2013_Do You Know Where You Are? by Gregory Turner

DO YOU KNOW WHERE YOU ARE DO YOU KNOW WHERE YOU ARE A LOOK INTO WAYFINDING AND SIGNAGE

Gregory M. Turner 2013 MArch Candidate

Arch 811

Spring 2012 Kent Spreckelmeyer

THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK TO VIEW AS A TWO SHEET SPREAD

Special Thanks: Kent Spreckelmeyer

Becky Cannon

Richard Branham

Nick Jacobsen

Nils Gore

Preston Brown

Keith Diaz Moore

Rachel Margario

Charles Lynn

Josh Fredrick

Cynthia Muckey

Ian McLaughlin

Megan Carrithers

Elizabeth Boresow

Cynthia Marta

Lauren Wismer

George Li

Kadim Alasady

Jamie Lloyd Simpson

Monita Ireland

Dr. Dot Nary

Erin Howard

Ally Munk

Why Wayfinding and Signage

History of Wayfinding and Signage

University of Kansas Interior Signage Policy

A Look into Interior Signage

Case Studies

Precedent Studies

103

Signage Design

113

What are we Designing for?

117

Resources

TA CON

ABLE OF NTENTS

WAYF &S

WHY FINDING SIGNAGE

8 Why Wayfinding and Signage

Ever since becoming disabled and needing to use a wheelchair back in late 2010, I found myself having to use different entrances to buildings than I had to before. From that moment on I didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t view things quite the same as I had before. I often find myself using a rear entrance or not using one at all because the space is not accessible. Unfortunately the one thing I found more disturbing than anything was the misinterpretation of signage within a building, more so with restroom accessibility or door widths being too narrow. The times we live in now you would think things of such nature would be unacceptable, but it is not, even for an environment as widely used as a campus and the buildings which stand on it. So when I returned to the University of Kansas last year to finish my architectural studies, I found that things were not as easy as I thought they might be. While the staff, in particular Nils Gore made every accommodation work for me, there were so many other issues that I knew he could not tackle, or make feasible for someone in my situation. He switched my studio space to make life a bit easier, made sure I had a desk that met my needs, and even made sure I could readily access the printers from anywhere I wanted, but when it came to things like restroom accessibility, parking accessibility, or even something as simple as entering the front entrance of a building, these were things out of his control. I completely understood this and probably why I never brought it up until now. The average person may not think about some of the issues I have brought forth, in particular the front entry where someone like me who no longer has that option will think about it. Regardless if some people realize it or not, any individual whether they disabled or not wants to be treated like everyone else. For this I am grateful for the faculty and staff up to this point with how they have accommodated my needs, and made sure I was comfortable with how things were going. I couldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t quite understand how a public environment could be so confusing to many individuals. The one thing that is out of the hands of people like Nils, signage or lack thereof is a crucial element in environmental design. If we were to enter most buildings on campus especially those deemed to be accessible; there is a lack of signage which translates to a lack of

9 Why Wayfinding and Signage

understanding or ignorance. This is unacceptable in modern times for an environment which is used by tens of thousands of people every day. So something as simple as a sign can make or break one’s perception of a space, and with the lack of signage or misleading signage posted across campus, people tend to become frustrated, anxious, and lost. What most people don’t realize is that there are individuals in the world, many which are attending college on a daily basis that lives with some form of disability which contributes to them losing their way forcing them to either have to plan multiple steps ahead or causing them to run behind. Not everyone can remember the steps they took the previous time and it is at no fault of their own. This is where signage can take a huge burden off of one’s shoulders, in helping navigate the user in an efficient manner. Some may ask, why post these unattractive and waste of space signs, well it’s because some people truly do need them. A sign can make a person’s day just by making it slightly easier to navigate an environment. This is why I chose wayfinding and signage, because it makes a difference.

“The verb ‘orient’ or ‘orientate’ is derived, via Old French, from the Latin oriri, ‘to rise’, referring to the sun rising in the east. The French verb orienter originally meant to position towards the east, but the

HIST WAYF &S

meaning gradually expanded to embrace all directions. Nowadays, when we orientate ourselves, we try to find out either where we are, or where we need to go.”

- Otl Aicher

TORY OF FINDING SIGNAGE

12 History of Wayfinding and Signage

Signage and wayfinding is nothing new. Over the past several thousand years we have found it safer and more productive if we had signs posted to help navigate us through any environment. The use of landmarks has been used as a process in the evolution of wayfinding. When we travel through an environment of any kind, we tend to use key photographic memory queues to help distinguish our surroundings. With our expanding culture, we started to form cities, towns, developments, and communities, which resulted in an expansion of humans understanding of environment. With this said, our history has shown that we have developed patterns to help navigate people through an environment in more efficient ways. “As more people became literate, signs written in a verbal language became increasingly important to society. This really became important when mankind entered the mass transportation age. The ability to move people in mass created numerous problems not just in streets and byways, but in buildings and structures where people visited and conducted business.”1 As a culture we had to start calling on professionals to plan our systems with the increasing size of our cities, towns, and even buildings. It’s time for a change Our culture started to demand more of us. They wanted the visual clues to be more aesthetically pleasing, while demanding that the process was led in a forward direction. “The Bauhaus movement not only effected design, but also sought to change the way designers were educated. Typography, color and layout were integrated completely into the curriculum, as well as navigation through complex structures.”1 Around the 1980’s, all of this changed with the introduction of Environmental Graphic Design (EGD). The signage and wayfinding was no longer a piece of the architectural profession, but a piece of the design world. It became a specialized field of study with environmental graphics leaping outside the realm of the architectural profession, and caused a break of professions within the educational sense. Now wayfinding and signage would be considered a part of the schools of design rather than architecture. These new designers began to study the work of Kevin Lynch and more

13 History of Wayfinding and Signage

importantly his book titled “Image of the City” (1960), which became a quick iconic piece of how we understand the built environment. Lynch coined the term “wayfinding” in his book to further describe his five essential elements of environmental understanding; paths, nodes, landmarks, edges, and districts. Kevin Lynch’s 5 Elements Paths/Circulation The circulation system is the key organizing element of a site or building. People use circulation systems to develop a mental map. Guidelines: • Develop a focal point and a system of circulation paths to help people understand where they are in the system. • Use circulation systems that lead people from node to node. • Clearly distinguish places where the public is welcome and where access is restricted. • Communicate the circulation system to the users when they enter. In particular, vertical circulation devices such as stairs and elevators should be intuitive and perceptible. • In multi-story buildings, organize elements such as restrooms, elevators, and exits in the same location on each floor. Nodes A node is a point at which subsidiary parts originate. People make decision points at nodes in paths. As a result, nodes should contain graphic and architectural information to assist with those decisions. Guidelines: • Think of wayfinding as a “connect-the-dots” activity and use only the information that is necessary at each node. • Consider easy-to-understand node systems such as grids to help people establish a mental map of the wayfinding system. • Use maps and graphic information to communicate the form of circulation only at primary rather than secondary nodes. • Whenever possible, use visual, tactile, and auditory indicators at major decision-making points.

14 History of Wayfinding and Signage

Edges Wayfinding edges determine where an area begins or ends. Guidelines: • Design specific boundary areas, such as pathways and subway platform edges, for both visual and tactile detection. • Introduce contrasting building floor textures and hardness to establish wayfinding edge conditions and to alert users to changes in height conditions. • Mark the tops and bottoms of ramps and stairs to emphasize transition points. Zones/Districts Wayfinding zones and districts are regions (either outside or within buildings) with a distinguishing character that assists in the general identification of place. Guidelines: • Identify each zone to be unique and memorable in its context. • If possible, reinforce the identifying characteristics of the zone with signage prior to arrival in the zone. • Identify zones in buildings with a letter prefix such as “A” or with the cardinal points of the compass

15 History of Wayfinding and Signage

What is Wayfinding? Wayfinding is the process of using spatial and environmental information to navigate ourselves through the built environment. It is also known as the key element between designer and client to improve the functionality of an environment: “Wayfinding design is the process of organizing spatial and environmental information to help users find their way.”2 At the start of the last century, cognitive and behavioral psychologists began to further develop the understanding process of wayfinding through research of memory, cognitive mapping, spatial recognition, and information processing. This has led to the advancement in the way wayfinding and signage through an environment is now designed, even in the architectural practice. During the 1970’s, researchers developed a study to further understand how people navigate complex environments by running orientation tests through large buildings such as hospitals, malls, high-rises, and airports. They found that “wayfinding” was influenced by many elements, like the buildings symmetry, user’s expectations, language, informative signage, surrounding people, and existing experiences in the environment. A successful wayfinding design allows people to: determine their location, determine their where they need to go, and create a plan which helps navigate them from starting point to final destination and then back again. Wayfinding design should include: identifying and labeling environments, (2) grouping similar environments, and (3) linking and organizing spaces through both architectural and graphic means.

16 History of Wayfinding and Signage

See No Evil There are over 40 million people in the world today that live with a significant sight loss, resulting in the most common cause of disability. This has a direct effect on the social development of individuals and the environments they occupy. “Through the use of improved wayfinding and signage, roughly 13 percent of disabled individuals would go out more, and live independently.”4 There are a number of different eye defects and diseases that could lead to a visual impairment, but very few blind people see nothing at all. Also very few can recognize light but absolutely nothing else, while many either live with no central vision or no peripheral vision. With this said, blind and partially sighted people are no different than someone with sight. They go to school, have careers, raise families, enjoy time with friends and family, and live in the same world as everyone else. They may just need a little assistance here and there. Individuals with a visual impairment will also pay close attention to clues surrounding them. Some of these include: sound or texture change between floor surfaces, changes in types of floor construction, sound of noises surrounding them, and color contrast at the intersection walls and floors. Types of visual impairment • Central field loss – can’t see the part of the visual field straight in front of them. • Peripheral field loss – can see ahead but lose the periphery of the scene. • Combined central and peripheral field loss – Loss of both straight ahead and peripheral vision • Reduced Contrast – the whole visual scene becomes washed out. Light sources give areas a disabling glare which ‘white-out’ the environment.

17 History of Wayfinding and Signage

How Does this Apply to Design With the found research we have found a few basic principles to follow to help create a better wayfinding system. • Wayfinding throughout an environment is best achieved by functional architectural arrangement and design. The user’s ability to understand the arrangement of space is the most effective way to produce a good wayfinding system. • The labeling, numbering and general layout of parts within a building is critical. Numbering levels, dedicatory names vs common names, departmental labeling, and room labeling should be thoughtfully designed when developing wayfinding systems. • Users have many different abilities, limitations, and memories when it comes to navigating and environment, and these should all be considered throughout the wayfinding strategy. • A clear and concise set of signs is the most efficient way of improving the wayfinding strategy in an environment. What is a sign? A sign is a way of conveying information about direction, location, and safety. Signage systems are one of the most effective tools for people who are unfamiliar with their surroundings. They individuals may feel anxious, confused, lost, or nervous, which all have an impact on a person’s ability to navigate an environment. A successful sign system will minimize anxiety and confusion, and is easy to understand, even for people with a visual impairment. Signs should be: clear, concise, consistent. Four sign groups • Information signs – main signs for orientation • Directional signs – direct users to destinations using arrows and text • Identification signs – located at destination point to indicate a room, service, person, etc • Safety, fire safety and mandatory signs – warning or prohibition signs

18 History of Wayfinding and Signage

A good signage system will work in conjunction with the orientation clues provided. These include: approach, entrance/exit, main lobby or reception, communal facilities, departments/offices, fire exits, and parking/garages. Positioning of signs • Easily detectable • Positioning in both plane and in elevation • Intersections, forks, and branches are key location points • Entrances/ reception • Lift/elevator lobbies Basic guidelines on sign location • Can the sign become an obstruction or be obstructed • Determine the distance the sign will be read from • Good lighting is a must • Room identifiers should be located at eye level, on the wall immediately adjacent to the latch side of the door. Basic guidelines on sign contrast • Group information together • Avoid too many messages • Room identifiers should be simple and concise • Avoid abbreviations • Visually impaired people can recognize numbers more easily than names • Use visual, embossed and braille, and audible signage when possible Language, Wording, and Punctuation “Language is one of the most important factors in sign design; people need very clear, unambiguous messages in simple, understandable formats.”4 • Clarity – Understandable words • Consistency – Same Terminology among signs • Conciseness – Minimal information, don’t confuse the user • Capital Letters – Improved legibility will be achieved if the first word of each of the key words begin with a capital letter.

19 History of Wayfinding and Signage

Signage Types There are four categories of signs identified in today’s wayfinding systems. (1) Identification, (2) Directional, (3) Informational, and (4) Safety and Security. Signs within each of these categories can be include text, pictograms, maps, photographs, models, and diagrams. Users in an environment tend to observe, read, learn and comprehend the space and the wayfinding system implemented. General Guidelines: • Consistent text and graphics amongst signage • Use upper and lower case letters • Group information as much as possible • If possible, use pictograms and text together • Use contrasting colors between text and background, with a 70% brightness differential • When applicable, use tactile and braille Identification Identifiers within a wayfinding system are signs which let you know that you have found your destination point. These may be the most important type of sign within the system, but would “clearly for this navigation process to be successful, other supporting wayfinding elements – such as directional and informational signage - must be in place.”5 Within this system the information can be permanent or changeable but in either case the information needs to be clear and concise. Guidelines: • Use Intuitive and concise numbering systems so that all room numbers directly relate to the floor level you are on • Floor numbers should be detectable at every entrance • Room numbers are to be located on the latch side of the door within the compliance height, so they can be seen when the door is open • Public amenities should be identified with pictograms, text, and Braille

20 History of Wayfinding and Signage

Directional Directional signs help guide users through an environment to a final destination point. These signs include arrows, departmental names or room numbers, restrooms, elevators, and other commonly used spaces. Guidelines: • Keep the font size consistent • Contrasting text and background colors • Consistent arrow styles • Use familiar pictograms that have become a standard (accessible, elevator, stair, restroom, etc.) • Placement of signs is key. Transition areas such as intersections, forks, change in level • Use tactile and high contrast floor numbering • All routes should be accessible • Placement of signage should be visible from all directions Informational Informational signs help provide information concerning personnel, name of company or department, or even rooms. They also provide information regarding floor plans, picture display, directories, notifications, schedules, and hours of operation. Informational signs are always being changed, so the display options need to be thought about very carefully. Guidelines: • Changeability is key • Use tactile and braille when possible • Placement of information is important but may fall secondary to other information on signs Safety and Security Public safety is the number one responsibility of any building system. Planning ahead of time for emergency situations can include procedural information. One key element of communication is providing information that can give procedures during an emergency (i.e. fire evacuation routes, location of emergency equipment, etc.). Posting these procedures or information in key points within an environment can ensure the life or safety of the users.

21 History of Wayfinding and Signage

The types of signs that make up this category include; building evacuation plans, user collection areas, areas of refuge, emergency telephone, first aid kits, hand and eye washing stations, and even “slippery when wet” floor signs. Guidelines: • Text and symbols should conform to local fire and building code regulations • Most signs should be permanent with the exception of some text • Use colors like red, white, and green to distinguish the sign from others • Signage should be tamper-proof • Signs need to be clear and concise with text and pictograms when possible • Signs should be accessible in time of emergency Orientation “Orientation devices such as maps, site plans, floor plans, and building/ floor directories are used to help people to develop a mental map of a large complex.”5 These signs are the first clue to navigating through a building. They provide information that helps in the decision-making process of the environment from the moment you enter the space. They help people determine where they are located in the environment, where they need to go, and how they need to get there. Guidelines: • Plans should be oriented so that the direction the user is facing is straight forward • Provide “you are here” symbols • Placement of landmarks are important placeholders • Corresponding text between directional and identification signs • All maps shall be accessible by all individuals • Provide tactile maps when possible • Directories should provide users with level and room numbers, listed alphabetically. • Avoid all upper case text in directories • Provide a level map/directory on each level

22 History of Wayfinding and Signage

Rules and Regulations Since 1990, the Americans with Disabilities Act has began to regulate the all kinds of things with respect to civil rights. Amongst the policies that have been put into place is the use of signage and the regulations it upholds. Below is a brief summary provided by www.avalisway.com. Permanent Signs: • Characters: • must be between 5/8” & 2” in height. • are to be raised a minimum of 1/32” • Background & characters are to be matte or non-glare finish with substantial color contrast. • Grade 2 Braille is required. • Text is to be sans serif or simple serif type & upper case only. • Pictograms, when used: • may or may not be raised. • are to be alone within a 6” x 6” field. • should be accompanied by a written description • Signs are to be mounted on the latch side of the door 60” from center line of sign to floor. Directional or informational signs • Characters & background are to be matte or non glare finish with substantial contrast. • Characters can be upper & lower case & should be sized for viewing distance (appx. 1” for every 50’ of distance). • Raised copy nor Braille are required for these signs. Overhead signage • Characters & background are to be matte or non glare finish with substantial contrast. • Characters are to be a minimum of 3” in height. • Must be a minimum of 80” clearance between the sign and the floor.

“Regarding wayfinding, it might be noted that after you get there, in an ideal world, there would be very little that needs to be told about where to go, because on arriving at an unfamiliar destination the

KU IN S

next directions would be self-evident. Within the best architecture, finding one’s way around should hopefully require a relatively minimal effort and, at least, little signage.”

- Ivan Chermayeff

NTERIOR SIGNAGE POLICY

26 KU Interior Signage Policy

DIRECTORIES AND BULLETIN BOARDS Building Directory: Provide in main entrance lobby(s). Limit text to public spaces and a general description of spaces on each floor. Individual blades for each line of text, or a traditional grooved background for press-in letters are both acceptable, but shall be enclosed and lockable to prevent theft or vandalism. An 8.5” x 11.5” slot for changeable paper inserts can be included for posting of computer-generated lists of faculty room assignments. • Graphic Maps are generally discouraged, due to cost of updating them over time as space uses are reassigned & buildings are remodeled. However, for buildings of unusual geometry or complexity, this is sometimes a better option than a list of rooms or directional signage. If used, a plexiglas-covered sign that accepts paper floor plan drawings, which can be easily printed by computer and replaced periodically, is preferred. SIGNAGE General: Refer to Appendix A10.1 for standard examples and guidelines copied from the KU Graphics Manual. Designers shall review the complete KU Graphics Manual for additional information, not included herein, which may be applicable to their project. DCM’s Project Manager can arrange to make a copy of the Graphics Manual available for review. Designers shall include scale drawings of each sign type to be provided for a project, and shall show mounting locations, noting all are to be field-verified with Owner prior to installation. The following signage shall be provided as part of the construction contract for each KU project, as applicable. Power-Operated Building Entrance Doors Signs: 6” x 6” pictograms with universal symbol of accessibility, white on blue background, adhesively applied onto face of each door equipped with a power operator, 36” to 60” AFF. Other Accessible Entrance Signs: When all entrances to a building are not accessible, provide adhered 6” x 6” pictogram signs on the accessible

27 KU Interior Signage Policy

doors, and provide signs at inaccessible entrances providing directions to accessible entrances. Main entrances must be accessible. Code Required Interior Signage: CODE REQUIRED signs shall be provided and installed prior to final inspection for occupancy. Failure to provide and install signage shall delay the certificate of occupancy being issued by the AHJ. Show all these signs on the contract documents. Required sign list: • Tactile exits signs • Stair identification signs • Toilet Room signs • Stairwell Level signs • Elevator- Do not use signs • Elevator- Emergency Handicapped Egress signs • Braille on Room number signs if provided • Room maximum occupancy signs • Emergency Plan Signs • Severe weather signs- Standard KU sign • Area of Refuge Instructions Tactile Exit Sign: On the approach side of ALL exterior exit doors, Horizontal exit doors and stairwell doors, 2 ¼” x 4 ½” blade , on the latch side at 60” AFF to centerline of sign. Refer to IBC_(section #)_. Signs for stairwells should include stairwell designation indicated below. Provide large text- 1 ½” with Braille on signs without stair designations.

EXIT BRAILLE

28 KU Interior Signage Policy

Stairwell Identification Signs: On corridor side mounted on the latch side at 60” AFF to centerline of sign. Provide one 2 ¼” x 4 ½” sign with ‘EXIT’ then the stair name text (Ex: ‘Stair 3S1’) with Braille below text. In the example, ‘3’ refers to 3rd floor and ‘S1’ refers to the stairwell number assigned by KU. Toilet Rooms: Provide 6”x 8” sign with ADA pictogram and 1” text below pictogram which reads ‘Men’, ‘Women’ or ‘ Family Restroom’ (if shared restroom). Stairwell Level sign: Inside stairwells on each landing, provide coderequired signs, 10” x 10” size (per IBC). Text shall be 3/4” high letters with a 3” high floor number. Install sign with centerline 5’ above elevation of landing, in a readily visible location when all doors are open and closed (ref. IBC 1005.3.2.4).

Elevator Signage: Provide per code. Text to read ‘Do Not Use in Case of Fire’ and include standard pictogram. Coordinate with elevator specs and submittals; omit separate sign if signage provided by elevator manufacturer. Elevator Emergency Egress Sign: Provide10” x 10” sign if elevator is used for Handicapped emergency egress and the elevator is equipped for that function and is on emergency power. Locate sign at every elevator call station. Sign to read :

29 KU Interior Signage Policy

Room number signs: provide one for each door in building. Standard size to be 2 ¼” x 4 ½” blade with room number in raised letters, with Braille below text. Provide larger blade to identify multiple distinct room numbers occurring beyond door. Room Maximum Occupancy Signs: Provide a 10”X10” sign installed in ALL assembly occupancies (over 40 occupants) with loose or fixed seating. Locate sign on the latch side of the entrance door, top of sign even with the top of door frame. Text shall be- 1st 2 lines 1” high, occupancy number 2 ½” high, last 2 lines ¾” high (no braille) Text as follows:

Emergency Plan Signs: Provide one sign holder at primary firefighter’s entrance; typically sized to receive an inserted 11” x 17” sheet of paper with a clearly legible floor plan indicating all emergency exits and exit corridors. For new construction, consultants shall provide this floor plan printout, which can be modified from the final code footprint. Severe Weather Signs: Provide 10”x10” University Standard Severe weather signs throughout building at the following locations: • Elevator lobbies • Corridor side of stairwells at latch side of door or adjacent wall

30 KU Interior Signage Policy

Emergency Lighting Testing Instructions: In assemble occupancies with normally OFF emergency lighting provide a sign; gray with red letters, 4 1/2 inches wide (the width of double gang wall switch) and 2 inches high; text ¼” high, located just above the typical room lighting wall switch on the latch side of the primary entrance door to the room. Sign should be mounted just above the wall switch or at 60” above finished floor. Sign shall state the following:

Area of Refuge Instructions: (if communications system is provided) Information on how to use communication device per code. Standard text as follows, 5/8” high letters:

General Informational Interior Signage (recommended, not code required): Building Directory: Refer to requirements specified under the Directories and Bulletin Boards - 10416 section of this Division.

31 KU Interior Signage Policy

Directional Signage: Provide as required to clearly direct traffic through building. Typically provide on each floor outside elevator or stairs in main lobbies, noting sequence of room numbers that occur in each direction of travel. If the location of the elevator is not obvious when entering the building provide a directional sign as to the direction of travel to reach the elevator. Room Numbers with Descriptive Room Names: Provide only at permanent locations where this information is needed. Examples: Dean of Fine Arts; Inge Theater; Lecture Hall; Multimedia Classroom; Vending; Mechanical; Electrical; Tunnel Access; Telecom; Utility; Housekeeping; Storage; Roof; . Provide in standardized module widths and heights as appropriate for each project. Room Numbers & Occupant Names: If desired by building users and the project budget allows it, provide signs in those locations with an integral slot covered with clear plastic for removable inserts designating the room occupantsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; names are typically not included in KU room signage. If included, they shall have a fixed clear cover over the insert, and allow room occupants to create computer-generated inserts rather than being required to purchase pre-manufactured inserts.

32 KU Interior Signage Policy

Interior Signage Specifications: Materials: Solid phenolic material; engraved, etched or blasted to create both raised relief letters and Braille. • Colors may either be integral or hard-coat paint, as approved by DCM. Corners: Required to have a 3/8” radius. Fonts: Size shall be 5/8” to 1” high. 1 inch is preferred. All interior text shall be Helvetica Medium font, title-case (first letter capitalized, unless specified otherwise), left-justified unless pointing to rooms to right. • Applied letters, numbers or braille text that are separate from substrate materials, and adhered to it, whether chemically or by heat, are NOT acceptable due to poor performance. • Special graphics on signs, in addition to normal text, are discouraged on signs that might typically require replacement or additional matching signs in the future. These include room numbers, whether plain or including room names or insert slots, and building directories. Typical Colors: White letters on a dark background, in a color consistent with other interior colors. Brown or bronze background is the standard background color, unless the color scheme suggests other colors that would be more appropriate. Verify with DCM (approval required). Partial Remodels: Match existing signage (style, colors, fonts, etc) to greatest extent feasible. Typical Mounting Locations: Mount per ADA & other code requirements. Typically mount 2” clear off the door frame’s strike jamb, 60” AFF to centerline of sign. Typical Mounting Methods: Either of the following methods are acceptable: • Not less than 80% coverage double-sided tape over entire back of sign. • Double-sided tape to temporarily hold in position, with continuous perimeter coverage of silicone sealant/adhesive. • If mounted on glass sidelight, provide back plate to hide mounting tape.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Finding the way is not a gift or an innate ability that one either has or does not have. It is a precondition for life itself. Our approach to environments of whatever kind is part of our existence.

A LOO IN S

Living with our respective ways of navigating is a basic premise for our liberty and our self-confidence. Knowing where I am, my location, is the precondition for knowing where I have to go, wherever it may be.â&#x20AC;?

- Otl Aicher

OK INTO NTERIOR SIGNAGE

36 A Look into Interior Signage

Through my research I was beginning to realize that wayfinding was more than just a sign in space, but the key element of navigating an environment are the visual clues you receive. Without a doubt signage is the most effective and efficient element of a wayfinding system, helping guide users through the environment. This is especially important for the first time user, as all too often they have no idea of where to go when they enter a building. With this said, I decided to take a stroll through both Marvin Hall, and the Art & Design building to document what I found. Needless to say it was even a surprise to me what I found. The inconsistencies, lack of signage, misplacement of signs, missing content, hierarchical system of signs, and even neglect of current codes were not what I expected. While the codes state that certain elements of the building only have to meet the code at the time of last renovation, the user does not care about that. People, even more disabled people, expect to find that the signage needs to meet the standard of todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s code/living. If someone sees a sign for an accessible restroom, they expect to go into that restroom and all aspects of be accessible. As we will see, this was not the case in some locations. Within this chapter we will look into the signage posted throughout Marvin Hall and the Art & Design building on the University of Kansasâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; campus. The first section of this chapter will focus on Marvin Hall and then the second half we will look into Art & Design, and compare the two.

37 A Look into Interior Signage

In trying to locate the accessible entrance to Marvin Hall, it becomes confusing because there are only two directional signs which are both hidden. One on the northwest corner away from the building and the other posted on a brick wall which is easily walked by.

Looking for accessible entrance in the front of the building. Unfortunately located on the Northwest corner of the building.

Looking for accessible entrance in the rear of the building. Located behind trees on the brick wall.

Front entry. No sense of direction by way of directory, map, directional signage.

MARVIN HALL

Entry Points

38 A Look into Interior Signage

Stair Identifiers Within Marvin Hall there are 5 different stair identifier signs. While the color and size of sign is consistent, the graphics, text, and placement of signs are all different.

Correct symbol, incorrect verbiage, no braille

Correct verbage, missing symbol, no braille

Incorrect symbol, All capital letters, correct verbiage and braille

Incorrect verbiage, upside down symbol, no braille

39 A Look into Interior Signage

Fire Alarm Identifiers There are 4 different fire alarm identifiers within Marvin Hall, and in numerous locations there are no signs.

All capital letters, no tactile lettering, no braille, no symbol

Has braille, no symbol

Different color but may be the color to use, no braille

Larger font, no braille

40 A Look into Interior Signage

Restroom Identifiers While all the restrooms in Marvin Hall are labeled with accessible symbols, none of the restrooms meet the current code, in particular the size of the â&#x20AC;&#x153;accessibleâ&#x20AC;? stall. The doors are too heavy, and the door knobs can be difficult for certain individuals to open the doors.

Placement of sign is on the door when it could be placed on the latch side of the door. No braille

41 A Look into Interior Signage Placement of sign is on the door when it could be placed on the latch side of the door. No braille

2 different signs for the same restroom

42 A Look into Interior Signage

Elevator Identifiers The elevator signs are consistent for the most part throughout the building but most of them use all capital lettering. The call buttons in the elevator have no tactile or braille to them, so a blind person wouldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t be able to tell which button to push.

Correct lettering, no braille

All capital letters, on wall next to elevator instead of hallway side

No tactile lettering or braille with the exception of alarm and key buttons

43 A Look into Interior Signage

Room Identifiers There is no consistency to the signage system. Some have missing letters, no tactile or braille, clutter around the sign, or sign is simply too big for the information displayed.

Accurate Signage (well with the exception of a missing letter)

No room number, no braille, no tactile, too much information on one sign

Sign might be accurately created and placed, but all the other postings around it make it almost not stand out

Lettering and braille is accurate, but the sign is too big for the information displayed

44 A Look into Interior Signage

Two signs together which is unnecessary. Accurately created, but placement is too far from door opening. Could be placed on the glass

Marvin Hall Overview The signage throughout Marvin Hall is poorly thought out. The consistency is not there between similar signs and even different signs with letter sizing, placement, size of sign, what is being displayed on the sign, and accuracy with the adjacent room. There are no directional signs or even directories to help the user ground them within the building when they arrive. All of these things need to be looked into by the University to ensure that there is equal opportunity there for those who might need other needs like tactile lettering, braille, or even symbols.

45 A Look into Interior Signage

The Art & Design building has four different entry points, but you would never know it unless you had been in the building before. There are two “accessible” entries, but there is no signage indication through signage of where they are located.

“Accessible” entrance on the west side of building is not accessible because the only way to get to it is by using a very steep incline or these sets of steps. Accessible?

This is the west side accessible entrance

No indication from parking lot of which way to go to get to the accessible entrance

ART & DESIGN

Entry Points

46 A Look into Interior Signage

Level Identifiers The level identifiers in the Art & Design building are an essential element in the signage system, because the building is split into half levels with a north and a south wing which can become very confusing.

Correct symbol, incorrect verbiage, no braille

Stair identifiers are placed on the door with no braille

The identifiers for the floor levels are about eight feet in the air where most users would not see them

Another floor indicator that is about a foot below the ceiling

47 A Look into Interior Signage

Restroom Identifiers The biggest issue found with the restroom signage is not necessarily having a clear message of which restrooms are the accessible ones in the building.

The sign on the door has no tactile or braille.

Missing letter (only one letter way from becoming a “Men’s” restroom)

This is just my own restroom

We have a Men’s restroom now

48 A Look into Interior Signage

Directional Signage While the Art & Design building has directional signage, it is posted on a dark red paper with black lettering. For some users it might be very hard to read and for others it may be impossible to read due to a visual impairment.

The information on the sign is good, just not fully accessible

Arrow is not pointing in the correct direction which can misguide people

Three different signs with arrows can be confusing

Arrows can be misleading and the height of the sign is a bit high

49 A Look into Interior Signage

Other Identifiers Most of the room identifiers in Art & Design are up to code and accessible, but there are a number of signs which are misplaced, misleading, confusing, or even incorrect.

Good tactile lettering and braille

The sign itself is correct, just not the placement.

Why do we need two signs for the same room?

Why do we need three signs for the same room?

50 A Look into Interior Signage

Multiple rooms within this room but no indication of what other rooms are in there

Placement of sign is about six feet up the wall

Which room is this, 330 or 331? Not exactly sure

51 A Look into Interior Signage Hand written signage, acceptable?

Art & Design Overview Even though Art & Design a little bit more organized in the signage system, it is still extremely difficult to navigate your way through the building. There are no indications of accessible entrances and even when entering the building there are no directories of where to go which is confusing with the split level design. What makes the building a bit easier to navigate is the directional signage that can be read at certain points. Still there are inconsistency issues along with placement, accuracy, and confusing or misleading signs.

“70-75 per cent of the information we receive is given through eyesight. Anyone with a significant degree of sight loss, or no sight at all, will experience an ‘information deficit’. So it is crucial that sign practitioners maximize the visibility and legibility of signs to make use of any remaining vision. Embossed, Braille and audible signs can improve access for those with limited vision.”

- Peter Barker

CASE STUDIES

54 Case Studies

After completing an assessment of both Marvin Hall and Art & Design, I found the best solution to finding the users perception of wayfinding and signage was to develop a scenario based study. The main purpose of this study was to analyze information taken through visual and documented research of the human subjectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ability to navigate through a building in a state of little to no signage. The evaluation process will take the studied subjects written and recorded documentation, and apply it into a form that shows the average users abilities to navigate space. Throughout this chapter you will begin to see some of the flaws in the signage systems that have been implemented within both buildings and how they relate to one another. The studies will range in a diverse group of people with individuals with physical disabilities, to invisible disabilities (developmental disabilities), to visual impairments, to hearing impairments, to those without a disability at all. Some of the users who donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t live with a disability chose to complete the study in a wheelchair to get a full understanding of what kind of daily life experiences one might go through if they are permanently in a wheelchair. With twelve participants completing the scenarios, each one submitted a survey with responses to their findings in the study. After all the surveys had been submitted the information from the videos and surveys were then documented into a content analysis where specific elements of the study were looked at closely and compared how different factors effected the scenario study. Overall the study from the participants eyes was a huge learning experience and they all felt like they took a completely different perspective of how signage and wayfinding can really affect a user when they are put into an environment that they were not familiar with or comfortable with due to time constraints.

55 Case Studies

It is 8:15am, the first day of classes have begun for you as a graduate student in architecture. You arrive on campus for the first time where you are dropped off in front of Marvin Hall. Before class begins you are asked to take some documentation to the Department Chairs office of Architecture. From there you need to head to your studio which is located in Marvin Hall, Room 313 or 409. Around 11:30am, studio has recessed and you have to use the restroom. You have been assigned a research project which is due the next class period. So you decide to take the professorsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; advice and do some searching in the Hatch Reading which is located on the fourth floor. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s approaching 1:00pm and you have to meet a fellow classmate in Room 218 of Art & Design at 1:30pm so you pack up your things to find where it is located. During this class you are instructed to build a simple little wooden box to store all of your supplies in so you need to head to the wood shop located in room 103. You finish your work by the end of class and you are dismissed. The next thing on your agenda is a meeting with Richard Branham in his office located in Art & Design, Room 348, but you need to use the restroom one more time. While in the meeting the fire alarm sounds and you have to make it to the nearest exit or area of refuge, but for some reason Richard leaves you in the dust and you are alone trying to figure out which way to go. Fortunately the meeting was concluding and you were just making small talk so there is no need to return to his office. You head home for a few hours to rest and grab something to eat then need to come back up to your studio to finalize some research. After completing the research you need to build a quick study model for your precedent study. This will require you to use the Marvin Shop to cut some wood pieces. After a couple hours of work you decide that you are happy with your model and call it a night. So get on out of studio and head home.

THE SCENARIO

Scenario Based Study:

56 Case Studies

Locating the Accessible Entrance At the beginning of each scenario the participant would start in front of Marvin Hall. From there they would have to locate the accessible entrance to Marvin, to give a not-so-familiar point of entry. The reasoning for this was to take the individual out of their element from the beginning. It was to put the individual into a situation they may have to encounter at some point in their life, by needing to use the accessible entrance, which is not always the front entrance, especially in historic buildings. The first observation I found was that most people would look for some sort of visual clue to help them locate the accessible entrance. Out of the 12 participants, only 2 of those individuals found a sign which pointed them in the direction of where to go. The problem with this is that the sign is located about 100 feet to the northwest of the building and posted about 8 feet in the air. Even with 10 of the subjects not locating the sign, all the individuals were able to locate the accessible ramp and entrance with little difficulty and an average time of just over 3 minutes.

Individual walking right by the sign but didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t notice it

57 Case Studies

Locating the Architectural Chairâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Office After making it to the accessible entrance to Marvin Hall in the rear of the building, the participants would then be directed to locate the Departmental Chairâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s office for architecture. Most of the individuals felt lost immediately when entering the building. The first thing they would look for was some kind of sign (directory, directional sign, etc.) to help navigate them to the office, but with no signs posted there was no way for them to know where to go. At this point most of the individuals wandered up and down the first floor hallway and in many cases several times before contemplating going to the second floor. After at least one pass down the hallway, the participants decided to take the elevator to the second floor to see if they would have better luck finding the office. Upon entering the second floor the individuals all seemed to be a bit more comfortable. The belief for this is that it is well lit and there tends to more individuals wandering in the hallway. After about 3 and a half minutes time from entering the building the individuals found their destination.

Chair user lost and asking for assistance

Individual lost and looking for sign to direct her to the Department Chairs Office

58 Case Studies

Locating the Assigned Studio Space The next step in the scenario for the participant was to find an assigned studio. My choice of studio depended on whether the individual was male or female. The reason for this was the alternating restrooms within Marvin Hall, the first and third floor holding males restrooms and the second and fourth floor having women’s restrooms. For the men in the study, there studio was room 409 in Marvin Hall, and the women’s studio was 313. For this portion of the scenario, the participants didn’t seem to be bothered by trying to find the studio, but in a couple scenarios, the individuals were either hesitant to enter the common spaces leading to the studios because of reviews taking place or in one case a blind individual couldn’t find the sign because of its location. The average spent time from the Chair’s office to studio was roughly 2 and half minutes.

Hesitates to enter space to locate studio because of reviews taking place

Blind individual unable to locate sign because of placement

59 Case Studies

Locating the Restroom After finding their studio space, the individuals had to locate the restroom. In most cases the individual became very confused that they could only find one restroom on each floor. Many of these participants would end up traveling to multiple floors before finding the restroom. With the restrooms being in a little alcove space, it made them very easy to overlook while walking down the hallway. The restrooms in Marvin Hall were a problem for those users who were in wheelchairs. The signs on the doors implied that the restrooms were accessible, but when trying to go into the accessible stall, there is not a five foot radius and in almost all cases the space was only about three feet wide. Individuals who use wheelchairs nowadays expect for the restroom to be accessible if the sign implies that it is accessible. Unfortunately the way our code system works, the signs are acceptable because they placed under the current code the last time any renovations were completed. Unfortunately this is unacceptable to those individuals who need an accessible stall.

Both individuals explaining that they would not be able to use the restroom because the stalls were not large enough to get both them and their wheelchairs in them

60 Case Studies

Locating the Hatch Reading Room Considering the scenario told the user the Hatch Reading room was located on the fourth floor of Marvin Hall, they didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t seem to have any problems locating it. The single issue many users pointed out was the missing letters on the sign for the space. It was almost as if they just assumed it was the Hatch Reading Room because of the letters that still existed. The one thing I noticed in this part of the scenario was how the simple design and scale of the building worked in the participants favor. If this were a building of much larger scale like Strong Hall, the participant would have struggled a bit more in navigating to the destination.

Blind individual trying to find the Hatch Reading Room and is finding it very difficult to locate signage

61 Case Studies

Locating Room 218 in Art & Design So this is where the struggles really began! Room 218 in Art & Design is quite possibly one of the most difficult rooms to find on campus. When I did my building assessment, I didn’t realize there were rooms in the area that this one resides in. On top of that, the building is designed with split levels, so each floor has two different levels, making it more confusing. Most people would find the general area, more specifically room 217 which is a shop area. The problem with finding room 218 is that you are forced to go through the shop of room 217 to a hallway in the back corner which leads you to 5 small rooms. It is very confusing and difficult to find if you have never been there before and amongst the 12 participants only 1 person was able to locate the space without asking for assistance, and that is mainly because there was not a single person around with the exception of me. The average time spent trying to locate the room was 16 minutes and that is from the Hatch Reading Room to Room 218 which is typically a 3-4 minute walk if you know how to get there. You could start to see individual’s anxiety level rise during this portion of the scenario.

Very confused why the room numbers went from the 200’s in Marvin Hall to the 300’s in Art & Design. She went back and forth between the two buildings three times before realizing the mistakes

62 Case Studies

Figures that going outside might help reground herself to see if there is another part of the building that nobody knows about

Asking for assistance to locate Room 218 and the Art Major student is thinking long and hard but still couldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t tell her where to go

63 Case Studies Well he is in room 217 but just feels like there is no need to go any further until he asked someone

And finally everyone was able to find it with a smile on their face

64 Case Studies

Locating Room 103 in Art & Design After the challenging events of finding room 218, everyone felt relieved to be given such a simple task of locating the wood shop in 103 of Art & Design. Everyone found this one pretty easy but all said the sign was a bit hard to locate because it is kind of tucked behind the door of the shop when it is open. After the 218 experience and how long it took this one only took about 2 minutes to locate and then they had to find the restroom one more time which was even easier because it was right across the hall from the wood shop. The reasoning for doing the bathroom next was to see if anyone would go past it as they walked out the door and thankfully nobody did.

Spots the restroom immediately coming out of the shop

Found it a bit hard to find the sign for the shop but found it and then went directly into the restroom

65 Case Studies

Locating Room 348 in Art & Design The problem with trying to locate room 348 is the design of the Art & Design building. With it being essentially divided into 2 separate wings individuals found it a bit confusing and frustrating on which side to go to. Of course all of this came after trying to locate room 218 and they felt like they might have to go searching through spaces again. The fortunate thing for most people is that they remembered some temporary signage posted in the cafe area and down some of the hallways that directed you to certain rooms. Most of the individuals would go back to those signs to see if any of them would direct them to room 348. With luck on their side they all for the most part were able to find the sign in the cafe which pointed them in the right direction, and after that it was not a problem. The average spent time on this portion was only about 3 and half minutes.

Asking for assistance on which side of the building the room might be located

Looking down hallways at the signage to see if he is even close, itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a guessing game

66 Case Studies

Getting to an Exit or Area of Refuge Something I really found out during this study was the fact that many people didn’t know what an area of refuge was. This came as a shock to me and honestly felt that it should be known by all individuals not just those who can’t use stairs to get out of the building. Many of the participants spent just over 2 minutes trying to find an area that they felt was safe, but many didn’t exactly find an area of refuge. With the closest area of refuge only about 20 to 30 seconds away from room 348, I found this terrifying that if they were put into a situation where there was a fire, that they might not know how to get out or even call for help. Our first and most important job as designers of buildings is to make them safe and provide enough information to allow the user time to get out of the space safely.

As a chair user, you are more commonly aware of where to go in case of a fire and he knew exactly what to do

Even though she sees the outside and is right next to an area of refuge, she goes right by it and down the hall. It’s the UNKOWN factor

67 Case Studies

Locating the Marvin Shop After the fire drill and them leaving the building, each participant needed to head back to Marvin Hall to locate the Marvin Wood Shop. This process was fairly simple because most of them felt quite a bit more comfortable with Marvin Hall after being in it during the first part of the study. Along with that some of the individuals remembered seeing the shop when they were wandering around the first floor looking for the department chairâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s office. The average spent time looking for the shop was roughly 3 minutes and that is from outside the building wherever they exited to the final destination. Some also took into consideration the fact that they remembered the shop in Art & Design being on the first floor so they thought they would look at the first floor in Marvin to begin and go from there.

She is heading back to the entrance because she remembers the shop being on the first floor

She walks right past it knowing it is on the first floor but then quickly regains her ground and finds it

Case Studies Volunteer: Email: Scenario Date:

Building Familiarity

The purpose of this research is to take the first time visitor/student who has limited or no experience in a building on campus, and provide them with a scenario that one might go through on any giving day. The goal is to have one navigate through a building in its present state while studying the total experience of that individual, and later have them complete the same scenario with adequate signage, maps, directories, etc., all while recording the change in experience. This information will lend itself useful in developing a protocol for wayfinding/signage, which will then set a policy for the University to follow.

General Wayfinding/Signage Questionnaire How difficult was it to find the accessible entrance to the building? Please explain.

Do you recall seeing a directory anywhere in the building? If yes, explain how it was helpful in you navigating the building.

If no, would a directory have helped you locate your destination points easier? Please explain.

Do you recall seeing any signs meant to direct you to your destination points? If yes, were they helpful? In what way?

If no, what might have been done to improve the situation?

Were there any maps found to help you locate your destination points? What role did the maps or lack of maps do to contribute to your experience?

THE SURVEY

Purpose

70 Case Studies

Volunteer: Email: Scenario Date:

Building Familiarity

Were there any other features throughout the building to help assist you in finding your destination? (landmarks, kiosks, colors, etc.) Please Explain

What contributed most to the problems you experienced?

Think of a situation in the building where you found it easy to navigateâ&#x20AC;Śâ&#x20AC;Ś a. What contributed most to you navigating the space with ease?

b. What role did signage play?

Did any other features of the building or amenities help?

Can you recall an instance where the placement of a particular sign affected or prevented you from being able to read or understand its content? Please Explain

Were signs properly positioned? (Consistently placed) If yes, how helpful were they?

If no, what did you find inconsistent about the signage?

71 Case Studies Volunteer: Email: Scenario Date:

Building Familiarity

Were the signs lighted properly? If no, what could have been done to fix the problem?

Were signs easy to read? If no, what contributed to the legibility of the sign?

Do you believe signs that have graphic symbols are more useful than signs with text only? Please Explain

Do you expect to find signs with tactile lettering? Do you expect to find signs with braille?

Rate importance of having tactile lettering and braille on the following signs in your journey through a public building from the time you enter to the time you leave?

(Not important = 1, Very important = 5) 1

Exterior Building Identification Sign………………………………………………………….……



Main Lobby Directory Sign……………………………………………………………………………



Floor/Level Directory Sign…………………………………………………………………………….



Amenity Signs (restrooms, elevators, stairs, etc.)……………………………………………



Signs to a Department…………………………………………………………………………………



General Message Signs………………………………………………………………………………..



Room Signs………………………………………………………………………………………………..



72 Case Studies

Volunteer: Email: Scenario Date:

Building Familiarity

Do you find colors make signs easier to read? Please Explain

Do you find color prevents or distracts signage systems from being clear and easy to read? Please Explain

Would you find it helpful to have a digital wayfinding kiosk located in the building? Please Explain

If you were designing a signage/wayfinding system for a public building, what is the ONE thing you think would be most important to incorporate?

If you were designing a signage/wayfinding system for a public building, what is the ONE thing you think you would avoid doing?

73 Case Studies

After the completion of all the scenarios and surveys, the goal was to take all the information collected and break it down into a system which could be compared to one another. The first collection of data was the elapsed time for each destination point. Second was figuring out how many participants had to ask for assistance to locate those destination points. Third was a breakdown of the survey questions to figure out how useful the participants found the current wayfinding and signage and what they felt would improve the current system. After all the data was collected and put into an excel document, the process of further breakdown began to compare different groups within the study. I noticed during the study that individuals had different levels of anxiety, so I knew this would be one of them. Others included male vs. female participants, the familiarity to the buildings, individuals who have disabilities vs. no disability, wheelchair users vs. non-chair users, and visible disabilities vs. invisible disabilities. As you will begin to see, through the different comparisons, there wasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t a big difference in how people perceive the space and use visual clues to help them find destination points.

THE ANALYSIS

Content Analysis

74 Case Studies

Familiarity with Marvin Hall and Art & Design While everyone might agree that you rarely notice the signs in a building when you have become familiar with it, you don’t look at that way when you are first introduced to a space. Hospitals are one of the most alarming examples of this and somewhere not too far from that is a University campus. As a first time visitor or student, it almost seems intimidating to enter a space that is foreign and have no clue where to go. Well that is the way that some of the participants in this study felt. Out of the 12 people who took place in the study, half of them had been in the buildings before and the other half had not. Even with this said it didn’t seem to have a huge impact on the study because most of the people who had been in both buildings were really on familiar with one of them. In both cases, the user would still look for visual clues to help find their way around. This is not uncommon for people to do this in any situation even if they have some kind of familiarity with the space.

The “orange” graphic bars resemble the total number of participants and the average or total counts for the that specific section of the chart. The “blue” represents the participants who have had no experience in the buildings and the “magenta” represents the users who have been in the buildings before.

2:25

Ac ce ss Ac ibl eE ce 1 ss Ar ntr i b an ch 0 l e ce ite St E ntr Sig ct ud u a n re io nc e De Sp pa ac rtm e en tC ha ir

Accurately Labeled Signage Signage Played a Role Graphic Symbols Help

Colored Signage Helps

Prefer Graphic/Text Signage

6 6

Uniformity Amongst Signage Uniformity Would Help Digital Kiosk Would Help

Tactile Lettering Expected

Braille Expected

Signs Were Easy to Read

Signs Were Lit Properly Signs Should Meet Code

2:50

2 Architecture Department Chair

3 Studio Space

4 Marvin Restroom

5 Hatch Reading Room

6 Art & Design Room 218

7 Art & Design Room 103

8 Art & Design Restroom

signs

discomfort

calm

why

218

give up nervous timely manner

danger

damper what

wild goose chase brighter clarity

lack of signs slower

orient

inefficient

frustrating

random

grounded

less

help

which way

easier

where am i

retrace exhausting

where intersection

ridiculous landmarks

overwhelmed

scarypeople

anxious nodes words

more labeling obama here it is

challenging

useless

patterns

difficult

directions

organized

contrast

inconsistent

reorient

indicators

1:55

1 Accessible Entrance

uniformity

guessing

3:15

destination

hard

what floor complicated identify

faster