IN VARIOUS FIBER SOURCES
Jog Raj*, Hunor Farkaš, Svetlana Ćujić, Tobias Steiner, Goran Grubješić and Marko Vasiljević PATENT CO, DOO., Vlade Ćetkovića 1A, 24 211, Mišićevo, Serbia
*Corresponding author: jog.raj@patent-co.com
1
MYCOTOXIN
CONTAMINATION
Dietary fiber is commonly known as the part of the diet that is not broken down by the animal’s digestive enzymes.
The major carbohydrates in any feed are generally polysaccharides which include:
Starch
Cellulose
Hemicellulose
Pectins
Fructans
Lignin
These last four make up the dietary fiber.
In animal feed, wheat bran, corn bran, rice bran, soy hulls, sugar beet pulp and lignocellulose (such as OptiCell® or FibreCell®) are commonly used as a fiber source.
Among these sources, OptiCell®, a standardized, patented combination of natural dietary fiber derived from selected tree species, and FibreCell®, a natural product made of wood-based lignocellulose, have gained increasing attention as a fiber source in animal feed.
Animal feed ingredients can be contaminated with contaminants and mycotoxins are among the main contaminants that can be found in all feed materials including fiber sources.
2
The aim of this study was to analyse the presence of mycotoxins using LC-MS/MS in the following fiber sources:
Corn bran
Dried distillers’ grains (DDGS)
Rice bran
Soyhull
Wheat bran
Sunflower meal
OptiCell®
FibreCell®
These fiber samples for mycotoxins analysis were received from different regions of Argentina, Austria, Chile, Costa Rica, Ecuador, South Korea, Mexico, Peru, Philippines, Serbia, Taiwan and Turkey between June 2023 and March 2024.
Approximately 500 samples were analysed for multiple mycotoxins by LC-MS/MS triple quadrupole (Agilent 6460 series) using a multi-mycotoxin method for quantification of all mycotoxins present:
Aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2)
Deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyl, deoxynivalenol (3-ADON), and 15-acetyl deoxynivalenol (15-ADON)
Fumonisins (FB1, FB2, and FB3)
Nivalenol (NIV)
Ochratoxin A (OTA)
T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin
Zearalenone (ZEN), α-zearalenol (α-ZEL), β-zearalenol (β-ZEL), and zearalanone (ZAN)
Beauvericin (BEA)
Diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS)
Enniatins (ENNA, ENNA1, ENNB, and ENNB1)
Fusaric acid (FA)
Monilformin (MON)
The mycotoxin results for each fiber are as shown below.
3
OptiCell® and FibreCell®
No mycotoxins were found in any of the OptiCell® and FibreCell® samples.
This means that in OptiCell® and FibreCell® AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, DON, 3-ADON, 15-ADON, FB1, FB2, FB3, NIV, OTA, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, ZEN, α-ZEL, β-ZEL, ZAN, BEA, DAS, ENNA, ENNA1, ENNB, ENNB1, FA, and MON were not detected.
Corn bran
The analysis of corn bran samples between June 2023 and March 2024 from Costa Rica, Korea, Mexico, Philippines, Serbia, Taiwan, and Turkey showed that all the samples (100%) were contaminated with more than one mycotoxin. All the samples had presence of at least 5 mycotoxins per sample.
Table 1 shows that FB1, FB2, and FB3 were detected in 100% of the samples (high averages for FB1: 4790 ppb), while AFB1 appeared in 98% of the samples, DON in 43%, and OTA in 35% of the samples.
Among emerging and other mycotoxins, FA and BEA (98% of the samples), MON (50% of the samples), and enniatins (13-46% of the samples) were detected. Overall, corn bran samples showed a significant occurrence of multiple mycotoxins.
4
Table 1. Mycotoxin contamination levels (ppb) in corn bran samples.
AFB1 AFB2 DON 15- FB1 F B2 FB3 OTA ZEN BEA DAS ENNA1 ENNB ENNB1 FA MON Average 28 5 282 479 0 1267 781 7 117 115 2 3 9 6 627 53 Max 236 13 2696 11526 4361 3402 28 368 1481 3 9 79 28 6009 223 Median 14 4 102 4796 1173 669 3 52 32 2 2 3 1 394 31 % of positives 98 70 43 ADON 134 455 28 11 100 10 0 100 35 13 98 4 13 46 15 98 50
DDGS
DDGS samples from Argentina, Mexico, and Serbia were contaminated with more than one mycotoxin per sample.
All the tested samples showed the presence of more than 5 mycotoxins per sample.
Table 2 shows that FB1, FB2, and FB3 were detected in 91% of the samples (high averages, for FB1: 1080 ppb), while DON appeared in 78%, ZEN in 70%, AFB1 in 52%, and OTA in 17% of the DDGS samples.
Among emerging and other mycotoxins, BEA (96% of the samples), FA (87% of the samples), enniatins (9-39% of the samples), and MON (30% of the samples) were detected
AFB1 AFB2 DON 3ADON 15ADON FB1 FB2 FB3 OTA T-2 HT-2 ZEN BEA ENNA1 ENNB ENNB1 FA MON Average 33 18 2925 36 329 1080 420 181 42 18 26 227 138 2 26 7 1536 18 Max 131 45 10566 71 932 2726 921 573 134 25 26 472 922 3 185 21 11642 53 Median 4 16 1001 28 312 840 365 151 16 18 26 199 41 2 3 3 589 10 % of positives 52 22 78 26 70 91 91 87 17 9 4 70 96 9 39 22 87 30
Table 2. Mycotoxin contamination levels (ppb) in DDGS samples.
Rice bran
The analysis of rice bran samples between June 2023 and March 2024 from the Philippines, Taiwan, Korea, and Peru showed the occurrence of more than one mycotoxin per sample.
All the samples showed the presence of 4 or more mycotoxins per sample.
Table 3 shows that AFB1 appeared in 73% of the samples, whereas FB1 was detected in 64%, OTA in 18%, and ZEN in 9% of the rice bran samples.
Among emerging and other mycotoxins, FA (73% of the samples), BEA (55% of the samples), DAS (45% of the samples), MON (18% of the samples), and enniatins (9% of the samples) were detected.
AFB1 AFB2 AFG1 FB1 FB2 OTA ZEN BEA DAS ENNA1 ENNB FA MON Average 11 30 4 48 25 12 72 822 6 2 4 242 48 Max 25 131 5 76 25 17 72 4892 11 2 4 837 91 Median 8 7 4 42 25 12 72 11 5 2 4 91 48 % of positives 45 73 18 64 9 18 9 55 45 9 9 73 18
Table 3. Mycotoxin contamination levels (ppb) in rice bran samples.
Soy hull
The analysis of soy hull samples between June 2023 and March 2024 from Costa Rico, Mexico, and Korea demonstrated the occurrence of more than one mycotoxin per sample.
All the samples had more than 2 mycotoxins up to a maximum of 7 mycotoxins per sample.
Table 4 shows that FB1 was detected in 50% of the soy hull samples.
Among emerging and other mycotoxins, BEA was detected in 100% of the samples, whereas enniatins were detected in more than a third of the samples.
FB1 BEA ENNA1 ENNB ENNB1 Average 69 182 13 74 41 Max 114 957 18 207 70 Median 52 22 12 14 41 % of positives 50 100 33 50 33
Table 4. Mycotoxin contamination levels (ppb) in soy hull samples.
Wheat bran
The analysis of wheat bran samples between June 2023 and March 2024 from Austria, Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Korea, Mexico, Peru, Philippines, and Serbia showed that 100% of the samples were contaminated with a minimum of 3 mycotoxins to a maximum of 11 mycotoxins per sample.
Table 5 shows that DON was detected in 78% of the samples (with an average of 518 ppb), whereas FB1 and FB2 were detected in 24% and 10% of the samples, respectively, ZEN in 5%, and AFB1 and OTA in 4% of the wheat bran samples.
Among emerging and other mycotoxins, enniatins (95% of the samples), BEA (83% of the samples), and FA (43% of the samples) were detected.
AFB1 DON 15-ADON FB1 FB2 OTA HT-2 ZEN BEA ENNA ENNA1 ENNB ENNB1 FA Average 13 518 30 235 160 13 14 44 21 24 29 124 53 126 Max 38 1535 61 1870 552 27 18 83 352 107 154 1468 386 467 Median 1 449 27 43 51 8 14 35 13 20 19 60 30 53 Number of positives 3 64 19 20 8 3 6 4 68 38 72 78 77 35 % of positives 4 78 23 24 10 4 7 5 83 46 88 95 94 43
Table 5. Mycotoxin contamination levels (ppb) in wheat bran samples.
Sunflower meal
The analysis of sunflower meal samples between June 2023 and March 2024 from Austria, Serbia, and Turkey showed that 25% of the samples were not comminated with mycotoxins, whereas 25% were found to contain one mycotoxin and 50% of the samples contained more than one mycotoxin per sample.
Table 6 shows that AFB1 and OTA with an average of 2 ppb and 5 ppb, respectively, were detected in 50% of tested samples.
Among emerging and other mycotoxins, BEA (50% of the samples), FA (38% of the samples), and ENNB (25% of the samples) were detected.
AFB1 OTA BEA ENNB FA Average 2 5 7 14 30 Max 4 6 14 26 57 Median 2 5 6 14 18 % of positives 50 50 50 25 38
Table 6. Mycotoxin contamination levels (ppb) in sunflower meal.
CONCLUSIONS
The main conclusions from the analysis of corn bran, DDGS, rice bran, soyhull, wheat bran, sunflower meal, OptiCell® and FibreCell® for mycotoxins are:
OptiCell® and FibreCell® do not contain any mycotoxins and can be used as a mycotoxinfree fiber source in animal nutrition.
All fiber materials (corn bran, DDGS, rice bran, soyhull, wheat bran, and sunflower meal) were contaminated with multiple mycotoxins.
Among these, corn bran, DDGS, rice bran and wheat bran were highly contaminated with 3-11 mycotoxins per sample.
Corn bran samples (100%) were contaminated with more than 5 mycotoxins per sample.
FB1, with a higher average (4790 ppb) was the most predominant mycotoxin detected in corn bran samples.
Among emerging mycotoxins, FA, BEA and enniatins were detected with a higher occurrence in corn bran samples.
DDGS samples (100%) were contaminated with more than 5 mycotoxins per sample.
FB1, FB2, and FB3 were detected in 91% of the samples (high averages for FB1: 1080 ppb), while DON and AFB1 were detected in 78% and 52% of the DDGS samples, respectively.
FA, BEA, and MON were also detected in DDGS samples.
10
The analysis of rice bran samples from the Philippines, Taiwan, Korea, and Peru was found to contain more than 4 mycotoxins per sample.
AFB1, FB1, FB2, FB3, OTA, BEA, DAS, FA, and MON were the main mycotoxins detected.
The analysis of wheat bran samples between June 2023- March 2024 from Austria, Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Korea, Mexico, Peru, Philippines, and Serbia, showed that 100% of the samples were contaminated 1 - 11 mycotoxins (AFB1, DON, FB1, FB2, OTA, ZEN, BEA, enniatins, FA) per sample.
The co-occurrence of more than one mycotoxin can lead to additive or synergistic effects when fed to sensitive animal species (e.g., swine and poultry amongst others).
This suggests that technologies are required for the control of mixtures of such contaminants in feedstuffs to minimize impacts on animal development.
11
