Effect of Iron Oxide Nano Particles on Biogas Production and Study of Microbial Analysis.....

GRD Journals- Global Research and Development Journal for Engineering | Volume 5 | Issue 11 | October 2020 ISSN- 2455-5703

Effect of Iron Oxide Nano Particles on Biogas Production and Study of Microbial Analysis and its Slurry uses in Agricultural Field Vishwas. S Department of Nano Technology Srinivas Institute of Technology, Mangaluru – 574143 Lokesh K S Department of Nano Technology & Mechanical Engineering Srinivas Institute of Technology, Mangaluru – 574143

Naveen Kumar J. R. Department of Nano Technology Srinivas Institute of Technology, Mangaluru – 574143

Abstract Nano particles have recently attracted enormous attention in the field of agriculture and bio fertilizers for the better yield of plant crops. This experiment will show the effect of iron oxide Nano particles in biogas production and analysis of effect of those nanoparticles on microbes and study of advantages of biogas slurry on plants and plant crop. Biogas is produced by the putrefactive bacteria’s which breakdown under anaerobic or aerobic conditions. And this bio digestion involves slow chemical reactions which intern result in the production of gas in the slow release manner. So the addition of iron oxide Nano particles will increase the production rate and as it will reduce CO2 to form ch4. So as increase in the methane quantity will increase the gas production. As iron oxide is biodegradable further slurry will be added to the plants and effects are studied. Slurry samples collected and studied about the microbes and its advantages.

Keywords- Nano Particles, Plant Crops, Bacteria, Methane, Aerobic, Anaerobic

I. INTRODUCTION In today’s world all are having concern towards how to save energy for tomorrow. And most of the people think about the use and availability of the energy. Canada spends a lot on Gas, Propane, and oil. These fossil fuels are used continuously [1]. Because we use that continuously and availability will go down and need will go up [2]. So, in that time we have to look into other sources where it is environmentally friendly and which costs less [3]. This has been lead to the search for new energy sources [4].

In this one excellent source of energy is biogas [5]. Biogas produces when organic decaying materials produces gas that is by methane producing bacteria in Aerobic or anaerobic condition. Methane is the main component in Biogas. And it is having clean burning and colourless [6].

Fig. 1: CO2 and biomethane formation in an anaerobic process

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Effect of Iron Oxide Nano Particles on Biogas Production and Study of Microbial Analysis and its Slurry uses in Agricultural Field (GRDJE/ Volume 5 / Issue 11 / 004)

Biogas is produced by the breakdown of organic matter. This supplies Fertilizer and energy. It protects from the environment [7-8]. This biogas eases the work of Housewife and it also creates additional work like mixing of the cow dung with water [9-10]. And even the fermentation slurry has to be mixed properly [11]. In this biogas with shorter retention time needs more time to produce gas. In this to replace firewood of around 20kg needs on and around 121Kg of cow dung and even same amount of water [12-13].

II. THE DIGESTION PROCESS The biogas is produced from the putrefactive bacteria and which breaks down in the aerobic or anaerobic condition. If it breaks down in airless condition then it is called as “Anaerobic condition”. In the first stage Fat, carbohydrate, Protein give rise to fatty acids and in the second stage methane will be produced. In this stage the slurry becomes somewhat thinner. The better the twophase merge into each other the more production of gas.

There are 3 types of digestion process1) Psychrophilic Digestion 2) Mesophilic Digestion 3) Thermophilic digestion

Fig. 2: Waste utilization to produce renewable energy

III. THE FERMENTATION SLURRY In this the feed material consists of Organic solids and Inorganic solids and water at last. Adding water or Urea gives the fluid properties to this. This needs for the production of gas. When the slurry is in liquid form it is easy for the bacteria to come in contact and when we stir it again more gas will be produced. So the regular stirring increases the production [14].

During the digestion process Ammonia is produced from the gaseous Nitrogen. So, this water-soluble Nitrogen is essential for the Plants to grow and it will yield more [15]. Because when we add even urine to the slurry it will riches the slurry and plants will grow and yield more than the normal one [16].

There are two types of Biogas plants are available.

1) Fixed dome plant 2) Floating dome type In Fixed dome plant we have to dig up the land to certain level and we have to setup the plant and we cannot remove once it is fixed. We have to feed the cow dung, water, and urine every day. So, the outlet we can connect directly to the gas stove.

So, advantage of this plant is Low cost, no moving of parts, and rusting will not be there [17].

In floating type, a digester will be there and upon that floating drum will be there.

Advantages of this type of gas digester are easy understanding of process and we can feed the required one easily.

IV. IMPACT OF IRON OXIDE NANO PARTICLES Nano particle effects have been studied experimentally. 1.4 g of iron-oxide NP’s are added to the digester A. 1litre plastic cans were filled with measured mixture of cooked rice, cow manure and 10 mL of acetic acid (sodium bicarbonate to adjust pH) and 40, 60, 80 and 100 ppm of iron oxide NP’s kept at 35 0C. Within a month all the cans except the 40 ppm can starts yielding gas resulting that 70-80 ppm of Np’s will be sufficient enough to yield biogas.

Thus the biogas production started after 60 days in digester A. Yield was also comparatively high and both the digesters continuously yield gas even after 75 days at room temperature. The total retention time taken for digester B is more than 2 months at room temperature whereas in case of digester with iron-oxide the retention time is less. It is seen that the retention time is within 2 months only. Also the amount of gas produced is different. In normal digester we collected almost 3 to 4 balloons whereas with catalyst, we were able to collect almost 7 to 8 balloons. So it can be seen that the catalyst helps to reduce the retention time as well as it helps in increasing the quantity as well. Iron ions help in reducing CO2 to form CH4 in presence of hydrogen.

A. Digester with Iron Oxide NPs Experimental observation shows that there is an increase in methane production when utilized iron Oxide NP’s. Hence it is clear from this that the addition of Iron oxide Np’s can increase the rate of biogas production. Also it is seen that the addition of NP’s

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Effect of Iron Oxide Nano Particles on Biogas Production and Study of Microbial Analysis and its Slurry uses in Agricultural Field (GRDJE/ Volume 5 / Issue 11 / 004)

reduced the total retention time for the biogas production. Almost 25% Reduction in retention time is there during the experimental studies.

Fig. 3: Various applications of nanotechnology

V. MICROBIAL ANALYSIS AND RESULTS A. Microbial Analysis As it facilitates the microbial analysis from the taken slurry samples, an attempt to prepare 14 Water blanks and kept it in autoclave for about 30 minutes. After that allowed it to cool.

Fig. 4: SEM Images of Sludge

B. Preparation of Media 1) Nutrient Agar Medium – 4 conical flasks (500ml) were taken and is plugged with cotton – Then weighed 3.25gm of nutrient broth and transferred into that 3 conical flasks.

– Then added 250ml of distilled water to each conical flask and mixed it thoroughly.

– After that weighed 5.76gm of Agar and transferred to each conical flasks.

– Then it is tightly locked with cotton and upper part is covered with paper and is tightened with a rubber band.

– All the 3 medias were then kept in autoclave under 121*C at 15 Ibs pressure for 30 minutes.

The preparation of rest of the mediums will be same and concentration of weighing medium will be varying.

C. Spread/Pour Plate Method So we are taken the second set of samples which are had same quality of the slurry and then kept plates (petridishes-30) for incubation. After that water blanks are taken and samples will be taken. Then took 10ml micropipette and using that sample is pipetted out and it is serially diluted i.e. from 10 -1 to 10-7.

Then added to the plates and then added the medium and mixed well and allowed it for drying.

After that it is placed in an incubator for about 24 hours.

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Effect of Iron Oxide Nano Particles on Biogas Production and Study of Microbial Analysis and its Slurry uses in Agricultural Field (GRDJE/ Volume 5 / Issue 11 / 004)

After 24 hours there is no growth of colonies can be seen and after 48 hours there is a growth in Nutrient agar and KB medium.

Nutrient agar is for bacteria and KB is for fluorescent bacteria’s.

The Growth of the colonies will be as below;

Fig. 5: Nutrient Agar Medium (bacteria)

Fig 6: KB medium (flourocent bacteria)

VI. SAFETY OF BIOGAS PLANTS Construction and production of biogas is measured with number of safety issues, like hazardous for humans, and environment.

Taking proper precautions and safety measures have the aim of avoiding any risks and hazardous situations. We have to look into the gas production and combust ability. In order to obtain the building permit, we have to full fill all these requirements such as; 1) Prevention of Explosion 2) Fire preventive actions 3) Mechanical effects 4) Sound stable measures 5) Electrical safety measures 6) Protection against lightening 7) Thermal precautions 8) Noise emissions prevention 9) Asphyxiation, poisoning prevention 10) Hygienic and veterinary safety measures.

VII.

FUTURE PERSPECTIVE

So, in this work we have got to know about the increase in biogas production by adding IO nano particles. So in future we can use this Nano particles and same thing can be used for the gas which is produced from the house wastes. We can have a small unit where we have to add wastes and a required amount of IO nano particles and we can have a great amount of gas. And if that exceeds the production, we can convert that into some other form of energy and we can use it to our home itself.

VIII. CONCLUSION The biogas production process would be the way of organic waste management. Keeping retention time high which results in better possibility of producing the biogas from the food waste. Food waste contributes to have a greater reduction in the pH value.

Addition of urea, sodium bi-carbonate helps to maintain the pH in the range of 6.5 to 7.5. The process demands almost 3 months to produce the biogas whereas with the hep of catalyst the retention time decreases to 2 months at room temperature. Equipped with a temperature control system and by addition of catalyst during the process quality as well as quantity of gas will be greatly enhanced. Iron oxide NP’s can be a good catalyst to serve this purpose. The NP’s should be washed several times after separation by centrifuge method by methanol and ethanol to reduce the impurity.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT – –

Author would like to acknowledge the support of Dr. Prasad P (Head of the department) HOD of Nano technology branch for providing Nano particles.

Central plant and crop research institute kasargod for providing us Lab facilities. (CPCRI-KASARGOD)

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Effect of Iron Oxide Nano Particles on Biogas Production and Study of Microbial Analysis and its Slurry uses in Agricultural Field (GRDJE/ Volume 5 / Issue 11 / 004)

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