Green Car Journal Issue No. 42

ACURA NSX SUPERCAR HOT HYBRID. COMING SOON.

GREEN CAR

AWARD WINNERS

BMW i3 & i8, FORD F-150, JEEP & RAM ECODIESELS

ISSUE NUMBER 42

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14

ISSUE NO. 42 2015

contents AUTO SHOWS

12 Green Car Awards SUV, Luxury, and Technology winners 14 Green Truck of the Year Ram 1500 EcoDiesel 16 Green Car of the Year BMW i3 electric car

FEATURES 20 Efficiency Strategies Where every piece counts 23 Eco Driving Systems Driver aids can increase efficiency 28 10 Things to Know About the BMW i3

EFFICIENT VEHICLES 24 Jeep Grand Cherokee EcoDiesel Efficiency, delivered big 25 Honda Fit 41 mpg compact, no hybrid needed 26 VW e-Golf Electric power for a popular hatchback

HYBRIDS 10 Acura NSX The supercar returns, reborn a hybrid

LONG-TERM TESTS 27 Honda Accord Hybrid 16,000 miles in a stylish daily driver

DEPARTMENTS 06 Outspoken Where are we headed?

09 Directions Performance: Doing more with less ON THE COVER Acura’s NSX hybrid supercar has been a long time coming.

It will be worth the wait. Plus, coverage of 2015 Green Car awards in Los Angeles, San Antonio, and Washington DC.

26

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CarsOfChange.com Editor/Publisher Ron Cogan Executive Editor Todd Kaho Technical Editor Bill Siuru Contributing Editors Cam Benty Drew Hardin Jeff Karr Photo Editor Sheree Gardner Staff Photographer Ian Billings Contributors Devin Cogan Art Director Thomas Reiss Graphic Designers Bryan Bremer Priscilla Wilson

Advertising Information (805) 541-0473

BMW’s ‘Megacity Vehicle’ shown in this early illustration became the i3, the 2015 Green Car of the Year®

Green Car Journal ® (ISSN 1059-6143) is published

by RJ Cogan Specialty Publications Group, Inc. 1241 Johnson Avenue #356 San Luis Obispo, Calif. 93401 Phone 805.541.0473 © 2015 by RJ Cogan Specialty Publications Group, Inc. All rights reserved.

D

Printed on recycled paper.

ISSUE NO. 42 2015

GCJUSA.COM

OUTSPOKEN :: WHERE ARE WE HEADED?

T

So in the midst of all this, where are we headed?

Simple. In the right direction, of course.

here are many outspoken and polarizing proponents of the various fuels and technologies at play today. This has been the case for several decades now and isn’t likely to disappear anytime soon.

Many electric car enthusiasts do not see a future for internal combustion or even hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. Hydrogen proponents point out that fuel cell vehicles make more sense than battery electrics since hydrogen generally offers greater driving range and fuel cell vehicles can be refueled in under five minutes, while battery electrics cannot.

Biodiesel enthusiasts point out the obvious benefits of this biofuel and even as this fuel gains momentum, wonder why government support isn’t stronger. Natural gas advocates see huge and stable supplies of this clean-burning fuel now and in our future, without the truly significant commitment to natural gas vehicles this should bring. And those behind advanced internal combustion vehicles achieving ever-higher efficiency simply wonder what the fuss is all about when conventional answers are here today.

So in the midst of all this, where are we headed? Simple. In the right direction, of course.

As I was writing about these very fuels and technologies some 25 years ago, it wasn’t lost on me that the competition for dominance in the ‘green’ automotive world of the future would be hard-fought and long, with many twists and turns. As our decades-long focus on the ‘green car’ field has shown us, the state-of-the-art of advanced vehicles in any time frame is everchanging, which simply means that what may seem to make the most sense now is likely to shift, and at times, shift suddenly. This is a field in flux today, as it was back then.

When Nissan introduced its Altra EV back in 1998 as an answer to California’s Zero Emission Vehicle mandate, it turned heads with the first use of a lithium-ion battery in a limited production vehicle, rather than the advanced lead-acid and nickel-metal-hydride batteries used by others. Lithium-ion is now the battery of choice, but will it remain so as breakthrough battery technologies and chemistries are being explored?

Gasoline-electric hybrids currently sell in ever-greater numbers, with plug-in hybrids increasingly joining their ranks. But who’s to say that advanced internal combustion engines won’t continue their efficiency march forward in ways that rival hybrid power?

It’s no secret that automakers are striving mightily to develop conventionally-fueled combustion engines with new technologies and strategies that eke levels of fuel efficiency only thought possible with hybrid powerplants just a few years ago. Plus, there are all-new answers on the horizon. While only expected in limited numbers and markets, Toyota’s coming 2016 Mirai and Honda’s FCV show that automakers are serious about hydrogen-powered sedans as yet another option for ‘green’ focused car buyers.

What drives efficiency – and by extension determines our future path to the high efficiency, low emission, and more sustainable vehicles desired by consumers and government alike – is textbook evolution. Cars are adapting to meet the changing needs of future mobility and the imperative of improved environmental performance. Some of these evolutionary changes are predictable like lightweighting, improved aerodynamics, friction reduction, and enhanced powertrain efficiencies. Other answers, including the fuels that will ultimately power a new generation of vehicles, will be revealed over time.

So here’s to the cheerleaders who tell us quite vocally that their fuel, technology, or strategy is the answer to our driving future. One or more of them may be right. But the fact is, the evolutionary winner has yet to be determined.

Ron Cogan Editor and Publisher 6 Green Car Journal Issue No. 42

SPECIAL ADVERTISING SECTION

BIODIESEL AMERICA’S ALTERNATIVE FUEL SUCCESS STORY

THE QUEST FOR an ideal renewable fuel involves many important goals, with special emphasis placed on positive environmental impact and displacing petroleum use.

This fuel must function readily in existing engines without sacrificing the performance expected in today’s vehicles. Ideally, it should be primarily produced in the United States to support American jobs and contribute toward energy independence. And, of course, it must be created in sustainable ways to have a lasting and positive impact.

That ideal fuel is biodiesel, America’s alternative fuel success story.

Produced from diverse feedstocks including animal fats, recycled cooking oil, and soybean oil, biodiesel is a high-quality diesel replacement that reduces tailpipe emissions and offers important environmental advantages. In fact, the California Air Resources Board recently affirmed that biodiesel reduces greenhouse gas emissions by at least 50 percent and often by as much as 81 percent compared to petroleum.

This finding confirms biodiesel’s advantage as the fuel with the best carbon score among all liquid fuels.

America’s Advanced Biofuel

READ MORE Green Car Journal Issue No. 42 7>>

SPECIAL ADVERTISING SECTION

In addition to the California Air Resources Board’s findings, the

running diesels that meet stringent emissions regulations in

Environmental Protection Agency has also weighed in on biodiesel’s

all 50 states. Renewable biodiesel blends can be used in

environmental advantages, with EPA determining that biodiesel

these diesel engines without modification.

reduces greenhouse gas emissions by more than 50 percent

Today, all new technology diesel models in the U.S.

compared to petroleum diesel. A naturally low-sulfur fuel, biodiesel

are certified by their manufacturers to run on at least B5

is the first and only commercial-scale fuel produced across the U.S.

biodiesel, with a growing majority also approved to run on

that meets EPA’s definition as an Advanced Biofuel.

the higher 20 percent biodiesel blend B20. Wide-ranging

The biodiesel industry’s rigorous BQ-9000 fuel quality program

models in varying vehicle classes approved for B20 biodiesel

is noted for ensuring the production of high-quality biodiesel.

use range from Ford, Chevrolet, GMC, and Ram pickups

At the end of last year, more than 92 percent of the biodiesel

to the Chevrolet Cruze diesel sedan, Jeep Grand Cherokee

produced by National Biodiesel Board members in the U.S.

SUV, and more. Additional models are expected to be

was from BQ-9000 Certified Producers. The evolving BQ-9000

certified for use with B20 in the near future.

program has now expanded in 2015 beyond manufacturers, marketers, distributors, and testing laboratories to include

MAKING AN IMPACT

retailers selling biodiesel and biodiesel blends to consumers.

It’s important that renewable fuels find significant use to achieve

The new BQ-9000 Retailer Program is an important element that

their goals of displacing petroleum and decreasing environmental

helps ensure the highest biodiesel fuel quality for consumers, all

impacts. Biodiesel is successfully accomplishing these goals.

the way from the production plant to the retail fuel pump.

In fact, over the past three years nearly two billion gallons of biodiesel and renewable diesel have displaced an equivalent

GROWING NUMBER OF DIESEL MODELS

amount of petroleum diesel each year, a reflection of the growth

Fuel efficiency and carbon reduction present compelling

and expansion of the biodiesel industry in the U.S.

reasons why auto manufacturers continue to introduce

Biodiesel is now produced in nearly every state in the country,

a growing number of new technology

with this production supporting more than 62,000 jobs and

diesel models to American highways.

contributing millions of dollars in economic impact across the

Advanced innovative

diesel

engines

and

U.S. Its impact is substantial, bringing benefits that touch cities

technologies

like

and towns, fields and farms, and water and air. Importantly,

Selective Catalytic Reduction

clean, renewable biodiesel gives drivers an opportunity to make

(SCR) help make this possible.

a positive difference in the vehicles they drive every day.

SCR, which uses a urea diesel exhaust fluid injected into the exhaust system, creates cleaner-

© 2015 National Biodiesel Board, www.biodiesel.org

DIRECTIONS :: PERFORMANCE: DOING MORE WITH LESS

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ome cars leave an impression that lasts a lifetime. The Ford Mustang is one of those cars for me. As a kid, I was blessed with a dad who always had something unique in the driveway, from a Morris Minor to a

Triumph Herald. None were exotic or expensive, but they were fun and more than a little quirky.

So, when the first generation Mustang came out, Dad had to have one and in the summer of 1964 there was a 1964 1/2 Mustang convertible in our driveway. It was copper with a white interior and white top, powered by a 289 V-8 and a ‘three-at-theknee’ shifted manual transmission. Detroit was producing big iron at the time and this car seemed lean, efficient, and mean. Many happy hours were enjoyed in that first generation Mustang.

When Ford offered to let me drive a new Mustang not long ago, I was understandably thrilled. Then I read the specs. The car would be a four-cylinder with an automatic transmission. No, really?

If you want to know how far the automotive industry has advanced in the last 50 years, go drive the new 2.3-liter EcoBoost four-cylinder Mustang. For those of us of a certain vintage let me clarify, this is not a Pinto engine. This 2.3 is

If you want to know how far the automotive industry has advanced in the last 50 years, go drive the new 2.3-liter EcoBoost four-cylinder Mustang.

a beast. The first time I pushed the start button, the raspy growl made it clear that the EcoBoost means business. This engine produces 310 horsepower and 320 lb-ft torque. At just 137.5 cubic inches it’s less than half the displacement of Dad’s 289 V-8.

For perspective, consider that this new four-cylinder also makes more horsepower than the 2005 Mustang GT 4.6-liter V-8 of just 10 years ago. EcoBoost uses smaller, more efficient engine designs aided by turbocharging to do more with less. It’s not a new idea, but Ford has been refining it for years with impressive results. The 2.3 Mustang engine uses a twin-scroll turbo with split exhaust runners to feed immediate boost. It produces low-end power more like a V-6 or V-8 than a four, delivering a very satisfying driving experience.

I’ve always preferred manual transmissions, but the six-speed auto in the Mustang was quite nice. It can be manually shifted with paddle controls on the steering wheel for more control and fun.

The best part about this whole equation is that the EcoBoost engine is lighter than V-6 and V-8 counterparts. That makes all vehicle dynamics simply work better.

Everything from acceleration to handling and braking are improved. The car literally feels lighter and is more nimble, which makes it a joy to drive.

Now for the ‘green’ part. The EcoBoost Mustang has an EPA highway fuel economy rating of 32 mpg. This car is quick and will spring from 0-60 mph in 5.6 seconds. But we also decided to push it in the other direction and see how it would do in economy cruise mode. At legal speeds, mid-to upper 30 mpg averages are easily obtainable. You can use this car as a daily commuter and not break the bank.

It’s an interesting and compelling contrast to look back 50 years to the first Mustang, and even 10 years to the last generation Mustang. But what I love most is that this iconic car still has swagger and will stir emotions. I’ll take that over an automotive appliance any day. – Todd Kaho Green Car Journal Issue No. 42 9

ACURA

T

he Acura NSX supercar is

be worth the wait.

lubrication, twin turbochargers, and

taking a long time to reach

Acura has taken a rather innovative

intercooling. The engine is mated to a

the reality of showrooms,

approach in creating the NSX successor

new nine-speed dual-clutch transmis-

years after the automaker’s late-2011

that replaces the previous generation

sion integrated with the rear electric

announcement that it would be offer-

last seen in 2005. The new NSX is an all-

motor. This motor, mounted at the front

ing a successor to the original NSX.

wheel-drive hybrid with power supplied

of the transaxle, can power the NSX up

It’s now expected to begin manufactur-

by a 3.5-liter, mid-ship V-6 and three

to 50 mph for only a few miles since the

ing in Marysville, Ohio in spring 2016.

permanent-magnet synchronous AC elec-

car’s lithium-ion battery is limited in

When it goes on sale in a time frame

tric motors. It will produce an expected

capacity. The rear motor’s primary pur-

that sees competitors introducing early

500-plus horsepower.

pose is to add torque when needed for

2017 models, NSX fans will have been

The V-6 is all-new and shares nothing

maximum performance.

waiting over four years to witness the

with other Honda engines. Its 75-degree

Up front there’s a twin motor unit

model’s rebirth. By all indicators it will

3.5-liter DOHC V-6 features dry sump

consisting of two smaller electric

10 Green Car Journal Issue No. 42

A NSX

The Long Wait is Almost Over B Y

B I L L

S I U R U

motors, each powering a front wheel

The aluminum-intensive space-frame

via a planetary gearset. This provides

structure is joined together by self-

a torque-vectoring capability when

piercing rivets, flow-drill screws, weld-

used with the rear brakes. The driver

ing, and much adhesive. High-strength

can select between quiet, sport, sport-

steel is used in the super-thin A-pillars.

plus, and track modes to tailor the

The hood and doors are aluminum while

driving experience.

the fenders are SMC, a common form of

Much has been done to keep weight

fiberglass. An aluminum or carbon-fiber

mance excitement isn’t enough, an even

down and the center of gravity low. For

roof can be ordered.

hotter version is planned. For those

starters, there is a carbon-fiber floor

Performance is expected to include

who can afford the price of entry, the

panel and part of the rear subframe

a 0–60 mph time of 2.7 seconds, 0–100

coming Acura NSX will mean that gas-

uses proprietary aluminum-casting

mph in 6.4 seconds, and a 190 mph top

oline-electric hybrid power has never

technology for stiffness and low weight.

speed. Plus, as if that kind of perfor-

looked so good.

Green Car Journal Issue No. 42 11

Green Car Journal Presents an Expanded Suite of Awards in Washington DC

F

B Y

R O N

C O G A N

or a decade, Green Car

in the nation’s capital – the 2015 Green

approved for B20 biodiesel use. An Eco

Journal has been recognizing

SUV of the Year™, 2015 Green Car

Mode optimizes the 8-speed transmis-

vehicles that significantly raise

Technology Award™, and 2015 Luxury

sion’s shift schedule, cuts fuel feed

the bar in environmental performance.

Green Car of the Year™.

while coasting, and directs the air sus-

With automakers stepping up to offer

The Jeep Grand Cherokee EcoDiesel

pension system to lower the vehicle at

ever-more efficient and ‘greener’ vehicles

rose to the top as the magazine’s 2015

speed for aerodynamic efficiency.

in all classes, the magazine’s awards pro-

Green SUV of the Year, besting final-

BMW’s gull-wing i8 earned the distinc-

gram has naturally expanded to include

ists Honda CR-V, Hyundai Tucson Fuel

tion as the 2015 Luxury Green Car of the

a greater number of awards for recogniz-

Cell, Lexus NX 300h, and Mazda CX-5.

Year, outshining competitors Audi A8 L

ing deserving vehicles.

Offering excellent fuel efficiency for

TDI, Cadillac ELR, Porsche Panamera S

This prompted the recent suite of

an SUV of its size, the Grand Cherokee

E-Hybrid, and Tesla Model S. Aimed at

Green Car Awards presented earlier

EcoDiesel’s 3.0-liter EcoDiesel V-6

aspirational buyers who value superb

this year at the Washington Auto Show

offers up to 30 highway mpg and is

styling and exceptional performance

12 Green Car Journal Issue No. 42

combined with the efficiency of plug-in

of the Year and Luxury Green Car of

mental qualities desired without sac-

hybrid drive, the i8 is unique among its

the Year awards could not have existed

rificing the conventional touchstones

peers with an advanced carbon fiber

just a short time ago. Simply, SUVs and

of quality, safety, luxury, value, per-

passenger body shell. It also features a

luxury vehicles were seldom consid-

formance, and functionality that con-

lightweight aluminum drive module with

ered ‘green,’ and for good reason. An

sumers demand. This year’s winners

a gasoline engine, lithium-ion batteries,

SUV/crossover’s mission was to pro-

of the 2015 Green Car Awards clearly

and electric motor. The i8 can drive on

vide family transport and recreational

achieve this balance.

battery power for 22 miles and up to 310

capabilities, while aspirational/luxury

Presenting these important awards at the Washington Auto Show is com-

Green SUV of the Year and Luxury Green Car of the Year awards could not have existed just a short time ago. miles on hybrid power.

vehicles were expected to deliver the

The Ford F-150 was honored with the

finest driving experience combined

2015 Green Car Technology Award for

with high-end appointments and

its milestone use of an all-aluminum

exceptional design. Both categories

body. Competing for the award were

held few environmental champions and

advanced powertrains in the BMW i3,

‘green’ was hardly an afterthought.

BMW i8, Chevrolet Impala Bi-Fuel, Ford

The evolving nature of ‘green’ cars

pelling considering its reputation as the ‘Policy Show,’ a result of the

show’s proximity to Capitol Hill and the influence that Washington DC has in driving a more efficient generation of vehicles to market. The Washington Auto Show has also expanded in recent years, receiving accreditation from the Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d’Automobiles (OICA) as one of the five top tier auto shows in America. This year’s Washington Auto Show featured more than 700 vehicles from over 42 auto manufacturers. The upcoming 2016 Green Car Awards will be presented during Policy Days at the 2016 Washington Auto Show early next year on January 21, 2016.

F-150, Honda Fit, Kia Soul EV, Tesla

has brought about a fundamental

Model S, VW e-Golf, and Volvo Drive-E

shift in which environmental per-

models. The F-150’s aluminum body

formance is now important in SUVs

enables the all-new 2015 pickup model

and luxury vehicles. Even so, not all

to shed up to 700 pounds for greater

models in these classes are created

efficiency and performance.

equal. The challenge has been finding

While the Green Car Technology

the right balance – the ‘sweet spot’ –

Award has a history at the Washington

that finds SUVs and luxury vehicles

Auto Show, the first-time Green SUV

delivering the efficiency and environGreen Car Journal Issue No. 42 13

T

efficiency and improved environmental will be announced in San Antonio this

performance to bear in the truck market.

he Ram 1500 EcoDiesel, a pow-

coming November 19, 2015.

The Ram 1500 EcoDiesel distinguishes

erhouse pickup offering the

Blending environmental achievement

itself with a powerful and highly efficient

only advanced, fuel-efficient

with these traditional characteristics is

powerplant that breaks new ground in

diesel engine in the light-duty truck seg-

not easy, or cheap. But it is needed. Auto

the light-truck segment, accomplishing its

ment for the 2015 model year, has earned

manufacturers are now placing signifi-

mission of improved environmental per-

the distinction as Green Car Journal’s

cant new emphasis on trucks that achieve

formance without sacrificing the core val-

2015 Green Truck of the Year™. The award

improved fuel efficiency, feature better

ues important to truck buyers. The engine

honors a truck that best exemplifies what

overall environmental performance, or run

produces 240 horsepower and a substan-

can be achieved when environmental

on alternative fuels.

tial 420 lb-ft of torque while offering

performance is viewed as important as

In addition to the Ram 1500 EcoDiesel,

rather impressive fuel economy, at least

traditional core values like functionality,

this year’s award finalists included the

by pickup truck standards, with official

payload, towing capability, and versatility.

all-new Ford F-150, Chevrolet Colorado,

EPA estimates of 20 mpg in the city and

The 2015 award was presented at the San

and GMC Canyon pickups, plus the effi-

28 mpg on the highway. This exceptional

Antonio Auto & Truck Show in Texas. The

cient gasoline Ram 1500 HFE. Each of

fuel efficiency provides a driving range

upcoming 2016 Truck of the Year™ award

these pickups brings its own brand of

of over 700 miles between fill-ups. The

14 Green Car Journal Issue No. 42

sel Powers ie od Ec 00 15 am R ge od D B Y

G R E E N

C A R

J O U R N A L

To The Top

E D I T O R S

fuel economy and achieve lower greenand selective catalyst reduction to make

house gas emissions.

pickup is available in Regular Cab, Quad

it emissions-compliant in all 50 states.

When Chrysler introduced the first

Cab, and Crew Cab versions with either

It can also use B20 biodiesel fuel.

advanced diesel engine in the light-

two- or four-wheel drive.

Along with its considerable towing,

duty pickup segment, there was no way

Some of the key features of the

hauling, and people-handling capabili-

to know just how many pickup buyers

60-degree V-6 EcoDiesel engine include a

ties, the Ram 1500 EcoDiesel intelligently

would be won over and drive one away

dual overhead camshaft with 24 valves,

focuses on efficiencies with active aero-

from the showroom. Today, produc-

Along with its considerable towing, hauling, and people-handling capabilities, the Ram 1500 EcoDiesel intelligently focuses on efficiencies with active aerodynamics including grill shutters that close for less drag at highway speeds. cast iron block with aluminum heads,

dynamics including grill shutters that

tion of this truck model has doubled

and a 15.5:1 compression ratio. A 29,000

close for less drag at highway speeds.

beyond expectations and continues to

psi common rail fuel injection system

Other efficiency measures like an eight-

gain momentum. It was clearly a break-

with solenoid injectors is used. The

speed automatic transmission and an air

through move for the Ram brand and

engine is equipped with a diesel oxida-

suspension system that lowers the truck

a deserving winner of the 2015 Green

tion catalyst, diesel particulate filter,

at higher speeds are used to optimize

Truck of the Year™ award.

Green Car Journal Issue No. 42 15

Firs

ctric Car L e l E n a r o nf U R N A A R J O t - E ve r W i B Y

N G R E E

R S E D I T O

C

C O N T I N U E D

> >

Green Car Journal Issue No. 42 17

O

ver the 10 year history of Green Car Journal’s Green Car of the Year® award pro-

gram, there has never been a battery electric car that has been compelling enough to be recognized as the bestof-the-best in an ever-expanding field of ‘green’ cars. That has changed with the groundbreaking BMW i3, Green Car Journal’s 2015 Green Car of the Year®.

The BMW i3 came out on top of a field of finalists that included the Audi A3 TDI, Chevrolet Impala Bi-Fuel, Honda Fit, and VW Golf. The array of technologies and fuels represented included high efficiency gasoline, electric drive, advanced diesel, and natural gas.

BMW’s i3 stands out as one of the most innovative vehicles ever to be

and sale of these vehicles that goes

This BMW’s drive module includes an

introduced by any major automaker.

beyond a few thousand units sold

electric drivetrain, 5-link rear suspen-

It breaks the mold – literally – with

in select geographical areas. BMW’s

sion, and an aluminum structure. Its

a strong and lightweight body using

commitment with the i3 is focused

lithium-ion battery pack is mounted

materials and technology at home on

not only nationally in the U.S., but

mid-ship beneath the floor. Strategic

the race track, and now used for the

globally as well.

placement of the 450 pound battery pack

first time to construct a mainstream

Offering a lightweight carbon fiber

and drive components provides a very

production car. It is a milestone, for-

reinforced plastic (CFRP) body on

balanced 50-50 weight distribution to

ward-thinking approach.

an aluminum space frame, BMW’s

enhance handling and performance.

The most unique aspect of the i3 is the car’s body structure, which incorporates the first-ever use of carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) to form the body and passenger cabin of a mass-production vehicle.

Meeting both near-term and far-

innovative i3 brings environment-con-

Acceleration is crisp, with a 0-60

reaching goals is no easy thing. The

scious drivers all-electric drive with

elapsed time of 7.2 seconds provided

challenge is to design and build cars

an optional internal combustion range

by an electric motor producing 170

that offer meaningful environmen-

extender. The most unique aspect

horsepower and 184 lb-ft torque. With

tal achievement while delivering the

of the i3 is the car’s body structure,

a curb weight of just 2,700 pounds,

traditional touchstones desired by

which incorporates the first-ever use

the i3 has is sprightly even at high-

new car buyers, among them comfort,

of carbon fiber reinforced plastic

way speeds. Strong regenerative brak-

safety, convenience, connectivity, per-

(CFRP) to form the body and passen-

ing characteristics often allow the i3

formance, and value. Also important

ger cabin of a mass-production vehi-

to be driven with just the accelerator

in the world of advanced vehicles like

cle. CFRP is as strong as steel and 50

pedal in city driving. When a driver

battery electric cars is a significant

percent lighter. It is also 30 percent

lets off the accelerator, regen slows

commitment to the manufacturing

lighter than aluminum.

the car quickly and allows it to come

18 Green Car Journal Issue No. 42

to a complete stop without touching the brake pedal.

Charging at home with an available 220 volt charger delivers a full charge in about three hours. Where available, public DC fast charging can bring an i3 to 80 percent state-of-charge in 20 minutes and a full charge in 30 minutes. The i3 BEV features an 81 mile EPA estimated range on batteries. The i3 REx, equipped with an internal combustion range extender that creates onboard electricity as needed to help keep batteries charged, features a 72 mile battery driving range and 150 miles total with the range extender.

President of CERES; Kateri Callahan,

decided that environmental perfor-

President of the Alliance to Save

mance must meet their needs, on their

Energy; and Dr. Alan Lloyd, President

terms. Clearly, 2015 Green Car of the

emeritus of the International Council

Year® jurors have decided that the

on Clean Transportation.

electric BMW i3 does it best. Up next:

The diversity of new car models at

The 2016 Green Car of the Year® will

showrooms today reflects an evolv-

be presented at the L.A Auto Show on

ing market in which car buyers have

November 19, 2015.

Efficiency is a given. EPA rates the i3’s city fuel economy at 137 MPGe (miles per gallon equivalent) and 111 MPGe on the highway, with a combined 124 MPGe. For the REx-equipped model, EPA rates mileage at 117 MPGe combined.

The 2015 Green Car of the Year® is selected by a majority vote of an award jury comprised of Green Car Journal staff and invited jurors, including TV personality and car aficionado Jay Leno plus leaders of high-profile environmental and efficiency organizations. These jurors include Jean-Michel Cousteau, president of Ocean Futures Society; Matt Petersen, board member of Global Green USA; Mindy Lubber, Green Car Journal Issue No. 42 19

DRIVING FUEL EFFICIENCY

EFFICIEN Where Every Piece of the Automotive Puzzle Counts B Y

F

B I L L

S I U R U

STR

or decades, automakers have

vehicles with drivability and maintenance

in many cases performance has been

struggled to meet ever-more-

problems, not to mention anemic per-

improved by impressive degrees.

stringent emissions stan-

formance. Over the past quarter century,

How far can automakers push the effi-

dards, first mandated nationwide in the

automakers have done a great job in meet-

ciency envelope? One high-profile example

mid-1970s, along with the first CAFE

ing evolving emissions and fuel economy

is the extremely limited production VW

(Corporate Average Fuel Economy) regula-

standards while improving drivability

XL 1 that uses all the tricks in the book –

tions introduced in 1975. The result was

without degrading performance. Indeed,

ultra-lightweighting, plug-in hybrid power,

20 Green Car Journal Issue No. 42

NCY

RATEGIES

optimized aerodynamics, lower rolling

ciency without sacrificing performance

economy with accompanying reduc-

resistance, etc. – to achieve an amazing

is shown by Ford’s EcoBoost engines that

tions in CO2 emissions. Ford is using the

240 U.S. mpg. However, it’s available only

combine two technologies – direct injec-

EcoBoost in an array of engine displace-

in Europe with no plans announced for the

tion and turbocharging. The latest ver-

ments depending on vehicle model.

U.S. So what’s being done to achieve effi-

sions also have Auto Start-Stop to further

ciencies in the real world?

enhance efficiency. EcoBoost delivers

One approach to achieving higher effi-

up to a 30 percent improvement in fuel

C O N T I N U E D

> >

Green Car Journal Issue No. 42 21

DRIVING FUEL EFFICIENCY The 3.5-liter twin turbo charged

resistance tires. This model

direct injection EcoBoost V-6 is used in

achieves 28 city/41 hwy/32

the Lincoln MKS luxury sedan, Lincoln

combined mpg with the six-

Navigator, Ford Expedition SUVs, Ford

speed manual and 28/40/23

Taurus SHO, Ford Interceptor police cars,

mpg with the six-speed dual

and the Ford F-150, vehicles expected to

dry clutch transmission.

have V-8s under the hood.

Chevrolet offers an Eco

At the other end of the spectrum, a 1.0-

version of its Cruze sedan

liter EcoBoost three-cylinder engine offer-

that uses a 1.4 liter turbo-

ing the output of a four-cylinder is used in

charged ECOTEC engine,

the 2015 Ford Fiesta, bringing an impres-

6-speed manual transmission

sive EPA estimated 31 city/43 hwy/36

with Eco overdrive, ultra-low

combined mpg. The 2015 Mustang uses an

rolling resistance tires, and

all-new 2.3-liter EcoBoost four-cylinder

aerodynamic features like

featuring 310 horsepower and 320 lb-ft

a unique front air dam and

torque, more horsepower than the 4.6 liter

lower front grille air shutter.

V-8 used in the powerful 2005 Mustang GT.

The Cruze Eco delivers 138 horsepower

travel for reduced response, additionally

Along the way, this engine enables the cur-

with 148 lb-ft torque with an EPA 28

optimizing the climate control system to

rent Mustang to achieve 21 city/32 hwy/25

city/42 hwy/33 combined mpg. Even the

use less energy. Rated at 140 horsepower,

mpg combined. In between, four-cylinder

less expensive conventional Cruze with the

it provides up to 30 city/42 hwy/35 com-

EcoBoost engines are found in many other

same engine gets 26/38/30 mpg.

bined mpg fuel economy.

Ford and Lincoln products in the U.S. as

Other automakers also have ‘eco’ ver-

The 2015 Hyundai Sonata Eco features

well as those sold overseas.

sions available. The Toyota Corolla LE

a 177 horsepower, 1-6 liter turbocharged

Chrysler’s most fuel efficient model,

Eco, powered by a 1.8-liter four-cylinder

Gamma engine that uses a turbocharger,

the Dodge Dart Aero, uses Fiat’s 1.4-liter

engine equipped with the first use of

direct fuel injection, and CVVT (continu-

MultiAir intercooled turbo engine with

Toyota’s Valvematic technology in the

ous variable valve timing) to achieve a 28

several other fuel saving technologies.

U.S., minimizes intake-valve lift at small

city/38 hwy/32 combined mpg rating. The

To reduce aerodynamic drag, it has

throttle openings to reduce parasitic

Sonata Eco is the first Hyundai to use a

active grille shutters, underbody aero kit,

pumping losses. A driver-selectable ECO

new seven-speed dual-clutch transmission.

and a lowered profile. Also helping are

function moderates acceleration and

Like virtually all these fuel-sipping cars,

lightweight aluminum chassis compo-

optimizes on-board systems to increase

Hyundai’s Eco engine meets California’s

nents and low-rolling

mpg by remapping throttle

stringent ULEV-2 (Ultra-Low Emission Vehicle) and Euro 5 emissions standards.

The Nissan Altima 2.5 SV’s 182 horsepower, 2.5-liter four-cylinder delivers an EPA-estimated 27 city/38 hwy/31 combined mpg. An optional 3.5-liter V-6 provides 270 horsepower while achieving EPA estimated 22 city/32 hwy/26 combined mpg fuel economy. Both versions use an efficient Xtronic continuously variable transmission (CVT). The Altima achieves its efficiencies using lighter components like a thermoplastic resin intake manifold, lower rolling resistance tires, a regenerative alternator that operates only while coasting to reduce parasitic load on the engine, and a 40 percent friction reduction in the transmission.

22 Green Car Journal Issue No. 42

Honda’s entry in the maximum fuel-

horsepower and 375 lb-ft torque. Far from

Fuel Management features computer-

economy arena is the Civic HF with a 143

being an anemic performer, V-6 EcoBoost

controlled cylinder deactivation that

horsepower, 1.8-liter VTEC four-cylinder

F-150s can carry a maximum payload of

shuts down two cylinders under light

mated to a CVT (continuously variable

2,250 pounds and tow up to 8,500 pounds.

load conditions, effectively making a V-6

transmission) and low-friction tires. Its

Auto Start-Stop is standard equipment.

into a V-4 and a V-8 into a V-6 for greater

EPA numbers are 31/41/35 mpg.

While Ford’s EcoBoost makes a small

efficiency. Other automakers use similar

One of most innovative approaches to

engine act like a big engine, General

cylinder deactivation technology.

high fuel efficiency without resorting to

Motor’s Active Fuel Management makes

Whether it’s more efficient power, lower

gasoline-electric hybrid power is Mazda’s

a big engine work like a small one.

rolling resistance, lightweighting, friction

optional i-ELOOP (intelligent energy loop)

This technology is used on its 4.3-liter

reduction, or other approaches, automakers

regenerative braking system. Available on

V-6 and 5.3- and 6.2-liter V-8 engines

are on the hunt for higher mpg and more

the Mazda3 and Mazda6, i-ELOOP does

found mostly in Chevrolet and GMC

innovative efficiency strategies to make the

not operate like a hybrid in that recovered

pickups plus GM’s larger SUVs. Active

road ahead a more sustainable one.

energy is not used for acceleration assist or electric-only operation. Rather, recovered energy is used for exterior lighting, climate control, audio/navigation, and other systems. This reduces the need for an engine to spin an efficiency-robbing

ECO DRIVING SYSTEMS

alternator to generate needed electricity.

Even the best fuel saving technology can be negated by poor driving habits. Thus, many of

The i-ELOOP version of the Madza3 is

the latest vehicles come with features that help you drive ‘smarter’ to save fuel. The simplest

rated at 29 city/40 hwy/33 combined mpg

provide feedback through computer displays showing instantaneous and average mpg,

with the i-ELOOP Mazda6 achieving 28

range to empty, and more. More sophisticated displays may also graphically indicate efficient

city/40 hwy/32 combined mpg.

driving, like leafs turning greener.

Pickups that can carry substantial loads

Some vehicles have more active features that coach drivers so they can drive more efficiently. By

are also becoming fuel sippers. The full size

staying in the green within the blue and green ‘coaching bars’ in Honda’s Eco Assist display, drivers

Ram 1500 HFE fitted with the automaker’s

can see in real-time how they can achieve higher mpg. Pressing the system’s green ECON button also

305 horsepower, 3.6-liter Pentastar V-6 car-

causes the engine and other energy-consuming systems to automatically operate more efficiently.

ries an EPA 18 city and 25 highway mpg

Similarly, BMW Driving Dynamics Control allows choosing between Eco Pro, Comfort,

rating while still being able to tow up to

Sport, and Sport+ driving modes. Along with shutting down unnecessary systems that

6,500 pounds. Helping achieve this is a new

consume power, Eco Pro includes a coasting function that decouples the engine from the

eight-speed TorqueFlite 8 automatic trans-

drivetrain when the accelerator is released between 30 and 100 mph.

mission, stop-start system, low rolling resis-

Fiat’s eco:Drive provides efficiency feedback after a trip, not during it. While driving,

tance tires, and reduced parasitic losses

eco:Drive records data that can be transferred to a memory stick plugged into its USB port.

that would otherwise zap engine power.

This data can then be accessed on a PC or laptop to enable a driver to review how well they

This includes electric power steering that

did. An ecoIndex scores driving skills on a 100 point scale. Tutorials provide tips on how to

eliminates an always-operating hydraulic

score better and scores can be compared to tell if driving skills are improving.

pump. In addition, improved aerodynam-

With Nissan’s Eco Pedal, the accelerator pedal pushes back against a driver’s foot to

ics achieved with grille shutters and an air

encourage accelerating in a fuel-efficient manner. More aggressive acceleration is available if

suspension system with five height settings

the driver pushes harder. Ad-

– including an aero mode that lowers the

ditionally, an instrument panel

truck at speed – further improve fuel effi-

provides four levels of indica-

ciency. A lighter transmission, engine, frame,

tion depending on acceleration

front bumper, and aluminum hood also help.

– no light when the vehicle is

The new 2015 F-150 – an aluminum-

stopped, green with appropri-

bodied champion of lightweighting as a

ate pedal pressure, flashing

strategy to increase fuel efficiency – is now

green with almost-unfavorable

available with an all-new, high-output twin-

pressure, and amber for unfa-

turbo 2.7-liter EcoBoost V-6 rated at 325

vorable pressure.

Green Car Journal Issue No. 42 23

JEEP DRIVING FUEL EFFICIENCY

GRAND CHEROKEE E

C

O

D

Delivering Big SUV Comfort and Fuel Efficiency, Too

P

I

E

B Y

S

R O N

E

L

C O G A N

iloting our Grand Cherokee

enabling the engine to meet stringent

Eco Mode directs the Jeep’s Quadra-Lift

Limited test vehicle on a 500

Tier II, Bin 5 and ULEV II emissions stan-

air suspension system to lower the vehicle

mile California road trip proved

dards. It is designed to use Ultra Low

at speeds above 55 mph, providing better

enlightening. This is not a small vehicle

Sulfur Diesel (ULSD) and is approved for

aerodynamic efficiency. On 4WD models

by any means, but it is easy to maneu-

B20 (20 percent biodiesel/80 percent pet-

in 4H, Eco Mode also alters the front-to-

ver and, for a 4×4, offers a surprisingly

rodiesel). Other features include a water-

rear torque split to increase fuel economy.

accommodating ride. Plus, the EcoDiesel

cooled, variable-geometry turbocharger,

We returned from our journey

variant is very efficient as far as full-size

60-degree cylinder banks, chain-driven

impressed not only with this vehicle’s

SUVs go, delivering fuel economy that

camshafts, and low-voltage ceramic glow

functionality in carrying people and

tracked well with its 21 mpg city/28 mpg

plugs for quicker cold-weather starts.

cargo, but its ability to do so in comfort

highway EPA ratings. This steps up to 22

There is an Eco Mode to maximize

and style. Plus, of course, there’s the

mpg city/30 mpg highway/25 mpg com-

economy by controlling items like the

Grand Cherokee’s all-important efficiency

bined for the two-wheel drive version.

eight-speed automatic transmission’s

and impressively long 730 mile driving

Jeep’s capable 3.0-liter EcoDiesel V-6

shift schedule, idle speed, and interactive

range between fill-ups. Those who need a

is rated at 240 horsepower and 420 lb-ft

deceleration fuel shut off, the latter cut-

full-size SUV that can handle any mission

torque, sufficient to tow 7,400 pounds. It

ting fuel feed when coasting. Eco Mode

with complete confidence, while doing

makes use of Fiat’s MultiJet II common-

is automatically engaged at startup. A

so in ways that require far less fuel than

rail injection, water-cooled exhaust-gas

button on the center stack can be used to

one would reasonably expect, may wish

recirculation, Selective Catalyst Reduction

disengage Eco Model when more sporty

to place the Grand Cherokee EcoDiesel on

(SCR), and 16.5:1 compression ratio,

performance is desired. While engaged,

their short list.

24 Green Car Journal Issue No. 42

DRIVING FUEL EFFICIENCY

HONDA FIT 41 MPG Compact Hatch, No Hybrid Needed

T

B Y

T O D D

K A H O

he road to higher efficiency

front and rear seats in the Long Mode and

function that prompts drivers to achieve

is an appealing one these

you can carry items up to 7 feet, 9 inches

maximum fuel economy.

days and driving a small car

in length. In the Tall Mode there’s nearly 4

With the 6-speed, the Fit achieves EPA

is one way to get there. While it’s true

feet of room available from top to bottom.

estimated numbers of up to 33 mpg in

that not everyone is in the market for

Remove the front head restraints, fold back

the city and an impressive 41 mpg on the

a small car, the appeal grows if small

the front seats, and you can relax, or even

highway, achieving desirable efficiency

means efficient and highly functional but

sleep, in the Refresh Mode.

with a gasoline engine that only comes

not constrained or boring.

Beyond this refreshing small car func-

with a hybrid in some other models. Not

This is the theme with Honda’s third-

tionality, perhaps the new generation

only do drivers save on gas, but also on

generation Honda Fit, which offers a more

Fit’s most important change is a new and

purchase price since the Fit offers a base

aerodynamic look and additional interior

more fuel-efficient powertrain. Its direct-

MSRP of just $15,790, low enough to

space while retaining the previous ver-

injected, 1.5-liter, four-cylinder Earth

make this model approachable for most

sion’s overall physical footprint. Honda

Dreams engine produces 130 horsepower,

new car buyers.

designers have clearly gone the extra mile

13 more than the engine it replaced.

in not only offering a thoroughly modern

A six-speed manual transmission is

small car, but innovating ways to bring

standard, but most will be fitted with a

greater interior functionality than should

continuously-variable transmission (CVT)

be expected in this size package.

that has shift paddles and a Sport mode

Helping achieve this is the Fit’s ‘Magic

that provides seven selectable ‘gears’ to

Seat’ rear seat setup that offers four modes

increase the fun factor. This CVT comes

for carrying passengers, cargo, or both. In

with Eco Assist and an ECON button for

the Utility Mode, it can carry 52 cubic feet

more fuel efficient operation. All mod-

of cargo. Fold down the passenger side

els also feature Honda’s Eco Coaching Green Car Journal Issue No. 42 25

VW e-GOLF O DRIVING FUEL EFFICIENCY

Electric Power for a Popular Hatchback

B Y

R O N

C O G A N

ffering a fresh take on VW’s

lb-ft torque. Driving range is said to

feet of space for its five occupants, the

iconic and popular hatchback

vary between 70 to 90 miles. ‘Normal,’

same interior volume as the standard

while preserving the model’s

‘Eco,’ and ‘Eco+’ driving modes can

Golf and the largest of any compact EV.

familiar look, the seventh-generation

be selected and there are three levels

Chalk that up to the MQB platform that

Golf is stylish, fun, and optionally bat-

of selectable regenerative braking.

optimizes cabin space by not making

tery powered …a great combination.

The e-Golf is rated at 126 city and 105

any sacrifices for storing batteries. The

Unique styling cues differentiate the

highway MPGe.

e-Golf gets all he goodness afforded

e-Golf at a glance from its more traditional

The Golf is also VW’s first American-

by the standard Golf like Bluetooth,

combustion Golf brethren, including exclu-

market vehicle that uses the automaker’s

SiriusXM Satellite Radio, rearview

sive alloy wheels, energy efficient LED

new Modular Transverse Matrix (MQB)

camera, and a 5.8-inch touchscreen

headlights, C-shaped LED daytime running

platform, an innovation that can reduce

navigation system and infotainment

lamps, and a signature blue stripe that

build time as much as 30 percent and

center. Plus, there are additional e-Golf

runs along the grille similar to the red line

allow production of multiple models at a

touches including blue accents on the

on GTI models. In this case the blue line

single plant. Since the MQB platform was

shift knob plus blue contrast stitching

alludes to VW’s eco-focused ‘Think Blue’

designed from the beginning to accommo-

on the leather-wrapped steering wheel

sustainability initiative.

date electric power, it was straightforward

in the e-Golf’s black interior.

Power is supplied by a 115 horse-

to integrate the e-Golf’s lithium-ion bat-

The e-Golf is available in entry-level SE

power electric motor featuring class-leading 199

tery beneath the floor.

Inside, the e-Golf provides 93.5 cubic

trim at $29,815, thus strategically priced as a direct competitor to Nissan’s similarlypriced LEAF.

LONG-TERM TEST>

HONDA ACCORD HYBRID

I

16,000 MILES IN A STYLISH DAILY DRIVER t’s evident that our long-term

we’ve found this hybrid’s impressively

lamps, blue accents, and optional aero

Honda Accord Hybrid test

high fuel efficiency and 600-plus mile

package make this car a looker. Being

vehicle is leaving a lasting

driving range truly welcome features.

die-hard car enthusiasts, we like that

impression. Even as other test cars

Frankly, the fewer visits to the gas

just fine. – Ron Cogan

are in rotation, the Accord Hybrid has

station, the better.

become the go-to car for missions far

Just over 16,000 miles of driv-

and wide, from trips to the store to

ing have shown the Accord to be a

trips across the state.

very comfortable sedan for the daily

The bottom line for the Accord

drive. There’s plenty of legroom and

Hybrid, of course, is its efficiency.

headroom, with rear seat passengers

Otherwise, why shop hybrid? This

afforded comfort rather than com-

sharp four-door sedan gives plenty

promise. It’s replete with welcome

of reasons to do so. EPA ratings of

on-board electronics. Handling is

50 mpg in city driving and 45 mpg

excellent and power from the Two-

on the highway lend powerful moti-

Motor Hybrid iMMD system’s total 196

vation for the hybrid decision. Even

horsepower is strong and dependable.

during a period when gas prices are

Plus, we might add, our black Accord

fluctuating lower rather than higher,

Hybrid’s projector headlights, LED tail Green Car Journal Issue No. 42 27

10 THINGS TO KNOW

ABOUT BMW’S INNOVATIVE i3 B Y

T

R O N

C O G A N

he BMW i3 is far from just another electric car. While it shares certain things in common with other electrics like the ability to drive on battery power, zero localized emissions, and the capability of charging at home or at public charge

stations, there’s much more to the story.

This milestone car is the direct result of BMW’s Project i, a far-reaching initiative launched in 2007 to develop sustainable answers for driving in crowded urban environments. The i3, called BMW’s Megacity Vehicle during much of its development, benefited from this initiative’s extensive research, development, and technology demonstration projects. These global activities focused on learning about consumer preferences, driving habits, and real-world use, details important to the development of the i3.

Here are 10 things you should know about BMW’s innovative electric i3, Green Car Journal’s 2015 Green Car of the Year®.

28 Green Car Journal Issue No. 42

BORN ELECTRIC is an apt description for BMW’s i sub-brand.

From its conception, the i3 was designed, engineered, and built to be an electric vehicle. This clean sheet approach means each and every part of the i3 could be focused on its mission without the compromises often required in adapting electric propulsion to a shared internal combustion platform. Batteries, control systems, and other components unique to an electric vehicle go where they’re designed to go without intrusion, rather than where they can fit in an existing model.

LIFE/DRIVE ARCHITECTURE is the underpinning for the innovative i3. The Life Module, or passenger cabin, is built from Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic (CFRP). CFRP used for the Life Module is 30 percent lighter than already-lightweight aluminum. The i3’s Drive Module, constructed of 100 percent aluminum, integrates the car’s electric drivetrain, lithium-ion battery, suspension, and structural components. The combination of lightweight CFRP and aluminum in the Life/Drive architecture increases efficiency while providing excellent occupant protection.

REAR COACH DOORS are a unique feature of the i3. Unlike conventional door designs with a center body pillar between the front and rear doors, the i3’s innovative coach door design finds rear doors opening on rear-mounted hinges. The absence of a center pillar provides unparalleled access to the car’s cabin. Another important benefit is that coach doors, combined with the i3’s low console and absence of a transmission tunnel, enable a ‘slide-through’ experience that allows exiting on the passenger’s side in busy urban environments.

VERSATILE INTERIOR space and functionality make the fourpassenger i3 feel spacious for its right-sized urban design. Controls and displays are intelligently placed for ease of use. Raised ‘semicommand’ seating provides for a better view of traffic and surroundings, an especially welcome feature when driving in crowded urban environments. While the i3’s compact form aims at efficiency and urban maneuverability, it does not sacrifice functionality along the way. With rear seats folded down it can handle up to 38.8 cubic feet of gear or cargo.

SUSTAINABILITY is an important element in the i3. Its Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic is manufactured in Washington State with renewable hydroelectric power. More than 10 percent of the CFRP used is recycled material. Fibers from the Kenaf plant are used for the instrument panel surround while Eucalyptus used in the dashboard is sourced from responsible forestry. Some 25 percent of the thermoplastic parts used on the exterior, and 25 percent of the plastics used in the interior, are made from recycled materials or renewable sources.

CHARGING the BMW i3 is convenient. Owners can install a 220-volt Level 2 charger at home to fully charge an i3 in about three hours, with this same capability at public chargers. Locations where SAE DC Combo Fast Charging is available can charge up to 80 percent in 20 minutes and 100 percent in 30 minutes. BMW is working with strategic partners to expand fast-charging locations along transportation corridors on the East and West Coasts. An Occasional Use Cable and charger plugged into a household outlet can charge batteries in about 20 hours.

Green Car Journal Issue No. 42 29

ELECTRIC PERFORMANCE is integral to the BMW i3 experience. Its 170 horsepower electric motor features 184 lb-ft torque that launches the lightweight i3 from 0 to 30 mph in about 3.5 seconds and 0-60 mph in 7.2 seconds. Battery placement that’s low and close to the rear drive wheels enhances traction, with the light weight Life Module effectively lowering the car’s center of gravity. It uses a front MacPherson strut and 5-link rear suspension system. All come together to deliver the dynamic drive experience expected of a BMW.

AVAILABILITY is often an issue with electric cars since many models are sold only in select geographical areas and in very limited numbers.

Not so with the BMW i3. From the start, the i3 was designed to be a mass-market vehicle with widespread availability in the U.S. and in countries around the globe. Plus, the i3 can be configured in ways that fit the varying needs and sensibilities of drivers, with Mega World, Giga World, and Tera World trim levels available plus a choice of all-electric battery power or REx range extender capability.

30 Green Car Journal Issue No. 42

ADVANCED ELECTRONICS on board the i3 provide an array of desired driver assistance systems, infotainment, and entertainment features. Of special interest is an ability for these systems to optimize range and facilitate convenient charging. Apps allow sharing information between smartphone and car including vehicle location, driving range, charge level, and charging locations that can be sent to the car. Driver-selectable Comfort, ECO, and ECO PRO+ driving modes enable changing efficiency and performance levels to suit varying driving needs.

RANGE EXTENDER technology enhances driving versatility. Lithium-ion batteries provide an EPA estimated range of 81 miles in the battery electric i3. This capability far exceeds the average 30 miles of daily driving shown in Project i studies, which documented the daily drives of more than 1,000 participants over 12 million miles. The i3 is also available with an optional gasoline range extender that roughly doubles driving range. When the battery gets to a certain level, the range extender generates electricity that maintains battery level for longer drives.

GIVE IT A TEST DRIVE.

WWW.CARSOFCHANGE.COM Green Car Journal Issue No. 42 31

BMW i

*Based on EPA estimates.

For more information, see GreenCarJournal.com. ©2015 BMW of North America, LLC. The BMW name, model names and logo are registered trademarks. †

GREEN STILL MEANS GO. When we set out to build an electric car, we set out to build a BMW. And we did just that with the all-electric BMW i3 which boasts 170 hp and an EPA-rated 81 miles total range per charge.* It’s where sustainability meets pure agility and exhilarating acceleration – so hold tight, because where we’re going, there’s no looking back.

The BMW i3. Proud winner of the 2015 Green Car of the Year ® award.†