelis, S".r"ti"i, ftt 'C;ttilan Pharmaceutical Association' Folger Shakwpearean Library, Washington, 2 C-' il;;;t C' F;i;;,-n*""rtir. vi"" P"mid"oi, Parke, Davis & Companv' Detroit' Michigao'

canou Aszrrik Gabriel, 0.

p";;;., p;;i;;r,

D' C'

The Mediaeval Institute, university of Notre Dame'

South Bend, Indiana-

Dr.F.W.Gers(deceased)AssociateProfessorofAssyriology,orientallnstitute,UniversityofChicago.

Lauritz Gentz, Apothecary, Stockholm, Sweden' Princeton- \ey Je1se1 R;;6.""r," Di."-"to", In.Iex oiChristian Art, Prinreton Universitv' e"ii"g C"..i"i Oi"i"il" rUuaiciue and Public Health' Smithsonian I^titution'

d"rr*IE.it*u-"r*, "r Washington. D. C. or.'i"". B.ifrin, Dean, phitadelphia College of Pharmacy p"Jilc"rgr"i, ,t-*iit" c"."tJ. oi w*rirD Arr, Detroir

and Science, Philadelphia, Pennsvlvania' rnstiture of Arts, Detroit, Michisan-

The t{abitaiioo, Annapolis Royal, Nova Scol'ia',Virginia' 1\r;;.-r. w. C;;";., tiogt Mercet Apothecarv Shop' Frcdericksburg' b". ei"*.odr" Heidel Rlsearch Aseo-ciate, Oriental Institute, University of Chicago' it L Ui"to.i.ut Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsvlwania' Robert Hoke, Colonial Willimsburg, Virginia' Esther Anu Huebner, gardner, The Cloisters, New York City' Division, Librarv of congress, washington' D' c' Ma". Charles E. Jackson, Carpenters'Hall',Philadelphia' Pennsvlvania' Science, Philadelphia' Mrs. Elizabeth Johnson, f,m*-i.", pfrif.Aelphia College of Pht ^t.v and

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Pennsylvania-

Journal of tlte American Pharmaceutical Association' Junglc Memries -

Dr. Gunther hentein. Ilameln. Ge,rmany.

Dr. I\-ittop Korringr- Pharmacist. Amsterdam, Holtand.

Fx* ud \\ . Kmu. Dean+meritus. college of I>harmacy. university of Michigan, {na Arbor, Michigan Iiremeel;-rdang. --l llislory o_f Pharmacv(lrrnnar Krmh. Libmrian- _\grthekareaietenen. Stockholm. Swedcn. \Yilliam L- lasits. srnior curator of History antl Art, New York statc Museum. Albany, Ncw y6rk, Dr (iorge lahler- -{nthrolrclogist and .{ssistant Professor of History, Wayne University, Detroit, \lichioan Dr, E- i. I*uallen. Den- Colleirc of Pharmacy, Columbia University, New york. New york.

IIsu Liang. Orientalia Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D. C, Dr. Harrl- J. lo1nd. Praident- Parke, Davis & Company, Detroit, Michigan.

Hulge \I:rgarian. Oriental Rug F)xpert, Detroit, Michigau\omaa \lashall- Colonial \\'illiamsburg, Yirginia.

Richard ,{. \lartin- cutator of Near Eastern Archaeology, chicag, Natural Hist,ry Mrrseum.

Fabian -{. }Iaurina- Dirrctor of Analytical Laboratories, Parkc, Davis & company, Detroit, Michigan. \Ietretrclitan \Iu*um of Art, New York City.

Dr- Lloyd C- fliller. Director of Pharmacopoeial Revision, New York, New york.

G,:rud \Iorrixt. Asmiate Curator, Muserrm of the Provi.ce of Quebcc, euebec City, Ctrnada. \ls- K. D- \Iuir. Grand Rapids, Michigan.

Cheter H- Newkirk, Registrar, The Newnrk Museum, Ncwark, Ncw Jersey.

The \ew York Herald-Tribune.

The New York Times.

Dr-.- Adlr-y R. Nichots, secretary, 'I'he urrited states Pharmacolroeial convention, rnc., New york,

.

New York.

Oriental lnstitrrte, University of Chioago.

Ivan iistholm, ApoLhecary, Apotekens Komptxitionslaboratorium, Stockholm, Sweden.

Dr. Hervey C. Parke, ProducLs Developrnent Dcpartment, Parko, Davis & Company, Detroit, MigSigau.

Pennsylvania Hospilal, Philadelphia, Ponnsylvaoia.

Pharmocal Noles.

The, flnit.etl Slqles Phormacopoeio (various editious).

The Pioleer's Yillage, Salem, Massilohusetts.

Procmdings of the National Pharmaceutical Convcntion, lti52.

Dr. E. M. Riley, U. S. National Park Service, Philadelphia, Pcnnsylvauia.

Stcphen T. Riley, Librariarr, Massachusct[s flistq.ioal Society, I]oston, Massachusetts. !'rancis W. Rohinson, Curator of Ancient and Mcdiaeval Art, Detroit, Michigan.

Dr. Tom C. Rowe, Dean, Collcge of Pharmacy, University of Miclrigal, Ana Arbor, Michigan.

Agnes Scanlan, Veterans Association, First Corps Cadets, Iloston, Massachusetts, Dr. K. C. Seele, F)gyptologist, Oriental Institutâ&#x201A;Ź, University of Clricago. (ieorge S. Squibb, F). R. Squibb & Sons, New York, New York.

Dr. Leon A. Sweet, Vice President, Parke, Davis & Cornpany, f)ctroit, Mictrigan. f)r. Mary Srvindler, Yisiting Profetsor of Fine Arts, Univcrsity of Michigau.

Dr. F'ralk O- Taylor. South F'ort Mitchell, Kentucky.

Thextpeulic Nol.es.

C. J. S. 1'lrompsot, The Mysle1v and Art o! lhe Apolheutry. }{. & Mme. Jacqrres Trelbuill, l'Institut Paste ur, Paris, F-rarrce.

Lierrlcnant de'I'retnigne, Arctriviste, Hdtel tles Invalides, Paris. Frarrcc. (i. A. \nhid. Counselor, Iraniau llrntrassy, Washington, D. Cl. Dr. Henry R. Yiets, A Bric.f llistory oJ Medicite In Massachusell.s.

Dr- Gustave ll.von Grunebaum, Orientalist and Prof'osor of Araby, Orieutal Institrrt,c, Univr:rsity of Clricrgo. lIm. M. C. von Hoegen, Oncco, Florida.

IIva von Schilling, I{meln, Gerrnany.

Ms. Lucita Wait, Fairchild 'I'ropioal Garden, Coconrrt (irove, Florida.

Joseph Wang, Orientalia Division, Litrrary of Congress, Washington, D. C. I{rs. A. C. Weibel, Curator-emeril,us of Textiles and Islamic Art, Detroit Institute of Arts, f)etr(,it,

Michigar.

John (i. Weld, Ileatl Custodian, The llostonian Sociel,y, Boston, Massachrrsetts.

Sister Jennie M. Wells, tlancock Community, Pittsliekl. MassachDsetts.

Warrerr (i. Wheolcr. Assistani Librarian, Massaohusetts l{istorical Society, Bostoo, Massaohqsotts.

Dr. R. H. Wilson, Iioohester, Miohigan.

Curt P. Wirnmer, The College ef Pharmocv oJ l.he Cilt oJ Neu York. \\'ong arr<l Wu, ',|'lrc History ql Chinesc Med,icine.

Dr. Louis B. Wright, Director, !-olger Shakespearean Library, Washington, D. C.

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