GRD Journals- Global Research and Development Journal for Engineering | Volume 6 | Issue 1 | December 2020 ISSN- 2455-5703
Potential Waste Water Reuse K Suseela Department of Civil Engineering Vishnu Institute of Technology, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh B Mary Devika Department of Civil Engineering Vishnu Institute of Technology, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh
B Durga Vara Prasad Department of Civil Engineering Vishnu Institute of Technology, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh
Abstract Water is the most important resource in shaping the land and regulating the climate. It is one of the most important compounds that profoundly ascendancy life. The quality of water is usually described according to physical, chemical and biological characteristics. In agriculture, rapid industrialization, urbanization and indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides cause heavy and varied aquatic pollution, resulting in water quality degradation. We must check the water quality at regular intervals of time. Parameters that may be tested include pH, Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids, Turbidity, Acidity, Alkalinity, Coagulant Dosage, Dissolved Oxygen, Chlorides & Hardness. To control the impurities in waste water we used simple & effective treatment processes like Activated carbon filter with the layer of Animal charcoal & sand filter. The results of waste water & treated water are compared. Keywords- Water Quality, Activated Carbon, Animal Charcoal, Sand Filter
I. INTRODUCTION The use of water by biotic life is universal. As civilization advanced, population grew near cities and towns there by making it essential to make adequate of water available near these towns and cities. Water contains impurities which may be determined by physical, chemical and microbiological properties of water. Throughout the globe, these water quality characteristics are characterized by wide variability. Therefore the quality of the natural sources of water used for various purposes should be established in terms of the specific parameters of water quality that have the greatest effect on the future use of water. In order to make water free from impurities treatment is necessary. Domestic water usage is based on the quality. The requirement of water is also essential for growth of crops. Nature's water resources are definitely an inexhaustible gift. But to ensure their services for all the time to come, it becomes necessary to maintain, conserve and use those resources carefully. It is an established fact that proper maintenance, conservation and use of water resources will definitely avoid chances of famine for future generations for indefinite period. For any living being water, air, food, shelter, etc are the primary needs of which water has the greatest importance. Water supply is the provision of water, normally through a system of pumps and pipes, by public utilities, commercial organizations, community activities or individuals. The successful implementation of any water supply project grants the following advantages: The growth of new industries for various pipe appurtenances such as air valves, bib cocks etc takes place in the locally granting employment opportunities. The construction and maintenance of the water supply system provides local citizens with job opportunities. The public in general gets treated reliable water for consumption and other use. The sanitation of the area is significantly enhanced by a sufficient supply of water.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW A. Marcos Von Sperlimg1998 Waste water characteristics treatment and disposal, vol.1 It gives the brief discussion about the physical and chemical properties of water. Various treatment methodologies, water quality requirements, waste water characteristics are briefly discussed. B. Pollutants In Urban Waste Water And Sewage Sludge Professor Iain Thornton (2009): This report presents a thorough literature review and is primarily based on the analysis and presentation of case studies from a wide variety of sources. Theoretical approaches, such as modeling of pollutant sources and All rights reserved by www.grdjournals.com
20
Potential Waste Water Reuse (GRDJE/ Volume 6 / Issue 1 / 005)
predicted concentrations, are scarce. The report attempts to summarize the monitoring, sampling and measurement of numerous studies, thus providing a concise overview of pollution source types and concentration ranges. C. The Potential for Industrial Wastewater use Mousa S. Mohsen, O. Jaber (2002): Continuous extraction of water has resulted in depletion of available water sources in and around the industrial areas. In addition, surface and groundwater contamination has been caused by wastewater discharge into natural watercourses, making water unfit for potable use and impairing industrial use without major and expensive treatment. As effluent discharge standards become more stringent, the present low-cost end-of-pipe treatment approach will become more costly. Meanwhile, technological advancements now make it possible to treat wastewater for a variety of industrial reuses. Most industries are already moving toward wastewater reuse and source separation in developing countries, and separate effluent treatment is gaining more attention. D. Wastewater Treatment By Treatment Effluent Plants Rakesh Singh Asiwal, Dr. Santosh kumar (2016): This paper covers the mechanisms and processes used to treat water that is produced as a by-product of industrial or commercial activities.In the developed world, most industries generate some waste water to mitigate such production or to recycle such water inside the production processes. E. Bahar Demirel Oguzhan Kelestemur Bahar Demirel Oguzhan Kelestemur studied the effect of elevated temperatures on the mechanical properties of finely ground pumice and silica fume concrete. By these, they investigated the mechanical and physical properties of the concrete such as compressive strength, porosity and high temperature resistance. The author coded 3 main groups of concrete were produced as C, P and PS. With no mineral admixture, the C series represents control concrete. In the P series, cement was replaced with finely grounded pumice at 4 proportions (5%, 10%, 15% and 20%) by weight. In the PS series, cement was replaced with silica fume at a constant ratio of 10% by weight in addition to pumice ( 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% ).
III. SAMPLE LOCATIONS We have conducted several experiments for purifying the waste water which is near our college. We had collected the samples and from various fields and tested for PH, alkalinity, acidity, suspension of particles, dissolved salts and turbidity. The below graphs are the values for some of the tests. A. Colour Colour in water is primarily a concern of water quality for aesthetic reason. Coloured water give the appearance of being unfit to drink, even though the water may be perfectly safe for public use. On the other hand, colour can indicate the presence of organic substances, such as algae or humic compounds. More recently, colour has been used as a quantitative assessment of the presence of potentially hazardous or toxic organic materials in water. B. Temperature The temperature of water affects some of the important physical properties and characteristics of water: thermal capacity, density, specific weight, viscosity, surface tension, specific conductivity, salinity and solubility of dissolved gases and etc. Chemical and biological reaction rates increase with increasing temperature. Reaction rates usually assumed to double for an increase in temperature of 10 째C. The temperature of water in streams and rivers throughout the world varies from 0 to 35 째C. For potable water, temperature of about 10 째C is desirable. It should not be more than 25 째C. C. Taste & Odour Taste and odour are human perceptions of water quality. Human perception of taste includes sour (hydrochloric acid), salty (sodium chloride), sweet (sucrose) and bitter (caffeine). Relatively simple compounds produce sour and salty tastes. However sweet and bitter tastes are produced by more complex organic compounds. Human detect many more tips of odour than tastes. Organic materials discharged directly to water such as falling leaves, runoff, etc are sources of tastes and odour-producing compounds released during biodegradation. The extent of taste or odour present in a particular sample of water is measured by a term called odour intensity, which is related with the threshold odour or threshold odour number. For public supplies, the water should generally free from odour, i.e. the threshold number should be 1 and should never exceed 3. D. Total Dissolved Solids It is also known as TDS, are inorganic compounds that are found in water such as salts, heavy metals and some traces of organic compounds that are dissolved in water. Excluding the organic matters that are sometimes naturally present in water and the environment, some of these compounds or substances can be essential in life. But, it can be harmful when taken more than the desired amount needed by the body. The total dissolved solids present in water are one of the leading causes of turbidity and sediments in drinking water. When left unfiltered, total dissolved solids can be the cause of various diseases. A total dissolved solid (TDS) is a measure of the combined total of organic and inorganic substances contained in a liquid. This includes anything All rights reserved by www.grdjournals.com
21
Potential Waste Water Reuse (GRDJE/ Volume 6 / Issue 1 / 005)
present in water other than the pure H20 molecules. These solids are primarily minerals, salts and organic matter that can be a general indicator of water quality. E. Turbidity Turbidity is a measure of the light-transmitting properties of water and is comprised of suspended and colloidal material. It is important for health and aesthetic reasons. River water has maximum amount of turbidity. It is measured by using turbidity meter. In general, a turbidity meter works on the principle of measuring the interference caused by the water sample to the passage of light rays. It is measured in NTU. Turbidity meter is of two types: ď€ Jackson Turbidity meter ď€ Nephelometric Turbidity meter.
Graph 1: pH of water samples
Graph 2: P- Alkalinity
Graph 3: T- Alkalinity
Graph 4: Mineral Acidity
All rights reserved by www.grdjournals.com
22
Potential Waste Water Reuse (GRDJE/ Volume 6 / Issue 1 / 005)
Graph 5: Total Acidity
Fig. 1: Suspension of particles
Fig. 2: Settlement of particles
Graph 6: Optimum Coagulant Dose
Fig. 3: Instrument Calibration
All rights reserved by www.grdjournals.com
23
Potential Waste Water Reuse (GRDJE/ Volume 6 / Issue 1 / 005)
Graph 7: Conductivity of samples
Fig. 4: TDS Meter
Graph 8: Total Dissolved Solids
Fig. 5: Formation of Precipitate
All rights reserved by www.grdjournals.com
24
Potential Waste Water Reuse (GRDJE/ Volume 6 / Issue 1 / 005)
Graph 9: Dissolved Oxygen
Fig. 6: Turbidity Meter
Graph 10: Turbidity of samples
Graph 11: Total Hardness
All rights reserved by www.grdjournals.com
25
Potential Waste Water Reuse (GRDJE/ Volume 6 / Issue 1 / 005)
Graph 12: Chlorides
IV. TREATMENT METHODS A. Sand Filter Sand-filter, as a homemade water filter, is composed of three separate layers of gravel, sand and activated charcoal. It is a streamlined method of filtering impurities in the water starting from the biggest up to the minute impurities in the water. It is simple technique which can be used easily. Turn the water bottle upside down and cut a hole at the top of the container. This is where we pour materials and water for filtering. The first layer start from the bottom contains the activated charcoal which will remove minute impurities. Harmful pathogens and chemicals lingering in the water can be removed with carbon. The second layer is filled with sand. Sand can further remove out smaller particles in the water that the gravel cannot remove. In order to prevent mixing of sand and charcoal place a tissue paper between them. The final layer contains pebble-like rocks that act as filter for common debris found in water such as small particles comes through air and even tiny particles like insects. By passing water through these layers will remove any other small impurities that are present in water in natural way. They can be operated either with upward flowing fluids or downward flowing fluids the latter being much more usual. For downward flowing devices the fluid can flow under pressure or by gravity alone. Pressure sand bed filters tend to be used in industrial applications and often referred to as rapid sand bed filters. Gravity fed units is used in water purification especially drinking water and these filters have found wide use in developing countries (slow sand filters). 1) Rapid pressure sand bed filter design Smaller sand grains provide more surface area and therefore a higher decontamination of the inlet water, but it also requires more pumping energy to drive the fluid through the bed. A compromise is that most rapid pressure sand bed filters use grains in the range 0.6 to 1.2 mm although for specialist applications other sizes may be specified. Larger feed particles (>100 micrometres) will tend to block the pores of the bed and turn it into a surface filter that blinds rapidly. Larger sand grains can be used to overcome this problem, but if significant amounts of large solids are in the feed they need to be removed upstream of the sand bed filter by a process such as settling. The depth of the sand bed is recommended to be around 0.6–1.8 m (2–6 ft) regardless of the application. Guidance on the design of rapid sand bed filters suggests that they should be operated with a maximum flow rate of 9 m3/m2/hr. 2) Slow sand filter design The speed of filtration is changed in the slow sand filter, however, the biggest difference between slow and rapid sand filter, is that the top layer of sand is biologically active, as microbial communities are introduced to the system. The recommended and usual depth of the filter is 0.9 to 1.5 meters. Microbial layer is formed within 10–20 days from the start of the operation. B. Activated Carbon Filter Activated carbon filters are generally employed in the process of removing organic compounds and/or extracting free chlorine from water, thereby making the water suitable for discharge or use in manufacturing processes. Eliminating organics in potable water, such as humic and fulvic acid, prevents chlorine in the water from chemically reacting with the acids and forming trihalomethanes, a class of known carcinogens. Activated Carbon (AC) filtration, as with any water treatment method, is not capable of removing every possible type of contaminant. For example, sodium, microbes, fluoride, and nitrates cannot be removed with AC filtration. Water softening also cannot be achieved with AC filters. In addition, heavy metals, such as lead, can only be removed with a very specific kind of activated carbon water treatment, which is typically used only in residential pointof-use filters. There are many types of high-tech activated carbon filters available for industrial filtration systems. Activated carbon can exhibit varying performance characteristics depending upon the strata from which it is derived (e.g., bituminous or anthracite coal, bone char, coconut shell) and the way it is manufactured. The methods used to create the various AC materials are highly proprietary and lead to distinct differences across the range of media available to the industry. Water Professionals can specify high-tech filtration methods for the identified contaminates and the level of purity required. This is why it is critical to match up
All rights reserved by www.grdjournals.com
26
Potential Waste Water Reuse (GRDJE/ Volume 6 / Issue 1 / 005)
the correct activated carbon bed with the particular need. This will achieve the most efficient filtering and the longest use interval for the equipment. Coconut shells and coal (anthracite or bituminous) are both organic sources of activated carbon. Carbon forms when an organic source is burned in an environment without oxygen. This process leaves only about 30% of the organic mass intact, driving off heavy organic molecules. Prior to being used for water treatment, the organic mass must then be “activated.” The process of activation opens up the carbon’s massive number of pores and further drives off unwanted molecules. The open pores are what allow the carbon to capture contaminants, known as “adsorption”. The rate of adsorption for a surface area of a just one pound of AC is equal to 60-150 acres. Activated carbon water treatment is basically used for two water treatment purposes and each work in totally different ways. 1) Chlorine Removal Activated carbon may be used to remove chlorine with little degradation or damage to the carbon. Dechlorination occurs rapidly and flow rates are typically high. However, this process requires an extensive amount of surface area, and organics in the water will eventually fill up and block the pores of the carbon. Ultimately, the activated carbon filter will need to be replaced as its ability to dechlorinate the water will slowly decline. Spent carbon can be re-activated; however, re-activated filters should only be used in waste-water treatment applications. One advantage to using AC is its low operating cost and virtual "fail safe" operation once installed. One disadvantage is that as the chlorine is removed from the topmost layer of the media, the AC provides a damp environment ideal for the growth and proliferation of bacteria. Bacteria can cause problems in medical applications, or when using carbon as a pretreatment to reverse osmosis. 2) Removal of Organic Matter As water passes through an activated carbon filter, organic particles and chemicals are trapped inside through a process known "adsorption". The adsorption process depends upon 5 key factors: 1) physical properties of the activated carbon (surface area and pore size distribution); 2) the chemical makeup of the carbon source (amount of hydrogen and oxygen); 3) the chemical makeup and concentration of the contaminant; 4) water pH and temperature; and 5) the length of time the water is exposed to the activated carbon filter (called empty bed contact time or EBCT).
Fig. 7: Sand Filter
Graph 13: Results of Treated Water from Sand Filter
Fig. 8: Activated Carbon Filter
All rights reserved by www.grdjournals.com
27
Potential Waste Water Reuse (GRDJE/ Volume 6 / Issue 1 / 005)
Graph 14: Results of Treated Water From Activated Carbon Filter
Graph 15: Results of Treated Water from Animal Charcoal
V. CONCLUSION As per the analysis, the following conclusions are obtained for the various types of water Samples: By passing the wastewater through sand filters, the above tested parameters are controlled and brought to meet the permissible limits. The raw water is passed through filter containing animal charcoal such that the water is filtered and turns into treated water. All the above tested parameters are controlled to meet the permissible limits. Animal charcoal is made of calcining bones and available at lower cost. As the wastewater percentage is more in the near-by areas, the above water treatment techniques are adopted. By using these simple and cost-effective techniques water can be easily treated and used for domestic purposes. The pH of water samples in some areas have exceeded the permissible limits. Using the above mention techniques, pH parameter controlled upto 30%. As the electrical conductivity should exceed the limits is controlled upto 24% by above techniques. Acidity of few water samples exceeded such that it brought into permissible limits upto extend of 40%. Turbidity is the vital parameter which is considered for any type of uses. This is controlled upto 50% resulting the domestic usage. TDS controlled upto 25% by passing the water sample througt the filter containing Animal charcoal. There is a drastic change in Hardness of the water samples and controlled upto 50% by mention techniques. Chloride content is reduced upto 40% by using sand filter.
REFERENCES [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]
IS 3025: Methods of sampling and test (physical and chemical) for water and wastewater. 2011, Hand book on drinking water treatment technologies, ministry of drinking water on sanitation, Government of India; New Delhi. Marcos Von Sperlimg1998 Waste water characteristics treatment and disposal, vol.1. Dagaonkar A and Saksena D.N, Physico-chemical and Biological characterization of a temple tank, Kaila Sagar,Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh. J. Hydrobiol, 8 (1), 1992, 11-19. Damotharan P, Perumal N.V, Arumugam M, Vijayalakshmi S and Balasubramanian T, Seasonal variation of physico-chemical characteristics in Point Calimere coastal waters (south east coast of India), Middle East Journal of Scientific Research, 6 (4), 2010, 333-339. Marsalek, J. 1990. “Evaluation of water pollutant loads from urban Nonpoint sources” Wat.sci.Tech. 22(10/11):23-30.
All rights reserved by www.grdjournals.com
28
Potential Waste Water Reuse (GRDJE/ Volume 6 / Issue 1 / 005) [7] [8]
EPA 1986. “Goldbook” Quality criteria for water. RWQCB (Regional Water Quality Control Board). 1994. Water Quality Control Plan.
All rights reserved by www.grdjournals.com
29