Monitoring of SPM, SO2, NO2, and AIR Quality Index in Selected Areas of Davangere City during Summer

GRD Journals- Global Research and Development Journal for Engineering | Volume 2 | Issue 11 | October 2017 ISSN: 2455-5703

Monitoring of SPM, SO2, NO2, and AIR Quality Index in Selected Areas of Davangere City during Summer Season Punith Y N PG Student Department of Civil Engineering University B.D.T College of Engineering, Davangere Karnataka

D. P. Nagarajappa Professor Department of Civil Engineering University B.D.T College of Engineering, Davangere Karnataka

Abstract The main aim of this project is to check the ambient air quality in Davangere city and to determine AQI in the Resedencial, Commercial, Industrial and Sensitive areas of the 13 selected locations of the Davangere city during summer season. It has been observed that concentration of suspended particulate matter is more in these stations like PB road Aruna theatre, Old bus stand, Gandhi circle, Pooja international hotel, UBDT college and Bapuji Hospital were exceeds the standard limit of National Ambient Air Quality standards(NAAQS). The concentration of Sulphur dioxide and Nitrogen dioxide is within the NAAQS limit in all the stations. But Air Quality Index (AQI) values of the PB road old bus stand, Gandhi circle, Pooja international hotel, and Bapuji hospital stations were severely polluted and it is very unhealthy for the public and causes some various health problems. Keywords- Air Quality, Suspended Particulate Matter, SO2, NO2, NAAQS, AQI

I. INTRODUCTION Air pollution is one of the major and serious problems in all over the world. Air gets polluted mainly by artificial and natural sources. Polluted air contains gases, dust, fumes and other harmful materials present in it. Air pollution problems is higher in these days when compare to last 50 years back. Due to increasing and fast growing of Industrialization, urbanization and increasing transport vehicles day by day etc. These are the main reason for causing air pollution. Air pollutants will be joined to the atmosphere from different types of sources that changes the atmosphere composition and also impacts on the biotic environment. Pollutants which are present in the atmosphere emerging from two important sources are natural and human sources. Human anthropogenic activities such as burning of motor vehicles, burning of fossil fuels and Industrial process like smoke came from the chimney are the major creator of the air pollutants. Natural sources are volcanic eruption, forest fires, wind erosion, pollen dispersal etc. These are all directly affects the air quality as well as human health, animal and plant life. Monitoring of ambient air quality network depends on the selection of pollutants, selection of locations, sampling duration, sampling techniques, man power operation and maintenance cost. It determines the measurement of air pollutants at certain locations. The common pollutants which are observed in the urban area mainly are sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, ammonia, suspended particulate matter, Respirable suspended particulate matter etc.

II. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY A. Study Area Davangere city is situated at western part of South India and it is located about 260km from the capital city of Karnataka Bengaluru. It is positioned at the geographical center of the Karnataka state towards 14̊ 28’00” N and 75̊ 55’ 27” E. It is a calm and quite city in southern India attracted by many people due to industries, cotton business and domain important thing is due to availability of large fertile land. Davangere city is the district headquarters. As per the 2011 census, the city of population was 4, 35,128. Due to the Rapid development in urban areas causes pollution and also sudden increase in the industries and automobiles in the city has drastically increased the level of air contaminants. Many industrial belts have been located in and around Davangere city. Major industries like cotton industries, sugar industries, polyfiber, rice mills and distilleries etc. and many other medium and small scale industries are located in surrounding places. The health effect caused by air pollution includes wheezing, coughing, difficulty in breathing and causes cardiac and respiratory related problems.

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Monitoring of SPM, SO2, NO2, and AIR Quality Index in Selected Areas of Davangere City during Summer Season (GRDJE/ Volume 2 / Issue 11 / 002)

B. Selection of Sampling Stations Thirteen sampling stations were selected to determine the concentration of SPM, SO2, NO2, and also to calculate the air quality index of those stations. Out of these 13 sampling stations 6 stations were commercial cum traffic, 3 stations were sensitive, 2 were Industrial, and 2 were residential.

Fig. 1: Selection of Sampling Selections

C. Air Quality Index (AQI) Calculation AQI can speak to the general air quality status in a simple and better path since the total impact of the considerable number of toxins and related standard can be considered. Therefore a condition, which changes the parameter esteems by methods for numerical control into a straighter forward and exact shape can be obtained. The list of specific contamination is gotten for the most part from the estimation of poisons like SPM, SO 2 and NO2. Various strategies and conditions utilized for ascertaining the AQI. In the present examination for every area in the investigation zone has been computed with the assistance of numerical condition. AQI=1/3 [{SO2/sSO2} + {NO2/sNO2} + {SPM/sSPM}] ×100 sSO2, sNO2, sSPM =standard values of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and suspended particulate matter correspondingly.

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The air quality monitoring of the thirteen selected locations have been monitored in and around Davangere city is discussed in this chapter. The concentration of primary pollutants like Suspended Particulate Matter, Nitrogen Dioxide and Sulphur Dioxide were determined. The data and results are presented in tables and graphs for convenient of analysis. Based on the data and results documented discussions were made. A Further AQI for the 13 selected areas, have been calculated and discussed in this chapter. Table 1: Concentration of Suspended Particulate Matter, Sulphur Dioxide, Nitrogen Dioxide and also Air Quality Index values during summer SO2 NO2 Sl.no Locations Suspended Particulate Matter in µg/m3 AQI Values in µg/m3 in µg/m3 1 PB road Aruna Theatre 213.32 21.10 27.85 55.94 2 PB road Old bus stand 591.78 22.74 58.97 132.67 3 PB road Gandhi circle 581.23 14.39 43.29 120.90 4 PB road Pooja international hotel 444.74 12.27 56.91 102.94 5 Vidyarthibhavan 175.92 16.68 24.11 46.14 6 Jayadeva circle 198.53 21.75 21.94 51.29 7 Ramanagara 103.59 41.78 39.40 29.45 8 Wire and rope industry 114.18 35.67 42.69 29.37 9 UBDT college 164.91 3.75 23.38 85.11 10 Bapuji hospital 314.39 13.25 23.87 146.0 11 Kundwada Lake 35.30 4.57 5.06 22.40 12 Vidyanagar 86.44 8.97 12.52 23.36 13 Anjaneya Badavane 89.40 12.1 13.61 25.61

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Monitoring of SPM, SO2, NO2, and AIR Quality Index in Selected Areas of Davangere City during Summer Season (GRDJE/ Volume 2 / Issue 11 / 002)

1) Concentration ofsSuspended Particulate Matter, SulphurdDioxide and NitrogendDioxide at PB road Aruna Theatre PB road Aruna Theatre is one of the heavily commercial cum traffic area with dense population. It includes workshops, trading centres, garages, complexes, government offices and hotels etc. The concentration of SPM, SO2 and NO2 at this station is found to be 213.32, 21.10 and 27.85µg/m3 respectively. 2) Concentration of Suspended Particulate Matter, Sulphur Dioxide and NitrogendDioxide at PB road Old bus stand PB road Old bus Stand is one of the commercial cum heavily traffic area with thickly populated area. This includes workshops, trading centres, hotels and lodges, recreational centres and mainly private bus stop and railway station etc. This area is linked with NH-4. The concentration of SPM, SO2 and NO2 at this station is found to be 591.78, 22.74 and 58.97 µg/m3 respectively. 3) Concentration ofsSuspended Particulate Matter, SulphurdDioxide and NitrogendDioxide at PB road Gandhi circle PB road Gandhi circle is one of the commercial cum heavily traffic area with more number of population. This station includes BSNL office, hotels, government offices, municipalities etc. The concentration of SPM, SO 2 and NO2 at this station is found to be 581.23, 14.39 and 43.29 µg/m3 respectively. 4) Concentration ofsSuspended ParticulatemMatter, SulphurdDioxide and NitrogendDioxide at PB road Pooja International Hotel PB road Pooja International Hotel is one of commercial cum heavily traffic area. This station includes automobile shops, hotels, restaurants and complexes etc. This area is connected with Davangere–Harihara road. The concentration of SPM, SO2 and NO2 at this station is found to be 444.74, 12.27 and 56.91 µg/m3 respectively. 5) Concentration ofsSuspended ParticulatemMatter, SulphurdDioxide and NitrogendDioxide at Vidyarthibhavan Vidyarthibhavan is one of the commercial area with thickly populated areas and also few residences are over there. This station includes complexes, trading shops, hotels etc. This area is connected with Nittuvalli road. The concentration of SPM, SO 2 and NO2 at this station is found to be 175.92, 16.68 and 24.11 µg/m3 respectively. 6) Concentration of Suspended ParticulatemMatter, SulphurdDioxide and NitrogendDioxide at Jayadeva circle Jayadeva circle is also one of the commercial cum traffic area with thickly populated areas. This station includes hostels, complexes, hotels etc. This area is also connected with Nittuvalli road. The concentration of SPM, SO2 and NO2 at this station is found to be 198.53, 21.75 and 21.94 µg/m3 respectively. 7) Concentration of Suspended Particulate Matter, Sulphur Dioxide and NitrogendDioxide at Ramanagara Ramanagara isaone of the industrial area with small number of residences over there and this station includes rice mill industry, wire and ropes industry etc. The concentration of SPM, SO2 and NO2 at this station is found to be 103.59, 41.78 and 39.40 µg/m3 respectively. 8) Concentration ofsSuspended ParticulatemMatter, SulphurdDioxide and NitrogendDioxide at Wire and Rope Industry Wire and Rope industry is situated near Ramanagara (Industrial area) along with small number of industries in their surroundings. The concentration of SPM, SO2 and NO2 at this station is found to be 114.18, 35.67 and 42.69 µg/m3 respectively. 9) Concentration ofsSuspended Particulate Matter, SulphurdDioxide and NitrogendDioxide at UBDT College UBDT College is very nearer to the Bapuji Dental College and district stadium of the Davangere city. The concentration of SPM, SO2 and NO2 at this station is found to be 164.91, 3.75 and 23.38 µg/m3 respectively. 10) Concentration of Suspended ParticulatemMatter, SulphurdDioxide and NitrogendDioxide at Bapuji Hospital This station is very sensitive in and around their surroundings. The concentration of SPM, SO 2 and NO2 at this station is found to be 314.39, 13.25 and 23.87 µg/m3 respectively. 11) Concentration of Suspended Particulate Matter, Sulphur Dioxide and Nitrogen Dioxide at Kundwada Lake This station is a very calm cool and silent zone. The concentration of SPM, SO 2 and NO2 at this station is found to be 35.30, 4.57 and 5.06 µg/m3 respectively. 12) Concentration of Suspended ParticulatemMatter, SulphurdDioxide and NitrogendDioxide at Vidyanagar This station includes the houses, complexes and hotels etc. It is a calm and clean station compared to other residencial areas. This area is linked with the NH-4 road. The concentration of SPM, SO2 and NO2 at this station is found to be 86.44, 8.97 and 12.52 µg/m3 respectively. 13) Concentration of Suspended ParticulatemMatter, SulphurdDioxide and NitrogendDioxide at Anjaneya Badavane It is one of the commercial cum residential area with the dense population. This station includes hotels, trading shops, hostels, parks etc. The concentration of SPM, SO2 and NO2 at this station is found to be 89.40, 12.1 and 13.61 µg/m3 respectively. 14) Air Quality Index Values of the Respected Areas during Summer Season Based on the Air Quality Index (AQI) values, Air pollution level at each locations can be rated during summer season. The AQI value of the PB road Aruna Theatre, Jayadeva circle is moderately air polluted and PB road old bus stand, Gandhi circle, Pooja International Hotel, and Bapuji Hospital were severely air polluted. Whereas Vidyarthibhavan, Ramanagara, Wire and rope industry and Anjaneya Badavane were lightly air polluted and it can be accepted. But UBDT College is heavily air polluted and Finally AQI value tells that Kundwada Lake and Vidyanagar is cleaned air and it is good.

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Monitoring of SPM, SO2, NO2, and AIR Quality Index in Selected Areas of Davangere City during Summer Season (GRDJE/ Volume 2 / Issue 11 / 002)

Fig. 2: Variation of Air Quality Parameter at PB Road Aruna Theatre

Fig. 3: Variation of Air Quality Parameter at PB Road Old Bus Stand

Fig. 4: Variation of Air Quality Parameter at PB Road Gandhi Circle

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Monitoring of SPM, SO2, NO2, and AIR Quality Index in Selected Areas of Davangere City during Summer Season (GRDJE/ Volume 2 / Issue 11 / 002)

Fig. 5: Variation of Air Quality Parameter at PB Road Pooja International Hotel

Fig. 6: Variation of Air Quality Parameter at Vidyarthibhavan

Fig. 7: Variation of Air Quality Parameter at Jayadeva Circle

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Monitoring of SPM, SO2, NO2, and AIR Quality Index in Selected Areas of Davangere City during Summer Season (GRDJE/ Volume 2 / Issue 11 / 002)

Fig. 8: Variation of Air Quality Parameter at Ramanagara

Fig. 9: Variation of Air Quality Parameter at Vidyanagar

Fig. 10: Variation of Air Quality Parameter at UBDT College

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Monitoring of SPM, SO2, NO2, and AIR Quality Index in Selected Areas of Davangere City during Summer Season (GRDJE/ Volume 2 / Issue 11 / 002)

Fig. 11: Variation of Air Quality Parameter at Bapuji Hospital

Fig. 12: Variation of Air Quality Parameter at Wire and Rope Industry

Fig. 13: Variation of Air Quality Parameter at Anjaneya Badavane

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Monitoring of SPM, SO2, NO2, and AIR Quality Index in Selected Areas of Davangere City during Summer Season (GRDJE/ Volume 2 / Issue 11 / 002)

Fig. 14: Variation of Air Quality Parameter at Kundwada Lake

Fig. 15: Variation of Air Quality Index of the Selected Areas during Summer Season

IV. CONCLUSIONS –

– –

Based on the result, it can be concluded that the Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) concentration is more in these stations like PB road Aruna Theatre, Old Bus Stand, Gandhi Circle, Pooja International Hotel, UBDT College and Bapuji Hospital stations were exceeds the standard limit of NAAQS (National Ambient Air Quality Standards) remaining stations were within the limit. The Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentration is within the permissible limit of NAAQS (National Ambient Air Quality Standards) in all the stations. Air Quality Index (AQI) of the PB road Old Bus Stand, Gandhi Circle, Pooja International Hotel and Bapuji Hospital stations were severely polluted and it is very unhealthy for the public causes some various health problems.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research was supported by the Dr. D.P. Nagarajappa, Professor and all Faculties of Department of Studies in Civil Engineering, University B.D.T College of Engineering, Davangere, and Karnataka, India. I would like to thank all the staff of University B.D.T College of Engineering, Davangere, and Karnataka, India.

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Monitoring of SPM, SO2, NO2, and AIR Quality Index in Selected Areas of Davangere City during Summer Season (GRDJE/ Volume 2 / Issue 11 / 002)

REFERENCES AND FOOTNOTES [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13]

Anand Kumar., Ashish Garg and Upendu Pandel., (2011), “A Study of Ambient Air Quality Status in Jaipur City, Rajasthan, India using AQI”, Indian journal of Nature and Science, Vol (9), pp: 38-43. Abam F I and Unachukukwu O., (2009), “Vehicular Emissions and Air Quality Standards in Nigeria”, European Journal of Scientific Research, Vol (34), pp: 550-560. Ankita Shukla., Rajeev Kumar Mishra and Parida M.,(2010), “ Estimation of Composite Air Quality Index for Lucknow”, Indian Journal of Institute of Town Planners, Vol (7), pp:45-56. Akbar Ziauddin and Siddiqui N A., (2006), “Air Quality Index A tool to determine Ambient Air Quality”, International Journal of Research and Gate, Vol (25), pp: 885-887. Avinash Chauhan., Mayanth Pawar., Rajeev Kumar and Joshi P C., (2010), “Ambient Air Quality Status in Uttarkhand, India: A Case Study of Haridwar and Dehradun using Air Quality Index”, Journal of American Science, Vol (6), pp: 565-569. Sastri M S., Suneela M., Shashidhar Kumar N P and Hussain S K., (2004), “Air Quality Status at Selected Locations in Hyderabad City”, Indian Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering, Vol (46), pp: 86-91. Shiva Nagendra S M., Venugopal K and Steven Jones L., (2007), “Assessment of Air Quality near Traffic Intersections in Bangalore City using Air Quality Indices”, Indian journal of Transport and Environment, Vol (12), pp:167-176. Gunasekaran R., Kumaraswamy K., Chandrasekaran P P and Elanchizhian R., (2012), “Monitoring of Ambient Air Quality in Salem City, Tamilnadu, India”, International Journal of Current Research, Vol(4), pp:275-280. Nair Neelima., Bamnia B R., Mahecha G S and Saini Dhavan., (2014), “Analysis of Ambient Air Pollution and Determination of Air Quality Status of Udaipur, Rajasthan, India”, International Research Journal of Environmental Sciences, Vol (3), pp:5-10. Rao M N and Rao H V N., (1989), “Air Pollution”, Tata McGraw Hill Publications, New Delhi. Garg S K., (1979), “Sewage Disposal and Air pollution engineering”, Khanna Publishers. Instrumental Manual Vayu Bodhan Upkarn Pvt Ltd. www.cpcb.nic

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Monitoring of SPM, SO2, NO2, and AIR Quality Index in Selected Areas of Davangere City during Summer

Published on Oct 23, 2017

GRD Journals

The main aim of this project is to check the ambient air quality in Davangere city and to determine AQI in the Resedential, Commercial, Industrial and Sensitive areas of the 13 selected locations of the Davangere city during summer season. It has been observed that concentration of suspended particulate matter is more in these stations like PB road Aruna theatre, Old bus stand, Gandhi circle, Pooja international hotel, UBDT college and Bapuji Hospital were exceeds the standard limit of National Ambient Air Quality standards(NAAQS). The concentration of Sulphur dioxide and Nitrogen dioxide is within the NAAQS limit in all the stations. But Air Quality Index (AQI) values of the PB road old bus stand, Gandhi circle, Pooja international hotel, and Bapuji hospital stations were severely polluted and it is very unhealthy for the public and causes some various health problems. Citation: Punith Y N, University B.D.T College Of Engineering; D P Nagarajappa ,University B.D.T College of Eng....