Booklet - Paralel Studio Addis Ababa (Ethiopia)

PARALEL STUDIO ADDIS ABEBA International Master of Science in Architecture LUCA School of Arts KU Leuven Faculty of Architecture Campus Sint-Lucas, Bruxelles

Booklet Alexandru Ivan Greceniuc 09 January 2014

800 words for Addis Ababa or one pattern for multiple scales The question of chaos on the level of activity in which we want to come with an input of order at level of space, as I see the current situation in Addis Ababa, is generalized or can be reduced to some sort of design input on different scales in the given urban context, which is permanently changing, taking into account also changes that take place in societal and economical context plus all the transformation determined by globalization, small economical dynamics, demographic boom and environmental issues that are linked in that vicious circle of action and reaction.

First of all, we can observe a repetitive pattern of space distribution, mixed space usage, and density of build and void at all of the levels (city, district, street, building) and this can give us a sense of city development determined, in a very short time period, mainly by migratory boom to the city and rapid economic growth. The main position, regarding development of the city, is that looking from the biggest scale and taking into account the most important resources that raises the comfort and quality of city, resources like clean water, green areas and feeling of safety, we have to consider a better distribution and a more ecological approach on the use of this resources. This can be transformed in simple strategies like cleaning the water after utilization (mainly in industrial areas) so it can be reused again, later, in the valley, being also a form of recycling (at a bigger scale). And to make those strategies not some strict rules and high standards, the project can diversify and combine, for example, chemical cleaning procedures with biological ones in a useful way like using the area for water cleaning as a lake were biological treatment take place, lake that can be a part of a park in the upper are of the city.

Going further to the level of district we can see that Addis Ababa has agriculture lands not only in surrounding areas but also in the city. This can

be a start for developing the urban micro-agriculture with a potential fresh source of vegetables for the city. Developing a market strategy for daily consumers in the city, and more important in the Merkato. This way we can avoid bringing low quality or even very cheap but harmful food, that gives a lower quality of life in the area and fewer resources of improving it. Also at the level of district, I think it’s important to propose efficient trade strategy of the center by spreading commercial activity to the proximal areas and especially satellite towns. This can also work as a strategy to dissipate the density of downtown, which is becoming more and more suffocating, and can avoid a progressive increase that has the big danger of leading to its collapse.

On the street level we can talk about “interface” in the original way. It’s not about contemporary technological interface designed by western countries for the street level, but an authentic African live-“show” of simple people, street music, culture, ethnicity, negotiations, variety of products, talks… Because such things give the real interaction that most of the foreign visitors seek and miss in their countries. This is the reason why they prefer street markets and not supermarkets or malls. This is the reason we have to keep the street character as it is. It’s a very dynamic microeconomic environment that stimulates the mixed activity in the area. Moreover, not programmed but developed natural functional mixing proves that functional mixing works best and not functional separation.

In the end, considering the benefits of mixing function of space, the high density, the lack of living spaces and presence of market, delivery and production in the same place (along the Churchill road, Merkato or slums), at the building level, there should be added some sort of living spaces for the people that have the main activity in the area. Using, why not, the same strategy of recycling– which is one of the main activities in the markets and slums (transforming trash into useful, affordable objects), but in the same time improving the existing ones. As for the conceptual design we can learn from the past, taking the principle of middle ages “burg” house typology: the selling table and ateliers at the ground level and living areas in the upper levels, but in a form that it can be easily build, replaced, moved, disassembled (and leaving out the protective walls).

In conclusion, I can say that is all about big scale measures that involve architects and urban planners, and small scale input that involve architects, designers and also people, less temporary measures at a big scale - city level and temporary changes at the small scale - building level. After all, in such a fast global and local development it’s important to bear in mind concepts as easy adaptation, movement and fast changes that serve to the continuously changing needs of nowadays society of Addis Ababa.

sport and green areas along the river

: : designing residential area for middle and lower class : : keeping ground floor areas shared for daily activity : : shared sport fields : : shared circulation space (cars, pedestrian) : : designing commercial activity for the ground floor

SHARING COMMUNITY : : test case

sharing community

social and community area

playground

: : supporting interconectivity with surrounding areas (commercial, administrative, sport, housing, culture, education, transport, others) : : using the local materials and recources

community housing

shared space

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Current functional sprawl along the Churchill Roand and around the main streets that are connected to the central area. Radial expansion of businessadministrative buildings with residential areas on East-West ax.

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Area of intervention of the team, at the intersecting point between administrative - business area and residential - educational area, seen as a piece masterplan (strategy) with interconnected developments.

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Housing Park

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Connecting the city m

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p a v i l i o n

The transect theory for Addis Ababa

Churchill Road

“The transect is a geographical cross-section that reveals a sequence of environments. For human environments, this corss-sections can be used to identify a set of habitats that vary by their urban character, in a continuum ranging from rural to urban. This range, rural to urban, provides a rational basis for organizing the components of the built work: buildings, lots, land use, open space, streets, all elements of the human habitat. Form-based coding describes the desire volume of buildings and their interaction with public space.” (Duany Plater-Zyberk)

Scenario in 3 phases :

Ministry of defence

1. eliminate the borders in the core area of the center of AA.

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Sid

3. pedestrian flow will rise the commercial character of groundlevel spaces.

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Step 2: Improving accessibility through the build-up island, designing pedestrian connections with surrounding areas. This will generate pedestrian flow (using the new shortcut to cross to the other side)

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2. make the space accessible (generating the pedestrian flow).

Step 1: Eliminating the phisical borders and make it accessible to the public reconverting its function into a public one (ex. museum)

Step 3: Generating public functions or important functions for destination (why people cross that space? Because on the other side they can find: bus station, museum, bank, office, hotel, home...). Functions should follow the density and displacement acording to the up-mentioned strategy.

housing office cultural commercial parking

LUCA School of Arts campus Sint Lucas Brussels/Ghent, Belgium KU Leuven, Faculty of Architecture Streetscape Territories Workshop Churchill Avenue, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia http://streetscapeterritories.wordpress.com

Step 4: Having the pedestrian flow, commercial activity it’s feasible and the social interaction can be maintained (cafe’s, restaurants, shops, park, promenade).

Project title: Connecting the city Paralel Studio Addis Ababa 15 November 2013 Greceniuc Alexandru Ivan

Connecting the city Alexandru Ivan Greceniuc Direction for area development along the Churchill Road is not randomly chosen, but according to the general strategy formulated by the whole team. Having the Churchill Road and surrounding areas analyzed we concluded, in the previous stages of the project, that the main trend of the business-administrative constructions development is along the Churchill Road and the other three most important connections to it forming a radial expansion of business-administrative buildings and having the residential areas “pushed” on East-West ax distancing them form the central area.

The chosen area of intervention, at the intersecting point between administrative - business area and residential – educational area, is seen as a piece of the team masterplan (strategy) with interconnected developments, such as markets, workshops, parks, sport fields and housing.

But, today, urban governance in African cities is in a dilemma of having to decide between a participatory, good governance model of input-legitimacy promulgated by Western donors and a paternalistic, authoritarian model of output-legitimacy followed by Eastern agencies (Bache & Flinders, 2005). Having already some urban interventions following Eastern example one can see that this development supported by government is more sectorial rather than integrated and focused on economic development. Moreover, due to economic changes and globalization UNCTAD (United Nations Conference for Trade and Development) has recommended African states to practice the east Asian ‘developmental state’ concept based on state-led economic development and interventionism (Chebud Michael, 2007). But, is that a good strategy, taking into account the social dimension of the city and preservation of its culture – urban culture, bearing in mind that we’re talking about urbanization in poverty, which is an unprecedented phenomenon?

Although the Ethiopian governance’s desire is to build high-rise buildings in the core area of the city, for a bigger density, they should also take into consideration the social interaction given by interface of the buildings at a human scale. Excepting the great success of Manhattan district, nowhere else this strictly office-buildings area proved to be successful (in non-working hours/days). The crowded areas are now on small, narrow streets all over the world. Why? Because it’s a place where density and daily life interactions is spread in the streets, markets, squares, parks and all other public spaces and it’s not sucked by huge, colossal buildings that are gating and separating people creating an inner world with all the services they need.

This is the reason why I think there should be a different approach for Addis Ababa. Yes, we need to integrate multiple functions. Yes, we are aware of very expensive land and yes, we know that a good solution is to multiply it on vertical. But where we stop? What we seek? And what is really more important to us, the users of the city? Creating capital or improving social interaction? I would go on the second one. I believe that human interaction is benefic not only for commercial activity, but also for diminishing political tension, economical directions, social responsibility and tolerance. Urban sociologist Robert Park once wrote that the city is “man’s most (…) successful attempt to remake the world he lives in more after his heart’s desire.” So, let’s do this in such a way that will please everyone.

Going further to the social interaction I would argue that the current situation of the street trade, which seems to keep the social interaction on the streets of Addis Ababa, it’s not the best option for the future. And the reason is the Durban experience, illustrated in the article “Dislocating modernity: Identity, space and representations of street trade in Durban, South Africa” by E. Jeffrey Popke and Richard Ballard. The street illegal commercial activity hereby linked with illegal use of public space for commercial activity it’s not a healthy way of developing the public space.

Even if, now, is good social connector, having the booming development and the enormous demographic increase it will generate conflicts and it will have the same negative effects like in Durban: “ It used to be such a pleasure and an excitement to spend a day in the city. Then the street

traders descended on the CBD and with them came crime and grime, thus spoiling the magic and we all lost” (Knowler, 1998). Basing on the Popke & Ballard’s arguments street trade is creating space disorder and generate congestion on pedestrian flow – “One of the most frequently expressed concerns about street trade in Durban is that it represents a breakdown of order within the city they are obstacles or impediments to the comfortable flow and movement of people through downtown space” (Popke & Ballard). Moreover, due to underdeveloped waste system, street trade it’s polluting (more and more) the very heart of the city “Newspaper articles over the past several years contain repeated assertions that the city is now polluted, characterized by mess, grime, and filth” (Popke & Ballard).

Since most of the street traders are using the walls or other borders to install their tents or temporary “shops” and since the walls are obstructing publicness of the urban space the first step in my insertion is to eliminate the physical borders and make those spaces accessible to the wide public.

Having the Ministry of Defense in one of the most important intersections of Churchill Road, I suggest to change the location of this institution, to take down the 3 layer borders/walls that are surrounding it and to reconvert the building’s function into a public one (ex. museum?).

On the other hand, going down to the street – side-walks relation I think the most suitable strategy to maintain social interaction and responsibility would be implementing the “shared space” strategy for the small collector streets inside the surrounding blocks of Churchill Road. Having this typology of space, already unconsciously used in some altered form, it will be easy to develop the pedestrian-city concept and will help in realization that the transport infrastructure (cars, metro, parking) should be on the underground levels leaving the ground level for the public – pedestrian activities.

The next step would be to improve accessibility through the build-up island, designing pedestrian connections with surrounding areas – connecting the right side of the Churchill Road to the left one. Because walking, as Rebecca Solnit (Wanderlust, A history of walking, 2001) stated “is

the intentional act closest to the unwilled rhythms of the body, to breathing and the beating of the heart. . . . Walking, ideally, is a state in which the mind, the body, and the world are aligned, as though they were three characters finally in conversation together, three notes suddenly making a chord.” And this is a strategy that supports creativity and participatory urban development after pedestrian’s “heart desire” (Park). Making the accessibility modifications, the new spatial connection will generate pedestrian flow by using the new shortcut to cross to the other side. Furthermore, in his paper “Talking whilst walking: a geographical archaeology of knowledge” (2004) Jon Anderson stated that “places are not passive stages on which actions occur, rather they are the medium that impinge on, structure and facilitate these processes”. Processes like social interaction, cultural exchange and preservation and, why not, commercial activity.

This way the space itself will gain symbolic and signification as the same Anderson (2004) affirmed “the reciprocal relations between place, human identity and time, individuals engender meanings and significances for particular places”.

The third step in developing the core area would be generating the public functions or important functions for destination (why people cross that space? Because on the other side they can find: bus station, museum, bank, office, hotel, home...). Functions that follow the characteristic density and displacement according to the up-mentioned strategy. Thus the social construction of space is “the actual transformation of space— through people’s social exchanges, memories, images, and daily use of the material setting—into scenes and actions that convey symbolic meaning” as Setha Low mentioned in “Spatializing culture: the social production and social construction of public space in Costa Rica”. Now, having the pedestrian flow, commercial activity it’s feasible and the social interaction can be maintained (cafe’s, restaurants, shops, park, promenade). Walkability being a performance indicator for urban spaces as Burak Pak and Johan Verbeke show in their research “Walkability as a Performance Indicator for Urban Spaces”.

Not less important is the climatic impact of new build-up areas and the comfort level of the city center. As urban areas develop, changes occur

in the landscape and buildings, roads, and other infrastructure diminish the vegetation area which can generate higher temperature, especially in a crowded African city such as Addis Ababa. This development leads to the formation of urban heat islands—“the phenomenon whereby urban regions experience warmer temperatures than their rural surroundings” (Eva Wong). To counterbalance this I see the opportunity to bring natural water and green areas closer to the center of the city, the Churchill Road, by extending the Ambassador Park and remodeling the river banks so it becomes accessible and to give it a proper use, both economic and social.

In conclusion, the main accent of my project and proposed urban strategy relies on social interaction as generator of the city center life, urban life accessible not only for upper-class but also for middle and lower classes.

And this is reachable by transforming the now isolated island from the southern intersection of Churchill Road into a public node, cleared of wall and boundaries, enriched with pedestrian circulation and public space, a node with multiple interference of directions and spatial connections.

Connections that uphold the public transport, the social interaction, social mixity, business – administrative activity and cultural challenges in a time of globalization, in a city “with multiple identities inherited from the successive planning legacies which influenced its development in one way or another” (Dagnachew Getachew and Ken De Cooman).

Connecting Addis Ababa - Pedestrian Ribbons Greceniuc Alexandru Ivan International Master of Science in Architecture Sint-Lucas School of Architecture Bruxelles, Belgium 09 January 2014 Spatial development of the selected area is ruled by the analysis and the team strategy previously developed. In the previous stages of the project, our team concluded that the main trend of the business-administrative constructions development is along the Churchill Road and the other three most important connections to it forming a radial expansion of business-administrative buildings, having the residential areas “pushed” on East-West ax distancing them form the central area. The chosen area of intervention is seen as a piece of the team masterplan (strategy) with interconnected developments, such as offices, markets, workshops, parks, sport fields and housing.

Observing that almost all the street traders are using the walls or other borders to install their tents or temporary “shops” and since the walls are obstructing publicness of the urban space the first step in my insertion is to eliminate the physical borders and make those spaces accessible to the wide public. Having the Ministry of Defense in one of the most important intersections of Churchill Road, I suggest to change the location of this institution, to take down the 3 layer borders/walls that are surrounding it and to reconvert the building’s function into a public one, developing the area into a high pedestrian transitory flow.

Going further to the street – side-walks relation I think the most suitable strategy to maintain social interaction and responsibility would be implementing the “shared space” strategy for the small collector streets inside

Housing Park

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Cultural display

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Current functional sprawl along the Churchill Roand and around the main streets that are connected to the central area. Radial expansion of businessadministrative buildings with residential areas on East-West ax.

Business-administrative

Pedestrian ribbons create alternative paths articulated by architectural objects that express public characteristics of the space. This new connections give safe mobility, fast connections and walking-level live spread over new territories, expanding Churchill Road to the park area.

Area of intervention of the team, at the intersecting point between administrative - business area and residential - educational area, seen as a piece masterplan (strategy) with interconnected developments.

2015

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Route 2

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Separation of residential areas and increased consentration of administrative - business buildings in the central area and along the main streets.

2025

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STOP

STOP

STOP

the surrounding blocks of Churchill Road. Having this typology of space, already unconsciously used in some altered form, it will be easy to develop the pedestrian-city concept and will help in realization that the transport infrastructure (cars, metro, parking) should be on the underground levels leaving the ground level for the public – pedestrian activities.

The next step would be to improve accessibility through the build-up island, designing pedestrian connections with surrounding areas – connecting the right side of the Churchill Road to the left one. Because walking, as Rebecca Solnit (2002) stated “is the intentional act closest to the unwilled rhythms of the body, to breathing and the beating of the heart...

Walking, ideally, is a state in which the mind, the body, and the world are aligned, as though they were three characters finally in conversation together, three notes suddenly making a chord.” And this is a strategy that supports creativity and participatory urban development after pedestrian’s “heart desire” as urban sociologist Robert Park noted once. For this purpose I designed pedestrian ribbons that can form various pedestrian routes and can be developed in time, forming different connections, shortcuts, ending in a rich network of pedestrian and bike connections.

Making the accessibility modifications, the new spatial connection will generate pedestrian flow by using the new created shortcuts to cross to the other side. Furthermore, in his paper “Talking whilst walking: a geographical archaeology of knowledge” Jon Anderson (2004) stated that “places are not passive stages on which actions occur, rather they are the medium that impinge on, structure and facilitate these processes”. Processes like social interaction, cultural exchange and preservation and, why not, commercial activity. This way the space itself will gain significance as the same Anderson (2004) affirmed “the reciprocal relations between place, human identity and time, individuals engender meanings and significances for particular places”.

The third step in developing the core area would be generating the public functions or important functions for destination (why people cross that space? Because on the other side they can find: bus station, museum, bank, office, hotel, home...). Functions that follow the characteristic den-

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sity and displacement according to the up-mentioned strategy. For this, the key points identified in the area are enriched with a small, but important route landmark and function, mostly public to facilitate a cursive flow of pedestrians with different interests. Thus the social construction of space is “the actual transformation of space—through people’s social exchanges, memories, images, and daily use of the material setting—into scenes and actions that convey symbolic meaning” as Setha Low (2002) noted. Now, having the pedestrian flow, commercial activity it’s feasible and the social interaction can be maintained (cafe’s, restaurants, shops, park, promenade). Walkability being a performance indicator for urban spaces as Pak B. and Verbeke J. (2013) showed in their research.

Also, on the street level we can talk about “interface” in the original way.

It’s not about contemporary technological interface designed by western countries for the street level, but an authentic African live-“show” of simple people, street music, culture, ethnicity, negotiations, variety of products, talks… Because such things give the real interaction that most of the foreign visitors seek and miss in their countries. This is the reason why they prefer street markets and not supermarkets or malls. This is the reason we have to keep the street character as it is. It’s a very dynamic microeconomic environment that stimulates the mixed activity in the area. Moreover, not programmed but developed natural functional mixing proves that functional mixing works best and not functional separation. I believe that human interaction is benefic not only for commercial activity, but also for diminishing political tension, economical directions, social responsibility and tolerance. Urban sociologist Robert Park once wrote that the city is “man’s most (…) successful attempt to remake the world he lives in more after his heart’s desire.” So, let’s keep this positive characteristic and social cohesion and add the safety and mobility that a growing city like Addis Ababa needs.

Not less important is the climatic impact of new build-up areas and the comfort level of the city center. As urban areas develop, changes occur in the landscape and buildings, roads, and other infrastructure diminish the vegetation area which can generate higher temperature, especially in a crowded African city such as Addis Ababa. This development leads to

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the formation of urban heat islands—“the phenomenon whereby urban regions experience warmer temperatures than their rural surroundings” (Eva Wong). To counterbalance this I see the opportunity to bring natural water and green areas closer to the center of the city, the Churchill Road, by extending the Ambassador Park and remodeling the river banks so it becomes accessible and to give it a proper use, both economic and social.

Due to economic changes and globalization UNCTAD (United Nations Conference for Trade and Development) has recommended African states to practice the east Asian ‘developmental state’ concept based on state-led economic development and interventionism (Chebud M., 2007). But, is that a good strategy, taking into account the social dimension of the city and preservation of its culture – urban culture, bearing in mind that we’re talking about urbanization in poverty, which is an unprecedented phenomenon?

Although the Ethiopian governance’s desire is to build high-rise buildings in the core area of the city, for a bigger density, they should also take into consideration the social interaction given by interface of the buildings at a human scale. Excepting the great success of Manhattan district, nowhere else this strictly office-buildings area proved to be successful (in non-working hours/days). The crowded areas are now on small, narrow streets all over the world. Why? Because it’s a place where density and daily life interactions is spread in the streets, markets, squares, parks and all other public spaces and it’s not sucked by huge, colossal buildings that are gating and separating people creating an inner world with all the services they need.

Basing on the Popke & Ballard’s (2004) arguments street trade is creating space disorder and generate congestion on pedestrian flow – “One of the most frequently expressed concerns about street trade in Durban is that it represents a breakdown of order within the city they are obstacles or impediments to the comfortable flow and movement of people through downtown space” (Popke & Ballard, 2004).

In conclusion, the main accent of my project and proposed urban strategy

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relies on social interaction as generator of the city center life. And this is reachable by transforming the now isolated island from the southern intersection of Churchill Road into a public node, cleared of walls and boundaries, articulated with pedestrian circulation and public space, a node with multiple interference of directions and spatial connections.

Connections that uphold the public transport, the social interaction, social mixity, business – administrative activity and cultural challenges in a time of globalization, in a city “with multiple identities inherited from the successive planning legacies which influenced its development in one way or another” (Getachew D. and De Cooman K., 2013). All this with one purpose: because urban life should be accessible not only for upper-class but also for middle and lower classes, using the city center as a facilitator and an interference area of various interests of different people.

References: 1. Anderson, J. (2004), ‘Talking whilst walking: a geographical archaeology of knowledge’. Area, 36 (3): 254 – 261.

2. Chebud, M. (2007), ‘UN Conference Advocates Developmental State Model’. Addis Fortune, 1st October 3. Getachew, D. and De Cooman, K. (2013) ADDIS ABABA: NEW FLOWER? - An inverted utopia. Brussels 4. Low, S. M. (1996), ‘Spatializing culture: the social production and social construction of public space in Costa Rica’. American Ethnologist, 23(4): 861 – 679.

5. Pak, B. and Verbeke, J. (2013) ‘Walkability as a Performance Indicator for Urban Spaces - Strategies and Tools for the Social Construction of Experiences’, Crowdsourcing and Sensing: Computation and Performance, Delft Technical University, 18-20 September. Delft, pp. 423-432.

6. Popke,E. J. and Ballard, R. (2004) ‘Dislocating modernity: Identity, space and representations of street trade in Durban, South Africa’. Geoforum 35 (1): 99-110.

7. Solnit, R. (2002) Wanderlust, A history of walking. London: Verso.

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