DEMO
DIGITAL PROJECT M
E
12
INCLUDED ON
TH LICE
NC
3
PRIMARY
Social Science
d oul c t jec d in sub grate s i l Th es, inte ona be cienc regi rk S wo new he frame t uld o. ry sho ulato lish s reg estab
l
a ol b
n o G cti a
What are we going to learn?
ARY
ISCIPLIN
LEARNING SITUATION TARGET IN ACTION
INTERD
SDG
PÁG.
1
How you can find a place
2
Landscape guardians
8
26
Learning situation. A health emergency that requires a transfer to the hospital by ambulance is related to maps and GPS Target in action. Making a map identifying and locating local health centres.
Learning situation. The degradation of natural landscapes due to human intervention and its impact on the living beings that inhabit them. Target in action. Preparing proposals to enjoy landscapes in a sustainable way, without damaging them.
Good Health and Well-being
Life of terrestrial ecosystems
TERM 1 REVIEW
3 4
Can we redesign a city?
o we want D to change our life?
50
70
Learning situation. The description of the green city of Vitoria-Gasteiz as a model of a sustainable city. Target in action. Preparing proposals to defend and support the creation of safer and more sustainable cities.
Learning situation. A young Syrian swimmer, Yusra, leaves her country to flee war, restarting her life in Greece, where she is part of the Olympic team. Target in action. Drafting regulations or laws that protect everyone that forms part of our society.
Sustainable cities and communities
Reduced inequalities
TERM 2 REVIEW
5
L ooking at history
6
H istory has got eras!
86
98
Learning situation. The interaction that human beings have had with nature throughout history is presented, as well as the need to reduce the consumption of natural resources today. Target in action. Presenting environmentally friendly alternatives to reduce the consumption of natural resources, replacing the materials we use.
Learning situation. The invisibility of poverty in today’s society. Target in action. Acting against poverty by carrying out small actions in our daily lives that improve the lives of the most disadvantaged people.
TERM 3 REVIEW
Quality education
End of poverty
KNOWLEDGE TO LEARN, APPLY AND INVESTIGATE
• • • • •
Our planet is moving! Representing the blue planet How do I find places? What’s around me How can I find my way?
• What do we mean by landscapes? • What are the differences between landscapes that are close to the sea and landscapes that are far away from the sea? • What are Spain’s inland landscapes like? • What are Spain’s coasts and islands like? • Why is our community special?
Activities to work on skills • A map representing the planet’s health care • Where is the hospital? • Inside the hospital
• What positive impact do people have on landscapes? Activities to work on skills • What is my environment like? • Enjoy without damaging • Volcanoes • Save the lynx
INTERDISCIPLINARY PROJECT · Do we waste food? I reuse
• • • • • •
What is a locality? What is there in a locality? Living together in a locality Who maintains a locality? Where are localities? What do you know about your community?
Activities to work on skills • What is the difference between a village and city? • Sustainable elements • Naming localities • Can we help the locality? • The 1978 referendum • We use euros!
• • • •
Recognising different population groups Why does the population increase or decrease? Is the population of Spain always the same? Who make up the community’ population?
Activities to work on skills • Recognising the different population groups? • How can we help the population to change? • Why do some people leave Spain and others arrive? • Why come to live in the community?
INTERDISCIPLINARY PROJECT · Protecting underwater life: Waters of the world
• • • •
How time flies! What era are we in? Knowing the past through its remains Preserving and sharing our past
Activities to work on skills • Spot the differences • Speed game
• • • • • •
Life in early times Writing Christianity and Islam So many discoveries! And in the recent years... What’s the history of our community?
Activities to work on skills • We live together in society • Wealth and poverty. Is there a middle ground? • Basic needs • Does reducing poverty improve coexistence? • What can you do against poverty?
INTERDISCIPLINARY PROJECT · Historical remains: Let’s go on a visit!
1
How you can find a place
It is important to know how to phone for an ambulance in a medical emergency. First of all, we must call 112 and calmly explain the situation. The person that you speak to will ask you different questions and give you instructions. They will also ask where you are. Ambulances have got GPS systems which means that they can find where they need to go very quickly.
What do you think? Do you know how to find any place in the world? How can you get to a new place? Do you know what maps and plans are? Do you know how to use one?
Many children lack sanitation. In parts of Africa and Asia it is easy to contract diseases that cannot be cured due to lack of resources.
In this unit...
Target in action Draw a map showing all the health centres in your locality or neighbourhood. Display it on your street to help people in the neighbourhood locate them.
Follow the thread!
8
Context
Planet Earth
1 Our planet is moving!
The globe
2 Representing the blue plane
3
Maps
Plans
Other types of orientation
3
4
5
How do I find places?
What's around me
How can I find my way?
9
1 Our planet is moving! Earth is the only planet, that we know of, that has got the correct conditions for life to exist. We all share the same home: planet Earth.
1 Draw the Earth in translation and in rotation.
Data sheet Name: Earth
2 What movement causes the seasons of the year? What is your favourite season? Explain why.
ar system
Where is it located? Sol Nearest star: Sun
3
Shape: spherical
er) Size: 12,700 km (diamet Satellites: Moon
Earth is our home, and we share it with the rest of humanity. Do you think we take care of it? What things can you do to care for it? Discuss your answers in class.
The Earth’s movements Our planet is in constant motion. It moves in two different ways: around the Sun and around its axis.
Sun Rotation Moon
Earth
Rotation is the Earth’s spin around its own axis. One rotation takes 24 hours and results in day and night.
10
Translation
Translation is the Earth’s orbit around the Sun. It takes 365 days and 6 hours; that is, one year. Translation produces the seasons: spring, summer, autumn and winter.
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The seasons of the year Throughout the year, there are four seasons: winter, spring, summer and fall. Each season lasts three months, and has different characteristics.
Watch the video «The movements of the Earth» at anayaeducacion.es.
Winter
Spring
Winter begins on December 21 and ends on March 21. The days are short and cold.
Spring begins on March 21 and ends on June 21. Daylight hours increase. The temperature increases too.
Summer
Autumn
Summer begins on June 21 and ends on September 22. The days are long and hot.
Autumn begins on September 22nd and ends on December 21st. The days start to get short and cold.
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2 Representing the blue planet How can I look after my health when I travel?
The globe A globe represents the Earth as a sphere. It is a small representation of our planet. We can see where each country is located and how big the oceans are.
12
Our planet is shaped like a sphere. It is a little flattened at the poles, as if we were stepping on a ball. Therefore, the best way to represent our planet is with a globe.
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Elements of a globe All globes have the following elements: • Two poles. The north pole and the south pole. They are the two ends of the planet and are a bit flattened. • The Earth’s axis. An imaginary line that crosses the Earth through the poles and is slightly inclined. • The equator. An imaginary line that divides the planet into two halves: the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere. Earth's axis
North Pole
Northern Hemisphe
re
Equator
Southern hemisphe
re
South Pole
1 Draw a globe in your notebook and label its elements.
3 What is the equator? And the two halves of the planet?
2 Why do you think our planet is called the «blue planet»?
4 Which hemisphere has got more land? Which hemisphere do you live in?
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2 Representing the blue planet
World map
5 What is the difference between a world map and a globe?
A world map, represents the entire Earth's surface on one plane. It shows all the continents, seas and oceans of the Earth.
6
The equator and other horizontal and vertical imaginary lines (parallels and meridians) also appear on the word map. They form a grid. We use this grid locate points on the Earth's surface.
Find information to explain what a continent is, how many there are and what they are called.
7 Locate your country on the political map and answer:
A compass rose shows the four cardinal directions: north, south, east and west.
a) What continent is it on? b) Which continents close to it?
Types of world maps World maps can be physical or political.
are
Types of world maps 180°
150° W
120° W
90° W
N world maps Physical A R C T W
60° W
30° W
0°
I C
30° E
60° E
90° E
120° E
150° E
180°
O C E A N
E
Greenland
S RO
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M
lg a
Y IN
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120° W
Amazon D E S
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150° W
N
180°
Elevation (m) 8000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 500 200 0 – 500
E A N O C
A
60° S
A
Vo
nu
SAHARA
be
S
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A
HI M
G
A LA YAS an ges
30° N
PA C I F I C OCEAN Equator 0°
0° Equator
30° S
LPS Da
Nile
TA
A M E R I C A
I C N T L A AT
UN
O C E A N
A
O
30° N
P A C I F I C
60° N
E U R O P E
K
60° N
A F R I C A
INDIAN
OCEANIA
OCEAN
0
2 000
Australia
4000
6000
30° S
8000 km 60° S
A N T A R C T I C
A 90° W
N
T
A
R
O C E A N
C
T
I
C
A
W 30° W 0° 30° E 90° E 120° E E 180° Physical 60° world maps use different colours60° toE represent the planet’s150° landforms, such as mountains, deserts, rivers, oceans, etc.
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A map representing the planet's health care This map represents the quality of healthcare around the world.
The colours of the legend go from red (very low quality of healthcare) to dark green (very good quality of healthcare). There are also blank countries, because there is no data for them. • W hich continents have countries with a good quality of healthcare? • Which continents contain many countries that have no data? Why do you think this is? • W hat quality of health care does Spain have?
180°
150° W
120° W
Political world N A Rmaps C T
W
90° W
60° W
30° W
0°
I C
30° E
60° E
90° E
120° E
150° E
180°
O C E A N
E S
E U R O P E
60° N
I C N T L A AT
U N I T E D S T A T E S
30° N
P A C I F I C
R
UNITED KINGDOM GERMANY
C A N A D A
MEXICO
O C E A N
A M E R I CA
B R A Z I L
30° S
S
S
SPAIN
ITALY
I
A
60° N
A
FRANCE
S
TURKEY
I
A J APAN
C H I N A
MOROCCO
E A N O C
0° Equator
U
EGYPT
30° N
PA C I F I C
INDIA
OCEAN
NIGERIA
Equator 0°
AFRICA
INDIAN
INDONESIA
OCEAN
AUSTRALIA
30° S
SOUTH AFRICA
ARGENTINA
OCEANIA 0
2000
4000
6 000
8000 km
60° S
60° S
A N T A R C T I C
A
N
T
A
R
O C E A N
C
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180° 150° W 120° W 90° W 60° W 30° W 0° 30° E Political world maps represent the different countries borders and the continents. They also use colours to represent them.
I 60° E
C 90° E
A 120° E
150° E
180°
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3 How do I find places? Language Bank
How do I find the closest hospital to my home to go to in an emergency?
Speaking. In pairs, name the provinces of your autonomous community.
Maps A map is a representation of a large territory, or even the entire surface of the Earth. Maps help us to: • Know where we are and move from one place to another without getting lost. • Know the exact location of any place. • Know the distance that separates one point from another.
Writing. Spot the name of these capitals in your book and write in your notebook the name of the autonomous community to which they belong. Example: Sevilla - Andalucia
Elements of a map Title Indicates the content and / or surface represented on the map.
Territorial division in Spain Capital of autonomous community Province boundaries
Santiago de Compostela
PRINCIPADO DE ASTURIAS
GALICIA
Oviedo
Legend Shows the meaning of the symbols used.
AT L A N T I C OCEAN
Place names They are the names that appear on the map (cities, mountains, oceans, etc.).
P O R T U G A L
Autonomous community boundaries Country boundaries
EXTREMADURA
Mérida
Sevilla
AT L A N T I C O C E A N CANARIAS Santa Cruz de Tenerife
Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
MOROCCO
16
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Where is the hospital? Find information about hospitals in your province with the help of a map. They can be of any type: outpatient, clinic, etc. Compare your search with the rest of the class.
1 What do we use maps for? 2 Name the different elements on a map. 3 Explain what a map legend is. 4 Draw ta map of Spain in your notebook. Write the names of your autonomous community and the surrounding communities.
Take note! Spain has more than 300 public hospitals to which all citizens can go.
Cantabrian Sea Santander
F R A N C E
COMUNIDAD FORAL PAÍS DE NAVARRA VASCO VitoriaGasteiz Pamplona Logroño
N
CANTABRIA
CASTILLA
W
ANDORRA
E S
LA RIOJA
CATALUÑA
Zaragoza Valladolid
A compass rose It shows the cardinal points: north, south, east and west.
Barcelona
ARAGÓN
Y LEÓN COMUNIDAD DE MADRID
ISLAS BALEARES
Madrid Toledo
Valencia
LA MANCHA
ANDALUCÍA
VALENCIANA
REGIÓN DE MURCIA Murcia
r a r e i t d M e Ciudad Autónoma de Ceuta
They are the lines, points, colours or other symbols that represent reality. Its meaning is expressed in the legend.
Palma
COMUNIDAD
CASTILLA-
Conventional symbols
Ciudad Autónoma de Melilla
S
n
e
a
e
a
n Scale
A L G E R I A 0
100
200
A line that indicates the real distances.
300 km
17
3 How do I find places?
Types of maps Depending on the information they contain, maps can be physical, political or thematic. • Physical maps. They represent the terrain and the waters of an area. They indicate the heights (relief) of the terrain using colours and lines. Cantabrian Sea
Spain's relief
Aneto 3 404
River CORDILLERA CAN T
Peak Plains Mountains
P
ÁBRICA
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R
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SI
N
E
O
S
TE
7
M IB
AL
A
NORTE
R
NT
ÉR
IC
E SIS T E M A C
BA
O AS
LE
ARE
S
IS
L
SUBMESETA
ATLANTIC
SUR
OCEAN
SIE
MORE RRA
C
ATL ANTI C O C E A N
O
ISLAS CANARIAS
R
L DI
NA
LE
6 Imagine that you are going to take a trip with your family to France. Think about what types of maps you can consult first and explain why. You can discuss your answers with the rest of the class.
S
SUBMES ETA
5 Look at the maps on these pages and explain what type of map each one is.
S
B UB
ÉT
ICA
RA Mulhacén 3 3478 478
CORDILLERA PENIBÉTICA
M
i ed
te
0
Teide 3 718
e an
rr
100
an
200
S
Search the internet for a thematic map (not a historical one) and say what it represents.
ea
300 km
• Political maps. They represent the political organisation of a territory (countries, autonomous communities, provinces, municipalities, capitals, localities, etc.). Territorial division in Spain
C antabri an S ea GALICIA
Country boundaries
ATLANTIC OCEAN
CASTILLA Y LEÓN
P O R T U G A L
Autonomous community boundaries
FRANCE
PAÍS
ASTURIAS CANTABRIA VASCO
EXTREMADURA
ISLAS BALEARES COMUNIDAD VALENCIANA
CASTILLALA MANCHA
REGIÓN DE MURCIA
ATL ANTI C OC E A N
Me
CANARIAS MOROCCO
Language Bank
CATALUÑA
ARAGÓN
COMUNIDAD DE MADRID
ANDALUCÍA
18
ANDORRA
NAVARRA LA RIOJA
d
r ite 0
ra
n
n ea
S
ea
ALGERIA 100
200
300 km
Speaking. Using the weather map on page 19, discuss with your partner what the weather is like today in the different cities. Writing. In groups, draw a map of Andalusia in your notebook and write what the weather is like in three different provinces.
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• Thematic maps. They offer information on different and varied topics. They can be historical maps, weather maps, economic maps, etc. Types of thematic maps Historical maps report events from the past.
Cantabrian Sea
The Iberian peninsula in the 15th century
León
Corona de Castilla Reino de Navarra Corona de Aragón Reino de Portugal
Pamplona
Zaragoza
Barcelona
Toledo
Reino de Granada
Valencia
Lisbon
ATLANTIC OCEAN ATL ANTI C O C E A N
Islas Canarias
Sevilla Granada Ceuta
M
i ed
te
0
rr
100
e an
an
200
S
ea
300 km
Weather forecast from 0-12 h Sun Sun and clouds Sun, clouds and rain Cloudy Rain Snow Wind
Weather maps report the temperatures, precipitation, winds, etc., of a place.
8 Draw or trace a map of Spain in your notebook. Convert it into a weather map that represents tomorrow's weather forecast. When you finish, discuss
0
100
200
300 km
the map with a partner as if you were on television. Use the cardinal points (north, south, east and west) to help with orientation.
19
4 What's around me Does my neighbourhood have the necessary sanitary services to attend everyone?
Plans A plan is a drawing. It represents a small size from above, such as a village, a neighbourhood, a building or a room. Maps are used to represent large areas. A plan has got the same use as a map. It has also got the same elements: compass directions, place names (toponymy), conventional symbols, legend and scale.
20
Language Bank Speaking. In groups, hide an object somewhere in the playground and give instructions to your partner to find it. Writing. Draw a plan of a village in order to find different locations. Using the language bank, describe the plan. To better understand how a plan is made, watch the video «Drawing a plan» at anayaeducacion.es.
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Paedriatrics Maternity
Diagnosis
Admission
Emergency room
Administration
Treatment room Cafeteria
Waiting room
Laboratory
Sitting room
Inside a hospital Imagine that you have to go to a hospital in your province for an emergency. There is a plan on the door that appears on this page. • Which block do you have to go to? • Which room do you go to? • Which door do you have to enter? • What route do you have to take to get from emergencies to consultations?
1 Draw a plan of your classroom in your notebook. 2
In pairs, choose an object and hide it somewhere in the classroom. Mark with an X the exact place of the object on your plan. Give it to your partner to find.
3 What difference is there between a map and a plan?
21
5 How can I find my way? What technological advances can help us get from one place to another as easily as possible? If we do not have access to a map or a plan, we need to know how to find the cardinal points (north, south, east and west). We can find these points by observing the position of the Sun; moss and vegetation or the pole star, and by using mechanical means such as a compass and GPS. Orientation methods The Sun rises in the east and sets in the west. This allows us to establish the four cardinal points (north, south, east and west).
Position of the Sun Moss and vegetation
Umbria
In the countryside, areas facing north (shady) have more vegetation than those facing south (sunny).
22
Sunny
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1 What types of orientation can you use in these situations without a map or plan? a) You are camping. It is dawn. You want to head south. b) You are walking in the countryside with your dog and it gets dark. c) You are in the hills and you want to walk west. d) You need to get to the nearest medical centre.
Polar Star
If it is night, locating the North star will allow us to know which way is north.
GPS
2
Search for information and find out how to find the North Star (also called the polar star) in the sky. 3 What do the pole star and the compass have in common? 4 Imagine that you are in the field with your family and you get lost. How do you think you would feel? What forms of orientation can you suggest?
Compass
This object has a magnetised arrow that always points north. The GPS system tells us our position through signals it receives from satellites in space. To use it we need an electronic device such as a mobile, a tablet or a computer.
Take note! The GPS not only helps to indicate your position, but also that of nearby places such as hospitals or health centres. 23
Our plant is called ..... It is located in the ..... ..... It revolves around a star called the ..... and has a satellite: ..... It is shaped like ..... and performs two movements: ..... and ..... . 2 Say if the following statements are true or false. a) Translation causes day and night.
5 Name what types of maps exist and explain a little about each of them. 6 Draw a plan of your house in your notebook. 7 What are the elements of a plan? 8 Copy the plan and place each building in the corresponding place.
Calle Verde
b) It takes 24 hours for the Earth to complete one full rotation around its axis. c) The seasons of the year are produced by the Earth orbiting the Sun.
Calle Rosa
Calle Violeta
1 Copy and complete the text in your notebook.
Avenida Azul
Calle Rosa
Calle Amarillo
Calle Gris
3 Read what these people are saying. Are they talking about a globe or a world map?
Calle Blanco
d) Translation lasts 2 years. Calle Marrón
P O R T F O L I O
What have I learned?
Calle Naranja
− Nerea: «Mine covers my room’s entire wall. I put pins in the countries I visit». − Victor: «At a glance, I can see all the oceans on the planet.» − Manuela: «When I want to know where a country is, I keep turning it until I find it.» − Daniel: «I like it because it is a realistic representation of our planet.» 4 What do we use to represent these places, a plan or a map? a) The rooms in your house. b) The roads community.
in
your
c) Parts of your school. d) Your neighbourhood. e) The cities of Spain.
24
autonomous
a) The fire station is north of Avenida Azul between Calle Verde and Violeta . b) The hospital is on the corner of Calle Blanco and Avenida Azul. c) The health centre is located on the westernmost corner of Calle Naranja. d) The school is south of the hospital. 9 Explain the different types of orientation you can use when on a camping trip with your companions.
Traffic lights. Apply the following colour code next to each activity in your notebook: I know the answer I need help or I can't answer the question
U1 T TARGE N IO IN ACT
Drawing a map showing the location of the health centres in my locality 1 Using the «Problem tracker» technique, analyse the different emergency medical situations and the location of the health centre where each of them can be treated. In an emergency, it is very important not to waste time going to the wrong place.
Situation How do I react? Are there more people I need to worry about? How do I feel?
Phase 1 Problem: I have a health problem. Where can I go?
Phase 2 What kind of problem is it? What specialist can treat it? Where is this medical centre located? How do I get to it? What orientation method will I use?
Think about this! Do you think we are aware of how lucky we are to be able to go to the doctor every time we feel ill?
How have I learned? 1 Do you now know something new? What images do you remember? What do you enjoy learning about the most? How is it useful? Does it help you in your daily life?
What is a fast way to get to a hospital or health centre? You can propose several options. What steps can you take to convince your family that it is easy to go to the doctor when necessary?
2 Reflect on what you and your colleagues can improve on in the future.
25
2
Landscape guardians
We can see different landscapes all around us. There are beaches, forests, valleys and deserts, where all kinds of living beings coexist.
Our landscapes often suffer damage: fires, the dumping of waste, using natural areas to build tourist spots, etc. Human intervention in the natural environment has consequences for living beings. It can even cause the extinction of many species.
What do you think? Do you think we can prevent damage to landscapes? How can we stop animals and plants from disappearing in our landscapes?
Context Forests are home to 8 out of 10 species of animals and plants. They are essential for air quality.
In this unit...
Target in action Think about how we can enjoy local landscapes in a sustainable way. Present it to your Town Hall.
Follow the thread!
26
Landscapes
1 What do we mean by landscapes?
Inland and coastal landscapes
2 What are the differences between landscapes that are close to the sea and landscapes that are far away from the sea?
15
Inland Spain
Coastal Spain
Our community
Taking care of landscapes
3
4
5
6
What are Spain's inland landscapes like?
What are Spain's coasts and islands like?
Why is our community special?
What positive impact do people have on landscapes?
27
1 What do we mean by landscapes? Do you know what causes the transformation of landscapes?
Language Bank
What is a landscape and how can it change? A landscape is a large area of land. Landscapes change over time. There are two causes: natural and man-made. Natural causes. Caused by nature
28
Speaking. Ask your partner for information about what type of landscape she/he has. You can use structures from the language bank. Writing. Describe a picture of natural landscape and another one of manmade landscape.
Earthquakes.
Volcanic eruptions.
Droughts.
Erosion by wind, rain, ice, etc.
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Man-made causes. Caused by people
Infrastructure, such as roads, railways, bridges, etc.
Construction. One building or many, forming towns or cities.
Wind mills, dams, etc., to obtain energy.
Deforestation to cultivate the land.
1 What man-made causes can change a landscape? 2
Find information about the landscapes around you. Choose a current photograph
of a landscape that you like. Find another photograph of that same landscape from 50 years ago. Do you see any differences? Discuss them with a partner.
29
1 What do we mean by landscapes?
How are landscapes classified? We can classify landscapes in different ways: Landscapes can be natural or man-made. To know if a landscape is natural or man-made, we must look at its elements.
Natural landscapes Not changed by people.
The natural elements of a landscape are the vegetation or flora, fauna, water (rivers, seas, lakes ...) and relief (mountains, valleys, etc.).
Man-made landscapes Changed by people.
The man-made elements of a landscape are buildings, roads, bridges and tunnels, areas for cultivation, etc.
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U2
Depending on their proximity to a sea or an ocean, landscapes can be inland or coastal.
Inland landscape
Inland landscapes Landscapes that are far away from the sea.
Mountains
Inland landscapes consist of Mountains and plains.
Coastal landscapes Coastal landscapes are close to the sea. They can be flat coasts or cliffed coasts. • On a flat coast, the land is at the same level as the sea and there are beaches.
Plains
• On a cliffed coast the land is above the sea and there are cliffs.
3 How do we know if a landscape is natural or man-made? 4 Look at the pictures and answer the questions.
Coastal landscape Cliffed coast
A
B
Flat coast
• Look at the landscape in image A. Make a list of the natural and man-made elements. • Look at image B. How does the construction of houses affect the area’s fauna?
Take note! More than half of our country is at risk of desertification due to climate change. Desertification causes the loss of dozens of species. 31
2 What are the differences between landscapes that are close to the sea and landscapes that are far away from the sea? Language Bank
What are the different landforms called?
¿Qué es el relieve? Relief is the set of different landforms. These landforms are different depending on whether they are on the coast or inland.
Coastal landscapes Coastal and inland landscapes have got different landforms. Within coastal landscapes we can find the following landforms: capes, peninsulas, gulfs, bays, islands, and archipelagos.
Writing. Draw a coastal landscape with these landforms: cape, peninsula, gulf, bay, island and archipelago. Then, write the words in the correct part. Speaking. Using your landscape picture, discuss with your partner using the structure «there is a… / there are some… ».
Archipelago. A set of islands that are close together.
Island. Land surrounded by water on all sides.
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Cape. Part of the land that goes into the sea.
Bay. Similar to a gulf, but smaller.
Gulf. Large inlet of water that goes into the land. It is in the shape of a half-moon.
Peninsula. Land that sticks out into the sea (or a lake) from a larger area of land. The part that connects it to the larger area of land is called an isthmus.
Isthmus
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1 2 What are the differences between landscapes that are close to the sea and landscapes that are far away from the sea?
Inland landscapes Inland landscapes consist of mountains and plains.
Mountains The main landforms of a mountain landscape are hills, mountains, mountain ranges, mountain chains and valleys.
Plains The main landforms of a plain landscape are plains, plateaus, and depressions.
Mountain. Great elevation of the terrain. It has got three parts: Slope
Mountain range. Set of mountains.
Peak or Summit
Mountain chain. Set of mountain ranges.
Foot or base
Hill. Elevated terrain. Rounded shape.
Valley. Flat terrain between mountains. It has normally got a river.
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U2
1 What is the difference between an inland landscape and a coastal landscape? 2 Draw the landforms of an inland landscape. 3
There are different types of hills. Look for information about what they are called. Do you know any of them?
4 Classify these landforms as coastal or inland: Peninsula – mountain range – depression – valley – bay hill – archipelago – gulf – cliff – plateau Coastal landscape
Inland landscape
?
?
Plateau. Elevated flat expanse.
What is my environment like? Find information about your locality and answer the questions. • Do you live on an inland or coastal landscape? • What species of animals live there? • What species of plants are characteristic? • What steps can you take to protect that landscape?
To better understand landforms, watch the video of a balloon ride at anayaeducacion.es.
Plain. Large flat area of land.
Take note! Depression. Plain located below the surrounding terrain.
There are more than 50,000 animal species and 10,000 plant species within Spain's landscapes. 35
3 What are Spain's inland landscapes like? Do you know why Spain has such great biodiversity? One reason is its terrain. EUROPE
Inland Spain is very diverse. It has got a central plateau called the Meseta Central, four mountain systems bordering it, five outer mountain systems, and two depressions.
AFRICA Equ
C a n t a b r i a n
The Meseta
a aci la z ic o o
Most of Spain’s territory is on the Iberian Peninsula.
CORDILLERA CANTÁBRICA
–T he Sistema Central divides the Meseta into two: the submeseta norte and the submeseta sur.
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SISTEMA
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Bordering the Meseta are the Montes de León, the Cordillera Cantábrica (mountain chain), the Sistema Ibérico and the Sierra Morena.
36
ió
R
E
Systems bordering the Meseta
100
IS
I
T
SUB MES ETA NOR TE
AT L A NT I C O C EA N
0
S
MESETA
–W ithin the Meseta, there are also the Montes de Toledo.
r
Montes P Vascos D ep re s
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G
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S e a
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–M uch of the Peninsula is occupied by the Meseta Central.
Altitude (m) 3 500 2 000 1 500 1 000 700 400 0
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Enjoy without damaging There is a large ski resort in Spain’s Sierra Nevada, in the Sistema Penibético. This natural area is modified by humans. It is a tourist and sports attraction. In a group, reflect on the consequences for the fauna and flora.
1 Guess the landform. The clues can help you. Put the letters in order. • They separate (EPYERESN).
Spain
from
France.
• System that divides the Central Meseta into two parts. (TEMASIS TRALCEN). • Mountainous system that borders the Meseta to the south. (ERRASI NAREMO). 2 Name the mountain systems outside the Meseta. 3 Analyse the map. Between which mountain systems are the depressions of the Ebro and the Guadalquivir.
F R A N C E
4
ANDORRA
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E
ste Co a r le
ro
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Depressions Outside the Meseta are the depression of the Ebro and the Guadalquivir.
Co rd il
Eb
C r o-
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Look at a map of Spain. Choose a terrain. Describe it to a partner. You can use clues like «is north / south / east / west of ...», «is between ..... and .....», and so on.
5 Imagine a squirrel travelling from the Galician Massif to the Pyrenees. What mountain systems does it pass through?
Language Bank Speaking. Look at the map and say a sentence about The inlands of Spain.
e
r
r
a
n
e
a
n
a S e
Exterior systems There are other mountain systems outside the Meseta: the Galician Massif, the Montes Vascos, the Pyrenees, which separate the Peninsula from France, the Cordillera CosteroCatalana (Catalan Mediterranean System) and the Sistemas Béticos, formed by the Subbética and Penibética mountain ranges.
Writing. In groups, make these 4 false sentences true. – Pyrenees separate the Peninsula from Portugal. – Sierra Morena is in the north of Spain. – The Sistemas Béticos are formed by the Mountains of Leon and Toledo. – Toledo mountains are between Northern SubPlateau and Southern Sub-Plateau.
Take note! Forests ecosystems in Spain are no well preserved. We have to protect the forests of the Pyrenees. 37
4 What are Spain's coasts and islands like? Why do people have favourite beaches? Not all of Spain's coastlines are the same. Which one do you like?
Volcanoes The Canary Islands are of volcanic origin. Their flora and fauna are different to the rest of Spain. Look for information. Make a list of four animal and plant species in the Canary Islands and damage they suffer because of human actions.
The Peninsula's coasts The Iberian Peninsula is bathed by the Cantabrian Sea, the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. The coasts have different names depending on where they are. They have got different characteristics. The Galician Atlantic, Cantabrian and Eastern Mediterranean coasts in Cataluña are cliffed, rocky and steep.
Cantabrian Sea Cabo Ortegal
Cabo de Peñas
Cabo de Ajo
0
Cabo Matxitxako
100
200
300 km
FRANCE
Cabo Fisterra
ANDORRA
Atlantic coast Cantabrian coast Galician Atlantic coast
Cabo de Creus Golfo de Roses
Andalusian Atlantic coast
Mediterranean coast
ATLANTIC
Se Cabo de la Nao
OCEAN
Mar Menor Cabo de Palos
Golfo de Cádiz
The Andalusian Atlantic coast is flat and sandy.
Cabo de Trafalgar
ho Estrec
Cabo de Gata
raltar
Golfo de Almería
In the Murcia and Valencia, the eastern Mediterranean coast e is flat n and sandy.
Me
e dit
rr
a
de Gib
Ceuta Melilla
38
a
Golfo de Valencia
n
Eastern Mediterranean coast: catalonian
Golfo de Sant Jordi Delta del Ebro
a
Eastern Mediterranean coast: of levante
P O R T U G A L
Southern Mediterranean coast
The Andalusian Mediterranean coast is both flat and cliffed.
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The islands Spain has got two archipelagos: the Balearic Islands, in the Mediterranean Sea, and the Canary Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean. Terrain in the Balearic Islands Menorca Puig Major 1445
Eivissa
de
Mallorca
S
Cabrera
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0
20
60
40
80
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The Balearic archipelago consists of the islands of Mallorca, Menorca, Ibiza, Formentera and Cabrera.
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Peak Altitude (m) 1 500 1 000 700 400 0
100 km
The Sierra de Tramuntana is in Mallorca. Most of its coasts are cliffed. There are also some flat coasts.
Terrain in the Canary Islands Alegranza La Graciosa
A T L A N T I C Roque de los Muchachos 2426
O C E A N
Lanzarote Lobos
La Palma
Peak
Tenerife
Fuerteventura
Teide 3 718
Gran Canaria La Gomera Pico de las Nieves 1949
El Hierro 0
20
40
60
80 100 km
1 What seas and oceans bathe the coasts of the Iberian Peninsula? 2 Name the coasts of the Iberian Peninsula. 3 What differences are there between the Balearic archipelago and the Canary archipelago?
Altitude (m) 4000 3500 2000 1500 1000 700 400 0
The Canary archipelago consists of the islands of Gran Canaria, Lanzarote, Fuerteventura, Tenerife, La Gomera, El Hierro and La Palma. The terrain is very mountainous, due to its volcanic origin. The Teide volcano, in Tenerife, is 3,715 m high. The Canarian coasts are cliffed and steep.
Take note! Destroying coastal ecosystems reduces their biodiversity of species and the benefits they give to humans. 39
5 Altitude (m) 3 500 2 000 1 500 1 000 700 400 0
Why is Andalucía special? What is the landscape of Andalucía like? Do we have protected natural areas?
0
50 km
racena S.a d e A
S
Inland Landscapes
E
I
R
The interior of Andalucía has got two mountain systems and a large valley: • Sierra Morena to the north and the Sistema Bético to the south. The Sistema Bético is formed by the Subbética and Penibética mountain ranges. The Sierra Nevada is located in the Penibética mountain range.
Huelva
Golf
o d e
ád iz
ATLANTIC
• The Guadalquivir valley or depression is between the two mountain systems.
C
OCEAN
Coastal landscapes The coasts of Andalucía are bathed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. They meet at the Strait of Gibraltar.
Cádiz
• The Atlantic coast stretches from the province of Huelva to the Strait of Gibraltar. It is flat with extensive white sand beaches.
Cabo de Trafalgar
• The Mediterranean coast ranges from the Strait of Gibraltar to the Region of Murcia. It is high and steep, with low beaches of dark sand. 1 What are the two most important mountain systems in Andalusia? What is between them? 2 These are some of the most common animal species in Doñana. Choose one of them and fill in the technical data card. Eel, carp, Iberian worm lizard, the spur-thighed tortoise, European Tree Frog, Iberian Painted Frog, Common Chameleon, Flamingo, Spanish imperial eagle, Griffon vulture, Long-eared owl, Northern Shoveler duck, European robin, deer, European rabbit, Shrew, Fox, Iberian lynx, Marismeño horse and Greater Mouse-eared Bat. 3 Imagine that you want to organise a trip to the northern mountain range of your community. With the help of the map, choose the mountains you want to visit and write an itinerary.
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Doñana national park
Technical data card
Name of animal: ..... Diet: .....
Length of life in years: ..... Is it in danger? .....
g: Photography or drawin
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n Sea
Take note! The Evaluación de Ecosistemas del Milenio en Andalucía (EMA) project aims for ecosystems to support human well-being.
Estrecho de Gibraltar
Sierra Ne
vada
Save the lynx Read this article and answer the questions. • How many Lynxes were there in 2020? • Why is the species endangered? • Is the species out of danger now? • What measures can you propose to protect the Iberian lynx? Discuss them as a group.
The miracle of the Ib erian lynx: its population now exceeds a thousand
After facing extin ction in year 2000 with only one hundred remaining spec imens, the population of th e Iberian lynx now exceeds on e thousand. This is due to 20 years of conservation measures. However, the Iber ia Lynx still appears as an “endangered” species in the Catá logo Español de Especies Amen azadas. For this reason, it is ve ry important to continue with these efforts and programs.
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6 What positive impact do people have on landscapes? Language Bank
What can we do to conserve ecosystems and their biodiversity? Landscapes are not just pretty pictures to photograph. Living beings live in them, including human beings. However, we do activities that harm landscapes. It is important to do small actions to protect them. That means becoming guardians and protectors of landscapes. Some recommendations are:
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Writing. Look at these pictures and write which actions you do at home. Speaking. Using the language bank, give advice to your partner about the things she/he can do at home.
Don't waste water. Use the water you need, without wasting it.
Put the 3R's to use: reduce, reuse and recycle. This reduces waste.
Separate rubbish for recycling. Giving objects a new life.
Save energy. Use sunlight for as long as possible for light.
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Respect nature when you go on a field trip. Don’t leave anything.
Be careful not to start accidental fires in natural areas.
Do not flush chemicals down the drains. Use specialised bins and containers.
Use public transport or non-polluting means of transport.
1 Choose one of the 8 recommendations above. Explain to a partner why you think it is important. 2
Add two more to the list. You can share your ideas with the group.
3 Write a story about a landscape with a problem and the people who solve it. 4
Choose a landscape that you like in your locality or province. Write three problems it is suffering. Give a solution to each one.
Take note! There are people in our country fighting the destruction of landscapes and their ecosystems. One way is by recovering endangered species. 43
P O R T F O L I O
What have I learned? 1 Which are natural transformation landscapes and which are man-made.
of
4 Copy and complete these sentences about the mountain landscapes.
Volcanic eruptions
Droughts and floods
a) The main landforms of a mountain landscape are h....., m....., m....., m..... and v..... .
Deforestation
Construction
b) A m….. is a set of mountain ranges, which, in turn, are a set of mountains. c) A v….. is a flat terrain between mountains. It has normally got a r..... .
2 What is a landscape? 3 Look at the images. Write the name of the landforms.
5 Name the inland mountain systems. 6 Find the names of these landforms in the alphabet soup. • Capes: Fisterra, Creus, Gata, Trafalgar, Palos, Peñas. • Gulfs: Cádiz, Valencia, Almería.
7
A
B
R
A
S
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M
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A
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In pairs, make cards of Spain’s geographical features. Put the cards face down. Take turns, uncovering them and pointing to them on the map.
8 Think of a solution for each of the problems that people cause to landscapes. Traffic lights. Apply the following colour code next to each activity in your notebook: I know the answer I need help or I can't answer the question
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U2 T TARGE N IO IN ACT
Reflect. Detecting causes and finding solutions to help ecosystems 1
Use the logic wheel to reflect on how we can enjoy landscapes in a sustainable way. Present your ideas to your Town Hall.
What is a landscape? What are its characteristics?
1 How can we stop the destruction of our landscapes? Who is in charge?
4
Logic wheel
2
What changes can take place to our landscapes?
3 Why do people damage landscapes? What are the consequences?
Think about this! Do you think that individual citizens are responsible for the destruction of landscapes and ecosystems?
How have I learned? 1 Do you now know something new? What images do you remember? What do you enjoy learning about the most? How is it useful? Does it help you in your daily life?
Do you think it is important to protect the biodiversity of our country? What negative consequences does the disappearance of animal and plant species have?
2 Reflect on what you and your colleagues can improve on in the future.
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