Development of NDVI and LULC Map of Surat District using GIS and Remote Sensing

GRD Journals | Global Research and Development Journal for Engineering | Emerging Research and Innovations in Civil Engineering (ERICE - 2019) | February 2019

e-ISSN: 2455-5703

Change Detection of Land use/Land Cover (LULC) using Remote Sensing and GIS in Surat City 1Roma 1

Patel 2B. M. Vadher 3Sahita Waikhom 4V. G. Yadav PG Student 2Professor 3Associate Professor 4Assistant Professor 1,2,3,4 Department of Civil Engineering 1,2,3,4 GEC, Surat, Gujarat, India Abstract

Perennial, historical and current define information about the land use and land cover changes of the Earth’s surface is thoroughly essential for any kind of sustainable development program because in which LULC serves as one of the major input criteria. LULC dynamics are analysed by using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). This study is an attempt to evaluate the changes in land use/land cover in Surat city situated in the state of Gujarat at western part of India over a 10 year period. The study made use of LandSat imageries of 2006 and 2016 taken from USGS earth explorer. Maximum Likelihood classification method is used to classify the images. Five LULC categories like water, vegetation, built up area and bare land were identified and mapped. The results shows that land cover changes occurred in water, vegetation, built up area and bare land were 3.12%, 15.5%, 12.50%, 24.95% respectively.

Keyword- Land use Land Cover, LandSat Image, Remote Sensing, GIS, Surat city __________________________________________________________________________________________________

I. INTRODUCTION Environmental change are occurred due to Land use and land cover change because LULC is most important anthropogenic driver of environmental change on all spatial and temporal scales. These changes embrace the greatest environmental concerns of human populations today, including climate change, biodiversity loss and the pollution of water, soils and air. So that monitoring the negative consequences of LULC has therefore become a major priority of researchers and policymakers around the world. (K M Kafi et al, 2014) Objective of the study is development of land use land cover map of Surat city and identification of the decadal change in land use land cover of Surat city.

Surat city is go through tremendous growth in admitting increasing population.(Registrar General & Census Commissioner, 2011, Census India 2011) The city is often experiencing change concerning built up area expansion. GIS-based examine on land use transformation are efficient and necessary for land use planning in places which are undergo rapid growth in demand for growth of economy and development. Planning should be done on the basis of trends of land use change. Many cities and towns are crashing with a land use change along the major roads and highways and in sprawling the city. Often, this leads to a ribbon development along major roads and highways. Data collection from the satellite are having benefits of cost effective, less time consuming, global availability, better quality of data, etc.(Priyank P. Patel et al, 2016) Remote sensing detect and monitor the change occured in LULC with the use of several multi-date images. The differences occurring in LULC between the acquisition dates of images that are mainly due to various natural conditions and human actions. The prosperous use of satellite remote sensing for LULC change detection depends upon adequate understanding of landscape features, image systems, and methodology used in relation to the aim of study. (O.R. Abd El-Kawy et al, 2010)

II. STUDY AREA AND DATA COLLECTION A. Study Area Surat is a city located on the western part of India in the state of Gujarat. It is one of the most dynamic city of India with one of the fastest growth rate due to immigration from various part of Gujarat and other states of India.(Surat Municipal Corporation) It is accessible from all corners of the country through airways, railways and roadways. The port city of Surat falls within the geographical location of North Latitude 21degrees to 15 minutes and East Longitude 72 degrees to 52 minutes. Surat is the 8th largest city of India in terms of population and largest in non-capital cities. Area of the Surat Municipal Corporation is 326.515 km2.(Surat Municipal Corporation)

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Change Detection of Land use/Land Cover (LULC) using Remote Sensing and GIS in Surat City (GRDJE / CONFERENCE / ERICE - 2019 / 072)

For this study Surat city (Figure 1) is selected which is divided in seven different zones by Surat Municipal Corporation.

City mayor’s foundation report says that Surat is the 4th fastest growing city globally, so it is selected for change detection. The population of Surat city is continuously increasing and spilling over into the extended area of the city which results in a change of land use.

Fig. 1: Study area- Surat city

B. Data Collection This study discusses change of land use land cover derived from satellite images for a decade. Landsat satellite images are downloaded from USGS earth explorer website. Landsat 7 ETM for WGS 84, Zone 43N Date: 23-Oct-2006 is collected. Image has sensors called Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+). Landsat 8 OLI-TIRS image WGS 84, Zone 44, Date: 27-Nov-2016 is collected. Image has sensors called Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS). Here, spatial resolution of the satellite is 30 m, so to get area covered, each band pixels are multiplied by 30 m X 30 m. A shape file is an Esri vector data storage format which is used for storing the location, shape, and attributes of geographic features. The shape file of Surat is georeferenced with Surat municipal map with its coordinates.

III. METHODOLOGY Each image is downloaded in WRS tile (Worldwide Reference System) and contain data in seven different layers. To prepare Land use map, a layer stack of that seven images are necessary and after that, an administrative boundary (of Surat Municipal Corporation - SMC) layer once added, will get the Land use image of Surat. Land use maps are classified using ‘Unsupervised image classification’ techniques. Present study focuses mainly on four land use class i.e. built up, water body, vacant land, and vegetation cover. A flow chart of methodology is given here.

Steps for creating classified image

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Change Detection of Land use/Land Cover (LULC) using Remote Sensing and GIS in Surat City (GRDJE / CONFERENCE / ERICE - 2019 / 072)

Step 1: Composite all the bands of Landsat image Windows > image analysis > select all bands > composite Step 2: Clipping the composite image for three times to delete the background arc toolbox > data management tools > raster > raster processing > clip Step 3: Now apply mosaic to image arc toolbox > data management tools raster > raster dataset > mosaic to new raster Step 4: Add the shape file of study area on mosaic image Step 5: Now extract remaining area by mask process arc toolbox > spatial analyst tools > extraction > extract by mask Step 6: apply the maximum likelihood classification to prepare land use land cover map.

The developed methodology algorithm will displays the LULC images and also shows the area covered by the different selected classes in percentage. The algorithm is implemented on the colour class cluster to extract the feature. Following images are the resultant LULC images generated through above methodology. The following figure shows the LULC map of Surat city generated by above algorithm. The segmented LULC image created through ArcGIS is the as follows, showing different colour class clusters. Here, by using supervised classification two satellite images are segmented of the year 2006 and 2016.

Fig. 2: Supervised classified image of year 2006

Figure 2 shows the classified image of year 2006 in which land cover is classified into four different classes, i.e., waterbody, urban area, vegetation area, bare land. The area covered by waterbody, urban area, vegetation area, bare land are 1860 ha, 8980 ha, 6438 ha, and 14680 ha respectively.

Fig. 3: Supervised classified image of year 2016

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Change Detection of Land use/Land Cover (LULC) using Remote Sensing and GIS in Surat City (GRDJE / CONFERENCE / ERICE - 2019 / 072)

Figure 3 shows the classified image of year 2016, which has land cover classified into four different classes, i.e., waterbody, urban area, vegetation area, bare land. The area covered by waterbody, urban area, vegetation area, bare land are 873 ha, 12990 ha, 11390 ha, 6707 ha respectively.

IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Table 1 shows the results of LULC classification which are summarized for the years 2006 and 2016 in. In the decade of 2006 to 2016, vegetation area and urban area increased to 4952 ha (15.5 %) and 4011 ha (12.50 %) respectively. From 2006 to 2016 water bodies and bare land decreased to 987 ha (3.12 %) and 7973 ha (24.95 %) respectively.

Land cover class

Area 2006(ha)

Area 2016(ha)

Area in % 2006(ha)

Water Built up area Vegetation Bare land

1860 873 5.82 8980 12990 28.10 6438 11390 20.15 14680 6707 45.94 31958 31958 100 Table 1: Statistics of Landsat classification area for 2006 and 2016

Area in % 2016(ha) 2.70 40.64 35.64 21.00 100

Figure 4 shows the land use land cover percentage area for year 2006 and year 2016 from the classified image of respective years. Here, LULC changes reflect the dynamics observed in the socio-economic condition of a given study area. Also, changes in the socio-economic situations cause land use/land cover changes through their influence on land management techniques used and other various aspects of the farming systems, institutional settings, environmental policy. Therefore, socio-economic survey is important to detect the factors that cause changes in land use/land cover of an area.

Fig. 4: Land use land cover of year 2006 and 2016

Decadal change of land use land cover during period of 2006-2016 Figure 5 shows waterbody area is reduced in year 2016 from year 2006, because in year 2006 population of surat city is 28,76,374 (After Extension of City Limit in 2006) and in year 2011 population of surat city is 44,66,826 (Census 2011). Built up area is highly increased due to population and due to implementation of town planning scheme. Vegetation area is slightly increased due to vegetation area grown in barren land. So, barren land is reduced in year 2016 than year 2006.

Fig. 5: Percentage of different land-use/land-cover classes

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Change Detection of Land use/Land Cover (LULC) using Remote Sensing and GIS in Surat City (GRDJE / CONFERENCE / ERICE - 2019 / 072)

V. CONCLUSION This study has established that the recent advancements in remote sensing and GIS technologies provide powerful tool for mapping and detecting changes in land use/land cover. Study investigating decadal land use/land cover changes occurred in Surat city between 2006 and 2016. The land reclamation projects that have taken place during the last decade have affected LULC changes throughout the study area. Demographic changes have significantly affected Land Use in the surat city and shows significant increase in the area covered. Regarding the undesirable changes in land use and the need for better sustainable development in the city, we propose that the government should reconsider the policies applied to the study area, as well as the policies of the surrounding regions that may directly or indirectly affect the development of the study area.

REFERENCES [1] K M Kafi, H Z M Shafri, A B M Shariff (2014), "An analysis of LULC change detection using remotely sensed data; A Case study of Bauchi City" International Remote Sensing & GIS Conference and Exhibition, Volume 20 (1-9).

[2] Selcuk Reis (2008), "Analyzing Land Use/Land Cover Changes Using Remote Sensing and GIS in Rize, North-East Turkey " Sensors, Volume 8 (6188-6202).

[3] O.R. Abd El-Kawy, J.K. Rod , H.A. Ismail , A.S. Suliman (2010), "Land use and land cover change detection in the western Nile delta of Egypt using remote sensing data" Applied Geography (Elsevier), Volume 31 (483-494).

[4] P. S. Roy, Arijit Roy (2010)," Land use and land cover change in India: A remote sensing & GIS prespective" Journal of the Indian Institute of Science, Volume 90 (489-502).

[5] P. B. Tamsekar, Dr. S. B. Thorat (2017), "Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) Identification and Analysis Using Satellite Imagery", IJSRSET, Volume 3.

[6] Priyank p. Patel, bhasker v. Bhatt (2016), "Land use change detection in Surat using geospatial techniques", IJARESM. [7] Piyush Yadav, shailesh deshpande (2016), "Spatio-temporal assessment of urban growth impact in Pune city using remotely sensed data ".

[8] Registrar General & Census Commissioner. 2011. Population Enumeration Data (Final Population). Census India 2011.

[Online] Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, 2011. http://censusindia.gov.in/.

[9] Surat Municipal Corporation https://www.suratmunicipal.gov.in/TheCity/AboutCity

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