Ideological Situation in Ukraine: A Crisis of Genre
Mykhailo MINAKOV, Doctor of Sciences in Philosophy Shklar Research Fellow, Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute Associate Professor, Dept of Philosophy, University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy President, Foundation for Good Politics October 18, 2010
main issues 1) what is ideology? 2) main steps in development of political ideologies in independent Ukraine 3) current ideological setup
theories of ideologies • • •
•
•
Marx, Lukacs, Gramsci: class interest and false consciousness Mannheim: partial and total concepts, worldviews Marx’s followers: • Freud: psychic processes as falsifying conscious acts • de Saussure: language, psychic reality, social world • postmodernists: ideology = signifier without reference Mannheim’s followers: • Freeden: ideology as political interpretation • Habermas: either ideology, or revolution ideology as social knowledge
ideology is…
•
a system of political ideas and beliefs
•
expression of the Modern worldview on politics
•
set of ideas legitimizing the political regime
Modern ideological spectrum social ideologies
political ideologies
Ukraine’s values 2006 +
0.65 JPN 0.60 SWE
0.55
Secular-Rational Values
SKR
GER (E.)
GER (W.)
0.50
NOR
CHN
DEN
EST CZE
0.45
LTV M ON BUL
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
_
HNK
0.15
BLR
ISR LTH
SER BOS
FIN GRC
CRO SLO
AUT
URU
BEL UKR SLV RUS HUN CYP ALB M AC KYR ARM ARG r = .50*** ESP ITL M OL SIN INDO ALG CHI DOM VTN AZR ROM SAU M EX IND IRE GEO POR BRZ TUR SAF PHI 1 SD POL GUA VEN EGP COL ELS BAN PER M AL JRD UGA PAK M OR TNZ NIG ZM B
0.10 0.15
0.20
_
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
LXM
SWI
NTH
FRA
0.50
Self-Expression Values
ICE NWZ GB
AUS CAN
USA
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
+
http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/
late Modernity values evolution +
0.65
0.60
1951-60 1941-50
0.45
1931-40
0.50
be fore 1921
0.40
afte r 1980
afte r 1980
afte r 1980
after 1980
Secular-Rational Values
afte r 1980
1971-80
1961-70
0.55
0.35
0.30
1971-80 1961-70
be fore 1921
1951-60 1941-50
afte r 1980
1931-40
0.25 be fore 1921
1921-30
0.20
be fore 1921 be fore 1921
Africa
0.15
_
0.10 0.15
_
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
Self-Expression Values
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
+
http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/
development of ideologies: split country
2007
2006
2002
1998
routes of ideologies development 1991–2010 nationalists
ethnic
‘Svoboda’ ‘Tryzub’ ‘UNA-UNSO’
civic
‘Batkivshchyna’ ‘Sobor’ ‘Our Ukraine’ Rukh Republican party Democratic party
post-Soviet reality
neoliberals populists anarchists pro-oligarchs
Soviets
perestroika
socialists soc. democrats
Stalinists
prog. socialists communists veteran movmnts
ideological map : 1993 - 1999 pro-presidential autocrats
ostalgic
cynical activism
escapism patriotic
parliamentarian democrats
ideological map : 2000 - 2005 national democrats
Western and Central Ukraine etatism
centralism
regionalism/ Eastern and Sothern Ukraine federalism republicanism oligarchs
current ideological map : state etatism
centralism
parliament
president
regionalism
republicanism
current ideological map : culture ostalgic conservatism
bilingualism
monolingualism
ethnic conservatism
two state languages or one no response no somewhat disagree
somewhat agree yes October
March
April
September
Yes No data of sociologist group ‘Rating’, September 2010
two state languages or one yes
somewhat agree
somewhat disagree
regions of Ukraine
no answer
ideological sympathies
altogether
altogether
Donbas
P. of Regions
South
Communists
East
Strong Ukraine
Center
no
data of sociologist group ‘Rating’, September 2010 F. of Changes
North
Batkivshchyna
West
Svoboda data of sociologist group ‘Rating’, September 2010
citizens’ adherence to state readiness to fight with foreign invaders yes
no answer
no
somewhat disagree
somewhat agree
data of sociologist group ‘Rating’, September 2010
citizens’ adherence to state readiness to fight with foreign invaders regions of Ukraine altogether
ideological sympathies altogether
Center
Svoboda
Donbas
Strong Ukraine
North
F. of Changes
West
Batkivshchyna
South
P. of Regions
East
Communists data of sociologist group ‘Rating’, September 2010
two conservatisms •
conservatism as a necessary counterbalance to progress-based ideologies
•
in absence of other ideologies, conservatism duplicates itself
•
political language of binary oppositions
•
conservatism and collective memories
•
politics of retaliation
Thank you! Дякую!