GRD Journals | Global Research and Development Journal for Engineering | Emerging Research and Innovations in Civil Engineering (ERICE - 2019) | February 2019
e-ISSN: 2455-5703
Application of Remote Sensing and GIS in Cropping Pattern Mapping: A Case Study of Olpad Taluka, Surat 1Kakadiya
Bhumika 2Babulal M. Vadher 3P. G. Agnihotri P. G. Student 2Principal and Professor 3Professor 1 Department of Civil Engineering 1,2 Government Engineering College, Surat, Gujarat, India 3Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat, Gujarat, India 1
Abstract India is an agricultural dominated country. Agriculture is a backbone of India. Nearly 65% of population is dependent on this sector. Hence study of crops and cropping pattern play a vital role to increase the crop production. In this study an attempt will be made to map the different cropping pattern followed in Olpad taluka of Surat, Gujarat. A multidate Landsat satellite data from USGS will be used to generate cropping pattern and study of crop rotation during Kharif and Rabi will be carried out. To accomplish this Arc GIS software of (ESRI) will be used. This map is validated by taking the ground truth data using GPS receiver in the study area to improve the accuracy of the mapping. Various vegetation indices will be calculated using GIS and RS to access the efficiency of cropping system. Keyword- Cropping Pattern, GIS, Remote Sensing, Vegetation Indices __________________________________________________________________________________________________
I. INTRODUCTION With the increasing population the pressure on the limited agricultural resource is ever increasing. The total population in India is projected to be 1.62 billion by 2050. Consequently, the question before us which needs to be answered is how to use rapidly shrinking per capita land resources in a sustainable manner. Agriculture and allied sectors contribute 13.9 per cent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and play a vital role in the Indian economy where nearly 65 per cent of the rural households depend on agriculture. Cropping pattern is a spatial phenomenon and refers to sequence and arrangements of crops in an area at a point of space and time. The cropping patterns and intensity of a region are closely influenced by a spectrum of factors including geoclimatic, socio-economic, historical and political factors. Cropping pattern analysis is essential for studying the sustainability of agriculture. Remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) has become very useful tools for the management of dynamic agricultural resource. Satellite imagery has made it possible to map croplands and identify crop types at local, regional and global level. In recent times satellite data has proved to be a valuable source to acquire timely, cost effective and precise information (M.P.Sharma 2014) in spatial domain about the existing cropping systems. Various authors have revealed the usefulness of satellite data for cropping pattern analysis. Analysis of cropping pattern using field observation is very laborious so satellite imagery gives us better option for analysis of cropping pattern. So, this study is carried out to find how effectively we can use satellite imagery for cropping pattern mapping.
II. STUDY AREA Olpad is agriculturally prosperous taluka of Surat Gujarat. The study area (Olpad Taluka) is bounded by 20° 0' 0" to 21° 7' 48" north latitude and 72° 22' 48" to 74° 13' 48" east longitude region of south Gujarat. Population is about 2 lakh is Surat district's the 6th least populous sub district, located in Surat district of the state Gujarat in India. There are 104 villages in the Olpad as shown in fig 1, among them Olpad is the most populous village with population of about 16 thousand and Thothab is the least populous village with population of 170. A. Topography Olpad taluka’s total area is 560 km², and the density of Olpad taluka was 360 per sq.km at the 2011 Census. Dandi is the biggest village in the sub district with an area of 69 km2 and Bhagwa is the smallest with 1 km2. 70% of area of taluka has deep to medium black soil. 30% area is coastal zone which has deep, fine texture, salt affected soil.
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Application of Remote Sensing and GIS in Cropping Pattern Mapping: A Case Study of Olpad Taluka, Surat (GRDJE / CONFERENCE / ERICE - 2019 / 068)
B. Temperature and Rainfall The summers are quite hot with temperatures ranging from 37.78째C to 44.44째C. The climate is pleasant during the monsoon. The winters are not very cold but the temperatures in January range from 10째C to 15.5째C. Average rainfall in Olpad taluka is between 900-1000 mm. C. Agriculture in Olpad Taluka This Taluka has wide range of cropping systems like paddy-sugarcane, paddy-wheat, paddyfallow, paddy-pulses, cotton-fallow, sorghum-wheat, and vegetable-paddy. Major crops in black soils area Pulses, Paddy, and Cotton. Major crops in coastal zone are Paddy - Cotton, Sorghum, and Wheat. Olpad has 63% of cultivable area. And 80% of area is irrigated from cultivable area.
Fig. 1: Study area Olpad taluka
III. METHODOLOGY A. Data Acquisition and Data used For the cropping pattern mapping of study area, the initial step is the data acquisition. The present study relies on data from remote sensing combined with ground observations. Remote sensing is useful for crop mapping. Sometimes, aerial photographs and field data collection can be uneconomical and difficult to obtain, so quick updating and monitoring becomes difficult. Thus, satellite imagery is often the better option. Some satellite data products have free access and they can be downloaded from different websites developed by the data provider. A variety of remote sensing systems exist, for which the specification is distributed among a variety of websites from data providers, satellite operators and manufacturers. In order to choose a data product for a given project, a remote sensing data user must be aware of the different products and their applications. Landsat 8 images of Olpad taluka of 30th September and 3rd December as shown in fig.2 and fig.3 is used for the study.
Fig. 2: Satellite image of Olpad taluka 30th September and 3rd December
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Application of Remote Sensing and GIS in Cropping Pattern Mapping: A Case Study of Olpad Taluka, Surat (GRDJE / CONFERENCE / ERICE - 2019 / 068)
Name of Feature Date of Acquisitions WRS Path and Row UTM zone Output format
Description 30th September 2018 3rd December 2018 Path 148 and Row 45 Path 148 and Row 45 43 43 GeoTiff GeoTiff Technical Specification of Satellite Satellite Landsat TM (Thematic Mapper) Landsat TM (Thematic Mapper) No. of Bands 11 11 Spatial Resolution 30 m 30 m Temporal Resolution 16 days 16 days Image size 185 km X 172 km 185 km X 172 km Swath 185 km 185 km Table 1: Image properties of satellite images
IV. GROUND TRUTH DATA COLLECTION For locating details of crop type ground truth data are collected using GPS 72 H (GARMIN) which is used for providing exact location
Fig. 3: Ground truth data collection using GPS Latitude (N) Longitude (E) Crop type 21° 18' 55" 72° 41' 44" Sugarcane 21° 14' 01" 72° 42' 49" Paddy 21° 13' 55" 72° 44' 02" Paddy 21° 25' 20" 72° 40' 51" Cotton 21° 22' 44" 72° 52' 28" Sugarcane 21° 16' 12" 72° 46' 32" Sugarcane 21° 18' 45" 72° 46' 59" Paddy 21° 18' 30" 72° 52' 21" vegetables 21° 21' 41" 72° 47' 10" Paddy 21° 23' 17" 72° 48' 42" Sugarcane 21° 20' 46" 72° 52' 21" Sugarcane 21° 19' 13" 72° 39' 43" Fallow 21° 25' 50" 72° 53' 24" Sugarcane 21° 20' 20" 72° 44' 03" Cotton 21° 19' 25" 72° 52' 35" Barren land 21° 18' 42" 72° 53' 19" Sugarcane 21° 19' 33" 72° 51' 39" Sugarcane Table 2: Ground truth points
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Application of Remote Sensing and GIS in Cropping Pattern Mapping: A Case Study of Olpad Taluka, Surat (GRDJE / CONFERENCE / ERICE - 2019 / 068)
V. METHODOLOGY FOR GENERATION OF CROPPING A. Pattern Map Landsat data products can be used to generate crop pattern map. Band 4 (Red) and Band 5 (NIR) is used to generate NDVI image. Software used for this is ARC GIS 10.1 (ESRI) Following step wise methodology is adopted for generation of cropping pattern map.
Fig. 4: Methodology chart for generation of cropping pattern map
B. Generation of NDVI Map For generation of NDVI map Arc GIS 10.1 (ESRI) is used. Fig. 5 shows NDVI map of Olpad taluka. The NDVI values of Olpad taluka Ranges from 0.57 to -0.22 that gives amount of vegetation. The minus value suggests the low vegetation and positive value suggest the healthy vegetation.
Fig. 5: NDVI map of Olpad taluka
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Application of Remote Sensing and GIS in Cropping Pattern Mapping: A Case Study of Olpad Taluka, Surat (GRDJE / CONFERENCE / ERICE - 2019 / 068)
VI. CROPPING PATTERN MAP OF OLPAD TALUKA (KHARIF SEASON) Cropping pattern map is generated using NDVI map in Arc map 10.1 as shown in Fig. 5. In map we can see that major crop in Olpad is Sugar cane and Paddy. Type of crop % Area of crop Sugar cane 35.60319971 Paddy 24.16804879 Cotton 15.2546503 Fallow 4.793957796 Barren land 5.139955602 Residential area 7.522773086 Water body 7.517414713 Table 3: Area wise distribution of Crop land
Fig. 6: Cropping Pattern map of Olpad Taluka
VII.
CONCLUSION
Each crop has its unique NDVI range so cropping pattern map is generated by NDVI map of Olpad taluka doing supervised classification in Arc map. We can say that satellite imagery can become useful in cropping pattern mapping without doing much field work. And this map can be useful in finding out irrigation requirement, crop yield estimation etc.
REFERENCES [1] Amit Kumar, Hardeep Singh Sheoran, Manoj Yadav and R. S. Hooda(2015), Geospatial Approach for Block Wise Area Estimation of Kharif Season Crops in Fatehabad District, Haryana (India), International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research, Vol.4 [2] A.R. HUETE (1988) A Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) remote sensing of environment 25:295-309 [3] Bannari, A., Morin, D., Bonn, F. and Huete, A. R.(1995) 'A review of vegetation indices', Remote Sensing Reviews, 13: 1, 95-120 [4] M. P. Sharma, Manoj Yadav, R. Prawasi, Pavan Kumar and R. S. Hooda (2011), cropping system analysis using remote sensing and gis: a block level study of kurukshetra district, ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science, Vol. 6 [5] M.P.Sharma,Kirti Yadav,Kamalpuneet Kaur ,Ravindra Prawasi, Ajeet Singh(2014) Geospatial Approach for Cropping System Analysis A Case Study of Bhiwani District, Haryana., International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research, Vol. 3
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Application of Remote Sensing and GIS in Cropping Pattern Mapping: A Case Study of Olpad Taluka, Surat (GRDJE / CONFERENCE / ERICE - 2019 / 068)
[6] Panigrahy, K. R. Manjunath & S. S. Ray (2005) Deriving cropping system performance indices using remote sensing data and GIS, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 26:12, 2595-2606 [7] Ramya , Mr.K.Srinivasan (2018), A cropping system analysis for Palacode taluk using remote sensing and GIS, International conference on advancements in engineering, technology and sciences. [8] Satyawan, Manoj Yadav, R S Hooda (2012), Cropping System Analysis Using Geospatial Approach: A Case Study of Sirsa District in Haryana, India., International Journal of Science and Research vol.3 [9] S.S. RAY (2005) use of gis and remote sensing for crop diversification - a case study for punjab state, Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, Vol. 33 [10] S.S. Ray, Anil Sood, Sushma Panigrahy (2005), Derivation of indices using remote sensing data to evaluate cropping systems, Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, Vol. 33
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