A Comparative Study of Irrigation Scheduling for Tomato by Cropwat 9.0, Water Balance Method...

GRD Journals | Global Research and Development Journal for Engineering | Emerging Research and Innovations in Civil Engineering (ERICE - 2019) | February 2019

e-ISSN: 2455-5703

A Comparative Study of Irrigation Scheduling for Tomato by CropWat 9.0, Water Balance Method and Water Balance Method using Root Zone Depth by CropWat 9.0 - Case Study for Aat Distributary Navsari of Navsari Branch Canal KLBMC, Gujarat, India 1Mansi

Jayeshchandra Pathak 2Dilip Shete Department of Civil Engineering 1 Parul Institute of Technology, Vadodara, Gujarat 2Parul Institute of Engineering and Technology, Vadodara, Gujarat, India 1

Abstract A study was carried out to determine the irrigation water requirement of tomato in Aat Distributary Navsari of Navsari branch canal KLBMC, by using cropwat 9.0, water balance method and water balance method using root zone depth by cropwat 9.0. In this study twelve years of meteorological data from 2005 to 2017 were used. The effective rainfall obtained by cropwat 9.0, water balance method and water balance method using root zone depth by cropwat 9.0 is 1093.8 mm, 301.370 mm and 314.310 mm respectively. Actual seasonal evapotranspiration rate obtained by cropwat 9.0, water balance method and water balance method using root zone depth by cropwat 9.0 is 634.8 mm, 581.250 mm and 581.250 mm respectively. The net irrigation requirement is 456.4 mm using cropwat 9.0, 257.895 mm using water balance method and 266.035 mm using water balance method using root zone depth by cropwat 9.0. Irrigation scheduling by using water balance method can save water use up to 198.505 mm and 8.14 mm over cropwat 9.0 and water balance method using root zone depth by cropwat 9.0 respectively. The water balance method is more effective and efficient than the cropwat 9.0 and water balance method using root zone depth by cropwat 9.0, only because whereas the earlier method used available soil water at time t over the effective root zone depth and remaining available soil water for irrigation scheduling and cropwat 9.0 used daily soil water available and readily available water for the same purpose. Keyword- CROPWAT 9.0, Water Balance Method, Irrigation Scheduling, Net Irrigation Requirement, Tomato, AAT Distributary __________________________________________________________________________________________________

I. INTRODUCTION As per Water Policy of Government of Gujarat 2011, water resources planning for development and management of water resources projects in the state would be implemented, as far as possible, for multi-purpose uses. The provision for drinking water would be the primary consideration. As most of the major and medium schemes except Sardar Sarovar Project are completed long ago, to provide water for drinking purpose through the existing canal systems require scientific estimation of crop water requirement and drinking water requirement. The objectives of the study are to determine actual crop evapotranspiration rate (Eta), effective rainfall (Re) and net irrigation requirements (NIR). The net irrigation requirements for tomato crop in the irrigated areas of Aat Distributary of Navsari are presented in this paper.

II. STUDY AREA The State of Gujarat lies between 21°70’and 20°45’N Latitudes and 73°24’and 73°07’ Longitude (see Map 1) The study area is Aat Distributary Navsari of Navsari Branch Canal KLBMC Navsari in Navsari District (see Map 2, 3). It is located at 20.57°N 72.54°E. It has an average elevation of 10m above sea level. Weather in Navsari is sunny from September to May, rainy from June to August. The average maximum and minimum temperatures are 32.2°C and 21.4°C respectively.

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A Comparative Study of Irrigation Scheduling for Tomato by CropWat 9.0, Water Balance Method and Water Balance Method using Root Zone Depth by CropWat 9.0 - Case Study for Aat Distributary Navsari of Navsari Branch Canal KLBMC, Gujarat, India (GRDJE / CONFERENCE / ERICE - 2019 / 062)

Map 1: Map of Gujarat

Map 2: Location of Navsari in Gujarat state

Map 3: Map of Navsari District Kakrapar Left Bank Main Canal is looked after by Ambika division (see Map 4). The length of Aat Distributary is 6.100km. It supplies water to 6 villagesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; viz. Eroo, Mandir, Hansapore, Bhutsad, Kalthan, and Aat. Aat Distributary has two minor canals 1) Dandi minor 2) Onjal minor. The length of Dandi Minor and Onjal Minor are 6.200 km and 6.200 km respectively.

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A Comparative Study of Irrigation Scheduling for Tomato by CropWat 9.0, Water Balance Method and Water Balance Method using Root Zone Depth by CropWat 9.0 - Case Study for Aat Distributary Navsari of Navsari Branch Canal KLBMC, Gujarat, India (GRDJE / CONFERENCE / ERICE - 2019 / 062)

Map 4: Aat Distributary

III. DATA COLLECTION The Rainfall data, Meteorological data, Canal data, Crop data of Aat distributary were collected from 2005 to 2017.

IV. METHODOLOGY A. CropWat 9.0 The reference evapotranspiration values (ET0) for each of the sites were calculated from the long term meteorological variables viz. Monthly Minimum and Maximum temperature, wind speed, sunshine hours and relative humidity using the cropwat 9.0, based on the Penman-Moeinth formula. The soils physical property of the sites has been determined using the standard soil lab procedures. The Kc values have been adopted from the FAO 33 and FAO 56 of the irrigation and drainage papers. FAO cropwat computer model calculated the crop water requirements of the crop and exercising irrigation scheduling for each of the sites. B. Water Balance Method Irrigation scheduling is carried out after ensuring that the soil water is full on the crop emergence date of the crop. Effective root zone depth is achieved at the end of 40% of the cropping season. Therefore daily incremental effective root zone depth is obtained by dividing the effective root zone depth by 40% of the cropping season. Ground water contribution is neglected but effective rainfall is considered. Based on the incremental effective root zone depth, incremental storage of soil water and the total available soil water, available soil water at time, t, over the root depth, D, are calculated. In general, whenever the available soil water at time t, over the root zone depth D becomes less than the remaining available soil water, irrigation is to be applied so that soil water is full. Available soil water = SaD … … … … (1.1) in which, Sa = Maximum available soil water holding capacity, mm/m D = Effective root zone depth, m Remaining available soil water = (1-p) SaD … … … (1.2) in which, p = Soil water depletion fraction which depends on the crop and crop evapotranspiration rate Available soil water at time t over the effective root zone depth,(StD) StD = NI + Pe + S + S(t-1)D – Eta … … … (1.3) in which, NI = Net irrigation depth, mm = Sad – (Pe + S + S(t-1)D – Eta) … (1.4) Pe = Effective rainfall, mm S = Incremental soil water storage, mm S(t-1)D = Available soil water at time (t-1) over the root depth, mm Eta = Actual crop evapotranspiration, mm

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A Comparative Study of Irrigation Scheduling for Tomato by CropWat 9.0, Water Balance Method and Water Balance Method using Root Zone Depth by CropWat 9.0 - Case Study for Aat Distributary Navsari of Navsari Branch Canal KLBMC, Gujarat, India (GRDJE / CONFERENCE / ERICE - 2019 / 062)

C. Water Balance Method using Root Zone Depth by CropWat 9.0 Effective root zone depth is achieved at the end of 48.275% of the cropping season according to cropwat 9.0. Therefore daily incremental effective root zone depth is obtained by dividing the effective root zone depth by 48.275% of the cropping season. The same methodology used for water balance method is used later on.

V. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS The effective rainfall obtained by cropwat 9.0, water balance method and water balance method using root zone depth by cropwat 9.0 is 1093.8 mm, 301.370 mm and 314.310 mm respectively. Actual seasonal evapotranspiration rate by cropwat 9.0, water balance method and water balance method using root zone depth by cropwat 9.0 is 634.8 mm, 581.250 mm and 581.250 mm respectively. The net irrigation requirement is 456.4 mm using cropwat 9.0, 257.895 mm using water balance method and 266.035 mm by water balance method using root zone depth by cropwat 9.0. Irrigation scheduling using water balance method can save water up to 198.505 mm and 8.14 mm over cropwat 9.0 and water balance method using root zone depth by cropwat 9.0 respectively. For irrigation scheduling water balance method is more effective and efficient than the cropwat 9.0 and water balance method using root zone depth by cropwat 9.0, only because whereas the earlier method used available soil water at time t over the effective root zone depth and remaining available soil water for irrigation scheduling and cropwat 9.0 used daily soil water available and readily available water for the same purpose. Irrigation scheduling by using the different methods are shown below (see Figure 1, 2, and 3).

Fig. 1: Irrigation scheduling for Tomato by CROPWAT 9.0

Fig. 2: Irrigation scheduling for Tomato

by Water Balance Method

Fig. 3: Irrigation scheduling for Tomato by water balance method using root zone depth by cropwat 9.0

VI. CONCLUSION From the above study, it is concluded that the Water Balance Method is more effective and efficient than the cropwat 9.0 and water balance method using root zone depth by cropwat 9.0. For irrigation scheduling, only because whereas the earlier method used available soil water at time t over the effective root zone depth and remaining available soil water for irrigation scheduling cropwat 9.0 used daily soil water available and readily available water for the same purpose.

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A Comparative Study of Irrigation Scheduling for Tomato by CropWat 9.0, Water Balance Method and Water Balance Method using Root Zone Depth by CropWat 9.0 - Case Study for Aat Distributary Navsari of Navsari Branch Canal KLBMC, Gujarat, India (GRDJE / CONFERENCE / ERICE - 2019 / 062)

ACKNOWLEDGMENT Authors are extremely happy to acknowledge the help provided by the Surat Irrigation Circle, Ambika Division Navsari while furnishing the required data. Authors are very thankful to Professor A. L. Chalodiya of Navsari Agriculture University who has helped me a lot during our data collection for the present study.

REFERENCES [1] Dawod Rasooli Kia (2013) Water requirements for major crops in different agro- climatic zones of Iraqi kurdistan using by cropwat 9.0. Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science 6:30-36. [2] Ephraim Sekyi-Annan, Bernhard Tischbein, Bernd Diekkrüger ID et al. (2018) Year-round irrigation schedule for a tomato– maize rotation system in reservoir-based irrigation schemes in ghana. Water 10:2-25. doi: 10.3390/w10050624 [3] Falguni Parekh1, Kevin Pramodchandra Prajapati (2013) Climate change impacts on crop water requirement for sukhi reservoir project. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology 2:4685-489. [4] Fitsume Yemenu Desta, Kidist Abera, Michael Eshetu, et al.(2017) Irrigation water planning for crops in the central highlands of Ethiopia, aided By Fao Crop Wat Model. African Journal of Agricultural Research 12:2330-2335. doi: 10.5897/AJAR2016.11659 [5] Gamal Abdel Rahman, Talaat AM and Zawe .C (2016) Water requirements for main crops grown under three different agro ecological zones, zimbabwe. Middle East Journal of Agriculture Research 5:14-28 [6] Ibraheem Alhassan, Abubakar Ibrahim, Musa Mohammed Maunde et al. (2015) Water requirement and irrigation schedule for tomato in northern guinea savanna zone, nigeria. 2:65-70. [7] Memon A.V, Jamsa S (2018) Crop water requirement and irrigation scheduling of soybean and tomato crop using cropwat 9.0. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology 5: 669-671. [8] Ratna Raju C., Yella Reddy K., Satyanarayana T.V et al. (2016) estimation of crop water requirement using cropwat software in appapuram channel command under krishna western delta. International Journal of Agriculture Sciences 8: 1644-1649. [9] Robiul Islam, Mahmudul Hasan Mizan, Mafruha Akter et al. (2017) Assesment of crop and irrigation water requirements for some selected crops in northwestern bangladesh. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research: D Agriculture and Veterinary 17:15-22. [10] U. Surendran, C. M. Sushanth, George Mammen et al. (2017)FAO-CROPWAT model-based estimation of crop water need and appraisal of water resources for sustainable water resource management: Pilot study for Kollam district – humid tropical region of Kerala, India. current science 112:76-86. doi: 10.18520/cs/v112/i01/76-86

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A Comparative Study of Irrigation Scheduling for Tomato by Cropwat 9.0, Water Balance Method...

Published on Apr 12, 2019

GRD Journals

A study was carried out to determine the irrigation water requirement of tomato in Aat Distributary Navsari of Navsari branch canal KLBMC, by using cropwat 9.0, water balance method and water balance method using root zone depth by cropwat 9.0. In this study twelve years of meteorological data from 2005 to 2017 were used. The effective rainfall obtained by cropwat 9.0, water balance method and water balance method using root zone depth by cropwat 9.0 is 1093.8 mm, 301.370 mm and 314.310 mm respectively. Actual seasonal evapotranspiration rate obtained by cropwat 9.0, water balance method and water balance method using root zone depth by cropwat 9.0 is 634.8 mm, 581.250 mm and 581.250 mm respectively. The net irrigation requirement is 456.4 mm using cropwat 9.0, 257.895 mm using water balance method and 266.035 mm using water balance method using root zone depth by cropwat 9.0. Irrigation scheduling by using water balance method can save water use up to 198.505 mm and 8.14 mm over cropwat 9.0..