HERITAGE, TOURISM, AND URBANIZATION THE LANDSCAPE AND DEVELOPMENT OF LALIBELA, ETHIOPIA
HERITAGE, TOURISM, AND URBANIZATION THE LANDSCAPE AND DEVELOPMENT OF LALIBELA, ETHIOPIA
ISBN: 978-0-9882675-3-4 Copyright © 2017 the Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York
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H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
TABLE OF CONTENTS
01 02 03
Acknowledgments Page 4
Introduction Page 6
Methodology Page 10
Analyzing Growth and Development, 10 Spatializing Values, 11 Understanding User Experiences, 13 Assessing Visitor Infrastructure and Services, 13 Exploring Management Issues, 13
04
Orientation Page 14
Geographic Orientation, 14 Regulatory Environment, 18
Cover Photo: Religious Event at Biete Gabriel Raphael a
05
History Page 20
Brief History of Lalibela, 20 The Churches: An Overview, 28 Church Design and Construction, 34 Design Detail and Religious Symbolism, 36 Planning and Conservation Efforts: A Diverse and Expanding Scope, 39 Early Conservation Efforts, 39 World Monuments Fund in Lalibela, 41 UNESCO in Lalibela, 42 World Bank in Lalibela, 44
06
Findings and Analysis Page 46
Nature and Factors of Recent Growth, 46 Population Increase and Land Consumption, 46 Resettlement, 52 Tourism, 54 User Satisfaction and Concerns, 58 Local users, 59 Non-Local users, 60 Qualitative Responses, 64 Key Issues, 66 Challenges in Providing Sustainable Tourism Infrastructure, 67 Hotels, 67 Shops, 69 Restaurants, 70
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
Wayfinding, 70 Other Activities, 72 Key Findings, 73 Negative Perception of Shelters, 74 User Opinion, 75 Maintenance Concerns, 79 Authenticity and Site Experience, 80 Potential Shelter Alternatives, 83 Vernacular Architecture Protected but in Disrepair , 84 Traditional Vernacular Architecture Forms, 85 Evolution of Construction Technology, 86 Current Use, 86 Effects of Resettlement on Gojos, 88 Current Conditions and Correlations, 92 Spatial and Temporal Use Within and Beyond the Core Site, 96 Religion in Lalibela, 96 Spiritual Circulation Routes, 97 Religious Events and Spiritual Gathering Places, 102 Intangible Heritage and the Effects of Tourism, 108 Recent Reforestation Transforming the Landscape, 110 Current Conditions, 110 Significant Vegetation around the Churches, 111 Deforestation and Reforestation, 112 View Sheds Merit Further Recognition and Protection, 115 Zoning and Urbanization Effects, 115 Priority View Sheds, 116 Additional Management Challenges, 118 Stakholder Responsibilities and Communication, 118 Community Benefits and Concerns, 119
07
Recommendations and Proposals Page 120
Destination Management System and Evaluation Protocol, 122 Land Use Planning Anticipating Further Growth, 123 Tourism and Visitor Management, 125 Wayfinding, 127 Shelters, 128 Gojos, 128 View Sheds, 130 Landscape, 132
08 09
Bibliography Page 134
Appendices Page 138
Case Studies, 140 Tourist Brochure, 158 Survey Forms, 160
10
Image Credits Page 168
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H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
01 ese e or s orld o
ere nder a en in olla oration
on
e
en s
gene
e
This report was produced by students in Columbia University’s Graduate School of Architecture, Planning, and Preservation (GSAPP) and by students in Addis Ababa University’s Chair of Conservation of Urban and Architectural Heritage, Ethiopian Institute of Architecture, Building Construction, and City Development (AAU-EiABC). The report compiles the findings of a semester-long fall studio at GSAPP, as well as those of two joint workshops in Lalibela, Ethiopia, in July 2016 and October 2016, involving both AAU-EiABC students and GSAPP students.
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e
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
STUDENTS Columbia GSAPP Fall Studio & October Workshop Jahnavi Aluri (UP) Veronica Chuah (UP/RED) Jessica Cruz (UP) Tatiana Kopelman Martin (UP/SIPA) Cheng Liao (HP) Sarah Reddan (HP) Cameron Robertson (HP/UP) Stacy Tomczyk (HP) Mengjie Zhan (HP)
AAU-EiABC July & October Workshops Matiyas Bekele Tadesse Gelaye Rahel Lemma Yohannes Mekonnen Yalew Regassa Fkereselase Sifir Wogen Taye Samson Wondimu
Columbia GSAPP July Studio X Workshop
Most of the fall team
Tania Alam (HP) Boer Deng (Arch) Nicholas Kazmierski (Arch/HP) Adam Lubitz (UP/HP) Dorothy MacAusland (UP) Matthias Neill (UP) Stacy Tomczyk (HP) Laura Weinstein-Berman (HP)
FACULTY Columbia GSAPP Erica Avrami, PhD, James Marston Fitch Assistant Professor of Historic Preservation William Raynolds, MS, Adjunct Assistant Professor of Historic Preservation Laura Weinstein (HP), Fall Studio Teaching Assistant
AAU-EiABC Fasil Giorghis, MArch, Chair, Conservation of Urban and Architectural Heritage Tadesse Girmay, MA, Lecturer, Conservation of Urban and Architectural Heritage Leslie Gottert, MA, Lecturer, Conservation of Urban and Architectural Heritage Bayenew Melaku, Assistant Lecturer, Conservation of Urban and Architectural Heritage Helawi Sewnet, MA, Lecturer, Conservation of Urban and Architectural Heritage
World Monuments Fund Stephen Battle, Program Director, Sub-Saharan Africa Summer team
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H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
INTRODUCTION The eleven Rock-hewn Churches of Lalibela have stood for more than eight hundred years. They are part of a sacred landscape that still welcomes tens of thousands of religious pilgrims during the holidays of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. One of the first sites to be designated as UNESCO World Heritage, Lalibela has also long attracted visitors from abroad and is now one of the top tourism destinations in Ethiopia.
02 n
a e
lti ear endeavor initia ed
io ian overn en so g
e
or earner in
e
i
roved rod
and
no
o
in ras r
inves
re and o is inves
o ential o o o ris
en ni
en
e ali ela reven e
as o
ess o
val e o
i
e
as so g
ere i
e
allenges o
e
no erode
e
rn i
rove
e e ono i
e o n r a large
o ever
on reserving
e
enti destination and as a
e o
ni
oe is
o
eir
r
es
rise an in egra ed
e in reased resen e o visi ors in ali ela and re and servi es
es
as
e eri age si e
o a i ali e on
e and a
e in ras r r
i
ali ela
an in
ali ela as a ni
erien e
ade in
is s ra eg is de enden
e lands a e in
orld an
orld eri age i e o serve as a driver
la e o living eri age and
o
a en o rages
lti si e rogra
onditions o lo al residen s and es
en
ore and s a longer is
e
ro g investing in
ar e develo
s ar o
le ed in
orld an and
a e o ris
io ian e ono
ore o ris s o s end P
o
e
is i e
e re
ire ose signi
si al and so ial a ri o or an
a o ris
alities and reso r es
nda en all relies
an
e o n and
and i s asso ia ed gro on
i
i
e
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
7
“So great is my desire to make known this splendor to the world.” Francisco Alvarez, A. D. 1540 (IFM 1967, 7)
Biete Ghiorgis
8
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
s o lined in r
es o
e
anage en Plan or
ali ela
io ia
e o
e n
e ali ela o n d inis ra
tion in l des ve kebeles an ad inis rative nion si ilar o a neig
or ood
ording o ela in
o r an e eles and
e
as
ens s i
ree r ral e eles
e overall o in
lation o
e r an e eles and
e o l ing r ral e eles Per ro e tions atisti al
o do
ori
le
ese o
lation g res are e
i in and aro nd ali ela
ile si
develo
en as
se Plan or land se and develo
e
e ed
l aneo sl
eri e er o
r
ilding is in s ar e s
es is r gged l
e o n
e in rease in o ris areas ave
os
rred si
l aneo sl
elds in
e o er
a or a or in
is gro
in ali ela Peo le living in o l ing
or nities in ali ela
e ore and
a i le
n
er ones o develo
on e
orld
eri age i e
en areas in
is as eg n a a ern o ange
e ali ela
e o er r ani ation e
e i
ore visi ors are o ing o ali ela ro a ori
e s ronger
rren l residen s
e ed o ld dra ati all
lands a e aro nd
ere
as een
oved o o n in order o e loser o
eri e ers o o n
e e
ali ela as o
e dis la e en o ar ers ro
ral
en
e lands a e s rro nding and level land s i a le or
r
o
ave een rese led o ne
oda e
re are a ne
i
ro
ro e ting i s eri age and lands a e and roviding or onsid era le o ris
e re en gro
e ono i o
e en ral
orities are ressed o a o
is gro
ali
o
a road
o visi ors o ali ela are religio s ilgri s Per rea o
l re and o ris
in
oreign o ris s visiting ali ela and
ere
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
do esti n
o ris s n
e eriod ro
o
er o oreign o ris s averaged
do esti
o ris s averaged
are
ore di
resen ris
l o o n
eir national
er ear and
o visi
e a se ards a
as or enna ele ration
ese g res do
e si e reg larl e do no
ere
na ral and and o
allenges and o ol
e
ere an esti a ed ors i ing a
e
re or ali ela is ontingen
on alan ing iss es o ra id r an gro ors i
e
es s s aina le
o ris
e
a ti e or
e ti e o
ilgri s s a ing in ali ela and r
e
er ear
no in l de religio s ilgri s
9
ia niversi
l ral reso r e ro e tion s iri al ni e
ali
o li e o e
ig
e addressed a
s rad a e
ool o
Plane from Addis Ababa to Lalibela
in reasing lore r
ie
ese l
ro re
Planning and Preservation ddis r
a a niversi
ie
ral
olla ora ed
•
i
ro e
so g
ons •
o tion
e ser e
en s
r
r an and ie
re
en
i
nd o develo a
ali ela e ollo ing
ali ela and o e
lar ar
eo
evelo
on a
o ns a e and e gro
onservation o
o e a ine
e verna
PP and ro
io ian nsti
s atiali ed e ond
•
air o
orld
e val es o o
ia
tion and i
s den resear is ro e
s
eri age
ilding ons r
ol
e are re resen ed and
si al a ri o
ie
re
e
r
es
e lands a e and
e vis al and s iri al e ali ela as eviden ed
erien e
land se and
ilding a erns and rans or ation
erien e a
ali ela in l ding
a o religio s
ors i ers and lerg lo al residen s and oreign and do esti •
o ris s
e visi or in ras r
re and servi es o
ali ela
in l ding o els res a ran s ransi signage e •
e overall o
anage en o
ilgri age and
ali ela as a o
ors i
s a e olders ranging ro
and ni
lands a e and ne
la e
or o
lo al o in ernational
olle ting and anal ing eld and is ori al da a o e er nders and sers re o
is resear
in angi le val es View from Lalibela
a
e long er en o
e o no
identi es e
endations
lanning develo
e si e and
ali ela
ndings and
an in or
re resear
ai
or
is o s
ell as i s a es and
e s s aina le
ile also reserving i s angi le and
roviding a
o ndation or de ision
ali ela as
a ing
ore ro
s eviden e ased
10
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
METHODOLOGY
03
This project involved faculty and students from Columbia GSAPP and from AAU-EiABC, as well as staff from World Monuments Fund. The project was deployed through two field workshops in Ethiopia, one in July 2016 and one in October 2016, and a semester-long urban planning and historic preservation studio at Columbia University. Three student teams were involved in the project: a July workshop team of Columbia GSAPP students, an October workshop/fall studio team of Columbia GSAPP students, and a team of AAU-EiABC students who participated in both field workshops and collaborated remotely throughout. a a olle tion and s rve s d ring eavil on
e se o an a
o o ool o
alled o o olle
a allo s or o ine
o
or
ines res l s in o a
loaded
den s
s rve o so r es
or s o s relied and i s
e in er a e an o en so r e so
olle tion readil
e eld
res
oordina es as
visi ors and sers n s
lar da a se
en
s o i e da a or s or
si al ea res and s r sing P
lti le sers and
as er a
ere a le o
are or da a
e ro e
e
a
ing o re
ell as or in ervie s involved
anti ative and geo s atial resear
e i
ali ative
e ods
ANALYZING GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT ra ing
on
da a o
a e o n a ani Pro e ro
o
iled in
a ase
densi
a
arative
anti
o ogra
and in ervie s
i
e ra e o
lands a e
In sum, the project involved qualitative, quantitative, and geo-spatial research methods.
er s o
e
re
i in
e
ell as
i in
o ential ne
a s and lans
on
nders and
e eri age si e
e o n and r
e a
den s
orities o ro g l
is anal sis el ed o in or
anti i a ed in
ange
and
eld da a olle tion
lo al a
er one
reali ed as
anding r an
anal sis o rela ed
anges and visions or
Columbia & AAU students during field work
ee
a
ali ela o anal e i s a erns o gro
ation and o
ore and
as rea ed in r anti
also sed eld o servations o
o
and sa elli e i ager
s den s o vis ali e and oo rin o
e niversi
i in o
e roader
e gro
ral se Plan as een i
ali ela is eaded in
land se and develo
en
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
SPATIALIZING VALUES e ro
o
eo le ongrega e and
r er anal e
e val es o
e
r
es na el
i in and aro nd
e
orld
o
eo le se
eri age si e
a are riti al o
nders anding o ld
en el
s rve s o ogra
ere
s and sa elli e i ager i
ar
e s a es
s rro nding
r
es
•
ara er
onservation and
o •
is range o val es
lo al s a e olders o investiga e
e s iri al ores
a
i in and
e
el
o de ne
r
es o i s roader geogra
e raditional verna e
orld
lar ar
ie
e
ara er and i and
re in
e areas
eri age ore er ed lo all as
gojos also no n in nglis as a s
e is ori and
on e
s rro nding
arative and is ori is ori al da a and
s eds ni
all
e ore si e
relations i o is
ere
ors i
lan ed rees and
e vie
orall and s atiall
ro essional ro es and areas
e na ral lands a e s e i ne l
e e
a and
e on e
sed vis al o servation ondition
eld da a olle tion o
and in ervie s
o
•
ese relations i s
o in or
lanning de isions so as o reserve is anal sis
and
den s
si all
ro g
e s rro nding lands a e in era
de ning ea res
ali ela
ose val es are
re resen ed ransla ed or s atiali ed
and
e si e e
o
o nders and o
aro nd
e s iri al se o
anage en Plan rovided a good o ndation i
so g
•
11
ls or
ls
and •
ei
a
r
es.
o
e s el ers
a
over several o
e
Gojo View
12
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
Local worshipers leaving Biete Mariam church service
Trees in Church Group Two
Columbia & AAU students during field work
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
ge
ere
o
e a ili
o sa el naviga e o a desired ar
e si e and a ilities o a o ee o er asi needs
a enities s s o s
oda e
as e and
o e visi ors re
ire additional
as lodging res a ran s and so venir
o ever i is also lear
oreign o ris s
a in ras r
a no al a s
ee
re or
e needs o
religio s ilgri s and vi e versa o ens re develo
en o
ali ela
s
e si e and o n ad inis ra ors in nd reative sol tions o
needs o a range o
sers ro
e level o i
or an e
is la ing on
e o ris
er o
ee
e dis ara e
oreign and do esti
o ris s o ilgri s o reg lar lo al
an
e s s aina le
a
e
ors i ers
e o
io ian govern en
ind s r s den s ond
eld s rve s o log and do
e isting visi or in ras r
ed
en
e
re in ali ela in l ding o els
res a ran s s o s signage and o er a enities as s Local worshipers leaving Biete Mariam church service
le en ed
e
ers o
o ris
UNDERSTANDING USER EXPERIENCES den s ond
ed a ser s rve and in ervie ed
eo le a o olle i
e si e d ring
da a a o
ressions
eir e
ol
ia
l and
aired o allo
nglis and
ari
ere
e
s a e olders
i
ries s n ns
r
es l s
o
ere
s atisti s and
o
en o
areas o develo
ser e
en o
e ore and e so
national s a e o e ergen
en is a
e govern en a
ver one visiting ali ela re
ires ade
ae
eans o
e
orld
o
o el
ig
ore
ers o
lo al
are roa
anaged and o ed
ol
res and a
ia roa
o
o
l ral
o
ni
PP s den s in o
e
es a a range o si es
ilgri age si es na ral
ro g
e
nders anding
l ral
arative ase is ories
ida e ossi le ra ti es ro
i
a
ali ela
ene es
e
i
ildings are reg la ed
eri age i e
si es and el
e
e o ge a asi
reli inar
er or s o
ndings
and s a e olders
i
e re or
rod
as s ared
ed a re or o i
lo al a
is ill s ra ed re or re resen s e
s in or ora es and
ASSESSING VISITOR INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES
orities and
and re resen atives ro
lative ndings o
ool
l re and
e all s dio also nder oo resear
er ones o ne
ere an eled d e o
ena ed
e se ond eld s
residen s
r
anage en s r
ors i ers
erien es i
e
land se and
d ring
o
iled o rovide des ri tive
a s den in ervie s
ad een rese led ro
ials
o
develo
o nd g ards residen s and
ali ative da a a o
s o ld e no ed
e ti e o
r
e
or s o s s den s
eri age and o ris
io ia and in ernational o ris s in l ded
eld
ials ro
o
o in ervie
e s dio s rve also in ervie ed a varied gro
ell as Planning a
o n d inis ration
s in l ding lo al ali elans visi ors ro
di eren regions o
ore
o
s den s
ni ation in o
allo ing
e o n d inis ration
i
leaders i
ring o
i
eetings
EXPLORING MANAGEMENT ISSUES
erien es and or o
r
in ervie s and
an
o er or s o s
PP and
ere generall diverse gro
e
ore
e
as
i
is da a
resen s
eir ndings along dis re e ro osals or
orities e
or s o s and all s dio and
ilds
on
e reli inar re or
e vario s anal ses nder a en and i
re o
endations and so e
re a tion
13
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H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
ORIENTATION
04
GEOGRAPHIC ORIENTAT ION
Lalibela is located in the Amhara region of Ethiopia’s northern highlands, about 645 kilometers from Addis Ababa. Within the center of Lalibela sit the famous rockhewn churches. The site consists of a designated core zone that incorporates the eleven churches and a surrounding buffer zone, both with regulatory restrictions to protect the churches from encroachment. The preservation of these churches is one of the main priorities of the Lalibela community and such efforts have long been supported by the Ethiopian government and numerous international actors.
Map of Ethiopia highlighting Lalibela
The culture and heritage of Lalibela attract tourists and pilgrims from all over the world. However, the introduction of more visitors has served as a catalyst for development, which has impacted the community, economy, and city administration. The development of the tourism industry is also impacting other nearby areas like Nakuteleab located to the south of Lalibela and Simano located to the north.
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
edage
15
o
Trenches Churches Roads Buffer Zone Core Zone 2015 Urban Footprint Planned road Potential new growth areas Airport
Map of Region
View of Lalibela’s Southern Growth
16
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
Biete Medhani Alem
Biete Mariam Biete Maskal Biete Golgotha Mikael Biete Denagel
Biet Ghiorgis
Trenches Churches Roads Buffer Zone Core Zone 2015 Urban Footprint Planned road Potential new growth areas Airport
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
17
Biete Amanuel Biete Qeddus Mercoreus Biete Lehem
Biete Abba Libanos Biete Gabriel Raphael
Map of Lalibela highlighting the rock-hewn churches located at the center of the city
18
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT
r
io ia is a ederal s a e divided in o nine e ni regional s a es kililoch i
ali ela is in
e
ased
io ia
ara division
as i s regional a i al in a ir ar
e
n
e
or
ro g
e
r er divided in o eleven woredas,
or
ollo one is
and ntil re en l
ali ela elonged o
o ever in re ognition o i re
e onal en er o
ires as a
orld
lained
e
a in
an a i
o i s s all si e
a ing i ro g l e
e ali ela
ali ela a gives i
as
oreda in i s o n rig
e and
dire l involved
i
and o er
r
on rols
e si es
ro er
divided in o
r
e si e and
i in
e o
si e on a da
o da
asis on rols
orld an
ring
e o rse o
een e
ended
n e o ever
e
i
s a e olders on erned
ni i ali
and o ers involved
e si e o
ali ela in l ding o el o ners o r g ides and r odo ni i al a ali ela re
e ali ela o n d inis ration is
ori
arged
i
or s o es a lis rigins
e
roviding servi es or
inis r o
ro o ols
e national o ris
a
es are res onsi le or i
gran s
e lo al ali ela in o
o
inis r o
onservation o i
l ral
a regional o
res onsi le or all e i in
e ore si e o ring
in
io ia and o
e ederal level and is aradig li le
e ra idl gro ing ind s r e
also ori
or s o onserve or esear
eri age
and
ased in ddis
e in a ir ar
e
ni al e or s o reserve
is e eri age
ali ela
e regi e o
io ia in l ding
aign
l re and o ris
l re and o ris ro g
orities
ind s r
le en ation
eo
anage
io ian eri age a a
e eri age si e o
e o ris
ade on
lo al o
e
e
e oldings o
erg e
all land io ian
r odo
en e
en l
enti
as
l re and o ris
i in
a or de isions are
e i ili
e
en l involve additional govern en al a
e national level
develo ing
re i
o n and i s residen s de isions involving
e
io ian
r ile
a
e
o in
ea
e res onsi ili
is no single enti is
e
and i
ese entities ave een e
re o
dge s o
ese entities ave ad relativel e de isions
ori
o
ig i
ade ig i
o er in ali ela a o
a e a arti
as
ell as
o govern en
so e o
lar
oi e or
lar on ern as e si e ar
ere ile
ai s
also er i s a onsidera le
degree o a ono o s a tion r
e eri age
ese ro e s ave
de nitive on rol over is a
large s ale
ro e s in ali ela
a lead o r s ration or ina tion as ever
or ano er o a
e
lo al
de eren e
o address a arti i
anages
i
ere is so e a
olds
en e over ti e
ese ro e s
li le a ili
r
e
e reven e ro
en
si e and
n additional o ris
ig o s
een involved
os
e eri age si e
r
orities in l ding develo
ni ation
e
e
eo
e o n
r odo
orities
ave re en l
onservation or o ris
ali ela
ore a
ni
involved in e de isions a e ting
l re
n
e er s re endo s in
i
and
e ase o
io ian
di eren res onsi ilities o ris
re ains
ega e al
a ing o ners i
o n il as een es a lis ed o a ili a e o een
e
r odo
e
e ali ela o n d inis ration onsis s o
e Planning
on i
leases n
n ernational a
ve e eles
i
is national land oli
national and in ernational a
entioned ali ela i sel is s
onsti tion o
sales and donations and is rea ed
ore
s revio sl
es
ro g long er
io ian a
e
e s a e on rols all land se and reg la es a ess
o ld nor all en o
ivalen o a
several se ara e o
io ia
oreda
ers o
gran ed a s e ial ad inis rative s a s lo
eldi a
e n s al onsiderations
eri age si e
o n d inis ration e
e as a
rren l in e e
o land
ollo one ad inis ered
nder
anged and is a so r e o
ara division
onsis s o en ones and ali ela is lo a ed in
as nationali ed
e ea
io ian
r odo
orities a var ing levels
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
19
Lalibela is in the Amhara division, which has its regional capital in Bahir Dar. The Amhara division consists of ten zones, and Lalibela is located in the North Wollo Zone administered through the zonal center of Weldiya.
Trenches surrounding Biete Denagal
20
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
HISTORY
Lalibela is internationally recognized for its eleven monolithic rock-hewn churches. The origins of the churches are debated, but historical records suggest that the churches were constructed by successive regimes in response to Muslim conquests of Jerusalem in response to Muslim conquests of Jerusalem, with the hope of creating a “New Jerusalem� for Christian pilgrimages (IFM 1967, 7).
05 ean
ile
ons r
io ian legend asser s
ed
e ag e s e o
i in
en
nas
lation
a
in e
e
el
r
es
e
r
es
ing ali ela o
en r
ere is also
ere a dire
res l o
een
e ro
e n
r
ristian ilgri age si e
es ave
ere as also
een a long is or o in ernational involve en a ran is o lvares a Por g ese as
e rs o
grande r o
ere
aro nd
in e i s in e tion lar
a
ree ears
e a s visi o er sale
re ained a o
A BRIEF HISTORY OF LALIB E LA
e si e
issionar and e
lorer
lis de ailed des ri tions and raised
e
r
es a
ali ela
e
er ier
e rs re orded in ernational onservation in erventions a en r e
nder r
es
e
r
e reign o
es
ere in ress
e earl
entie
id e
ere overed in a red las er
even in ali ela s ti eline a e in
en
oo
e ne en
no a le eror
aile elassie a e o ali ela or s iri al g idan e e o nr
as resisting alian invasion n doing
aile elassie ro g
io ia and ali ela o
in ernational s age raising a areness o
e si e
e
ile is
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
21
“The eleven rock-hewn churches in Lalibela and their surrounding is claimed to be of outstanding universal value… the work was a gigantic accomplishment in engineering and architecture.” UNESCO 1978, World Heritage designation
Biete Ghiorgis
22
i
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
grea er in ernational a areness o ris
gre
er en a ear in
e Pan rs
ri anis
o ris
i
n ernational orld
on
e
s
i
io ia
l aneo sl
as nder a
rgani ation o
a a in e
anage en as
ove en
on eren e o
eld in ddis
e earl
in i
ri an ni
e o ris
as er Plan in nd or
on
en s
nd
involve en in ali ela re ediating
en e
la er no n la n
ed
ell as raising a areness a o n
ali ela
eir rs
e earl res oration
Since their inception, the rock-hewn churches have remained a popular Christian pilgrimage site.
orld r
es as
o ever in and
e o
o ris regi e o ris
ali ela s
l ral
an e
rs
evelo
and a ear la er en s
signi
e
io ia ontin ed gro ing
li ation o
e or s as
ell as
e ver
eri age i es or i s o s anding e s rro nding verna
e ears ollo ing ivil nis
in
as designa ed a ong lar ar
ie
ar erri le a ine
erg regi e al ed in ernational
io ia ntil
e la e
s
er
e end o
io ia egan o s a ili e allo ing in ernational o res
e
re
e
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
n
e
s rene ed e or s o address onservation and
environ en al iss es a
ali ela
oo erative e or s o nder
e
a ne
and
rella o
gen
ere initia ed
e innis
and
e
ro g
e
e innis govern en
n ernational
evelo
ro ean nion
era o in ernational engage en a
en
e si e
a
e
i
orld an
s ained
o ris
as a
nded
evelo a or as e
een ears n
led ro e so e o
o e
a ro e
e Plan or
r
es
in
a
s initiating
e
nor
orar s el ers over
o ears la er in i
e
e
ro i a el and so
ali ela
ro g
a or o ris destination or
res l ed in
o se olds ro o
orld
io ian govern en led
s a ing ali ela as a is ro e
en over
nded a
in ali ela o genera e e ono i gro
io ia Par o
en o nd Pover
e
ild ro e tive e
an in oo eration o ris
n io ia
e ne
ar ing
ontin es oda elera ed and
orld an s involve en in ali ela s develo
e rese le en o
e ore one o areas
orld an vol
In 1978, Lalibela was designated among the very first UNESCO World Heritage Sites for its outstanding churches as well as the surrounding vernacular architecture.
Gathering of pilgrims at Biete Gabriel Raphael
23
24
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
is ti eline rovides so e e da es and eriods in ali ela is or in Years Pre en r
Interests and Interventions in Lalibela Twelfth century ons r ed
ali ela
r
es
Sixteenth century a er ran is o lvare rs lis es de ailed des ri tions o e ali ela r es
s
1916–1930 ress e di o issioned a res oration rea en o ie e an el i involved a ree ar i e and ndian onservation ea
s
1935— eror aile elassie visi s ali ela see ing s iri al g idan e d ring e alian invasion
in l ding in ernational involve en
National History Second century A.D.
ingdo
o
e o es a regional rading o er
ristiani arose in io ia in e o r en r o o leri s ro ria o gained e avor o ing a ording o radition atis oni 1529–43
sli
leader
1895
al invaded
1896
alians de ea ed a
ad ragn invaded
s
1958— io ian reservation and onservation s andards es a lis ed i e assing o la s on nti ities d inis ration ins e tion inven or and resear o l ral eri age
s
1967— n ernational nd or on en s re rsor o orld on en s nd es a lis es o i ee or e es oration and Preservation o e r es o ali ela 1967–1970 rogra led
o
re ensive res oration r andro ngelini
1978— esignation o ali ela as orld eri age i e
ollo ing e ea ana o s o
io ia
io ia e a le o
d a
1935—Italy invades Ethiopia 1936–1941—Italian Occupation 1941— eror aile elassie as res ored o resis an e g ers and e ritis ili ar
s
s
e national on e
o ris
o ris es gro ing
1963— irs on eren e o eld in ddis a a 1966— o ris
1974—
evelo
rganisation o
e o
1975— ationali ation o
nis
i
ri an ni
as er Plan
eror aile elassie over ro n in
eginning o
rone
er en a ear e
en
e
ili ar
o
erg
r an land and e ra o ses
1977–79— o sands o govern en o onen s die in ed error olle tivi ation o agri l re igra an Peo le s i eration ron la n es ar or regional a ono 1977— o alia invaded
e
n ernational n ervention n eres
e
ational
e
ali ela
is or a es
a es
a es
io ia
e aid o
ing
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
25
Religious Ceremony at Biete Mariam
26
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
Years s
Interests and Interventions in Lalibela 1982–1983— orld 1984—
r
o
eri age o nd
nd nan ed a s rve
s
e
and develo
orar roo ere ed a
1993— no er e
or all
r
1984-85— a ine
es
1988—
as de ar a ed and en ed
1984-87—Planning ora ori area aro nd e r es 1986
National History
orar roo
ie e
en al ree e i
osed in ore
aria
as ere ed a
ie e
1991— nd o
aria
Mid 1990s— in ali ela innis n ernational evelo en gen ar ners i e and on e environ en al as e s o e ro e s as e drainage and living onditions 1994— e r
rovides illion e ros or es in ali ela
e ons r
1997— onservation a tion lan as rea ed e and e or an n ernational o etition o 1999— irs 1999— s
as er lan o
el er o
ali ela
io ia and o alia signed a ea e rea
tion o s el ers over
een io ian a ild s el ers over
o
nis
erg
1994 e onsti tion divided e ni all ased regions 1999-2001— io ian rn in o a ar
io ia in o
ri rean order las es
orities r es
as re ared
etition anno n ed
2000— orld an nded Plan or P P eginning o orld an involve en n egra ed ra e or iagnosti orld an nded Plan or elera ed and s ained evelo en o nd Pover P P
2008 e ri o n il vo es nani o sl o end ea e ee ing ission o oni or e dis ed order e een io ia and ri rea
2006 and nd resear in o de a ro esses a e ting ali ela ro s o de ne long er s ra eg or onservation o r es
2009 o alia
2007—
ilding o
e o r
r
2009— r ral se Plan or re ared ons l or Planning nsti e 2009— i ael e
s el ers e
ara
ere o
i
le ed
orld an
o
e a ani nitiative o e niversi laser s anning o e entire si e
2009— i and e onservation o l ral eri age a e ie e a riel a ael r
i dra s or es ro
or ali ela as released ational egional a e r an
i egan o e rese led
2009— ar ners o n and ond ed
io ia or all
ra
r lo s o
a e
ori or esear and la n ed a reservation ro e a is lo a ed i in e ilgri age si e
2009— orld an rese le en rogra o relo a e a ro i a el seven ndred a ilies living i in or near e ore si e egan s
2010— orld
eri age ar en r
ie
re Progra
ission
2012 io ia a sed o or ing eir land or oreign inves ors
P
o sands o
2012— re eived a gran ro e assadors nd or l ral Preservation P o es less in r sive al ernative onservation s ra egies on ie e a riel a ael
2015 ling io ian Peo le s evol tionar e o rati ron P on an over el ing vi or in general ele tion
2015— orld an
2016— overn en dro s lans o e and ddis a a a er on s o ro es s ro o e ni gro earing ar ers o ld e dis la ed
2015—
ese le en
Preservation
2016— ational o ris eing dra ed rren l
oli
or
o
le ed
on l ded a and a ive ear
ie e a riel a
ael
ra egi Plan or o ris
is
2016— i on s a e o e ergen de lared a er on s o violen anti govern en ro es s
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
27
Doorway at Church Group One
Religious Ceremony at Biete Mariam
28
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
T H E CH UR CH E S : A N O VERVIEW e
r
a s
es o
le lands a e
oli es e ele en s o er sale
narratives gro
ali ela are ar o a o
ere are
ree gro
re resen s ar l
re resen s
eavenl
so
er sale
er sale
and o r
and ese
es
i li al e rs
e se ond gro o gro
s are
se ara ed ile
e
a s allo ird gro
i
iorgis is isola ed ro gro
s are onne ed
nnels and a
gorge re resenting
e ordan iver
on ains onl one e o ers
as s e
till all
o
r e
arved ren
ie e r
es
a s
CHURCH GROUP ONE BIETE MEDHANI ALEM
BIETE MARIAM BIETE MASKAL BIETE GOLGOTHA MIKAEL BIETE DENAGEL
CHURCH GROUP TWO BIETE AMANUEL
CHURCH GROUP THREE
BIETE QEDDUS MERCOREUS
BIET GHIORGIS
BIETE LEHEM
BIETE ABBA LIBANOS BIETE GABRIEL RAPHAEL Trenches Churches Roads
Grouping of the churches
Core Zone 2015 Building footprint
¯ GROUP ONE: CHURCH N
0
0.2 Miles
TO THE NORTH OF THE RIVER JORDAN ie e
ed ani le
avior o
e
o se o
orld
ie e
aria
o se o
ar
ie e
as al
o se o
e ross
ie e
enagel
ie e olgo a olgo a
e
o se o
irgins
i ael
o se o
i ael or da s o Biete Denagel
Biete Golgotha Mikael
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
Laser Scan of Medhani Alem
Laser Scan of Biete Mariam
Biete Medhani Alem
29
Biete Medhani Alem
Biete Mariam
Biete Maskal
30
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
CHURCH GROUP TWO: TO THE SOUTH OF THE RIVER ie e ie e ie e
an el
o se o
edd s
er ore s
a i anos
ie e a riel a ie e e e
an el
ael
o se o
o se o
o se o
ri s
a er i anos
o se o ol
er
a riel a
ael
read
Laser Scan of Amanuel
Biete Lehem
Biete Libanos
Biete Qeddus Mercoreus
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
31
Biete Gabriel Raphael
Laser Scan of Biete Gabriel Raphael
32
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
CHURCH GROUP THREE: TO THE WEST OF THE FIRST TWO GROUPS ie e
iorgis
o se o
eorge Laser Scan of Biete Ghiorgis
Biete Ghiorgis
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
33
Shelter in Group Two
The churches of Lalibela are part of a complex landscape that symbolizes key elements of Jerusalem and of biblical narratives. There are three groups of churches: the first group represents Earthly Jerusalem, the second group represents Heavenly Jerusalem, and the third group consists of only one church and stands alone.
34
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
C H UR CH D E S I G N A ND CO NS TRU CTIO N
These churches, tombs, and catacombs carved out of volcanic tuff rock have been built in a variety of styles. Some of them were chiseled top-down into the face of the rock, and others stand as isolated blocks. A complex and extensive system of drainage trenches, tunnels, and subterranean passageways connects the underground structures, doubling as circulation routes. e ren
es and
r
es
ere e n as
native vol ani
a
o
indo s ol
or ing doors
roo s as ro
er ier
gian
lo
inall
as
onoli s ro en
r er
e iseled
e inner a er a les
e ava ed drainage anals and ren rees anding
onoli i
r
drainage
ass
as s
l ed
es
es slo e a
e
r
e roo s o
e in or
i
r
r
e o r
e r
e
ere arved
es o
ali ela are s
asili al
e s and s ee
ilders
e sa e angle o
i
r er ro oting
er ier
ns vario s oors and
e e erior as re ned and orna en ed o avoid ooding ndergro nd rivers and
e ro s ro
es li ing
ve or
are or re ang lar
ree aisled or r
edes als lead visi ors e
ro
i or
ard in o
e arved ren
lans e
es and a
ere geologi al or ations or ed al erations es ollo
e
r odo
so
o
a s e
la ing a door a
Trench leading to Biete Amanuel
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
35
In Biete Mariam, a single central pillar, called the Pillar of Light, stands in the axis of the nave directly against the central platform and is completely veiled by a white cloth.
Entrance to Biete Mercoreus
The trenches and churches were hewn as monoliths from the native volcanic tuff. Each giant block was then further chiseled out, forming doors, windows, columns, various floors, and roofs (Mercier 2012, 50).
ea
o
e
es ern nor ern and so
e e tion o i s nor
ie e
aria
es and so e oors o
in eig
ar
or
lar ar ie
n ie e ig is ni
a
e
r
eilings
i
e
ree or
es on
er ier es are ro g l
e n var ing ra e ed
arrel va l s and do es
e i
es do ina e in erior s a es re e ting re and aria
s ands in
la or
sides
ea res
o delinea e di eren sa red ones
illars s ir
i
ern sides
oti s o
an s ri
a single en ral illar alled e a is o
and is o e a ong
on in
inations
e Pillar o
e nave dire l agains
le el veiled e ro
ill
io ian
arved
a r
i e lo es o
e en ral is ea re
io ia
Pillar of Light
36
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
DESIGN DETAIL AND RELIGIOUS SYMBOLISM a
o
e
r
es is ri
in de ails ro
an ien design and
ese designs are s ee ed in religio s s also ins an es
ere
olis
e design ad e
ere are
no n re eden s
e ore i s se in ali ela an o s le r
e
r
es in l de rie es or
indo s in
e
es e
oldings and s ring o rses o rea
lo
er
er ier
elieved o e one o
es
o g
e earlier
o e a ro al
r
in erior and e erior o e si e
nei er in eri ed ro orro ed ro
r
e o er
s
i e ar
ns
r
i
aria
es on e are
ie
re nor are
on
en s o neig
ere are olored geo e ri
i li al s enes ain ed on s allo l and ol
eir
ie e
es are e e tional as
ristian or sla i
o n ries nside
il
e
given i s lavis l de ora ed
ared o
s e erior or
ie
oir area and nearl all o
assive or s in o s aller seg en s is
s
arved
e oring
a erns and alls eilings
or s and s les o diverse origins
er ier
Original Ceiling Paintings in Biete Mariam
There are also instances where the design had little
e a
to no known precedence
nerar gro a
er
on ains
before their use in Lalibela.
a
e onl s
elieved o ave o e ro de oration ro g io ia
ro
e sides o
oti derived ro is ig l r in
ossi le in
en ed
i in
ie e
aria
li rgi al o e s g
are
one si ilar arving a
e g
and Palestine o
a
tian ierogl
e relations i e o ti
oti s in ali ela e rs
r
i e
r
een in g
an ani
i
es
o nd in en
e a
en r
an or
in
e e e tion o
ese relie s
s le and in l de a aloed s a e o
s
in i
eaning li e e
r odo also
ie e a
lan and roo is ar s li
ed
l
i
ar s
ear si ilar o g res o
onl
rian and o ti
ris
res ave a
an s ri s
er ier
also re erred o as
iorgis no ed or i s re ar a le r
i or
e onl
as ogee
indo s ea al e es a s
ross o li e
er ier gro
ristian ar
i
rni re and
e a i als ave een de ora ed
io ia and e
es a
es end is
l ed re resen ations o
io ian
rossed on is e ar
i ael s
as elieved o e ing ali ela s r
all o an ien distin
e geo e ri designs on
ie e olgo a
o
r
in
e
ird gro
ed
i
a lo
relie
ol o
e
r
rgeoning ross and
er ier
ere is a grea varie ali ela
ross ea ring
es s
as
e an
o an ien
rosses in
e
e olia ed ross and
e
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
37
Biete Ghiorgis’s Cruciform Shape
e
an
ross
indo
o enings in l ding
oo ed and s e
ed rosses
nside
variations o
e
an ien
r
e al or and in
e r
i ed
rosses a
ooden s
ere ali ela and
l
ir een o ers
ile garlands s
on e sa e
orar
i ed ar
oti s
o
oli e ing
ade no long a er is reign ose o
e
a
e ar s
e si e so i is elieved
e ar s and i is
e rosses
ooden ar s dedi a ed
e sa e ti e aro nd
ere are also
e or s o
e o ali ela
eir de oration is o en identi al o arved a
and
er ier
ere also nine
and o e s o
ear in ne re
e ree o li e
ris
e
er ier
ese rosses are original and ni so eti es re resen
e a
e
ir een
es and ogee ar
s elieved
r
es ere
en r
es arved in o
a
e
ood arvers
ere
e s one arvers
o
ere reating
e
er ier
Six Pointed Star in Biete Mariam
38
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
Biete Ghiorgis’s ogee-arched windows
There is a great variety of ancient crosses in the Lalibela churches such as the ankh, the foliated cross, and the many cross window openings including the pattée, hooked, and stepped crosses (Mercier 2012, 123–138).
Biete Mariam’s Cross Window
Metal crosses
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
39
PLA N N I N G AND CO NS E RVATIO N E FF ORTS: A DIVERSE AND EXPANDING SCOPE s revio sl indi a ed in e
a all
erien ed a long is or o in ernational in eres and
engage en
ali ela is no n
is ori al and ar i
e ti eline ali ela as
or an
ie
orld ide or i s s iri al
or
o
ave een e or s o onserve re en l
es o eo
orld e a e so g
ral val e and ontin es o serve as an
ilgri age si e
e
onservation
s rro nding go os and
e las r
es
or s e
en r
ere
e selves
ore
anded o in l de
e na re o in ernational assis an e
ro e s e ended o in l de in ras r e roader o n and o
re i
s onne tions e
rove en or
r o
ndo
edl
ro le s reso r es
or
o
rea ening ere i
r
a i anos
e ond
e
ali ela s is or an r
es
ere addressed
i
a
edia el availa le or ere no addressed
is r
s e
o res ore ie e
ing ali ela is ar
an el and
involved
e e erior o
e
r
ea
and
a
atis oni ie
s
or on
e si e
ored o ave also in l ded ndian onserva
o also overed ie e n
si al
ie
is li le is no n o
e
ress e di
e res oration ro e
ave overed a res o o
e
en l
e reign o
ring
li ation o red las er on
nti
e govern en re
es
is ea
es as long een a on ern
e res o
ertise and assis an e o e er ro e
ie e
ni
io ia and
o side e
EARLY CONSERVATION EFFORTS e
on
issioned a ree ar
ors e de erioration o
ore o
een
e ena
ities d inis ration
a i anos en o
e
i
red las er
io ian la
rovided or
on
e ins e tion
inven or and resear
o
es a lis ing
o ndations or onservation in
e oli
l ral eri age
ere
io ia
c. 1960
Photo comparison: Before and after IFM/WMF conservation work at Biete Amanuel
2016
40
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
Section of Biete Medhani Alem left by IFM/WMF to document past restoration attempts
Nail marks left from early restoration on Biete Amanuel
Biete Mariam
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
41
WO R LD M ONU M ENTS FU ND IN LA LIB ELA arting in
e
en no n as
id
s
e
on
e n ernational
initia ed onservation i
orld
or on
en s
nd or e
r
io ian govern en a o
es oration and Preservation o es a lis ed erga o
al
ire or o
e
e r
as ro g
on
es o
er on
aeologi al
in
os
ngelini and is ea
arried o
o o r
a
aigns ro
o
o
e red las er ro orld
on
e onservation o or e a
ie e en s e ro
e niversi
s anning o
e entire si e rod olars and e
o
es o i
long e re oval
ing gra
i do
Finished conservation work on Biete Gabriel Raphael
i
and l ral
ed a reservation ro e
a
ie e e
l ral Preservation
P ena ling
sr
res a
o ing o se a re eden or e o er
r
es a
e si e
or ed alongside lo al rainees in
o g idelines or
ese s ans rovided
ation
o
as given a gran
ere less in r sive ea
en ation
Pal
and onservation o
nd or
onservation e or s o
laser
ese
e organi ation o tili e al ernative onservation s ra egies
ali ela ting
en
e digi al da a or ed er
ael n
assadors
e a ani
a e o n ond ni ians
a riel a
la n
se
onservation o
a olla oration
or esear
eri age
a r
ori
o se
r oses
lso in e
nd re ained involved in
nitiative o availa le or s
en
es a eo
ele en s and even all
as
an el
ar nered o
ali ela
ervise e or s on
aseline in or ation or s
and resen ation
se
in l ded
e n
le in
e
on
i
de ailed assess en s o
es n oo eration r
i
onserva ors
en s
i ee or
r andro ngelini an e
res oration and
nd
e
re onservation o
e si e
ollo ing
e ie e a riel a
ael ro e
si ilar onservation ro e
a
es
r
ess l o
ie e olgo a
e
e reation
e
as e
re
es and letion o
ar ed on a i ael
Members of the study team in front of Biete Gabriel Raphael
42
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
U N E S CO I N LA LIBELA
Despite the challenges in the post-revolutionary political environment, the United Nations Development Programme Center for Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage (CRCCH), and UNESCO carried out a project between 1974 and 1982 with the goal of preserving and promoting historic sites in Ethiopia, which included the rock-hewn churches of Lalibela. eir in l sion in as a
orld
as a ong orld
is rogra
led o ali ela eing re ogni ed
eri age si e in e rs
ali ela s
elve si es ins ri ed on
eri age is in
o er o
l ral eri age ro er •
ri erion i artisti a
ll
eir or
o
o nd
e
as designa ed as a r
eir e e
es re resen a ni tion si e and
ri erion ii o
e
e varie
e ing o
e ol land
i
e ollo ing ri eria
e eleven
ieve en in
and oldness o
r
•
ossi le
ali ela se o
en ilgri ages o i
olgo a are re li as o
da
and
e ri o sti
e or
e le e
and as s
io ian
ristiani
e
e o
ativi e ol
ild a s
ol
ere rendered
e is ori al si ation n
ie
e a eas
o e
o e ol
r
o
ris and o i
o
ali ela
la es o er sale
as ad onsidera le in
and
en e on
Gojos
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
•
ri erion iii
e
ole o
e e tional esti on os
ali ela o ers an
o
e
edieval and
edieval ivili ation o
ne
o
e eleven
r
o ses
i
io ia in l ding
es
re ains o raditional
43
e e ensive
o s or
ir
lar village
in erior s air ases and
a
ed
roo s o a l in
e initial
do
en ation s
ali ela s designation as signi
an e o
o
e
verna
lar ar
ie
re
verna
lar s r
r
es and
es and
e
e
e s rro nding
as re ogni ed noting
r
es
dditionall
nnels onne ting
re ogni ed or
eir ni
a
e
e
e e isting r
es
ere
e aes eti val e
er in l sion o eri age is
ali ela on
e
orld
ontin ed o la a role in
ro e ting ali ela s is ori niversal val e
ro g
si e oordinating
i
a ri and o s anding
oni oring
issions o
ar ner insti tions o
onservation e or s and ens ring re ained ro e ed and a eo
eri age
res s o ld e onserved as a ro er
s rro nding o ren
orld
orting
e nd
e is ori si e
ain ained
ro g reg lar
onservation e or s rovided
Church shelters
e
In 1999, an international Architecture Competition was launched for the design of temporary shelters to protect Biete Medhani Alem, Biete Mariam, Biete Amanuel, Biete Abba Libanos, and Biete Ghiorgis.
io ian govern en ollo ing a eriod o in err e ars es o a
ears o
e
e a ine in
ali ela ga ered ission
o de er ine
erg regi e and a eriod
io ia e
e
i
e
as e e es
se ond ring e
e
en o ali ela
and
e si e s
r ose o
on
eir ase o
ed in
o s ages
ese s ages
e
ro e e rs
o s a ili e
e res oration o
e ea
no ed signi
e
etition or e ie e
e is ori
assis ed ali ela on an r
es n
e
r ose o
es ro
rain
ed
aria iorgis
ie e a er
a
o ever a o nd
a
odi ed
e
ese s el ers
a er a on ri
e n ernational r
re resen ative sele ed a e design
e ro le ati e
e
orar s el ers designs o ro e
i anos and ie e a
a
e la n
es
an degradation o
r
tion o s el ers over
ting
eir de erioration
ed ani le e
en s
a tion lan o onserve
o
e r
e
n
anage en
eir aintings
as
eginning in
a or o
as
e ons r
es
e drainage and
e
or
as o ro e
o assess as
ova le eri age and or
r
e si e n addition
la e onservation and environ en al
lans r
rovided
ro ean nion
environ en al as e s o living onditions
anda e in
again in
si al s a e o
ar nered
o or
s
o en
nded
tion d ring
e design o
a ili a e reversi ili
in
ie e
ear a
r in l ding
re
e s el ers o e
re
a
inning s el er design ission o
e
re
ie e
an el
e si e
o ld ave environ en al i
o re ove in
ie
a s and
ere ore ini i e
e ris s and
44
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
e s ar es di eren e e and
e
ea
odi ed version
ases o
een as
r
i in i
ile
e ren
es
o ro
nder i s
e ases on
e ins allation
as le
r
eri age ar en r and
e
r ose o
e
as
s o nders and o
e onserved and in egral ar o
is raditional ar
anaged
e
as
o orld
e ro
ie
ese raditional go os eri age designation o
ere ore e re el i
re
o sing ni s
ere
e
ere an
do esti
a
develo
ade o ear
er en o
and
ood
ere
ade o s one and ear
e o ses
a
roo s de reased ro
er en in
er en in
oreover
over ro ding
e
dis osing o
as e aro nd
val e o
orld
e
ring en re eld a lan
e village
ere
ission
or s o
o
e ee
i
raditional s r
res s
i
e as
es r
lo al ro essionals o assis egin
or on
res
dia a
e e
eri age
nd
as dedi a ed o e o nr
o
ase and e
e o ris onen s
en
nsti tional
le en ation
en o o ris
rod
s
oosting national ani es
e o as red
P
e selves
lation living nder
ed ro
orld an
er en o
e ri
l ral and na ral
e o n r o ers a distin e o ris
e
re visi or servi es and
o line
en
ile en an ing and
le ro
e national over
e develo
sed on gro ing
ertise
ting ne essar in ras r
o
or ni
o
se or and rein or e
orld an involve en in ali ela
is
ore area o
e se o
er o o n
or
o
e ear en ar
ie
re as
in ras r
e
nds
re i
ins alled
e o n as a
les ones a
rove en
ngineering o
ali ela o and e o a
e air or and assa
e
e so
ern
ole
i in
e ore and
i in
e ore and
e i
ere aved
e ederal govern en s
re i
i in
as res roo s and signs
ile roads aro nd
in ras r ig
or
ere also allo a ed o
rove en s
er visi or a ilities s o
nds o s
e si e o designa ed ones on
er area and
also rea ed e need o ave
e loan in l ded
as een e ensive
ensation or o se olds rese led ro
o ris
res
orld an gran ed
ilding and
or e a
eri
anage en
ese s r
an o s anding
evelo
ese ene s are s arting o
o
e onservation e se o
ar e
e
rend o in reased ros eri
or and g idelines or
e onservation o
e
onsis ed o o r o
en
ontin e develo ing
di inis ing
e go os
i
soon as ossi le and o address
o
s a e olders ai ed
identi ed
alen
lands a e o
a or o ro o e
lans or on si e raining resear
i in
led o residen s
orld
evelo
er en
o
e
o eo
raditional
dia a
i ee o develo a si e
or ed
i
er en
er en o i
is
e ea
onservation o
a
ave oile s
eri age i e
a es a lis ing a o
ile
ese o ses ad a ro le
ission also no ed
raditional o ses did no
e
e over
ind s r in e
sed
orld an
o o ris
or an o
ission
i
en and a a i
re an
ons r
e o ris
io ian govern en o
en Pro e
or
ali ela in
a
o ears la er
e ro e
e re ain in a e ti e o
e
e n ie
se or as a ve i le o red
as o o er
evelo
ad o
reation and reven e o ential n
estination
ission o
io ian govern en
as nder er or ing des i e
evelo
anage en o ear en
e general s rro ndings o
given i s o
a loan o
o advan ing
i s ear en ar
e
on gro ing i s o ris
si es i
re Progra
e ai
s
orld an de er ined
ission o ali ela
ie
i
re
es and o s d
ere ore
e earl
o nr
sen a P as rea ed
an en an e
il
a s ed
ns el ered
e onservation s s aina ili ali ela
in e
eir la e en o
nds ad een e
l o orld
ie
oved
e
ael
P ar
WORLD BANK IN LALIBELA
or
e gro nd a ove
e ve ro osed s el ers
ie e a riel a n
es
e s el er roo see design i age on age
es
onl
inning design
e lo ation o
e original design ad e
e original
d o ave e near
i
or ed
on ra ting
e
ere is
ina irs
e road onne ting o ns o
as ena
e
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
45
In 2006, the World Bank determined that the tourism industry in the country was underperforming in spite of the many outstanding sites it has to offer. Two years later, the World Bank granted a loan to the Ethiopian government for management training and infrastructure improvements.
Cobblestone Road
46
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS The rapid expansion of Lalibela is a pressing challenge for the Lalibela Town Administration. Influenced by organic population growth, recent resettlement programs for those previously living in the core site, and development associated with tourism infrastructure, this expansion has occurred more quickly than anticipated. The 2009 Structural Use Plan developed by WUB Consult offers broad land use guidelines intended to anticipate the growth and land use needs of Lalibela through 2019, but growth will soon exceed the limits of this plan. Given that the Lalibela Town Administration is currently working to update this plan for the decade of 2019 to 2029, it is worth reviewing the current nature of growth in the community.
06
POPULATION INCREASE AND LAND CONSUMPTION e o o
lation o
lation o
ens s
io ia as a
ole
lation o
e
een
ali ela
i o
o
lation over do
io ia
atisti al
in rease o ne
a
e o l ing r ral lation
as
o
e
ori
o
lation is e
ears
e s dio gro
assing ea
o
rea ed a asi e
are
o
rred nor
so
over
ali ela e in rease in
r an
ilding oo rin
s
o
e
as
een
and
er en en o is gro
ali ela
assing a o al
as on en ra ed in e
ansion o
ain road al o g e eas
e ore in
e
ensi
e ere
ation
er area and in
es areas e
e
o
ree oo rin s
ali ela in
iles
dire tion along
as also no a le e
e ed o
r ral
e a erns o gro
si al gro
iles
een
and
anded
s
e so
along
ere re oved in
o e er nders and
ange and s
are
so
er ear Per ro e tions
r an and
oo rin en o
s
nor
ens s in
e las e
ro i a el
er ear
ve ti es
ese
ali ela gre
er en average ra e
and a o er en
e
er en
e
orld an
orld average o e en ral
le
e ra e o
and e r an oo rin o
i
e r an o
esti a ed o ave gro n a a ra e o
re
e
as
in
en and no
an
ording o
e r an e eles and
e eles
a
ali ela is gro ing as er
e overall o in
la ers o
e so
in
are e
iles a
e area nor es region
er en
ain road
e ore area as ar o
or ed rese le en
densi
e r an oo rin o ile s r e
orld an
ere as een an in rease in o
e ore
e
res ilding
er one and in
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
47
1 1994
2
2014
2
2015 1994 2014 2015 1 mile
0 0
1 mile
0
Map of Lalibela and its surroundings
48
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
2010
Since 2010, Lalibela has continued to densify and there is now more tree cover. New buildings are particularly evident to the right at mid-distance.
2016
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
e
r
o gro
along
and o
a
ral se Plan also in l ded
elea
e nor o
so
e so
road e
e en er
r
elea
es
s ravel
ro g
i ano and
and ro
e resear
r
an e
a
a s ares
larger
ond
as
e
a single road
elea
ed
on
a
ro g o
a
lea e s dio
ol
l ral
e o er and is o e o a
e sa e na e
and serves as a so r e o
an
i ano olding religio s or
nder an over anging li a en ed
e n
tion
ere is no eviden e o signi
a
e air or are onne ed
i ano is an area
re
o areas and
e nor
e ro
is nder ons r
Per projections by the Central Statistical Authority, population is expected to increase to 41,897 (18,175 urban and 23,722 rural) by the next census in 2017.
i ano in
areas
ali ela are in erlin ed an one raveling o ree areas and
Southern Lalibela Expansion
o ne
49
e
r
is ons r
e o ening o a s allo
ed
ave
a er i is a sa red si e
lo als and ilgri s
Nakuteleab
50
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
ro g o
ali ela and s rro nding areas
re en gro densi
as een in
sr
res
os o
individ al a ilies ro e
or
is ne
i
o lo
a land
ave ontin ed o serve as e
develo
en
ile
tion o generi e s read o
ns s aina le s ra l
ali
ere
o sing
e
ien land se and
ildings ese lo
iven
rise
e Planning
e ore o allo
la es
ese oor lans
e s ar i
orities
or aller
reg lations in ildings
a
or
ig er densities
relieve
e
ilding ress res on availa le a land and ertile
s
l ral land or in ras r
oning and eig an
also on re
e
ni i ali
o ever an
res ri tions
o ential da age o
ange
a need
an s agri
is
e
ildings as led o
o re onsider and revise oning and eig areas loser o
e o n
ilding lans develo ed d ring
ave inadver en l res l ed in ine o
rise lo
serve as o ses or
designed o rea e additional ig er ass ons r
e
ording o re resen atives o
d inis ration generi e
e or
os o
e vie
odi
o ld no onl o rovide and ations in
o ld also ave o s eds
e
ini i e
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
51
Low rise, low density growth
52
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
RESETTLEMENT
se
e r an oo rin o
ali ela as also e
re en e or s o rese le o i in so
e ore area o
ern
argin o e
i
nities
io ian P
is rese le en
la e
r
e ese le en
sti ed
irs a ording o
nder evelo
e
e
e rese le en o
ave een sa red la es sin e
ar o
e
ons r
rella
a
e ali ela
e
lan in
es o
eir in e tion and
never in ended o e s rro nded
sr
res o
orld an
e long s anding e
r
es
e
ali ela ere i ed o
e
lar a s i
vol on a tive e e isting o sing
een renova ed or allo ed
as l
ing
as e in lose ro i i
P o assis
ording o ati le
ora ori
e ore one ad no an
o
o
n rea ed gra e
r
es
on ern
in l ded a grievan es and o
P
r
le
e si e
ere additional oin s o
o
orld an and
o
are no
odern a enities s
a er and
lan or several reasons
ials
i in
o ins all
ad
r
al a tivi
tion ro e s near
so
en Pro e
e
residen e on a near
residential se and asso ia ed se
e ond d e o
e
e
orld an
tion Plan
involve en r
r
li e drin ing and se
en and
ral se Plan or
as on ra ed
Prior o r
en
e sa e ons l an
e
o n d inis ration or
e develo
s aina le o ris ons l
develo ed
revio sl lived
i in
e sa red na re o
orld an s onsored o
ven ing ali ela oo
la ea ins ead o
e o n
roader e or or o ris develo e
a
ro g
e si e o o l ing areas on
le en ation o
o
anded
lar ses
eo le
i
e
ensation
ove as
ell as additional ene s li e liveli ood and in o e res oration s
or
di eren in ras r a ess road s or vol
i
o es
res
i ed
a
ill e servi ed
a er ele ri i
a er drainage e ever eless
an
orld an e
ers o
e
New housing area in southeast Lalibela
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
o
ni
ere rel
an o
a e
e
ove sin e so e a ilies ave een living in
e go os o
n addition
eing rese led e
r
Simano
Church near King Lalibela Orphanage Medage Abo
e ore si e or generations e lo s
ere residen s
ere
es and
r er a a
ar e
53
ere
ro
en ral s iri al
e ono i and so ial oin s o li e in ali ela lti a el as o ro
e rese le en le ed in
o r neig
and
or oods
e riel e er
i rgo
relo a ed o areas ri aril
o
ro eeded and eo le i ael e
and dis ade
r er ro
e neig
i Ashten Mariam
ere
Trenches
e ore
or ood o
ra
Churches Roads
r
Buffer Zone Core Zone
orld an
2015 Urban footprint
ording o in ernal a
orld an s
le en ation o
e on l sion o e
e
letion
overall satis a tion o residen s sa
ro ess
le s gges ed
en o ed a ne in ras r ali s
i
or
ra idl
a a l and
The 2009 Structural Use Plan also included two new areas of growth along this the north–south road: Simano in the north and Nakuteleab to the south.
o
eir
o ali
ere rese led ave o li e
o
o ris
ensation
e ne
se le en
ess l oor
o rans aren e ro e
an
oor
liveli ood res oration
o as o
as o
ee ali
d ring i
as de ni el
i
en
o g
o
and as de eriora ed le en ation
as
rans or ed
e
lands a e and s o ld e ontin ed
as identi ed as a
as no as ig as i s o ld ave een
ese e or s la
1 Mile
e
ose
re ins alled in ere s
0
e
and as de eriora ed ra idl
e or s
N
is ver li i ed
a
ene
or rese le en
ÂŻ
di
i
o se old o de er ine
rese le en
Potential new growth areas
e rese le en
os ed a onversation
eads o
Nakuteleab
Planned road
nds
e i
le en ation
ere s s ended
en
rese le en
ro ess o side o
agree en
ere
dela ing
orld an
ni i ali
e o
letion o
ro
egan
e
e loan e ro e
o er as e s o
o
le en ation o ni
e
e
e
P as also
ers and inde enden
Ultimately, the resettlement proceeded and was completed in 2015, and 2,915 people from four neighborhoods (Mikael Gebbi, Gebriel Seffer, Chifrgoch, and Adishade), were relocated to areas further from the core—primarily to the neighborhood of Kurakur. (World Bank 2016, 64)
a
g
e reation and i een riti i ed o
allenge in
e ra e or o
and diverting s a a ention a a ro e
e
e rese le en
54
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
Core zone in 2011 above and in 2016 below; once a vibrant residential community it is now largely abandoned.
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
s
olars s as e
as
arie ridonnea
ose
or
lored vario s as e s o or ed rese le en
nder a en or eri age and develo estioning as
55
e initial
ell as
e
e
otives o
anis s
ridonnea
e rese le en i
i
as de lo ed
ording o er
s anding in ention o rese le e ore si e on
o ns li e ali ela i
e o
e long ni
living in
e ar o in ernational a ors
readil o erationali ed ons ire
en in eres s
io ian a
e
e
as
orities n
anis s o s a e on rol
e ine ora le or es o glo ali ation
ridonnea ollo ing rese le en go os
a
e
ave no s o ld
ens re
a ne
and a s ri ro le s o r
r
as ro osed re sing
is o e o ass
e
sani ar in ras r
ora ori a
e e
is is no an nreasona le idea in
ro
ni
on gro ed
r er ore given a
le en ation o
een va a ed as o sing or
ries s and n ns i sel
ei
e
r
s
Souvenirs sold on the way into Lalibela
re is ins alled is i
osed o avoid
e rese le en in
e rs
develo
e
in rease
la e
l ll
e on erns regarding rans aren ers e
ressed o
e
orld an
s o ld e as rans aren as ossi le a o
en anti i ating visi or n
e
io ia s a
destinations in
i in
e ore area o
o ris ar o i s gro
e
ali ela s e ono s ar o
e govern en o
and one o e
P o
io ia se a
io ia is a signi
an
e ri e drivers o e
orld an and
itio s goals or o ris
an do over
a
o ris
ese n
Year
e or s o ris
a visi
orities e e i
Total Number of Tourists
o ris
e
r
en
es or religio s even s er o o ris s ali ela s
an l in reased
e large gro ge i
a
e
l re and
in o ris
e
ni i al
ere are nearl
ind s r in ali ela in l ding
sin e
orld an s o ris
is a so r e o o s as
ording o da a rovided l re and o ris
ore
e lose o
ade in ali ela and el s o ill s ra e o is or
e
er en in rease in
ers do no even in l de
reven e as also signi ill s ra es
o
er en in rease in do esti
e in rease in
o ris
e ea
er en o al in rease
rised o a
oreign o ris s and a
i
ro e
er o ann al o ris s as e
eriod is o
o ris s
in ali ela
da a availa le ro
led sin e
a
long Total Number of Tourists
ve o ris
o ris
orld an
en
ilgri s Total Number of Tourists vs. Year
e o
l re and o ris
e
e o ris
da a s o s ird larges ind s r in
ri a
anged sin e
anal ed
TOURISM
in order o
ition o e o e one o
n an e or o nders and o as
e si e
orld an
orities
er ain
individ als or a ilies ave een sele ed o re rn o live in go os
er en ann all
ers in ali ela o
e ose
res a ran s gro er s ores g ide servi es
i
or an
ell as reven e eo lo ees in
e
or ing in o els le ren als and
56
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
Road into Lalibela
o ris
rans or ation
govern en anti s
o ne
in ras r
ne o orities is i
onl
o ris
een
e
orld an
re as re en l
o
ain on erns or
a or en r
s s ation
e ederal govern en is
e i
e o
rren l
e nearl
ddis
a a
ere is an old road
area ro
e ali ela air or ni i ali ne
i ano and
e ri ar
e i
a s
a
elea
o ld onne
i
an
e
e lo al oo all elds
are onver ed in o ar ing lo s or i in ali ela
ere are no
ree
or
ose
e
re
o
o
e onl o tions are
eel a a tuk-tuk
ree assengers and o en
o negotiation o
e
a a
ro
e
ali ela
e o n
re en arrival
e a a are ne
ave
an o
i l
e
ro i a el
ree
al ing
ave
e a a i
eir ares are s additions o
e e i
o ears ago ollo ing es i e
e
eir relativel
are in se s ggesting
a
e o e an indis ensa le ea re o
ever eless given
edes rians along
ass
al ing or iring a bajaj
les one aving o o n roads
o
e air or
r
ses
o or arriages are availa le
aving arrived as re en l as
e ore
an
is ing o ravel
or ire and o er a onvenien al ernative o or
e area
e
li or
e edges o o n o i s en er a
ilo e ers
and
a se ara e
ilo e ers so
o e o rero e ra
road
as and
e are riva el o ned and o era ed
a leads dire l n
ris
ring religio s olida s
arr ing ilgri s
ro
grade
an visi ors arrive o
e i
larl
ese and a ir ar
ransi o tions or lo al servi e
e
e lo al e ono
ilo e ers
e air or lo a ed a o
e ore
ain aining
as
or
ali ela s
or ing o
arti o
re and ne
ese are
ro g
e
ities s
e air or and ali ela
iven ali ela ro
an
e ali ela lanning
oin s in o
or o ris s o en er and on ri een
s s ation in o n rovides reg lar servi e o near
er o o ris s and ilgri s
ind s r is ig l de enden on
road e
ro e
een ins alled o
e rans or ation in ras r
ali ela air or and
and
e
ro e s and riva e en er rise a signi
or a gro ing n
a
e
e large n
e ri ar road
an
er o lo al arr ing loads
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
i
a
e
a
e
e
ensive or
an
ra i
i al
irr are or a a a is oo
o se i
a erns ave een
edia e area aro nd ro g
ra
57
e
odi ed o reserve
r
es
in l ding large r
s
e
e ri ar road serves ile
e o
les one
roads are in ended or edes rians and s aller ve i les li e e a a Portions o ave
e o
les one road near
e al s a olding in la e li iting
and reg lating a ess oli ed
e ea
o ever
roadside see ingl e ro
e air or o
arrier over rned on
eir o els
arge o r gro
di eren
oin s o in eres in and aro nd ali ela
i
an
ini
ini
arison
e lanning a
e ti e o
ere nder ons r ali ela and s
ill e dis
tion
e
re
iring a
e
anti i a ed
da e
risdi tions
ni i al lanning a o
e
ring a
ials e
lained
eo
or ni
e
ral a el
re o
e
orld
is
o red
e o reeval a e riorities se o
e
e
in
e
e densi
in
e s rvival
es and are on e
e
ing
eri age i e
ile reserving
or
Entrance to Lalibela Airport
re
e rese le en e or
es e iall as o ris
ting
ad no ade
a o
r
ed
anda e
en
lating a
e ali ela
ral se Plan is in nas en develo
resen s a ni o
ig i
e ore one
ase o
e
in ras r
orities
e living eri age o r
e is a e
r a i
in
o reven a o el
lti le s a e olders and overla
ere is a
e area nor
o els
as ond
e
edia el s rro nding
r er
s
ro g
in o ris
e
ere
ir een ne
lanning o
ere on erned
iven area i
e re or
e o el gro
e gro
es
o els allo ed in
e s dio gro
ad e o
r
er en o o al o el s o
e all eld session
se Plan and
o ever as
e o n
er o
i ed se lo s or o el develo
eeting in
Cobblestone Road leading into the core
o
orities ave e er ed
ni i al lanning o
o on rol so e o
e
e
i in
en
ssed la er in
le
le
e all s dio visi
o el s rve
l
o
en
rren l no li i ation on e i
s os
l aro nd
less on rol over o el develo is
ses
ses an ave li i ed a ess o roads
a e navigation di o
ini
s en or
i all ese
eir o n
e
or a larger ve i le
larger
entioned
e ve i le
o in ernational o ris s a e
ave
si e
e al arriers are no
s ed aside o allo
a ori
r
e si e o
ese
o nd one s
e
en
i
ni i al lanning e revio s lan
ontin es o in rease
Metal grating to limit vehicle size
58
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
•
U S E R S AT I S FA CTIO N A ND CO NCERNS
o al ser residen s r
o
rren l living in ali ela in l ding
ials and ries s
r
o
o nd g ards and
rese led residen s n order o e er ga ge ser o
nities
on si e and ea s e si e
ver
ere s
e
rren a
des o
o ave een a e ed
ro g o
e o n
o
lti le
re en
es
er and all
e o rse o
ree distin
o er
a residen e o side o
io ian ities regions o in ernational
destination
es
er and all visi s
ere
es
s rve s de lo ed a lo al ser s rve a e s rve in l ded
ser satis a tion and
eir
s rve also ad s e i
and onditional
onversational
ere ond
anner and
e a ili ation o
e
estions an e o nd in e s dio gro
i
s den s
e
endi
sers lo al and non lo al
e si e ea
ed in a
er s rve
gro
e s rve s ased on
nine
l
io ian
a erns i o
ade
r odo visi ors o
as di
o
iven
l o in ervie e
ere onl
ere ore ressed or ti e es
e
a larger
l is rain season in ali ela
er o res onden s ro nine
on
is ro g
s o oreign o ris s es e iall sin e
o al n
ll se o s rve
a riel
all sin e
in ali ela or a da or
i
le ed on
sele tion o lo al and non lo al e rain season o ris
ore ari
as o
ann al religio s olida o e si e s e i
estions or ea
ere generall in
ra ed
ile
estions a o
r ose or visiting
lation o al s rve s
es o
ali ela ro
i
lo ed a digi al s rve and in ervie ed sers on
ree versions o
o
on lo al ser visi or an one
anges
er non lo al s rve and a all non lo al s rve
all
•
er session
e as
seven lo al sers and or
o
non lo al sers o
e all s dio gro s rve ing o
narro ed
sing on non lo al sers
e s o e o all i
ore
estions
Survey Location Trenches Churches Roads Buffer Zone Core Zone 2015 Building footprint
ÂŻ N
0
0.2 Miles
Map of Survey locations
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
ond
eir visi or e
ed in
e a ernoon over
o er
and
olida s as
e ne
o er is
i le o
e eginning o e ig
e all s rve s
e o rse o
o
arge sa
e eginning o e
erien e
lation
o ris season
visi ors along
i
ver
i
e o rse o
o
iri all
seven lo al sers
r
in ervie s ave rovided a
seven res onden s
erien e o
ere
goers and g ards eal
e n
ese r
o
res onden s
ra
asi e
ni
e
er en o
e si e
e si
o r
ears
a ori
er
o
o
13
or as a g ide r
a o
49
ial
Local Users: How often are you at Lalibela churches?
e
r
Percent N=64
n e a ee
os re
een
Graph 2
is in
ired
r
es
e
r
e ond ra
ens s
e over
el ing eir se
ene
rovides o
and a
es
o ridge
e e
o si e visi s
irroring
ir en
e
r ose
e s iri al ene lo al sers
ene s ro
re
enting
si res onden s noting ve iting so ial ene
e ro
e n
e ond religio s
r
es
l lled
i in ali ela
e
eans o in o e generation and os ers ni
or an
a ong
e residen s
en lanning
sin e liveli oods are de enden on a eriall
or ing on
e s iri al as e i
r oses
e re el i and
ro g
e er lo al sers re eived
identi ed so ial and e ono i e
is olle tive
as a e ed
r ose and ene
visiting
en l
a sense o ess an on e a ee
e
is in rease in sers onl
o si e engage en lo al sers i ed
r 11%
ile
e s rve so g
e s rve in
lti le
an on e ee
resear
er en o res onden s
e s rve revealed
14%
es ave in
es
e e ono i 75%
ore a
gro
al o res onden s el
ene s ro Graph 1
r
ese res l s
as on r ed
o res onden s no ed
ere ore
N=64
e
ore
e s iri al
er en res e tivel
e visi ors
onne tion e
5
a
r
e s rve res onden s re ogni ed an
si e as a g ard or g ide
10
or as a g ard
e ivo al role
i
11
e
ain driver o lo al se
and
er e tion ro
Local Users: How do engage with or use the site? r oses
is eviden
el ing
in rease in lo al visi ors and non lo al visi ors aro nd ali ela in re en
er lis ed reasons given
e over
as
ers lives
da a and o ris
eligio s
ra
e si e is a
r er e
en ed
ial
ee
l os all
a lo al sers re
o
n tions s
an on e a as e
si e
r
r
er en o res onden s visi ed
Benefits from the Churches as or religio s reasons
orting
a ori
o e ri ar reason
ere s
or ing as a g ard or
as a varie
o da a o e er nders and
e ro
o iall Graph 3
res onden s
sers o r g ides
ono i all
N=64
e all lo al s rve garnered seven
e ses and e
25
non lo al in ernational
er lo al s rve s ielded
ile
36
e all s dio gro
LOCAL USERS es
56
as serendi i o s
e dr season oin iding
a o al o
Local Users: How do you benefit from the Church compound?
ree da s
none eing religio s
ree da s o s rve da a olle tion
as a le o in ervie
ere
Responses
delving in o
59
is nding is
e e
re o r
ali ela
s iri all
60
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
Satisfaction with the Churches i
e
r
es eing a o al oin a ong lo al sers
nders anding i
or an
eir o inions and satis a tion levels
n ra
satis ed o
ese
o
er en o
ere ei er satis ed or ver satis ed ondition o
e
r
o
o nd
a ilities and so io e ono i levels dro
ed or o
i
i
e
i
onl
in
rren
regard o
er en e
e ans ers s ine lig
on
si al e o n
eing ei er
e o n a ilities are roviding des i e
o
odities
religio s in egri o
o
ials in o ris
e
eal
e si e and
greed o
ials is a
ro g o
e need and de and
o
onen o e in rease r
es
e
ere is also
e role o
e
r
e
r
as
s ggesting a ti es a degree o
e e
e
r
a
eir eld or
ials are a are o
o
e
e o
e re en in rease in visi ors r
ien servi e
eal
ile o ers elieved
ro
o
o e res onden s vie ed
aving in reased i s
li i l ans ering no e ins
ali ative o
on sion a ong lo al sers a o
ali ela satis a tion
er en
e
ere res onden s no ed on ern or
e ri e o
e grea es dissatis a tion la
e o n a ilities
satis ed
as
e res onden s
ondition o
satis ed or ver satis ed i
e s rve
e s rve res l s revealed a generall
lation
o vie s are eviden in
as seen li le ene is o a
eness o
e s dio gro
e
s en o n ered
o n lanning and o ris
ese iss es and are gra
anage o n and o ris
ling
i
o
gro
e lo als ave Local Users: Are you satisfied with the current condition of...?
NON-LOCAL USERS l ral o ris orld
Do not know
Percent
ed
Somewhat satisfied Very satisfied to satisfied
57%
56%
o visi
e driving a or or eo le ro e ro
o e res onden s
Not satisfied
74%
is
el e
and
o e end
e
o n Graph 4
ore lo al sers
e so ial and e ono i i o o ris s o
e area
aro nd
r
e
ere ig l
li ations ro g
ressed on ern regarding
o
e
r
lo al sers
a
e
r
o
a ing e
li i
e s el ers and e
and i on
si al
e
e es a
roa
o res onden s e o
se o
non lo al sers o
es o
ere s
e
l os ever
as onsens s a ong
r
r
ere is general agree en on es and
es diverge
ro i a el
e eri age si e given er en
o nd s gro nds o e er
rren average o as ig
erien e
ra
es
e non lo al e
i
onl
is s o n in
estioned o ris s o en voi ed
e ig en ran e ee o
ere is no rans aren
i
in o
ressed on ern a o o ing in ro
es e iall e
nds are allo a ed e oor ondition o
e air or and la
o
76
e
er en e s iri al rove
o ever
e lo es satis a tion level r er
e
ere satis ed or ver satis ed
10
10
5
e rise o lo al and
an ed o i
or o
ere satis ed or ver satis ed i er en
en
o nig s
Non Local Users: Purpose of visiting Lalibela
eir onservation o inions
li i l voi ed on erns a o ile
e
e
and learning e
elo
lso visi ors e
e in r siveness
rove en o
er en
e roads es e iall
i
is range in in eres s o ld
er en satis ed or ver satis ed
on erns a o sin e
ain enan e
e reserved
en s a o
e gra
er en voi ing on erns regarding ile
or an e o
in egri
si es
ain enan e and i
e gro nds
a o
ere ore
e si e
ni
ali ela gra
e area or e o o ris
erien e satis a tion
o n a ilities re eived
e in
es ei er dire l or indire l
and in egri er en
on
e ond
r es and aro nd o
siness
e
erien e
r
l ral o ris
e
rren a tivities o ered and en o rage visi ors
eir s a
les over
i
i
o li e in ali ela is en ered
ere are s rong s iri al val es tied o res onden e
on erned
sa
es o
Percent
r er ore
r
r
ere also visiting
ation religion and
isi or e o io ono i
e n
all over
eligio s
o o ris
d
ation
5
siness Graph 5
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
Non Local Users: Are you satisfied with the current condition of...?
91%
Percent
Do not know Not satisfied
53%
erien e a r es
signage
Somewhat satisfied Very satisfied to satisfied
a a e ed visi ors a ili
as l in o
Graph 6
o naviga e aro nd o n
eld or sessions non lo al visi ors
ore a tivities in ali ela
i
all
o
ll da in
s
o ld e end
o res onden s n
e all sa
i in a
le
e
ser e
e sa
e res l s o
es
er
and onsidered s
ril o e e
e lo
o ris
er s rve visi ors e larges
sa
resen e
le ollo ed
er en
ere
er en
e
e
age gro
i
e
er an
asn a or al
estion in
er s dio gro
e lo
ali ela
eriod
o r gro
a
e s dio gro o
rised o
ose visi a
o g
ad so e religio s
ina
re aining
ile
e o
ere o
e religio s
ain and
r
do
ro g
es
e
e
riends and a il i
en aries o ravel on no ledge
i
ro i a el eir res onses aga ines
is s gges s
ild ood a
e all
l ral and is ori al signi
an e
Independently with Guide With Tour Group
22% 22%
Independently Solo Travelerwith Guide With Tour Group
e
Solo Traveler
ere
n=50
e
Graph 7 n=50
ere ei er es
er
e si e re resen s no onl in a national on e glo al s age as e
e sa
le
as
ere
anti ative da a a o a several o i
o ld
otivation or visiting ali ela
as
si e d ring
e e
as
e all
s
a
si e
as no
or large o r gro raveling
i
e
anti ative da a
olle ed d ring
es
er
e s rve ors onl o served one
os s
isi ors in
s raveling o
l o g
on aining en or
on l ded
e
o served an in rease in
e si e o gro
ra
entioned a ove
gro gro
e ea
ell as
on erning gro
elve res onden s er en
anti
on
ell
dditionall
as also a de nitive ortion
io ian des en
eans
54% 54%
onl o served one large
er en i s o ld e no ed
eri an visi ors a ri
ere isn
er an
an
24% 24%
ile
lso d ring
ad religio s reasons or visiting ali ela io ian
a li le less
e
e s rve
otivation
i
Travel Group Travel Group
visi ors
ere
e
ali ela ro
e
ain
e ri ar reason o visi s a ong l ral o ris
ere
a al os all visi ors s
ell
eo le ad eard a o
e n
o ris
ere ro
is version o
s all gro
on o
eri ans a
ran e and
no ed
raveling alone or i eld or
e visi ors
er en
ade
o non lo al sers ollo ed e re ainder o
e all
er en
ere a are o
o n ries visi ors
o side o
in
e leading reason o visi
er en indi a ed o er
ad
er en o
er eing onsidered
re ained
e ro
ooling and o
er
e o n r o origin o
o ing ro
ad eard a o
visi ors
e
e s dio s
age gro
ro i a el
io ians ro
e erlands s
i in
e rain season
ased on
as still a diverse range o
ailed ro larges gro
season
eing a
es i e s
season
er is
s
er and
o visi ors
ired a o
ranging ro
s gges ed seasonal di eren es a ong non lo al visi ors
le ea le a
e in
no er
e s rve
es
a ori
o gain insig ali ela
ara le s rve ing
ree al da s in
ore on en ra ed
is sa
as o nders and
erien es and ers e tives
as
a ong
er en e s rve
e
l ral o ris
eir s a
o
er and
o in
srael
Seasonality e initial in en o
es
i
and older age gro
ird o
is ed or
ere several noti ea le
osition
or
learned a o ile
ere
er and all s rve s res l ed in si ilar n
e all visi ors
eri age earning
o n erien e a ilities in o ni
e all
di eren es in visi or o ti e one
86%
83%
ring
61
ore eo le n eld o servations er visi ors
e all s all s o en or
a o r gro
ere individ als or s all
raveled in s all gro
ore a o ile ano er
er en er en
s ere ere
62
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
s all gro
sa o
anied
a g ide
i
Experience Within and Around the Site
e re aining
ile visi or satis a tion
er en raveling inde enden l long gained insig
i
ersonal ravel lans
on visi ors
er en o visi ors o g ro g a ravel agen in
ade
io ia
eir o e o n r odation
e re aining i
is
e
ar eting
e signi
oreover
as
ee
an e o
e si e and
ese series o
in or ation o el
e ed e
e
a ilities
ali ela e
orld
erien e and eir desire o
i
gro
a egor
88%
92%
Percent Percent
ere ver satis ed ni
o
gro
er en
s ad ositive
n res onse o o n
e sa
o n isi or a ilities
Graph 8, Summer
eri age earning
er
er en o
e all
es
er
er en
e o
ni
ean
e sa e
ad ositive ile
erien es in
er en
e o
ni
er en re or ed o e ver satis ed
e satis a tion levels o er as
e overall
er en
l ral e
inall
erien e in
ere satis ed o ver satis ed
er en o
s o ld e tied o
rior no ledge
a
e an also ass
e
e a
aid ig er ri es or e
e all gro
ans ered
e age gro
and
o gro
s ad a o
e gro
i
e
varie
o
i
a aged
lain
io ian ir
levels a ong
e visi ors
ali ela
ave ig er rod
ed a
is inves
en
e ations and satis a tion
o ever overall
orting
ali ela
i ri s in a range o
i e satis ed
ere ore s
a
onsidering
e di eren e in e
o
ea o n o
in erne sear
ros der o r de n d
a e
e
ravelers ad ro a l
eir a ages and
e ations as a res l
re or ed as eing
i
e i
eir e
os visi ors erien e in
s lans or ali ela as
a o ris destination Do not know
Somewhat satisfied Very satisfied to satisfied
erien e in o ni
es
le re orting o ave
Additional Activities e onl e
estion a o r
es in
e all s rve
additional a tivities e ond visiting
es
er s rve
ere
as a dedi a ed
as a o
s o
oo ing lessons Graph 9, Fall
and o er
ar e o r
es onden s
one
ing n
estion ga ging visi or
in eres in additional a tivities raditional ra s erien e a r es
and
and
erien e
i ilarl in
o
Not satisfied 50%
e
s
er en o
o ever onl
Do not know
Non Local Survey: Are you satisfied with the current condition of...?
95%
e
ese variations in satis a tion a ong
Somewhat satisfied Very satisfied to satisfied
eri age earning
a
o all visi ors ad ositive e
Not satisfied
erien e in o ni
ra
satis a tion levels in
gro
o n isi or a ilities
er visi ors ad ig er
sa e levels o satis a tion
Non Local Survey: Are you satisfied with the current condition of...?
erien e a r es
le di eren e
re orting o e satis ed o ver satis ed or
es
74%
es
ig er levels o satis a tion and onl
endations o
80%
as a s
as overall ositive satis a tion in
ereas onl
79%
ere
e oard or o
erien e o n a ilities o
r
ere
gro
solidi ing ali ela as a o destination
93%
s
erien e or
estions rovided val a le
rea e so nd re o
o gro
r
learning e
e o n
r er nders and o
ar e ed and er eived as a destination aro nd
a enities visi
i
les
satis a tion levels lose o
in eres
s tili ed o garner in eres in
o o ential visi ors s
e
relative ease on o
e
e
er en o visi ors
in visiting ali ela as develo ed along a a olle ed as el ed o
een
i
overed
ile visiting
is in or ation s eds so e lig edi
a
er and all sa
levels o res onses s ating
a aged all in l sive o rs
eir o n ravel arrange en s
e or s and
e
oo ing ro ess o ali ela
rans or ation ood and a o ig lig s o
es
e all s dio
as ig a ross
or s o
or s o o ee asting
ere e re el res onsive all
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
63
Craft Market
o ting or in eres
lti le a tivities and s ggesting ones e
ese
grea eed a
os
dire ed o ard
is
estions rovided or
a
e s dio
e reation o re o
e o o ris develo
o ld i
endations
en
Further Travel verall
er en o
o
s rve sa
les ad lans o
r er ravel o si es s rro nding ali ela and o er ar s o
io ia
es
er gro
er en o s
res onden s ad in entions o ontin e raveling ile
er en o
e all gro
ad
er e o nr
r er ravel lans
Coffee Cafe
Coffee Ceremony
64
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
QUALITATIVE RESPONSES ile onversing re
rring e ro
gro
i
ra ti e religion a
s rve res onden s
r
s voi ed
es and
es a eo
r
rove en s o
es along
in ras r
re in and aro nd ali ela i
a
ile non lo al sers o
val es o s
ere
i
inder
sa
le gro
i
e si e
o o ris
e o n along
as oile a ilities and signage
a
i
r
rini
one o
e
as el as an a el
i
is
e os o ndations
an el also ass
ed o
ie e
es r
res are seen
as nsa e
ill
ade
a i anos does no
a e overage and
da aging
ore visi or a enities
e ollo ing rovides an o line o so e o
e elasae
el er over ie e
ain ained
and ie e
a i anos endanger e a se
e so ial
ere e er
on
el er over
ressed on ern a o
ali ela li e non lo als desired
on erns raised d ring
a
e
or
e s el ers o s e i
aria
lo a ed ndernea
e aes eti and
e ontin ed in
si al a ri o
i
as nani o s
i
tion
ed religio s
es el er over ie e
e road
as in err
ons r
o al sers no ed iss es
si al
eir s iri al se o se
•
r
lo al sers noting
ere on erned
e o n lo als elieve e
i
e s el ers
si al o s a les
n tionali
i
es i
servi es d ring eriods o
o
e s iri al and
e
dissatis a tion
e o n
e need o reserve
val es o
ange
ere
e es a ong lo al and non lo al sers regarding e n
as
ere
r
s rain ge s in
rovide e
r
e ver old and re io s ain s on
e
in erior all •
e
e lands a e aro nd seen as nder
e s rve in ervie s
een in rod in rod
e
r
ain ained ed and i
es is ig l val es
o e indigeno s rees as
o ld e good i
ore o ld e
ed lo al
Values identified by local and nonlocal users •
r
•
ands a e ri
•
o ris
•
iving eri age iving is or
•
eligio s
•
r
•
nviron en lands a e
•
Tourism Development and Impacts
es and religio s a tivities and e ono i develo
ie
l ral re o
orda ili
•
in is ori al val e
oliness o oliness o
en o
r
isi ors need o res e •
es
o ris
Shelters, Churches, and Landscape
and oorl • • •
a
r
on
s
e o
ni
ain ained lo al es
an
o
ro e tion or
a is also
ni
or o eel
as ad a ositive i so
e ie e a riel
ore sa e and se a
on
re
r
ore
ore o
or a le
onditions ile onservation
i
r
s o ose
e long er re
eir s a
as i
roved
e a ili
o
ere
ni ation and rans aren
nds lo al o da s a
s s aina le develo is
nonlo al
ali ela on average
or an o nders and
en o
e si e
ore a o
a and o
e
e ig
e
ore ti e on si e
o ial o ris s el
or
e
e si e olle ed
lation and visi ation in rease
en o raged o s end even •
on
e lo al ene s
e en ran e ees o
ill e i
sr
eir s iri al ra ti es
ed rain in l ration and rea ed
ll a are o
o ris s s end a o
e in ervention
a
o e ono i
n ran e ees or oreign visi ors are ig
a es
ore lo al
as ad a ositive i
is no
or ed
or
e res oration
en
and rea ed a diversi
ni
regarding
e s el ers one
ore o ris
religio s as e s
is a need or e er o
enti e o
•
e
e
nsa e
onservation is vie ed as a e er or e
a
e si e lo al and nonlo al
e s el ers are er eived o e
es
or nities lo al e o
e s el ers are seen as aving a negative i
•
develo
o n s e ono
as a ravel destination
aes eti s o
i
r
ono i
o •
la e seen as de reasing
e
lo al
ni
is ori al onne tion e
e si e and s iri al a tivities o
s ills a ong
o develo e lo al o
e er lang age o lation lo al
ni ation
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
Capacity building •
ore se
n egra e lo al ed ea
ation
i
is ori al and religio s
a ess
ings lo al e
Resettlement e ro
o
o
negative i r
•
e
o
es
e
r
es and i s
e o n
ons r
tion is a ing la e in areas
e o n in ras r
re develo
en
ill need
a e ons r
tion is seen as a ositive indi a or or
e
e
e
r
o
oordina ed r
•
es and also rees
e
er ial and rela ed n an ed
as i
roved
ons r
ali
o si e and
a
tion and develo o na
en needs o e
ell
orities lo al
ing areas are needed or ilgri s g es s es e iall
ro
o n r sides and ro
•
e er
•
isi or in or ation a en er
r ral areas
edi al servi es are needed a s e
ali ela ir or s
needs i
as in or ation
rove en nonlo al
o ra ti e religion
ade
ni
e
r
g ardians o ls
e
ers ear
a rese le en
as
es less sa e as relo a ed eo le
ere
e o e s in
e
r
as o
es
o os are de eriorating ra idl and
lands a e e o e overgro n s
e
e rese le en as i allo s or sa er
ese le en
er o
•
o ee
e si e as a
nities es e iall
o nd ro
a tiva es
e ro e tion o
tion in
ore ne
aro nd
ials and o er
as se ara ed revio s residen s ro
and greener s a e aro nd
a ili
o
ere rese led
ar e and so ial ir les lo al
o
ring eri e er and oin s o
o n lo al
ials avored r
r
o
a
on rese led lo al o
•
ers
e dis an e o ravel o
ese le en
•
ni
e ore one in l ding
residen s see •
ons r s
a ori
or
se
eri age •
•
ri
65
o
e
ls
e s rro nding
ere are on i ting re or s
ill e sed
ossi l as religio s
ools ossi l as residen es or n arried ries s
Infrastructure Improvements •
es roo
a ilities or
r
o
ni
and non lo al
sers oile a ilities or e a se
e ries s and n ns are needed
e are serving s iri all and a ording o
e r les o
e
r
e n ns in
e
lois ered and no allo ed o in era
onas er are i
lo al reg lar
so ie • •
as e
anage en and i
oads and a essi ili ignage needs i nr
o
roved sani ation
Suspended construction of hotel
e si e
rove en nonlo al
oin s and g ard oin s are nder
anned and
nder tili ed lo al oad ons r
tion as een ene
grea er a essi ili de eriorating
or elders
ial and allo ed is alread
Both sample groups expressed concern about the town; locals believe the continued influx of tourism will change the physical fabric of the town along with the social values of Lalibela life; non-locals desired more visitor amenities such as toilet facilities and signage that were better maintained.
66
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
KEY ISSUES
o ever i
ile o er re en s rve s s orld an o
o
ni
s rve ed
a ori
o
ere o ld
s and o ene
el
ll a ni
e in
i
e
lo als and
i
ali
l
e o ris
r
e
roved
o
o el develo
gro
s
grade en
on ras
ig
a is o er ise va an
e gro
li ei
roved a
eno g
e satis a tion o ti e
ain enan e and es el
r er
are o ld e
lo al and non lo al sers ali e ese
o e lo al sers e o
e o ris
o gro ressed
se or o ld
o li e and no al a s in ositive inevi a l desire grea er a essi ili a ess o o er lo al a ra tions onne tivi
eo le or a ra
nds or reven e ro
li s a e s
e in eres s o e aligned
lo eno g
eas ra le di eren e in
sales dire ed o ards
es sers
no e
a ea
lo al sers
en o ed
in di eren
e ro osed
ar e
r
se s o
o ris s o
grades or a
o a ilities in o n
e s and o ene
e na re o
sidies or a ne
e lo al
enerall an
ere o
ese a ilities e i
a s de ending on li s
as
o g
o
e
e lo al and non lo al sers
as one area
ere less satis ed i
P
e si e
ere satis ed or ver satis ed
e selves
ed
e o inion o
estions o
o se and or visi
el ing
ose ond
sed on assessing
is s d as ed
non lo als over
as
ig
e ra e o
a s o ro g
s anno al a s eir on ern ange
a
eir a
e non lo al sers e si e and is i
ange in ali ela is li el
ore
roved o
ontin e o in rease
Honey Research Institute and Museum under construction
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
67
CH A LLE N G E S IN P RO VIDING S U S TA INABLE TOURISM INFRASTRUCTURE os o i
e o
ni
s liveli ood is onne ed o o ris
an involved in
and res a ran
e se or as
e
r
e
si es
n
er o o ris s o assess e s den ea
gro
o els s o s res a ran s
or
a
re
e in reasing develo
s rve ed and anal ed
a enities n all ases e in ras r
e in ras r
e s a e o o ris
e or s
een
o ever ali ela
ile gro ing
odern a enities needed o s
e
o el
si al a ri and in angi le
and
o ris
o r g ides
or ers and s o o ners
is s r ggling o reserve eri age o
r
en
e o ris
nding and o er
ere are signi
re in la e and
an dis arities
rren de ands
HOTELS n addition o inves dis
ssed earlier
and are a ea
o els are a
rren l
eeting
i
learned
en in rans or ation in ras r
eing e
a
ain o
ea
orities
il a a ra id a e in ali ela n
l re and o ris e
so
re
ni i ali
a
orities
e
is in entivi ing o el
Cliff Edge Hotel in the north cluster
Hotel status Under construction Existing Trenches Churches Roads Buffer Zone Core Zone 2015 Urban Footprint
Map of Hotels Existing and Under Construction
68
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
develo
en
a erials a
allo ing o el develo ers o i ree ased on
ile ars and are e e i
ed ro
e eeds ange
e
o ever or
ini
e
o
ni i ali
onl
e ea s on
er en a
e ra id gro
e a a i
ea as
ir een
ere are o r ro inen in e is en e one in
e nor
e ali ela odge and so and and
es in l ding
e
l illage one in e ne es
ir
l s er in
rren l
o els in
o nd si
o n ain ie
o els
e
ra a
e ore in l ding even
lives
e so
e issa
eas in l ding
o el
e l s ers in
ri aril a ra o els in
e ore area and
in ernational ravelers e nor
e
ereas
ave a ig er er en age o
io ian visi ors ere are no e develo a ern
en o
a is e
so
ir een o els nder ons r o els is ollo ing
anding
as is
e large s ale o
e area s oo rin in
ese ne
en ali
ased on o nd
e
i see s l re and o ris
a o side o
er en o
tion
e nor
and
en is a on ern
o els
ali ela see s o ave an i o e
tion
e land ons
is ra id in rease in o el develo
dge
one in
e ee
tion
a
e l s er o
e
o els alread
e li
es
is
nder ons r
l s ers o
o el
so
o el o ners anage
o el and
ve o els regis ered
in l ding
e o a
o
orities o
e gro nd s rve
seven e isting and
ilding
ilding lans n addition
ses ave a is a
or
a
o e
a
ild i
e
ave no orities da a
ill
e arrived e ea
e ilgri age season in an ar onl
o el eds are sed on average
is g re
Tourist Shops
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
does no in l de eans
a
e
e o els
os o
is lo
e ear
o
an
nder ons r
er en o
ra e is signi
orld average o el o ra e o
rren l
an
e o el ind s r
o
tion
69
is
e o el eds are
an l less
an
er en
e
an
orld ide ro
o
region ile roo s
i
ere is a need or a large n
e in
o
onl on e a ear nearl o
ilgri s and visi ors
ean
ile or
ons
e ra id gro
tion
o
iven
e ear e s ar i
o els and res lting land
l re and o ris
need o revisi
o el
is need is
e re ainder o
er en o all roo s are e
a land
er o
and Planning a
orities
eir oli ies in entivi ing o el develo
a
en
o el advertising o oreign o ris s is also an iss e
e ea s s rve
advertised in so e i
o nd
a
a
ile
o i is done on
siness ards advertise en s a
on
ord o
o
o eo
an are ea red on ri ar o
si es li e
oo
e
e lo al level
e o els ave a
edia o
e
i o
e o els
e air or and rel ing
dvisor
o el o erings i is di
nders and
an o
e si e and
are lis ed on
a o
ird
Map of tourist shops
re ensive lis side ro
l or in ernational o ris s o
ll range and lo ation o
s
e o els and o
e
SHOPS o ris s o s
o ever
so venir s o s dis re an a a i
e o ris
o
e da a s gges s e lo al a
ndred
e lis s onl si
l re and o ris
in
or
ese
ools and goods
orities o do
e sa e
visi or in eres in s o
ing a tivities
e val e
e ono i develo
es o
e
an o rod
e o ris s
ere is grea
ain o o ris s goods as a
r i
ig
o ential o
eans o lo al
en
is
is e eeding en and
e n ns
i in
o r
orities a gro
oven
s o s see ed o sell en an e
e s dio ea s s o s rve identi ed over one
e religio s goods ra ed
e
anage
anging onditions e s o s geared o ard non lo al visi ors are
l s ered in
o ri ar areas along
o
are
o n
es el
o nd and er o
e ri ar en ran e o e o er along
o els in l ding e de and or
s o s
one
e
signi es
ere
sti
sed so venir s o s re aining o en
ree leading o a an o
e s den s visi s o ali ela
ee reg lar o rs
o
r
l ral en er
o ers did no
a
e
ese s o s is n lear
ere losed d ring a
e road leading
en
e ile
er o s o s losed
e an over sa ration o
ese o ris
i o
siness o
eno g reg lar
Shops in Lalibela
70
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
Interior of Seven Olives restaurant
e a se o
e la
o signage visi ors o en rel on o r
g ides o r g ides rovide a r
es and are
o els
i all
so
regis ered o ris
e o ris
ro g o
oo ed a
ere are i
al
o
e ti e o
or
in
si inde enden res a ran s and ars
e ea s s rve dis ri
ed in
area and
ese es a lis
e in
l re and
orities
s rve da a and o orities onl
ial da a as
o ris
e s ores lose o i
e
e on
er o additional
e ore
ars regis ered in
orities a
e gro nd
l re and o ris
s
i
ori
s a a i
elve
l re and e o els and s o s
er o res a ran s is gro ing as er
o ris
ere are a n
i all
ave re ords or nine res a ran s
a e erias and si n
o g
e eri age si e ere are dis re an ies
a
are
e are lo a ed
ere identi ed
en s are geogra
e sa e l s ers as
es el
e or i
o r g ide o era ors
e ri ar en ran e and ti e o
RESTAURANTS
e eleven
o olle
an
e
e
l re and
is in or ation
WAYFINDING a
nding is a signi
an
is li i ed n addition oorl ell as
e signs
ain ained sin e
orld an
ro e
allenge in ali ela as signage a are in la e ave een
eir re en ins allation d ring
is is an iss e aro nd
e areas e ond
e eri age si e
e
r
e
es as Signage that has not been maintained
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
71
Main entrance for tourists and ticket booth
en ran es o o
ni
visi ors
e si e
a see re
e
ers o
e si e
do no
oreigners a
a
or
an
ired o a e a ti e a
or ad ission is valid or
e ti e
e ad ission ti e s or si
o rs
o
r
ials
and ro
el en or e
e
r
o
es
o
e selves and g ards also
ese ti e li i s and so nd a ell on
e o o
a ill lo a ed en rall on si e noti ing ever one o losing
side o
nearl
ese o
ial visiting o rs
en l o en or religio s servi es and ontin o s se e ir
e lo al o
e de ri en al o on ern
e in ras r
negativel i si e
o all visi ors
een
e sa e
e lo als and
e o ris s
es
e
r
es
larl d ring
er and an ile sa e
e s iri al and na ral
erien e o
erien e o
r
is a
re needed o en an e sa e
ere is a ension e
s iri al e e
a
arti
e ro s an ge sli
e sa e
e
ni
rea e a ardo s onditions or o ris s en
e si e s
e si e is in
lation ro es in and aro nd
e rain season
a
o o r da s on si e
e si e is o en o visi ors ever da o en and lose
are re
e
io ian
o o e a ti es and or reasons o er
e
ro
se
and ilgri s ass reel in o
religio s ilgri age are re o
en
o ld
ara er o
e
o o siders
e
e a
enti
visi or Circulating through the church sites in the rain
72
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
OTHER ACTIVITIES side ro
visiting
ere are ver rren l
e
e
e
es s o s and res a ran s
a tivities or o ris s
nder ons r
destination
r tion
se
ill o er an additional
ro o ed a ong o ris s and is rarel
tili ed e ond i s res a ran os s a ing onl
i
o da s
visi or a tivities o ered o reven and rovide o
one
l ral en er o ers a range o a tivities
i s o erings are no and
e
in reased visi or n ere is a need o e ro ding a
or nities or o ris s o e end
e
ers and r
es
eir s a
Honey museum plan
Honey sold at the Saturday Market
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
KEY FINDINGS en
er o
o els s o s and res a ran s is in reasing in
anti i ation o in reased o ris as no and a
e
een reali ed
siness develo orities o
a ro
oni or gro
and ne
d ring
e
largel e a enities s
i
an season o
d ring
as signage
develo ed as ar o s aina le o ris i
e res o
evelo
o lo al
e are
or
an o
alling in o disre air
develo
ene s lag in ras r
o es a an environ en al
ali ela
anding
e
e e ono i and so ial
ere is a need o e er alan e o ris re inves
e long er a
en
ing land aro nd and e
r an oo rin o
ile
en o ens re
a i is s s aina le in
and ontin es o rea e lo ali ed ene s
eans en an ing
ar eting o and a ilities or
o ris s o el genera e de and and investing in
ile o er visi or
orld an s en Pro e
is ons
odation needs
ilgri age e ear
os
tion
en
aved roads oile s and
e re en
rove en s are alread
ig
ons r
e a a i
develo
e added eds are addressing so e a o
is ne
s rise in visi ors
e ra id ra e o ne
en is also a ing
ll o
ore
ere
io ian ese
long er also e
ain enan e o re en i
eans s ra egi
o develo
en
rove en s
lanning o reven an overs
a negativel i
erien e and a
e ono i
73
eal o
ali ela
a s ere
e i l
e s iri al di inis ing i s
o ential
New hotels under construction
All of this new development comes at an environmental cost. It is consuming land around and expanding the urban footprint of Lalibela, but the economic and social benefits lag.
74
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
N EG AT I V E PE R CE P TIO N O F S HELTE RS
Today five shelters exist within the church complex. Four large shelters composed of steel frames and fabric coverings were funded by the European Union and were completed in 2007. e
ere
ean o e a e
onservation
e ods
orar sol tion ntil al ernative
ere develo ed or
e
r
es
l er e al
ere is also one older s aller s el er
a is le over ro
e
ea res a in roo and e e
orar
ro e
ooden ra e and
s
as also
ere ins alled over ie e
ie e ro g
aria
a ed si e e
ie e
ean o
a
an el
a i anos
ese e ore and a er
arisons i s ar s o e o e lear
drasti all i
id
in re en r
oo
ears
o
e s dio ea
oorl
or in
ali ela lo als non lo als do esti and in ernational
e
el ing
eir se o
ain ained
and negativel i e e
o ea
ar ing
een
e er
e
o
o nd
r
er en o r
r
e
sers and
a es
e s el ers an o
e
e s el ers o e nsa e and
ati
e san ti eir se o
eed a ee
ig
o
es
ere
r
res l ro
e ations and
o ever
e s el er legs
e
es
e si e
inning s el er design ad
e ren
al ered and
e
a ting
is e
o side o s s rve and in ervie
eir se o
res onden s er eived
s el ers ring
ere as ed
er en o lo al
a ed
dis onne
USER OPINIONS
ials
n over
ials
ese s el ers ave
erien e
o
er en non lo al in ervie ed el ad i
ed ani le
and ie e e e o
e
r
s el ers ad a e ed
irs
ese s el ers ie e
in
visi ors and
e reali e legs o
e design oved
a o
e
e s el er
as lti a el
i in
e ren
es
ore reversi le and s a le al ernative
Group Two Shelters
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
75
e s el ers do el re ed e erosion iss es ese
r
a
lag e
es d e o
e long
rain season and ee o visi ors o
e
e rain r
es
o ever given e arden
riti is
e
s el ers are a on entio s and no e or
o i
en i
o es o assessing
e si e
side ro
erosion
iss es d e o rain all o
ials e
on ern
ressed i a
o
s el ers s r
r
es
orr a o
e
e s el ers aro nd i
a els es e iall
e a se
na re o
r
o
ie e
es r ll e
eir grea es
a
a es
a
ere no
tion ea
a d e o ndergro nd e ade
an el and ie e
ials elieve
e ndergro nd areas
e s el er ons r a no
Location of the sheltered churches
ndergro nd
nnels and aria
e
ral in egri
ere is so e o
eir
e o ential
negative i
eig
r
ers near
or or s r
ral
lored on ern is
e s el ers ral
e
ere
ers in
so e areas ris ing o ential olla se e s el ers are er eived o e
nsa e or
are er eived ear
a
sr
r
es and
lo als o e oorl
ig
o da age
e
lo al res onden s r
ain ained
inds or re ors o ld a se e
r
es and ar
ral so ndness o
e
o
e s el ers so e
een ears is al os is o es r ears s gges
r res e
e
e
e original esti a ed
ere e
een ve o an
a
e
e
ere old
a
1990s FINNIDA Shelter
e in la e or ve o seven
a erials and os o
ere in ended o las
ears and ossi l longer ere al a s
goers
e in ended d ration o
ials lai
o ld onl
o ever a
o
e s el ers
ere as een signi
ni ation a o
s el ers as
r
ere is
e s el ers is also an area o
on ern or lo al sers es e iall as longevi
goers and
ean o e e
es i e a orar
e s el ers loser o
ig i
een
e s el ers
The shelters are perceived by local respondents to be “unsafe� for the churches and churchgoers and are perceived by locals to be poorly maintained.
76
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
elo
are
e ri ar
ali ative res onses ro
non lo al s rve s on erning
lo al and
e s el ers
Cultural Concerns: •
eg o i
e s el er over ie e
or an religio s ri al
aro nd ie e
aria
a
ir
lies in
e a
la es ro
o an
ie e
as al
aria
Aesthetic Concerns: •
e s el ers are seen as aving a negative i aes eti s o
e si e
o
a
on
e
lo al and non lo als IFM conservation work, c1970
Safety Concerns: •
e s el ers are er eived o
•
ni
and oorl
nsa e
e
ain ained
e s el er over ie e and a o ential
lo als o e
an el is er eived o e nsa e
rea o ie e
a i anos
Structural Concerns: •
e s el er over ie e a el
rini
aria
is i
a ting
a el lo a ed ndernea
e elassie one o
e os
o ndations •
e s el er over ie e ade
a i anos does no
a e overage allo ing rain o en er
da aging
rovide
e
r
e ver old and re io s aintings on
e
in erior all
Recent Conservation Efforts: •
•
onservation is vie ed as a e er or or
e
r
a
enti
es
e onservation i eel
an
or done a
does no involve a s el er ore sa e and se
ositive i
a
on
r
sers
re
ro e tion
a is also
ie e a riel a ade
e o
ore ael ni
e in ervention as ad a
eir s iri al ra ti es s o
in l ration and rea ed lo al
e s el ers one
o
ore o
ed rain
or a le onditions or
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
77
Biete Mariam before shelter
Shelter over Biete Abba Libanos
Biete Mariam after shelter
Winning design from the 1999 competition
78
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
Biete Amanuel Shelter
The shelters are perceived by local respondents to be “unsafe� for the churches and churchgoers and are perceived to be poorly maintained.
Churchgoers at Biete Mariam
View of shelters from Seven Olives Hill
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
MAINTENANCE CONCERNS r
leaders and
er over ie e e a
r
r
n tion e e tivel as i
e in ensi
gro ing
e
e s el
r
r er lo al on ern
n tioning e e tivel or no longer r
o
i
o ris s and lo als
as no a dire on ern
ore rain seasons es and
eir e
ie e
or
ese v lnera le
os re o
orr o lo al res onden s
o ever
e ele en s is a
noting
an el
a aro nd
ere are i es
age ren i es ana
ronisti
a
e ond
e
es o eo
r s ration
i
ondition o
e o er drain
e na ral s one
es and
is s dio lo al a
e lo al ina ili
o ade
al
ire o side e e s el ers and a
e e
a s
e s el ers is orities e
ressed
a el address
e s el ers
ing s o ga sol tions li e seasonal lasti e re
es es e iall a
ain enan e ro tine o
ain enan e on erns rela ed o eing
r
resen e is vis all dis ra ting ro
organi and an ien drainage ren ile
e
a s rro nd
ile red in olor o
ials ave ad o ro e
e ti e o in e tion and ins alla
o rain all
e assing o
ar s o
ere is
lasti s ee s
ali e see as negative i
a
a i anos still allo s rain a er o all on
e s el ers are no
tion
sers ave noti ed
and a se da age
er ain areas
is also
79
e ond rovid
ar s
or
ertise o de er ine
e
e ti e rren
a ording o need
Plastic tarps covering parts of Biete Abba Libanos
80
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
AUTHENTICITY AND SITE EXPERIENCE side ro
e s el ers relations i
si al ondition e
o
e s one
e s el ers grea l in err
erien e or lo al and non lo al sers
rea e a sense o dis an e e
een
and
es
a r
ial ar o
assive ilgri age si e
ro o
o
e
r
and in err
na ral lands a e
i
e also in er ere ro e tive s r er e tion o
ro
r
no
e
environ en s ale and or
r
ol o
e sa red na re e
inding li e roo s ese
es arison on age tion in
es lended in
i e roo s o
i
e si e and a er
eir environ en
e s el ers do ina e
as eviden s ar l
is e re el
i e la or
an e seen e ore s el er ons r e
e sers
nda en all al ered one s
ro g an aerial o e ore
e
er ain religio s ri als
res ave e
and
e o esion o eir large
i
e s el ers
e are seen o sti
e lands a e and dis ra
es
e si e
e si e and
s rro nding environ en in i iting lig visi ili
r
on ras
on arrival i
a
e
e s el er s
ali ela s na ral
lands a e
Shelters over Group One
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
Biete Mariam churchgoers
Shelter and drainage pipes over Biete Mariam
81
Plastic tarps in Group Two
Drainage pipes in Group Two
82
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
1978
An aerial comparison of the site before (above) and after (below) the construction of the shelters and resettlement.
2016
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
r er ore
e long s eel legs o
in o revered sa red s a e drainage ro es s
or o
r
lation o
e la
o
o and o e
r
r
es
ere
ro
di inis ing so e o
in
e or
orld
e n
e s el ers
Biete Medhani Alem before shelter and IFM conservation project c1970
r
es
r
e n i
es dis ra ting again
e si e ro e ting
e i
ero s
e
ens a
e larges ro
e
e s iri al a ri
e s iri al se is in a
erien e in n
a
ere in ended o reserve
e s el ers e a se e
onder
olor and do ineering
e in ended o esion o
n or na el
e
e s el ers on ras grea l
edieval red ro
e
e d ar
is es e iall
elieved o e
s iri al val e o
e s el ers
e s el ers
ed ani le e
e lo al
e s o ld e in l ded in
ean o evo e
s
is ig lig s
leaders and
assive si e o
ind s rial aes eti s o ese
r
a a verti al
dire l in err
e lanning s ages o
e
ere originall ie e
i
oving or ard iven
aria
e ro essional ri al
d ring
lation and
ials ave no ed
olla oration
ni
ro ess
le as ir
e s el er over ie e
e ir
e s el ers rea
a do
o
83
negativel i
inge on
a ed
e religio s
a s
POTENTIAL SHELTER ALTERNATIVES orld
on
esear
en s
nd
and onservation o
and
la n
onservation a
or ing
ael
e ro e
onservation a
in
o o ld
e
e
es in
e
ni
re ensive a are a
es
a
ain ain
ro ria e
o ld o
ese onservation
re
e ro e e al ernative a
o
ie e a riel
e si e and rain a ore gro
ra s eo le ni
o nd al ernative
es sol tions
no vis all in r sive develo
or
eri age
o arr o
r
e re li a ed a ross
ori
e reservation o
so g
e
e
l ral
ed a rogra
e ods or
i
as o roa
le ed in
or ro e ting
e e
er
e roo o
and e
sing la ers o geo e tile and a s e iali ed li e ased as een o
e a
o i
r
ael
r e o Biete Medhani Alem after shelter
e
i
a
roval and satis a tion
is onservation is er eived
ea
enti e
e s rve res onses a
on
or done a
r or ar
lo al sers ie e a riel
lo als and non lo als as
erien e o
e
r
ore
ording
e in ervention as ad a ositive
eir s iri al ra ti es s o
ed rain in l ration so
84
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
ar and rea ed sers
ne o
or
re
rove s
ore o
or a le onditions or lo al
e goals o r
is ro e
onservation
de lo ed a o er ro ea
ro ria e or so e
ed ani le
and ie e
r i
e od es on si e
arved roo s s aria
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE PROTEC TE D BUT IN DISREPAIR
as o se a re eden is ro e
ess l i is a ro ising
r
ontin es o a
ig o g
e a no
as ie e
o os so eti es re erred o as verna
lar
ls are
e raditional
ilding or s native o ali ela
raditional or
o
e o eas
ol o
o
o
e in egri
designation on
o sing
arti
e area
o os are an earl
larl in ali ela and ave
o os are an i
e si e and are in l ded in e
orld
eri age is
e
or an ele en e ri eria or ole o
ali ela
Biete Gabriel Rapheal after WMF conservation project in 2016
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
o ers an e e tional esti on edieval ivili ation o r ir
es
o
e
edieval and os
io ia in l ding ne
o
e e ensive re ains o raditional
lar village o ses
i
85
e eleven
o s or
in erior s air ases and
a
ed
roo s er
e rese le en o
ore one
an go os
o
lo al a
ni
re
r ose
e eo le living in
ere le e
i o
orities s r ggled o
e va a ed go os
an a tive
ain ain and
is is a on ern or
s a e olders sin e go os are an in egral ar o orld
o ens ring
ain enan e o
rren iss es
ol
ia
ie
re are
da
ere do
s den ea s
lo ation o ndation s a e roo ng rren
ie
re
en ed
ons r
a erial
all
average area o ir
s
a erial
re
e ers
lar lan and a oni al
or re ang lar s r a
res and
e al roo ng overing
e
ere also o
in
on
e en er and so e
e roo is s
ooden os s in
e
n
er o s
a
ed a
e ers
nsti
la ed
a
is ne
e
e
s i
o
ore
i
several la ers and
e i
i all need
e radi s o o
e
e roo is a o
ilding oor lan is
e raditional ro nded go os
e govern en s
s
e
ere
are or re angle s a ed go os in ali ela
ngelini s e e
or ar
ro es o
ed roo s
o a
e erged ro in
i
o o o r ears
ol
a ole
s oried go os ea re an e ernal s air ases o a ess
ed ever
tion
e
ain enan e
id
are a n
o
as
e average
o
a le and
eral os s oda lo al eo le
degrees
or ed all
e roo
n addition o
raditional go o as a are
a
e
an s one and
as originall tied
o
o s ories and an
ed roo al o g s
nsti
roo varies ro e ers
a
ol e eri
ires ongoing
o e re
are
o
also se nails
se
i al go os in ali ela are one or
ea er and easier
en er ole and
go o s
ors assisting
e od as ersis ed in go o ons r
e roo r ss
TRADITIONAL VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE FORMS e
tion
tion
e
e s rve
go os and olle ed da a on ea
ondition and
ons r
e a se i is
e raditional ar
e go os
PP and
identi ed
lar ar
e o ner s relatives and neig
re generations
o e er nders and and i s
Gojos
ere ore
ese go os are riti al
ese or s o verna
sa eg arded or
an e ali ela
eri age i e s ri eria or designation
o ners i and
e
go o s a e
odern s le verna
e re ang lar
ildings
e
les Poli
as lar
ono i
e eginning o
e
ilding
e
se ond oor ere are also a erials d
e rs
or ar
i o ear
i s ra
es o go o
alls ons r
eo
is
go os are
is
i ed
i
raditional ons r
d ng
over a e
al
s
e od o in er oven sti s overed in
d or la is also alled and da
o
ilding is re erred o
e lo als and onsis s o ear
ood ra e
ilding
ed o s one laid in
and di ering ro ortions o e se ond
i a
en
ain
eir in erior all s r a es las ered in a
dia a as
ave
o
ade
a le and da i
ali ela s
a le
la soil and e s ra
a er e ore a
l ing o
tion o go os is a o
e ra e nal a air i
a e Square gojo
86
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
EVOLUTION OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY ore re en alled e
eo
e
ro e
in
a i
ni
e lo al eo le
as in rod s
la es
a
i
e
eir ne
or
ade o
a
e
o
is ne
are es e iall
tion
e air or
develo ed d ring
e
a e
o
la e or
verna
lar or
in ras r
e
is or
nder ons r a
a
e
alls
e od ro e go o
er one and along
evolved ro
is develo
i en
a
e
e o sing ainl serves as
inal e or
e ir
ol
e
lar go o s
os no a le are ne l
e ore n addition
l illage tion
raditional go o s a e i
is
ro e
re in ali ela e
tion
e os
is s arting o e sed or o ris
oile a ilities in alled
ade o
ese ne versions o
is in eresting o no e
Church Use
e roo is
o ever d e o ons r
revalen o side
ain road o
e o se
olog still tili e
raditional go o ons r
Inhabited
as an
i al roo is no
a le and da
o sing
rea ed
69
Used but uninhabited
en ran e or residen s
galvani ed orr ga ed iron s ee s e e tiveness o
19
and lans
a overed or
Abandoned
i l and easil
el o e visi ors e ore en ering
no longer
e
ea il
4 18
ea
ed d ring
o ld e
sing
s a ed lan o
le
e earl
o sing e e o
o sing as e erged in ali ela
eri an
ers no ed
Use of the Gojos
e
ons r i i
ed
ere is a o ris resor
o el and a si ilar one
ese ne
ons r
tions e
rren l lo
e
e single s or ro nd or
ed roo
Locked gojo door
New L-shaped house
Toilet facilities in a modern gojo form
Abandoned Used but uninhabited Inhabited Church Use
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
87
Current use of Gojo Abandoned Used by church (uninhabited) Inhabited
Trenches Churches Roads Buffer Zone Core Zone 2015 Building footprint
ÂŻ N
0
0.2 Miles
Map of the gojo current uses
CURRENT USE ording o area o o
e
e ea s s rve o
e si e
er en o
are in a i ed
nin a i ed or ro ver
losel lin ed
ro
go os in
are n sed
r
s
all
ll go os i
no
ied
a ili a ed
se and ondition are
e a andoned go os eing in s a re aining o ndation or
or one
e
ools artis dis la a
a are in oor ondition are no good ondition
ird o
ied e
e
arred en ran es
ose
go os in ied
o
e
are
is ease o a ess as
eir se as in or al oile s lso
si e as led o r oses
e a sen e o oile a ilities in general on e se o
e o en areas o
e de ri en o
di
o ira area o
e ore si e lose o
ade
e go os and
is is also revalen in go os in
ir
are no
go os in air ondition
i o
er en
s
a s i is eviden i
e ore
e re ainder are sed
r oses li e e
orse s a e
e
ile
areas s orage or oile
e
e
e area are also sed as oile s
e ar e
e
or s eir a
eal
es ern a a ee Gojo with unlocked entrances
88
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
2010
2016
Without clear delineations of responsibilities, the structures are deteriorating and the surrounding landscape has become overgrown.
in e
an o
e go os are no longer in a i ed
as e o e
ore ressing
ile
es r
ain enan e
res are
a ar
de eriorating
e s rro nding lands a e as e o e
overgro n n
es
e
er in ervie s
ressed on ern or ain ain
no
e
nder
ondone
e
e go os e el ei
ression
eir in er eren e
r
ean
ile
e go os as allen
and e ond are no re la ed
ials
a
i in
e go os o side o
o
ade
e ore one
as
i o
risdi tion e
re
i
o en an e
a over ro ding es e iall in di re ia e
or
eas res or
e go os in l ding
ain enan e o
en
o o ris
n e
raditional go os
o
e go os
e rese le en
e si e and o rovide e ro er
rea ed ne
e need o
on erns
anage
e rese le en
e less raditional in or al ere orn do n e
e ea
e in entions e ind
e onservation o
additional ro e tive
er
e ra id develo
o ira
l oa
ne o
e or er residen s in a riel
e relo ation ro e
ro e ed and an e de olis ed and
o el or in ras r
ade i di
e
e ra s
e ore one in
ade and a a
dia a o ld
ro g
di
e relo ation o
as asser ed
o erless o
lear delineations o res onsi ilities and ain enan e o
and a ili a ed
as
eir se and
ell nder a
ildings s rro nding
een
and
ere re ained
o eo
o g several o
os
e go os e
e
ore ave
sin e olla sed
THE EFFECTS OF THE RESETTLEMENT ON THE GOJOS an o
e e isting go os
larger se le en s in
ere nes led in
e ore o
in ervention a
ali ela
e
re oved a n
er o
o ses
e
e si e n i s
r
iddle o os
orld an rese le en a
is said
ad s ood aro nd
ro inen ro e e go os
o
o nd
residential se ose onditions
a in
e da s o
as solel
or religio s a tivi
e rese le en o ever
ing ali ela
e
e or
i
no
as in ended o res ore r
environs ave een an in egral ar o odern
e
es and o
is in era tion added o
eir verna ni
e ri
lar
li e in ness o
e
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
eri age o
e si e and
e visi or e
a andoned go o village as e si e
e no
nearl
eo le in era
i
larger lands a e and
e area as ro o ndl al ered o visi ors and
e lo al o
ni
n in l ding
e
erien e and se
e a er a e
o
io ian
e go os ools e
ile orar os o
e si e
is in ervention lo al a
r odo
l re and o ris
a tivities
anged o
e go os are a ar o a
learing o
s
erien e
89
r
and
orities ave s r ggled o re e
r
rren l
orities e r ose
ses so e or
lassroo s or o er
r
r
rela ed
e go os re ain e
Dilapidated gojo with only foundation remaining
Since many of the gojos are no longer inhabited, maintenance has become a more pressing issue.
Gojo used by the Church School
Distribution, 2014 Gojo Gojo Distribution in the Core Site, 2014
90
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
Key Gojos
Buildings Distribution, 2016Core Site, 2016 Gojo Gojo Distribution in the
Buildings in the core zone surrounding the gojos in 2014
! !
Key
!
!( Collapsed Tukul Key Gojos
Buildings
! ! Buildings in the core zone surrounding the gojos in 2015
In the maps above of the area in 2014 and 2015, the thinning of buildings between the gojos in the core zone is evident.
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
View from the roof of Golgotha Mikael looking west, March 2011
91
View from the hilltop of Seven Olives looking southwest, July 2010
In addition to the maps, this shift can be seen by looking at photos from 2011 compared to photos from 2016.
Same view in October 2016. Note the absence of structures in the middle ground and distance.
Same view in July 2016. Note the absence of structures in the foreground.
92
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
A typical gojo in “good” condition
A typical gojo in “fair” condition
CURRENT CONDITIONS AND CORRELATIONS ording o are
e
e ea s go o s rve s
os
ons r
s one go os are
e nor
e s den ea ondition in o good an re r is
en
inor re airs and a i a le or re ro ess
ere
e ones on e
is le e
ose
ose
a go os on ere
e
and
e go os i
a are no
o
e s rve ing
es side o
o
e
a
i
a
e go os are o all e overall e
e earlies rese le en e
ave onl
e oldes go os are ol o
e are no
erien e
one are
e
os v lnera le
e o ential danger or ain ained
a ing i
n lear
ore
eir o ndation le
rren l
e res o ere is a la
ain enan e and nde er ined o ners i o
ese go os
o is res onsi le Condition of the Gojos
an o
e
12
ese
ore ti e a go o
eaning
30 21
e
er en an e in a i ed
er en are in air
Good Fair Poor
e ondition o
go os s rve ed onl a o
or sed or o er a tivities a o
os o
o ever
a s o ing
ere ore n ain ained
are in good ondition
rove
ee
e
e go o de eriora es e
inor re airs or
er en o
e leared o i
and serve as s
i
i
e si e
is s gges s i o
a
e earlies rese le en
os l in oor ondition
lo ation s gges
a
e go os in
e go os
an e a i a le
and oor
in r ins and o
eans
an e in a i ed and
e ore
a are a i a le a
i
dila ida ed and
a egori ed
onl a r ined o ndation
onditions
ile
e area
os l in good or air ondition
e so
la e are no
i in
ire e ensive re airs d ring
e da a o nd
ore one oo
ee
e ore one
tion is revalen o side
ose go os air
e
e ro nd s one go os
revalen go o s le in
a le and da
ondition
Only Foundation 47
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
A typical gojo in “poor” condition
93
A gojo recorded as “only foundation” remaining
Condition of Gojo Good Fair Poor Only foundation left
Trenches Churches Roads Buffer Zone Core Zone 2015 Building footprint
¯ N
0
0.2 Miles
Map of Gojos based on their condition
94
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
Condition of Gojo Good Fair Poor Only foundation left
Current Use of Gojo Abandoned Used by church (uninhabited) Inhabited
Trenches Churches Roads Buffer Zone Core Zone 2015 Building footprint
ÂŻ N
0
0.2 Miles
Map of the material of gojos in relation to condition of gojos
The gojos in the earliest resettlement zone are more dilapidated, and most of them have only their foundation left.
Gojo in good condition
Gojo with only foundation left
Gojos constructed from similar materials exhibited starkly different conditions
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
e
go os
a are s
are in s a e Gojos Summary
seven are in oor ondition
ve ave
onl
ree in good
o ndations
ondition s
is
i
onl
a s
or a
eor
are go os are o lesser val e ro reservation and
as
is s a e
e ir
3
13
97
a
90
9 91
4 96
2 2 96
33
29
33
Stone Walls Wattle & Daub Walls Thatched Roof
71
lar ones
Sheet Metal Roof
10
67
Thatch & Sheet Metal Roof Other Roof
57
Condition of Square Gojos
38
5
Poor
7
air ood
100 Square Plan
7 80
e onsidered as
nl o ndation
42
Circular
Percent
raditional as
10
a
ain enan e ers e tive
a no
95
4 3
Plan
all oo ood
Plan
all air
oo
Plan
all Poor
oo
Plan
nl o ndation
Square gojos in ruins within the core area
96
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
S PAT I A L A N D T EM P O RA L U S E WITHIN AND BEYOND THE CORE SITE
A primary goal of this study was spatializing values, or understanding how the spiritual significance of the site is represented not only in its physical elements, but in how it is used by the local community and how it connects to the broader landscape. Therefore, the team explored how the locals and pilgrims interact with the heritage site, in both space and time. ali ela s
r
es are sed
lo als on a dail
asis
s iri al and religio s estivals and ro essionals ear are long s anding raditions o
o
i
e large n
e
r
es
o ever
i
ni
and ilgri s arti
larl in an ar
arise
e in angi le eri age o
ir
ain aining lation
ro g o
ro g o
e
engage en er o visi ors
o iss es o
on ern
e s iri al
e si es and reserving signi
ga ering la es or religio s se
RELIGION IN LALIBELA
e
an
ristiani ana o
a e o s
io ia in
as in
atis oni
en ed e
io ia s nor ern order rossroads o nd
ri a
s
e o r
en r a er ing
o leri s ro i e ingdo
si a ed in
as a o er l ingdo
ra ia and
ria
e re o o an
a orld
e
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
ne o
ing
ristiani in
ana s s
and o nded a
e si
en r
o ave
il
o old
s
is
r
ing ale
rren da
e
r
ali ela
ede i
sion
r
ing ali ela
e
anded
i ael
i
ased on
es a lis ed invaders
il a
r
es o e
r
tian o ti
ristians
io ians
a
le na re o es s
r
ono
ris
es
an
e lo ation o ro ession
ere es s
ross as
a tis al ere onies
atis oni
e ro
r
ro
al edon as
r odo
r
oda
e
e ore o
is still a en ral ele en in e
e
io ian
e ore
o o e
Religious ceremony at Biete Mariam
e
s
is
a
e la er sain s ro
e
le andria
io ian
o
rian
as i s s n esis in
ell as
o
en ed
o elieved
io ians ra
e a oli
ni
i
e asin re resenting
oli na ral lands a e o
atis oni
e o n il o
o
e
e dr season a ro
el
tian and
si es
a re ained a
religion and orrela es o
o ti
d ring
is river is
ring
itio s series o
and li e g
ere
divine na re a elie
sain s in
e or
e
as is ori all in
e g
ali ela
a ti ed
s
ali ela
io ian
e do
ro
e o n n
ore a
r
an e o served in
ing ale is said
es in ended o e a en er or ilgri age
e n
se ond
o n aino s o n alled o a
as la er des ro ed
en r r
essors
97
r odo
e a ido
e dail lives o
r
r
e ali ela
and govern en e er in
in de isions
ade in
e o n
anage en
e ro
e n
i
also in l des
r
es
orld
en e
e
eri age i e
SPIRITUAL CIRCULATION ROUTES e s iri al in er re ation o re resen ed
ro g
is no a s ati si e s a es are no
e
e onl i
n
oving
lti le ir
oven in o
oin s o
e
ol
e iver ordan irror
r
s
o ever i
sr
res and
e
e s iri al and r
es ren
e eri age si e is signi
es an a
o s rro ndings
e ore si e
i
sed in var ing
o ris s and lo als
s a es a visi or
re alling
gro
lation and ro essional ro es
e radition ir gro
ro g
e na ral geogra
ero s en r
degrees
r
or an ele en s
a s in and aro nd
ere are are
ree
ese individ al
si al ro ess o and a
e eri age si e is o en
a o
lation ro e
ro g a
i li al
and o er sale ose na ral dire tion
e iver ordan in er sale
ro g o
e
is ori al i eline side o
e
r
es
as diver ed o divides
Religious ceremony at Biete Mariam
r
e rs and
Today the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahido Church is still a central element in the daily lives of the Lalibela community.
98
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
e rs
r
gro
is elieved o re resen
e n arnation and
e ede
is se o individ al ir
r
lation
e o as
r
es as
is orien ed eas
ro g
da
i
is near
dged in o r
Passion and
o
olgo a leads o
ea
i ael eas
ro g
ie e
aria
eaning
re resen s e ond ie e
ie e
aria
aria s in erior
i
e rning o
i
eans
o se o
a i
ro g
e nor ern ren e
o se o
e o r ard o is
es
e n arnation Passing
o r ard o ards as al
e
ard is a s air ase
e o r ard o
is said o re resen
as
e ren
ris
e
ere es s
ro g i ael
ell as ea ollo s
eologi al narrative o es s o
atis oni
es
e rs gro
is ie e olgo a
ie e
tion
e is ie e
e ross
e rig
e en ran e o ie e
o enagel
e irgins Pro eeding
Map of Church Groups
The traditional circulation route throughout the church groups takes a visitor through a “Biblical Historical Timeline,� recalling the Holy Land of Jerusalem. Outside of the churches, the River Jordan, whose natural direction was diverted to mirror that of the River Jordan in Jerusalem, divides the first and second church Groups.
The River Jordan (in the valley at foreground) and the first group of churches beyond
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
99
Traditional circulation route through the first group of churches
e ond
e eas galler
ie e
ed ani le
ear
is
as
r
o
e larges
i
re resen s avior o
is an area alled
e si e in er sale
eaven
ear
e
es s s rs a
ro r
r
e
in
o n o
e
elieve
orld
lives
gro
i
a re resen s
e es rre tion i i
e original lo ation
e a se o i s orien ation and s
olis
o
onl
r
is rs gro
gro
il
as originall
re resenting
lanned o e
atis oni
er a visi or e i s ordan iver o a so
e s or o es s
eas
e rs gro a
ell P rga or and
o
e
e se ond
eaven
e ear
in
is gro
ross
e
r
gro
o ever o ers
a
or ol o
er
a dee
ren
e
een
eaven
an el
r
a riel and
e le e
eaning
nion
o
is
is i
e
a
ell o arrive a
r
o a
r
e
o r
es
ie e a riel
ael
ie e e e
read
ere read
ie e er ore s
a i anos r
is ill and s rro nded
nnels ro es and assage a s e visi or ndergro nd in
es on
e ills in
Because of its orientation and symbolism of the story of Jesus, some believe this first group was originally planned to be the only church group built. (Batistoni 2008, 75-105)
ir lation
gro
od
edd s
gro
an a e e
r
ave een a ed
lti le i
e rs
ere are ve
o se o
i anos and ie e ri s
es s and
i is said o a e visi ors ro
o
o
eavenl
es s
e roo o
ie e r
o
r
or an o
ael r
e
re resen s a
re resen s an ar l
o
ere ore as
een na ed e ania o orrela e so e elieve
is gro
ro e is also i
en e es s as ended in o
en ran e is an area
arition a er
e gro
eaven
100
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
Traditional circulation route through the second group of churches
ile
ere are o r en ran es
a
a s ar s a
ren
i
ie e
leads o a ig galler
ere a visi or goes galler eas
o ie e
a ess a s
edd s
erranean
edd s
ie e e e
a
ird and nal
en
ren
r
gro r
eorge a none o i l
a
r
e
r
il
ie e
es
gro
as
an el ing
ael
a
ain road o ge o
on ains onl one r
o
nnel ro e las
r
ere na ed a er i iorgis
orse leaving oo rin s in an e seen oda
one an
es r a e
i
r
eorge
is
a dee e
es side
o e
eared o ing ali ela in a drea
e
is no
atis oni
ro g a is
r
er rea
is a ross s a e s rro nded
is a essed
egend as i
is
al ing on o o
iorgis ranslating in o i
is
ie e a riel a
al s do n
e nal r
rangel
onne s ie e
a visi or an rea
ro
ro g a door a and
e o ers are ro nnel
an el
er ore s and ie e e e
e visi or
ie e
o ie e
er ore s
series o galleries or ontin e ro
en des ends in o a
a s air ase and
es orien ed li e
ie e
a i anos
e raditional
il a er se
a
ing ali ela
eorge visi ed on is
e orridor in
e so
i
e
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
The primary trenches, like this one leading to Bieta Amanuel, often contain multiple secondary paths, providing alternative ways to pass between the churches.
101
102
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
R E LI G I O US E V ENTS A ND S P IRITU A L G ATHERING PLACES
Religion is a significant part of people’s daily lives in Lalibela. Each day, there are morning prayers, masses, and evening preaching programs in all of the churches, with a break at midday (except on Wednesdays and Fridays, when there is a mass at that time). The daily church schedule shifts slightly during fasting weeks near Easter and Christmas (Regassa 2016). n addition o dail and r
o
ann all
e
de ending on a ra
s all n
a ra
ge n
an ar
r
a endan e
o nds are sed as ga ering oin s or
ere onies and or
visi ors
ee l
r
e s e ial religio s da s a
i
a given ere on
e olida or even
ers o lo al residen s
lar
r
e ro ess o
ris
as and
over
ilgri s
lo als a end
on l
i
ile o er ere onies
an
i in
ro g o
on l and
ani es ed
a es la e varies
a ering s a es e ond
e ere onies
e s iri al lands a e o
ile o ers an
ers an e signi e
oving
s iri al lo ations
an
ro ession
e i
in ere are
ro g
i e
onne
or al ro essions and ere onies
ell e ond
e
so e o
egassa
res a ran s and o els
ese i
r
ali ela
gro
s are vi al o
sed or di eren so ial
ese s a es
ese s iri al e
on s onl
Spiritually significant locations near the churches sites
e
e r an lands a e and
e eri age si e and
e eri age si es and o er e r an lands a e are
even s estivals and servi es
ers o lo al do esti and in ernational
e di eren e in n or
o eo
arti
r
ro g o e o
ni
erien es
es and ore area and
or an s a es are no
ne
os o s
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
e dail r
ee l
ial ar o
and
103
on l and ann al religio s even s are a
ali ela s o
l ral val es o
ni
e in angi le eri age
ese religio s
ilgri ages and ro essions along
asses estivals i
raditional songs
ra s and a tivities need o e sa eg arded and reserved i
ne
o ris
ti e o ir
e
anges ave alread
lation ro es
a ong
a ilities ge ng
e o
o ld slo l disa
ro g o ni
ear as
een
e
leaders e i
il s r
a
as ade o
es
i in
e
r
ese in angi le val es
ge s
ore r ani ed
es and aro nd
lear g idelines or o ndaries s r ggling o alan e and i s s iri al val es o ris
e
e s iri al
ere is ear
ere is also a dail in era tion e lo al sers
e ne
een o ris s and e i
ni i ali
i
no
Tourists and locals at Biete Ghiorgis
and lo als are
e need o sa eg ard i s living eri age ile ro oting
e eri age si e as a
destination and e ono i driver
Religious Ritual at Biete Mariam
The intangible heritage and cultural values of these religious masses, festivals, pilgrimages and processions along with traditional songs, crafts and activities need Core Boundary
to be safeguarded and preserved.
104
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
SELECT ANNUAL FESTIVALS FASIKA (Easter):
is is
i
or
or an ril i
olida
e o a il
r
ni
es o
ass a
io ian
ele ra es orld
eri age i e
ed ani le
os
r
e revelation o es s divine o er a
n
ele ra ed on
e es rre tion o es s
e eas s aro nd
ie e
e
r odo
anage en Plan or
ali ela
n addition o
e as er ele ration e
eas s
DEBRE TABOR (The Mount of Tabor):
e o
io ian
e n
io ia
lo al ilgri s a end
e
g s ear
re eive gi s ro
r ose d ring is even re e ross on
i
es el
e end o
es s
lig
and
as r
i ed
ere ries s old a
eri age i e
e o
io ia
li ga ering
e o
orld
io ia
eri age i e
e ildren
e n
r
es o
i
a
ens ever
an ar
e r e ross eas is eld
ass ollo ed
er an
ali ela
r
ele ra es es s s ir da
aria
ere over
ris
as
ass
ere ries s sing
anage en Plan or
e o
orld
io ia
eri age i e
ilgri s e s e ial
ns and dan e
e n
r
es o
ali ela
a on re
ile singing and dan ing e n
regorian alendar
lo al do esti and in ernational o e o e
i
is estival
is a es la e in ie e
e r e ross
ele ra ed e e ni
ange gi s
anage en Plan or orld
nding
e o
e eo le e
e rain season
a or
eir a ilies and ga er o sign
anage en Plan or
are serves a religio s
e dis over o
regorian alendar o door re
ile a
e ann al eas o ers
o n o
egassa
FESTIVAL OF THE TRUE CROSS: asis
e
is even also ele ra es
GENNA (Christmas): s a e on a dail
is estival ele ra es
es o
ali ela
ASHENDEYE: o
ni
is is a
l ral ele ration o
a is rela ed o
egra area o nor ern
e ele ration o
io ia
e lo al s enda in
e
e ele ration a es la e
Saturday Market
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
105
Sunday Market
all aro nd
e o n and is
ainl
ele ra ed
reason i is onsidered o e a girls ro
g s
o e e
ol
girls
or
is
estival e ending
er
MARKET e
ar e la e ollo s raditional a erns and is ad a en
o
e ore area in
o
er ial a tivi
ar e is on
ie e
iorgis
a es la e on a rda s and a
esda s
ole da e e e
e dire tion o
d ring
s or d e o
e
e
a or
inor
ing and selling ontin es e rain season as
ea er
e
ar e
e a
egassa
PROCESSIONALS Pro essionals are an in egral ar o o
ali ela and e end o areas e
orld
eri age i e
oin s are lended ig lig ting i ile
i
os o
e religio s ra ti es
ell e ond
e ore o
e religio s ro essional
e o ogra
o
e si e and o n
or an vie s and on e s or ors i ers
e ries s
an in ele ration
Meskel Square
106
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
Timkat processional stops outside of core
e i
a
i
an
ro essional is
a ra ting over ele ra es o n
visi ors ro e a tis
e a tis
an ar
e
o
is ti e a
an o
regorian
s o s al o g
e a le s o e
e iver ordan e res o
ese
a s
ore and a o ris
o develo
i o
ro essional an i ali ela
a
e los
are i
a
e ro e
e
re
ool
o
regard or
e needs o
or an as e
o
e
oo
ilgri s s o a
larl dense
e i
re ontin e is signi
s e en
ave i
aria
an ar
eri age i e in o a one
is in ras r
•
oirs
s ill s ra ed in
o ld
e o s ir s o
ali ela
s iri al and o risti
or an da es o
ele ration
ove
an ar
as ollo
are ro g
en ed as eing arti
es on
e
all e ends e ond
orld
r
or an relational lo ales or o
r oses
ere a ere on is eld and ontin e
e ro essional a
in ras r
o
e ro essional
e s o s along
do
ere are several
ear ro
ere ries s and s
ring
er one o
e ea
e nig
OUTSIDE LALIBELA
orld
seven ro essional
e ovenan
li ga ering la e
o
i
e
e iver ordan rs ever
estivities s ar s
dress in os
all over
o es s in i
e larges in ali ela
an
e living eri age o
o er
an ar e e
l
•
a
•
e er ane eres os
•
ele ala iorgis and ele ala
•
r ae
•
ese ele eres os
e e
•
en eni
ove
•
e ina
•
elea
nsesa i
er e e
ed aniale
es el e ra
er
g s
l
ir ose
an ar
ael
er
an ar
l er er ove
ne er
ril
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
107
Visitors at Nakuteleab
108
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
INTANGIBLE HERITAGE AND THE EFFECTS OF TOURISM ali ela is signi
an no onl
or i s
si al a ri
i s ir
e
r
gro
nnels are a riti al ar o ove
ro g o
are areas aro nd a are i o
e i
e
o
r
e
r
o side o i in
v lnera le o en roa
are lo a ed in ere
e angi le
e areas
ese lo ations and ir
e ea s a
a s
ill
o
s
e
ials
ilgri s and
si es n addition e
r
o
ere
o nd
and so
en
n a o
o els s o s and
es
es
lation ro es
a ne
r
e
a visi ors e
si es
a one
olis
oves aro nd
o s e i
r ani ation o ro es o
r er o
ali ela losing
ese even s as
e s iri al
ell as
e
ere is
r
es as
e
a
i
e raditional ro es
e ro essionals
estivals and religio s raditions are also i e a eo
erien e
s a es along
e in angi le eri age o reserve n
en ran es o
s des ri ed earlier
issed i visi ors do no ollo
an
so e r
ell as
in
o ld e
a ing
e
olis
e in angi le eri age
e redire tion o visi ors o sa er
ange e
ing develo
ere are gro ing l s ers o
or visi ors and
lands a e o
e ro e ed ore one
s nor
is on erned
es o r ards and
or an s iri al ga ering la es or ilgri s
ese areas are no
re resen ed
is sed or religio s even s and
lation ro es in l ding i s ren
o ris s
ere is a need o reserve
or i s
s iri al and religio s estivals and ro essionals a ri o
res a ran s
or an o
er iali ation and
e raditional s a es and eir vie
s eds
o ld e
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
a erri le loss n addition o ens ring oli ies sa eg arding ese s a es sa e or
e o
ni
e si e or e a e si e
in reases
a s o do
e
eir s iri al raditions e ig n
o
ill need o nd
lso sa e r
er o visi ors is a sing de erioration o
le
e eav
se o
e oo a s
a see si ilar da age as e o
e
s ee
en
onoli i s le o
er areas
er o o ris s ilding re oving or
o visi ors is
e o ing sli
orriso e as so e o
er d ring
es ave li edges
i
no railings
ile
anging
lands a es o
e ra
o large n
anaging
er o visi ors is even
o es o ris
anage en o
e a s are
e rain season and so e
does no s gges adding railings or e a s
109
e
ore i r
is s d
e na ral and ir
or an gro
lations en i
s
re la ing a s one or re air is no an o tion anaging is also i e o ir
en
or an or ir r
er o visi ors a lation
e in eriors o
es are no ver large and
e si e are i
or an o
lation o visi ors a
e
ain ain
r
es
an o
e s iri al a
a s
ere ore on rolling
e si es is a ne essi
i o ris
ontin es o gro
Difficult footpaths in the trenches
Footpaths in narrow trenches become streams during rainstorms
110
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
R E CE N T R E FO RE S TATIO N TRA NS FO RM ING THE LANDSCAPE
When categorizing various aspects of change around the site and the town, the studio recognized a dramatic difference in the vegetation coverage in and around the church site. Through satellite images and comparing photographs of the city between 2011 and 2016, and further discussion with locals and review of the town’s landscape history, the team was better able to describe the current wave of reforestation efforts. CURRENT CONDITIONS Presen l
e lands a e i
edia el s rro nding
is de ned rin i all eriodi all in err
so ed
assive
lation and drainage ro es
gro
oda
e large lig
a gro nd level or ro n a a
e
r es
and
ren
ro g o
es serving
e
e o n or ir
e rese le en areas s e
a ed
en seen
o
ording o o ogra
as in di
ade
er en
e
o ever
o
ades in o
indigeno s rees a n
er o ne
ied go os
ider lands a e aro nd ali ela also on ri
e o n s ar
lation ro es elo ara er o
a e e
e red s oria ro
e rain season overgro n lands a e
lantings and no
r
e lands a e es e iall
i e di eren
a leas in
n
olored ro e tive s el ers are
o ira and a riel a ar
al s
arren red s oria ro
as ir
also de ning ea res o
lands a e is
ie
ral and o ogra
i al signi
e ali ela o n d inis ration ali ela onsis s o
lains and
er en
es
an e e
e
o n ains
e re aining er en age o river valle s
e ontin o s rese le en de ores ation or
The hillsides around Lalibela are getting greener
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
Overgrown landscape around gojos
re ood and agri
l ral a tivities ave res l ed in signi
an
environ en al degradation over ti e
Stumps from large trees are evident on site
olive rees signi
ro g o
io ia
s rro nding si al
r r
es
lan s ani als and
ans
ro e ed as san o an e
o ever
een s r ggling o lo al need or ti
ores s
r
ain ain
nor
e
aries or
es a ross
e
nders and e
e all ei
e e
l re
e s dio dedi a ed ti e o e er
as oral radition re alls vege ation onsisting
e ro e
r
e
e n r
anging s a e o r
si es n
es is ori all o s
os l o indigeno s
red
ni er and
r
an o
r odo i
ro g ears
s a so e
es
a
ere
e an s o
o n o
e
lives
s
ording o radition eaven
e si e no a s rro nded
do n and onl s ore in line
i
iri al ores i age
iles o ro s o red is ori al ei
o ogra
s re ain e raditional is eviden
eir ases ave een e erosive e e s
s o si e a en over
edia e area s rro nding
e raditional ores
a
e
r
rea en
e resilien e o
anging e ono
o
ali ela
e es
e de eriorating
ese old rees and long a sen e o greener a
si e o ld in
e
re aining rees are a ris as
as een void o e
rees
le
e older rees
es ave een
las si
e religio s
seven an ien olive rees
s rro nded i ing
or an e and assess
o
ere es s as ended in o
io ian
eir s rro nding ores s given
iri al ores aro nd
e rs gro
serving as vestiges o a si e
ave
anding agri
e river s so r e is
oda
e religiosi
e o nr
er and re ood and e
e ordan iver o rese
re resen ed
and gra ing a erns o an n
o
is is
a o li e
en ries ago arr ing sa red nder ones given e nation
l ral and religio s val e Pal
ese ores s
evo e a sense o nos algia re inis en o o
an
n addition o
e l s lands a e several rees arr
river in srael
ese ores s are e ensions o
e selves
iri al ores
lan ed along
ere are o en o e s o l s
es
e
onno ations o
SIGNIFICANCE OF VEGETATION AROUND THE CHURCHES
111
e
l ral val es es e iall
112
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
DEFORESTATION AND REFORESTATION e ores ation as een an iss e gra
ling
en r
i
or en ries
io ia as een
is esti a ed
a
a
i in
e las
an
ree er en oda
o
an
e
l ral rod
and
de reased nder a er and s r a e a er lti a el i
a s
environ en
lti le
on
i
io ia in
ali elans res onse al
e nine een
o ever
s ree en r
ro a
ting
ires
ore
sed as a so r e o ontin ed
ltivation o e
ro g o
a er
al
all in ali ela
lessen i
irs
ilding
orld
o a lands a e ar
ie
e ods
an and na re alan e and
eri age si es
e
orld an s
ese ideas
re lan or
i
e in l sion
e o n
dditionall ation rogra
or lo al residen s ore reso r es and no ledge availa le
ere as een a revi ali ed lo al and in ernational e or
ing
in re oresting ali ela e an
val es o
e
r
o nded in
e
reserving
dedi a ed o re oresting
e degraded soils
reventing
lo al iodiversi
e rees s reng
insti tions ave een s
and ra id
ltivation o
or long er
orders
o ndation
r
i
i
i in
o n and along e ne l i in
en e in
e e or s
i in r
as
e re ores ation e or s
e ore area o
e si e
ro g o les ones along
e las e
ears
ese re ores ation ven e
een
e
e resear
e in reased resen e o vege ation a
oo o ad een
ad o e o r ition
s read
e o n
e
e road and side al s r a es
ro g
all o
e
aved road ave een dis la ed o lan rees
ea s no ed
Sapling planted by the church
illion seedlings
er and all eld or sessions o ali ela
ainl
ann
a are
onditions o
e roads n so e ases o
e or s are eviden in s
rees
rees or ali ela
ge lo al in
lanting rees
rgani
sso iation Peo le oge er
lan ed over
ree o o r
ve ears
also een a
ears
orders Pe er a
e na ral e ologi
a lan o lan
e ne
n addition o er
in e rees or ali ela s in e tion
organi ation as alread ati le
e las e en
orting
e re ores ation e or s
i o
gna evelo
e o n res oring
s s aina ili
orting
ie s
s o na e a e o
l ral
r er erosion and s
i in and aro nd ali ela in i o
e s iri al and
ores i age rees or ali ela is an
s ersis s in ali ela and ere is a tive
e ear o
rea ed a ro osal or a re ores ation ed i
lan
a erial
as s a olding and
anage en and onservation
lans or ali ela in or ora ed e
en
ores s raising a areness and develo ing
a s on
ed o
an lo al rees s ri
el and a
io ia e a se o e i
e
essie and r ossa
e lan is no orio s or eing a
e ear o
o reserve lo al iodiversi
ass lantings
as in rod
e s rge o develo
ations dedi a ed
s ronger s s aina le
as driven
soil o n rien s and reventing ad a en vege ation o
gro
as
ed in ali ela o o n er i s e e s
s rvival d e o re ood s or ages e as gro ing e
o
eir liveli oods de end
e or s ave een la n is ori all
tion la
or
a erial e ni ed
iodiversi
a re
s ree o s
ening in o n as i is sed o ilding
en es o de ores ation are devas ating soil erosion
di inis ed agri
o
al
e o n r s ores ed areas ave de lined ro
er en o less onse
a
ee
arisons ade
s ar o see i
ages ro
es
arren land la ing green lan s e lands a e is ro g o
e s dio anal ed
ller
i
er o o ever
e
or s o e
ore green ones
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
Lalibela and surroundings, Jan. 2006
Oct. 2010
Sept. 2012, growth after the rainy season
April 2013
r er dis
ssion
i
e
raditional i ager and e ene
ial in e
r
o
ials a o
si e es e iall
loring
a
i
e re es a lis
en o olis
se or in ali ela
ei
i a
ee
e still linger o as
rren l
ere does no see
o e an oversig o
ain enan e o
ials o
e
e si e
o s
ring vie
s eds and res ri ting
ral radition re alls a s iri al ores
o ever i s resen e as een a sen in re en
is or
o
e
anding
ei
a
s on
si al lands a e o al val es
e o ential o e o o ris
s
s e
e area as no visi or ed
ation a o
e vario s re ores ation e or s in ali ela or
e s iri al
signi
ere
an e o a l s lands a e
ain aining
ese lan ed lands a es as e o e es a lis ed
res lting in overgro a ess aro nd
e res onsi ili
e
r er ore
lti le organi ations are s ear eading inde enden r er ore
lored in
ess l iss es
i ee or oordination a ong lanning or o ris
re ores ation initiatives
es and
e reserved and
Feb. 2014
e re ores ation e or s ave een s
r
e
o vege ation
e a o n ed or es e iall in regards o e
o ld
e older rees and indigeno s lan s
ave een largel negle ed
o ris
e
e s rge in re lanting
s iri al ores s reng ening s iri al s
ile
113
e ne l
e res onsi ili
o
lan ed rees is no delinea ed ei er
ere ore ontin ed develo
en o
e re ores ation
e or s and olla oration a ong all involved arties needs o a e la e e
reserving
iri al ores along iodiversi
is i
i
erative
l ral and s iri al val es o s reng ening
e
e onservation o
114
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
Affected views of gojos
Affected views of the churches
Affected views of the mountains
While comparing on-site photos between March 2011 and October 2016, the studio found that the trees planted in 2011, originally intended to mask the barren patches and remnants of the demolished residences from the resettlement, have grown in scale. At certain vantage points, the trees have grown to block some view sheds, including vistas of the vernacular gojo architecture, the churches, and the mountain landscapes.
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
115
V I E W S H E D S M ERIT FU RTHER RE CO GNITION AND PROTECTION e lands a es and on o rs o on e
ali ing
e ra id gro
e eri age o o
e i
as
ali ela are r
ial in
and r
red
e
s
da a on
ir
r
o ever
e o ential o o
vie s na ral areas and lands a es e
ro
a are r
ro ise
ial o
e ea
ZONING AND URBANIZATION EFFECTS ON VIEW SHEDS Previo s lanning e or s in ali ela s
as e s o
ali ela
es e iall
a are a ong
ever eless
o er g idelines a o
eig
en roa e
an ne
ons r
tion in
er one o ro nd
e i
as ro nd o
e
r
ali ela
ials
or ids
e
ain ain a er ain lo
s ale
i
r
Par o
ig lig ting i
ali
o
i
e en roa
is e
e
i
is ori s
•
e vie
en o
r •
as
er one a e ting so e o
as olle ed in l ding lati de and o ogra
s and orres onding no es o
e vie
s eds
e ollo ing ri eria o identi
ation o
es ren
e vie
•
ali ela as a
orld
e
riorities
in
eri age i e i e
es go os
s ed ig lig s a ni
e vie
e na ral ar
s ed olds religio s signi
e lo al o e n •
r
e vie i
• a ed
ildings are
ie
ral or e
i
olis
e s rro nding
e se o sa elli e
a residential e
e
religio s ea re no readil availa le in ano er ar o
anged
is al onne tions ave een negativel i
e val es o
s ed ig lig s ri eria o lined
i s lassi
an e
o ever d ring eld or
erien e as
a
ese
or reservation
o n aino s lands a e o
i sel is ri e
a
e signi
i
or an ea res o ea
en rea ed
ral se
erien ing
o assess
s eds
longi de oordina es
i s eri age val es and o reserve i
e dra ati
e s den s o nd
tion in
ildings
dditional da a
and designa es all o er areas o
and onne tions o ing ali ela
o ns a e
e lan
es is nders anding and e
ri large
drasti all
e o n
rren l
e i
ga ered
sed s atial anal sis o nders and
ing on areas near
ea
e ore si e Per
na ral on e
an in egral ar o
ral se Plan did
e g idelines se
ali ela so as o ro e i in i s is ori
r
os s ri ing
e ore one li i s ons r
e
Plan li el so g
e
e
e ea
e re resen and i
o nd
e identi ed vie
res ri tions in ali ela o n
i in and ad a en o
d inis ration lanning o
o
e ea
ral se Plan ave no re ogni ed or ro e ed an o s eds
s eds in
o residential
i ages
as
is nding
ali ela densi
e dra ati vie
o vie
onne tions and o
laining and nders anding ali ela
r
s a res l o
or ilgri s on o rne s o
e o ro
si e
s ed on ri
o lali ela or e vie
o
ni
an e o individ als o
es o
e o
s ed ig lig s a
ee
e n
erien e o visiting r
e
es and or
ara eristi o
e ali ela
ni
View from the top of the Seven Olives hill in 2016
116
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
PRIORITY VIEW SHEDS tili ing
e
anti ative and
e ri eria o lined seven o
r es angi le and in angi le eri age o
ali ative da a olle ed and e
de er ined o old signi an e o
ir
o vie s eds ere
e reservation o
e
religio s o e lo ation o
ni
and o entiall
e seven riori
o
e lo al and
e o ris
vie s eds and
ind s r eir
orres onding dire tion an e seen ere
Location of view sheds
VIEW SHED 1 Located at the top of a hill, this lookout point provides an elevated view of a horizontal vista that spans from the left bank to the right bank of the River of Jordan. Visitors can see two churches, Biete Mariam and Biete Medhani Alem, which represent Earthly Jerusalem; and Biete Amanuel, which is a representation of Heavenly Jerusalem. The view also provides views in of multiple gojos, both in close proximity to the churches and the outer areas of the core zone.
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
VIEW SHED 2 Located at the top of Debra Zeit (“Mount of Olives”), this lookout point offers a 360-degree view of the region with encircling mountains, valleys and flatlands below. This view shed is also the highest point in Lalibela.
VIEW SHED 4 Located on top of a trench, visitors are able to look down at the route traversed to reach one of the three church groups. Additionally, those who take in the view can observe the drainage ditches, defensive trenches and ceremonial passages that are taken regularly. These trenches are seen as an integral part of an authentic Lalibela site experience; the initial nomination report of Lalibela addresses the trenches as a unique aesthetic value.
VIEW SHED 6 The view shed provides a snapshot into the cluster of vernacular buildings on a small hill near the Maskal Square. Mixing old and new techniques, the cluster of earthen buildings resembles gojos in terms of color and scale, but is differentiated in terms of shape and material. This vantage point is unique and provides viewers with a different perspective of Lalibela; here viewers can watch the busy daily lives of the local community.
VIEW SHED 3 One of the most photographed views of Lalibela is the rooftop view of Biete Ghiorgis. Overlooking the church from above, visitors and pilgrims can appreciate the unique shape and size of Biete Ghiorgis, as well as observe the sequence of Greek crosses in relief on the roof. This view of the rooftop is especially desirable, due to the fact that several of the churches are currently under temporary shelters, blocking the view of their rooftops.
VIEW SHED 5 This view shed is located along a downward staircase leading to the mouth of the small artificial river named “The Jordan.” The view shed ties back to the site’s history as a colossal undertaking by King Lalibela to visualize a “New Jerusalem.” This view shed not only helps visitors contextualize the layout of the site, but also points to the seasonality of the site. During summer time, the graded trench guides water from the churches down to the rivers below, while during dry season, the stream is reduced to a mere trickle.
VIEW SHED 7 Standing at this location, one can overlook the Saturday Market and a local settlement from a distance. The Saturday Market is the traditional commercial center for Lalibela. Visitors can view and visually partake in the locals trade of products and goods, such as livestock, hand-sewn garments, coffee beans, honey, etc..
117
118
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
e
a ori
i in o
o
ese seven i
e ore one and
ro e tion
e vie
nreg la ed gro ildings and densi r
s eds as een
e vie
endations
ADDITIONAL MANAGEMENT CHALLENGE S
tion
rea ened
o vege ation residential and o el ation
e ea
s eds s e i
s o lined in orld
e e on erns in
all as
en
er o o ris
e si e ontin es o in rease ill e dis
STAKEHOLDER RESPONSIBILITIES AND COMMUNICATION
as rovided a se
ral se Plan o address so e o
and ilgri s visiting re o
ons r
endations and a end en s o
reserving
s eds are lo a ed
ere ore are a orded so e degree
ro g res ri tions on ne
o ever one o
o re o
or an vie
ssed la er in
e re or
ese
e
anage en Plan or
eri age si e
involved in
e
ere is a
ave var ing degrees o a dire
in eres in
develo
en o
•
ide range o s a e olders
anage en and se o
s rro nding lands a e and
e
e
r
e entire o n o
es
ali ela
o er and res onsi ili
e long er
e e
all ave
s e ards i and s s aina le
ali ela
n ernational develo
en organi ations in l ding
e
orld an •
n ernational onservation organi ations in l ding and
•
io ian e
orld
on
nd
ational and egional govern en in l ding
ori
or esear
eri age Planning nsti rea o •
en s
e
and onservation o
l ral
e
ara
ational egional
ae
e
ara
ational egional
ae
l re and o ris
io ian
r odo
e a ido
r
and ali ela
r
d inis ration •
ali ela
ni i al govern en in l ding
a or s
e
l re and o ris
•
o n d inis ration
•
o ris
•
o al o
•
nves ors
•
o al
•
o r g ides
•
o esti and in ernational visi ors
•
o n il
r
ro g do
e ali ela Planning
e ar
en
ers
sers and ilgri s o el s a
and o er o ris
e s a e olders
rela ed
in ervie s and eld or
ile
e
r
as signi
i in ali ela
i
ti es a ear o ld serve as a na ral or oordination i i
e
e need or additional oordination a ong an a
e si e so oo do var ing govern en agen ies o n il
or ers
ers and s den s
en resear
s dio identi ed
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e ali ela
nities
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over
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e ali ela i
ere o
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ore re
rren l
ori e
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o a ili a e
o r is
en l and en o rage
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
s a e olders ro aired
e
o side o
e o
a or and in l des
re resen atives o r o era ors e less lear vis vis di
r
o a end
o
e
anage en o e ea
and
siness o ners and o ers ade a o n a ili
o
li a ed
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as
r er
govern en
i
regard o
a dire
ain enan e o
e
on
en s
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ositions s
ore ro
s
o
r
in develo ing and i
o
ials and lanning
ni ation and de ision ni al a a i
le enting
e
a ing
ill e r
ial
reven es genera ed r
is
e
nd
o
ials
e ea
learned
nding or a large n
e ons r illion o
siness develo
tion o s
e
e need
ri e and o ld el
i
or an
on ern raised
o
ial is
ei
ene
ell as
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are e
r
o
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sti ing
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is s en on o
ni
and i
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o
ni
e
involve en
ar ners i in
e o ris
anage en Plan e lan s a ed
a
a tivities and in a
ore
ese
se or an in rease
rela ed iss es
as in reasing ni
ider s a e older
lo al
e o
ni
ave so g
ed
ae o
e ed
a e
orities o
i
eens re er o ool n addition
l re and o ris on erned
e in era tions e
one as a or
o donation
e lo al so ie
sides o li i ired
i o el
as dr gs
ro g
r er ss ring
e
ore
en ed on
ation s s e one
s
e no longer
one earned
en visi ors in an a e
are des era el re
o
in n avora le a tivities s
re
e so ial alan e o
ni
e in reased resen e o
a ing eas
elders are e re el
ildren
n
an one govern en
ildren an o en
as ad on
ere is a need o address
o
e a ess o o ris
ers and aren s and
ese a tivities sr
a es
o ering servi es as g ides
and drin ing n so e ases
COMMUNITY BENEFITS AND CONCERNS o
ni
r er ore a
o ris s ave ro g
and lo als ri ar ai
eir ea
eir elders
ee e
in
e o ris
o
egging or
an
res e
in
e ali ela o
entioned
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ool
er o o s and raining
s a res l o
in
ial
ali
ang aro nd o ris s ins ead o going o s
ni
dditionall
l re
e en
o ris s ave ad on
e a ra tiveness o
rovided loans o
e es a lis ed eal
ni al vo ational s
en
ni
a
ased
or nities are needed
ere are a n
e o
o ris s o
ased initiatives
i ro and s all en er rises or o
ene s is i
o ens re gender e
as led o ne
one
r
ting o o ris
l re and o ris
ore o
o o ris
ese reven es
o ned o els rovide o s or lo al residen s ni
till
orities
ni al a a ities and
or er
rela ed e ono i develo
one o
ni
ool a ilities
en and
es e iall
ro g in ervie s a
on ri
in di eren e
as a o el
e
i all re eive raining
l re and o ris P
orities
and lo al
e oor
e ti e s en ran es as
e elderl and
ese o
e
o g i
e o
er o
ree o els o ned
a ilities or
ri e even
one is eing sed
i in ali ela Pro eeds ro ro
regarding
re do esti and in ernational visi ors
estion o genera e
allenges
o e visi ors onsider
e o rse o o r da s
onsi e in ras r r
resen
ore rans aren
en ran e ee a ig
allo s en r over
i
e si e
o
i
o are essential or leading si es
i
ile
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ation as in reased
e ali ela regional e
availa le or
inan ial reso r es or la ere is a need or
e
da ed
ral se Plan or ali ela ell and
ation ro
levels
le en ation e
is insti tion gran s individ als o
ni ation a ong
o n il
r
ation is
onse
en e o li i ed o
e
in olla oration ed
ell as i
ene
rela ed ro essionals and insti tions o
ro g
and erti
en
ndraising rogra s
rise in visi ors o r g ides
ro
annels as ell as in reased e
as
e ederal
ilding as
ation and erti
regarding res e tive s a e older res onsi ilities
orities
r
o
a or iss e is
relevan entities o ris a
e
ildings
lari
s ra egies and rovide ed
iss es
ro e s and develo
tion a a i
o ris s
o nded
ni
need or o ris
e involve en
is is o
sed on o
dis ri
e ederal govern en
orld an
or alongside a s rea lined reven e s aring rogra
o
e si e roved on sing and
n lear o ners i and red ed res onsi ili
o
ne
is erning lo al organi ation and oordination
o larger s ale entities s
and
is
ials govern en
lti de o s a e olders as
l or
o
ni
119
o ris
e a il and a
orities
ese iss es een visi ors give is as
e se
ra egies o e er
egging and reserve ar on
120
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
RECOMMENDATIONS AND PROPOSALS
07
To help alleviate some of the current and potential issues, the studio group consolidated a list of suggested recommendations based on the group findings to aid city authorities in their decision-making for city policies and the preparation of the 2019–2029 Structural Use Plan. These recommendations as well as the team’s proposals fall under the framework of our proposed Destination Management System.
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
121
“Threats include encroachment on the environment of the churches by new public and private construction, housing associated with the traditional village adjacent to the property, and from the infrastructure of tourism.” UNESCO
Tourist shops at Maskal Square site entrance
122
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
n or ora ed in o o r estination
D E S T I N AT I O N M A NAG EM ENT S Y S TEM AN D E VA L UAT ION P RO TO CO L
ro oses e
a
o
en
estination
ero s s a e olders and
se ng riorities or
e i
een
e
r
anage en Plan o eo
e
l re and o ris
orities and Planning
estination
are o
•
eri age and
•
ands a e and o n r side
s
e
or s e i
ing riorities
estination
o ens re i
anage en
e eri age si e and
e
a s and o
allenges
e ollo ing re o
ieved a
ases o ea
s a e olders in
es s e o es
le en ed
riva e ar
o
s o ld e insti
oni oring a ne
a tion or
e er
e ne
eetings
ed along i
lear enalties or re er ssions
in as
anage en and o
e
an in eres ed in ali ela
is sor o olla orative
NEXT STEPS
eri age and l re
ands a e and o n r side
il environ en
erti ation ro ess or o els res a ran s and ars is ill el i e ee and ain enan e o ese servi es or on develo ing o er a ra tions o er an e eri age si e i e one se e o re a e s re ere is ain enan e ersonnel on si e a ing are o a ilities ore o ners re ired o go ro g so e e o raining or erti ation rogra rela ed o o ris os i ali nn al s rve or res a ran s o els and s o s
is ori al onne tions raditions s e i eri age si es ar s ra s isine o er as e s o living l re
le en ation o dea on raining rogra o ni driven arti i ation ig lig ting e l ral i or an e o s e i io ian raditions isine and a tivities evelo a a le listing eri age and l ral even s a tivities in ali ela
o es and rails or ildli e lands a e and oliage ea res onservation o na ral si es
rail a ig lig ting oliage ildli e and vie s eds seen on al a Pro otion a aign o raise o a areness or lo al o ni and in eres o l ral o ris n l sion o onservation o na ral areas lands a es i in as er lan od a oversees g ides and ain ains e re ores ation e or s in ali ela a ll s ra ed and oo i in rod tion o ora and a na s e ies i or an and indigeno s o e si e ral Plan o o in l de dditional li s a es s as s ares and s all ar s n ilding il s arting an ar is re ired o se er ain a erials as a a o ro o e s s aina ili ain enan e g idelines or e ore er one ain ain erna lar r i e re re o endations in l de a r a o n a i ain ain go os ind da ses or so e o e go os ar galler o se se isine o so venir s o e r ose de eriora ed go os or li s a e ses a
r
oni oring
ni ation an
RESPONSIBILITY
o odation res a ran s ars a ra tions a tivities even s re ail relevan o o ris s o er a ilities
o ns and villages a earan e and ee e i ea res distin tive ar i e re and li s a es
ange is
lian e g idelines and reg lar
e er lari
isi or a ilities
oni oring
an o side
ess and rans or
r a ong
ange all e
ano er s a e older or
ro g
o
ae
is ro osed n
a tion or
lian e
ar eting
r
a ade
ill e res onsi le or
or non o
ni ation n er re ation and
a in
endations are
nviron en
o
e
e
ore s s aina le i
e eginning ro esses and o
ni
e negative e e s
ni a ed o all involved s a e olders and
eing i l re
anges and
en s o ld e a en in
ell as
a
le en ation is a
en
ell
anal ing o ential i
ess l as
orities
or an o er o
or an as
ali ela an e o e a o
i
and rela ed develo
onsideration
anage en
e ollo ing si se tions
isi or a ilities
•
ni
o ris
needs and val es are i o o ris
en onsidering
o onl are ro e ting
gaining reven e ro
re or ools in la e o
ade
•
•
lans or ali ela
ee onl o r ti es a ear o dis ss
a ing de isions or ali ela
il
ere
i ad inis ration and o
e are
onsis s o
a
e onne tive tiss e
o ld assis in de er ining res onsi ili
se
d e
orld eri age
allenges and rea e a se o overar
•
e el
e
ere is no s r
g ide de isions as se
r
ese s a e olders
rgen iss es
re
a serves as
ral se Plan
se
oving ar s involved in
and i s
is a need o ave a s s e e
anage en
e ea
e lo al and national govern en s in l ding
se an eval ation ro o ol e s dio ro oses a
anage en Plan
o ris o n il Planning orities and i d inis ration e o ris o n il and i d inis ration e r and o ris o n il o ris e ar en and i d inis ration e r i d inis and o ris i d inis and o ris
ration o n il ration o n il
e e
i d inis ration e e Par s and e reation e ar en i d inis ration e e Par s and e reation e ar en and Planning e ar en Planning orities and i d inis ration e r and o ris o n il
Destination Management Plan (continued)
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
NEXT STEPS ess and rans or
oad and air rans or ation o and i in e destination rans or roviders riva e
o ni ation n er re ation and ar eting
ar eting edia and o ris g idelines ign osting van ar ing availa ili oile s and o er servi es essi ili o o ris rod s and servi es eas res or in er reting e s ess and ail res o e o ris ind s r
RESPONSIBILITY
a a are is anaged ased o o o ar so eone is raveling ones i in er ain se tions and or o ris s onl ed en rali ed o ris assis an e in or ation des a e air or van o el i ing e in or ation
i d inis ration egional ir or o ris o n il
o ris idelines s all ni dedi a ed o servi es in e ore and er one or ing i Planning e ar en and o ris e al e s e i indi a ors or eas ring s esses and ail res a nding ain enan e o signage additional dire tion and in or ation signage a in l des e s olis o ir lation ro es as ell as ar ers or ro es a no e eir level o di l
dio and i le en ed o ris o n il and r i d inis ration e
INDICATORS OF SUCCESS o ris
evelo
o
en
ni
123
ori
e
INDICATORS OF FAILURE
ead o o o ris ro g o e ear o ris assisting in driving e ono o ris reating o s or o ni o ris reating a ention s rro nding eri age si e se o o ris reven e o onserve eri age si e i iting n er o o ris s a a eri age si e a on e
n on rolled n er o o ris s a eri age si e e erioration o a ri o eri age si e d e o o ris s o ris as onl driver o e ono oss o s iri al i or an e o eri age si e as i e o es seen as reven e driver a o sa e and ris lans a eri age si es en over ro ded
evelo en o o ris in ras r re o s or o ris s res e ting eri age si e in i s lo ation a erials and eig s es ri ed and on rolled develo en i an ne develo en sti ed in i s need roval on an ne develo en in e ore or a e ting e o eri age si e sing develo en o rea e o s n angi le eri age s as ro essional lo ales raditional ga ering la es and vie s eds onsidered in land se and oning
n on rolled develo en in i s lo ation eig s a erials il i o sti ing need r ani ation and over o er iali ation o o n o ali ela o s or o ris s sing a erials no lo al o e area oss o verna lar eri age es e iall go os or ne develo en so r ing or ers ro o er o n ries o or on develo en ro e s evelo en or o ris a sing des r tion o e isting s o s and res a ran s o ni de ends on evelo en a nne essaril ses green s a e ra er an re sing ro n elds n angi le eri age no onsidered en lanning ne develo en
o ni ene ng ro o ris i o s and reven e ro o ris a eri age si es o ni in l sion in dis ssions o ne develo en s a a e e eri age si e eir o es and sinesses is ssions in l de i lo al a orities as ell as dis ssions i in ernational a orities s as or s o s and lasses o ered o o ni o learn ne rades as ell as ain ain no ledge o e isting raditional rades
o ris reven e no ene ng lo al o ni o s o so r ed and no given o o ni e ers o ni no involved as a ain s a e older in dis ssions s rro nding eri age si e and develo en s eri age o s o ni needs o ni d na i s raditions and ilding e ni es los or anged d e o in reased o ris raditional ra s s o ed o sell ea o ris so venirs o ni s o s or ed o ange o s or o ris e ar ers o side ali ela
LA N D US E P LA NNING A NTICIPATING FURTHER GROWTH s ali ela s gro gro or e
is as er
an
e national average
ra e needs o e addressed and onsidered lating ne orar
develo
e en o
lans ni al s
e ea or
e ali ela
re o
is
ile
ends reation o
os s o el
i r
o es e i
e ral se Plan
onsiderations in l de e
lo
densi
rren e
ansion o
e ollo ing e o n s lo
rise linear
s ra l is ns s aina le and ne ono i al and
in reases
e oo rin o
li i ed s
l o
e o n in an area
a develo a le land
o
i
led
relativel i
is is
124
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
Southern low density development
e
rren need or via le agri
ossi le ood inse
ri
l ral land near
a res l o
de and o on ron o ld
is iss e o r s dio re o
ini all i
a
e isting ar lands and in ras r
re s s e s
in or ing
e develo
as ar o
e
se and
l
ini i e e
designa ed areas e
en o a o
ral se Plan reg lating
s
Po ential ne
a
ave alread
evelo
en o
densel
e
oreseea le
in
o
i ano le
e a
re
ile
a
oda e
e valle a
i ano
a
er areas
edage elea
oge er
in
e o n or
ini i ing negative environ en al
e
e
e li i
e
a erns
s also e s died oni oring and
e asis o a
on
s
rren and e eri age si e
r osing o
e go os in
e a andoned s r
er one aro nd e vie
o ld e ild
r an oo rin and slo
li ations i res
i in ore and e ore o ld
s eds and ons r ile o side e in a i an s o
o
e
e are in ll s r
e re eden or re a ili ation e e isting
e
res in
is o ld also ave reg la or i
e en o raged o
e
er area s o ld e e a ined
is one o ld e li i ed o er
lored
ons l in eir i
o ential re
e e ended o reserve
e are develo ed
e needs o
ell as
ation in
er
o ld se
a do no
er o ential regional ransi sol tions
ese ave een illegal onversions e
en
e a le ar ro osed
ore and
l ral
o ili
tion i e vi ration
ore and rein a i ation o
no er ossi ili e nor
e ore i s ons r
and o ld in or
e gro ing needs o
edage and oda e
i
and
a s o in reased ransi
ensi
e agri
e e isting o n
re a essi ili
assess en as
lored
i s eri age val es an also e e
ro e ed de and as
ing si es
ar
oning areas o
e re onsidered and eval a ed on
ese is lanned
ing si e and i
e o n s si e and i
an a o
are ll s
ansion
ose asso ia ed
an e develo ed densel
e o o
an al os do
as
een identi ed one o
is a large area and an a o o ld e
on rolled e
areas o ld e
o e develo ed in o a a e o ni i
o ential i i
ee
ro osed road o ld al er develo
e identi ed o avoid in reasing
ress re on eri age areas s elea
ne
a
e lands a e val es and
oo ing a
e ree a ined
or densi
a s
e
re ensive land se lan
r er s ra l s
a i
negativel a e
reserve na ral areas and eri age si es
ation
a
s
er o l ing la ea s
o
onential ress res on
and e isting areas o
and or densi
ends
reserve
rren land ses
o reven
a s ese
ildings in areas
e vie s eds
r
i
e in rease in o risti
allo ing or oning or aller and denser a
o avoid
tion e ne
ali ela
is o ential o
ini i e
e ra e o land ons
tion
ill e
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
eir a ri
T O UR I S M A ND VIS ITO R M A NAG E M E NT
or
ore o ris s o e o see
e in reasing n a ri
an o
onl a o
e
an i
eri age i e e
eo le
r
o nders and e
ere ore
ea
r
es
edia e on ern as o ris
ile a a i
gro s
a larger n
ie
e
is no
nig s
is in or ation
ese a
avoided i ae
lation
and s o ld e onsidered given
and ro es are narro o
er o visi ors ir
i o in ernational visi ors
on e or gro
ends in l ding
an o
and do no allo
or
an
re
a ori
ere are large gro
eas res
a
e
ird visi or
a
is is artiall a ri
re one
e older
e a
a s
eo le a
anage en
ed o e
s assing
ro g a on e
anage en re o e i
lans o ens re
r
os ro g
aro nd
o a tivities e rain season
o tions or o ris s e
endation is
l ral en er as la e o
ell as
an
an e no onl
or
o els o
as
on res on er s and ossi l nig o a tivities
e i
ever eless
o ld s read
and in rease o e ea
al s
e o n
e o n avoiding ongestion in
s a longer in
e
la s and evening a tivities s
is ori al areas o varie
es
o
ill e a grea o tion on e i o ens
or s o s galleries
raditional dan es
e la
e
diversi ing o ris a tivities visi ors are also
e eri age si e as ave signi
se
no er o tion is o tili e
a need o e
arran ed
res e ting lo al raditions o er s a es aro nd
ero s and
e
o visi ors s a in ali ela or onl
availa le e ond visiting
s going in di eren dire tions n addition so e a s an e rea
or an
e in angi le eri age and i s
es e iall needs indoor a tivi
e o e a ro le de ogra
and i s living eri age is i
ese val es are sa eg arded
ill e riti al i
re o
is vi al o ali ela s lo al e ono
asso ia ed lo ations in
e ea
e arr ing a a i
ile o ris
alan ing o ris
es ave s all in eriors and an an
er o o ris s o
orld
eo le o ld ar
r
oda e so
s gges s a s d n
er o
e
e in angi le eri age o i s s iri al
lands a e estivals ele rations raditions and o er religio s a tivities
s
125
o nd
an a
e o ris s r
es
ore li el ra es in
lose o
o e
er en
e o el eds in ali ela are on average e
Tourist shops near hotels
By diversifying tourist activities, visitors are also more likely to stay longer in the city and increase occupancy Struggling to find footing while exiting Biete Mariam
rates in the hotels.
126
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
ere ore
e ig l re o
ild ne o el
o els along ilding
eing
i
a erial
o el eds
end re oving
o onl is
ere are
il
or
o side o
e a e e
i
e an ar
ere
orting
rren l a s r l s o
ir een large s ale o els
rren l
e ea
re o
resen
e od o rans or ation
ene
all
is
al as
ile in i
o
eir ri ar
ni
a
elieves
a ed
rod
o
a e
s
ne o e la
tion and
o nd
a
s o s selling
or s o s or
ain ro esses in l ding
ar eting o
s
e so venir e sa e
rod
s es e iall
e e
o
o
ile
allo
an olle a
e re o
ser eed a
re ensive nders anding o
ening in o n
o ga ge eed a
i
e ra id develo
ese s rve s an also e on ne
en s
oli ies or
l
en s da ed
da a o ine and
le s rve
estions
is da a s o ld e s ared
i
•
ati de oordina es
•
ongi de oordina es
•
s
e o el regis ered
all
oes
e o el ave a res a ran
•
o el
e si e i
ave one
•
s
e res a ran ea red on ri
•
s
e o el nder ons r
er o s ories o alles
•
er o roo s
•
er o
•
ear es a lis ed
•
verage ri e er nig
•
er o
•
er o e
•
er o e
•
oes
i
•
o
s on
lo ees
e o el does
lo ees
orar or seasonal e or
i i
o ris s e i
lo ees erti
ation
g ides
e o el advertise
o visi ors learned a o es
ess o
e si e and ar eting a
eir aigns
RESTAURANT SURVEY •
ati de oordina es
destination
•
ongi de oordina es
•
s
da a s e i
in irr or o ris s
ll ti e e
in raising in ernational a areness and in eres in ali ela as a a s andardi ed da a olle tion an e er nders and en o
ni i ali
ilding
eds
es a ran na e
and develo
tion
•
•
ni i ali
dvisor
and en o raging ig er non lo al visi ors
oo ing ro ess an ra
i
l re and o ris
•
and destination e o
i
• Per en o in ernational visi ors esti a e
loo and ena ling
lan de isions n addition
estions a o
e
si al so io
arties o g ide lanning o ris
gro ing o ris
roving
e o ris
anges allo ing or a eed a
anage en
i
eg lar lo al and non lo al s rve s s o ld
e ad inis ered es e iall
ti el ad s
e
i is di
o el na e
rring ea
reating s e i
en
ear
e od
e
er o visi ors is
o ld involve
ri eria and olle ting
o o els res a ran s and s o s in addition
o olle ting da a regarding ilgri s oreign visi ors and
e res a ran regis ered
i
l re and o ris
orities •
e si e i
ave one
•
s
e res a ran ea red on ri
•
s
e res a ran
•
er o sea s
nder ons r
dvisor tion
end
an individ al
orities
a ing and selling o ld el drive
onsis en
se or in ali ela
e ono i
iversi ing and i
•
e
allenges or ali ela in i
e in or ation
er
de ending on
i a essi ili a
en
HOTEL SURVEY:
i
ore
i o o ave a o
s
ar e is oversa ra ed
ings
e s ores are
o ris s o s o
e
on
is da a
ollo
e a a ars
e glo al rend o ards and ra ed lo al rod
relevan
a es grea l ea
o design s rve s
readil
and o ris s an
ational
lo als o ld rovide raining in val e
a
end olle ting
asis ins ead o ann all sin e
o visi ors
or enti
ile larger gro
e lo al o
a in l de nding a
e ea
rod
re o
sing ree rogra s li e o o
ore a essi le and reg la ed or o ris s
ea
on l
e ea
ses Providing additional rans or ation o tions or
o ris s s e i
design
on a
o ris s
ga ering da a is
ends a ili ating
os o ris s
do esti
season and even s
ilgri age season
rans or ation o tions ini
tions or i
ere is li i ed de and a
n addition
ren
e in entives o
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
•
e o ood served
•
ear es a lis ed
•
verage ri e er
ain enan e s
er o
•
er o e
•
o
eal in irr or o ris s
ll ti e e
does
in l des
lo ees
nal
orar or seasonal e
lo ees
e res a ran advertise
o na e
and
ati de oordina es
•
ongi de oordina es
•
s
e s o regis ered e si e i
•
eo
i
l re and o ris
orities
s
•
ear es a lis ed
r i
le do
en
o els rin
•
er o
e
in
•
er o e
•
o
does
orar or seasonal e
lo ees
solve
e lo
as
end
e
a
a o
a s
ile
i is el
l or
ove
ro g
e
o els rovide rin ed r
es
e
r
si es a
ined
i
a ro
re
o dress or a
res e
ll a
o ld e o r ea
e o
a
lo ees
endation is
e lo ations o a tivities and
a in l des
• Per en o in ernational visi ors esti a e ll ti e e
a
si es
in era si
a ing s re all
e
e
or o ris s
tion
i
is
dire tions
e
g idelines or o ris s on o e
nder ons r
i
es rovide a a
s or goods sold
•
r
ell as
a s anging in
ere ore re o
e
ti e o
ave one
rod
es o
e
e orre
a
e
a i is a en are o
nding re o
o ris s o ave a a s or o ris s
•
a
so e o els ave
SHOP SURVEY
•
a no onl is
e leaning o signage as
signage is ointing in
o n •
ill ens re
signage availa le or o ris s
• Per en o in ernational visi ors esti a e •
ed le
127
as rea ed a sa a o
ni
and a
an e easil ese o
is rovides a
ear
le ro
la es o visi
a
see a
rin ed
o
o is
ro oses
and give
e
ea
and eas sol tion o
i
o
re
endi
e ea
i
o o ris s
o
o iss es
e s o advertise
VISITOR SURVEY •
er o oreign visi ors
•
er o
•
o ris visi s
• •
ol
reven e ro
on
oreign visi ors er
on
r
o els s o s res a ran s rans or ation
o ris visi s
io ian visi ors
on
reven e ro
io ian visi ors er
on
r
o els s o s res a ran s rans or ation n or
i l see
on l and ann al er en in reases o anges
WAYF I N D I NG ile
ere is signage
and o
ro g o
e ore o
ni ation are riti al or o ris s ge ng aro nd
o n
e s gges additional signage o e er dire
o e a tivities and lo ations es e iall near l s ers
ere o ris s e ea
oin
ali ela signage
erson or
e
o ris s
e o r o el
ill e s a ing
also s gges s reating a s
ed le and
e
n ongoing
ain enan e o signage
Ticket office signage
128
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
ere s o ld also e a learl s a ed enti
S H E LT E R S
res onsi le or go os
ro g s rve s and in ervie s i is lear need o i
rove o
a
ere is a
longevi
ere also is need or a
e isting onservation al ernative a
or
ie e a riel a a are lanned a
olgo a
ill e
and even all a an el
ese
e ods
lied a
ie e
e s el ered
e s el ers over ie e
r
or ie e
ed ani le
ese arved roo
ro e tion ro a is
e ele en s ese
r
es
ore sensitive o
aria
eas res
r
es
o ld e re ro
a no
rod
s
lies
as vie
er
and o esive
enti i
r
e
r
ain ain
es a er in ernational organi ations ave
or in ali ela
GOJOS
ere ore
o assess and reserve oro g s d rren go os or o
e
e ea
e arried o
o
ing
ni
ill en an e and
no vis all de ra
nder
e ro inen ea res lo a ed
ro
r er ore go os in e raditional go o or
e si e
e lands a e o e ore and as
e galvani ed
e s o ld
e eri age si e
er one s o ld e
as ossi le i e e al roo
i
a
la e
re la ing ing
o ris
seasons
e s a es
e go os
le
are in l ded
e
o ld
e go os ee
erien e o
e o en s a e
en o ld genera e indoor
ese o ld e e er ain
orar
li a tivities
n tions i
a
el
season
r
e ree along
ed ani
a
li li e and di eren a tivities
e si e
e needs o
o ses
e o ris s
o ld e
e
e
e
e go os
ese o en s a es
e environ en o
oda e dail
ening on
e
o ld e a
a a
e
is rea ed o en
ore e or s
ara er loss on
o go os in good ondition
o eo
s eds
e lo al o
s all a o
ere re oved
e seven is ori olive rees
ends
a
er o
e si e near
ro essionals o s rve
ini i e eri age and
in lose ro i i
re o
e is or o
and ig
si al a ri o
r er ada tive re se
oile a ilities s o ld no
or overing
ere s o ld e
or
e s rro nding lands a e and
e go os
rove
ain enan e in lo
eri age
les
ain enan e is a elerating
e lo
i
e rs lo ation orld
o
e rogra
e oi
eeting
e
rals re e ting
d ring
een
n tions in
e
o ee a
is s dio ro oses
e go os
lands a e and vie
a
e go os ave een identi ed as ar o
ilgri s
e go os o e o ened
e rese le en a n
s ed areas
on ri
es s o ld e ontin ed and rein or ed in order o
ain ain nis ed
inall
oni or and
or se
e
s eds
vie
e
e go os
s ood aro nd
e na ral environ en or ers o
e
ools and or o ers
ell as e in egra ed
i
s e or s o rain lo al
r osing
se and la
r osed o
and on erns in ee ing
es
oderni ed
e n ns and o ers
o
e e isting
r
e
a erials and renovation ased on
ng so e o
ade
e de a o e re
e o develo a s el er
e
ildings in o raditional and
visi or o rs artis s dios
a
rren l la ing an
o
lar
ials and s
s a e in e
ea
e
in l ding re roo ng and re r is ing
o
e lo al ser s religio s needs
i
anage en o
ali ela and so e an e a en over o advertise and sell
as
is also a
n al ernative o ig
ie e
ood s el er
and ie e
iorgis as i s arved roo is
s el ers or
es o
r
ill e
o ld e res onsi le or a egori ing
a i a le go os and re
lored or re la ing
si ilar a er roo ng and onservation e easi le or
ie e
r er develo ed
a i anos and ie e e e
r er o tions s o ld e e
e
ain enan e and
reg lations on
e a egor
ael and
o ential onservation al ernatives o e ll
se ng
eir
oni oring s s e
is enti
e isting verna
ni ation a ong s a e olders a o
e lo al on erns over s el ers es e iall involving
e
a
s
ool
e road o
ain en ran e o e se ond one
a is en losed e nor eas o
e s ones ie e
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
129
Potential options for reprogramming the open spaces around the gojos and activating dilapidated gojos.
130
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
reg lations are needed or
VI E W S H E D S
vie
s eds or vie
o ro e
e eri age ore and
in l ded a o al res ri tion on e insti tion o else
ere in ali ela
red
ed
and
i in i
oning in
er ones ilding
i in
e si e s
eas res ave e ore one
oregro nd o all
er one and
ea o n o or an vie
odern s eds
ildings aro nd
e
ore de ailed
e r
es
i
3
4
e vie
er
s ed sin e
en s near
e oning s o ld arge e
orld an
e go os in
e a gro nd o s
es e g orr ga ed
an e o nd in
ni
edia e area o eeling o
e vie
e al roo
e ell n order o s ed
ose s r
il
ain ain
i
e
as leared
rren l a and l o s orage
1 2
s ed n
e en roa
vie
ese reg lations ave er ainl
e revio sl o lined riori
e
odern e
e ri itive
res s o ld e relo a ed
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
o near o
areas
a are no visi le ro
e vege ation near e ers so
e do no or
elevation o e
lo
e se ond vie
e isting se le en is re o is
e go o vie
e r
e ind
s ed given
is van age oin and
o g
e eig
is no
ree
lo a ed nor
e ell s o ld e li i ed o
een i and i s s rro ndings a ven
e oin
ig
i in
e
ie e
ird vie
es o
ons r
ain ain iorgis
rees
s ed
o n ains in
e
r
in e
tion on
e a gro nd e
ro r sion a
osition o
ain s
e
e a
e vie
e ill o s o
e
i in
rren
on e
e ers o
o e nor
e r ned on a reg lar asis
5
6
Location of priority view sheds
e
is o ld
ere ore or
e nor
es o
ie e
iorgis onl one s or s o ld e allo ed Pl s in order o
no ne essar s a eo
i o
e overall o
an ne e
le e
lose o gro nd level an
in err
e grea er dis an e
ended
e o al oin o vie er a ention
ver
e relativel
reg lation
i or
e
o
131
7
ie e
iorgis an overgro n es o
e
r
s o ld
132
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
or
e o r
sa e
vie
in ras r
s ed an additional drainage or visi or re ins alled in
e ren
ain ed a red ro n olor o el
LANDSCAPE
es s o ld e
e
lend in o
e
s rro nding ro
iven
eg lating o ro e ting vines on ave o
e
e
en o vege ation is e
s o ld e a od
vie
e
re ores ation e or s in ali ela re on iling all
s ed
lo ed
e vie
o
ing
e s air ase
o n in eres s
e ordan iver and e vie
e area
i
s
e
r ned
or vie
s ed n
er si
er one and a ons r
eig
tion
il ele o
e se le en in
e ore one
e
li i ation is s gges ed so
a
o ld e o a si ilar s ale
nli e
e ne l
o er
ie
r ning rees o onne ting
er seven s o ld e ro e ed e
e road o
es o e
ar e la e on
e o er side o
e s all valle o el
ese vie s eds a
e s dio ro oses in l ding is
o ld re
ro g o a s
a identi an e o
o side o a
e
e vie
ain ained
in a ro otion a
i
e dis ri
tion o
s eds and o er s iri al lo ations
e s iri al lands a e and r
aign
rin ed
o ld aid visi ors in nders anding
ain enan e ea
o ens re
ieve grea er re ognition
ore dire tional and in or ational signage
ali ela along
ese additions signi
ire
e
es earning ro and s
a signage
e
e living eri age
rior signage ro e s
ed le s o ld e es a lis ed
ro g o
e i
is ro erl
r er olla oration
an e o
e
e
e di eren ni ation
r
o olla ora e
organi ations
i
no ledge e
r
iri al ores along i i
i
resen s an o e
e e
or ni
lan ere
loring or
o anis s and lanting
is onsolidation
ill also ena le grea er
ation e or s on lo al vege ation
e
ltivation
er
o an ill s ra ed and oo
ain ain a vis al orridor
ain ains
ill rea e o s a ili a e o
o indigeno s lan s
ed
s ed n
is
s rve ing and onsolida e iodiversi signi
i in
a oversees g ides and
ere
o er agen ies ena le onsis en re ord ee ing
s o ld e
estions is lo a ed o side o ne
s es and li
e ron o
a tis al ool n order o res ore aggressivel
lti le organi ations and driving goals
e en roa
o sides and a
le el
e
e even al rod
e
tion
a in l des indigeno s ora and
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
a na s e ies lo al o e
e ali ela area
ansion o lo al iodiversi
non lo als
e
anage en o
reservation o s iri al and e s dio re o olla ora e
ed
i
e
r
l ral val es o a
s and
e
r re
on nders anding
ores o develo re ores ation rogra s ore generall e
e Planning and o ris
lore o er o ris
visi or ed
lo
ation e or s rela ed o i
g iding
and e
an organi ation s
i o
en o
o n il
a address ile
e
iri al
s e i
e re ores ation e or s a o
olla orating
ere
i
ials
ain ain a ess and
e organi ation
o ld also a ili a e
and lo al olla oration olle tion a o a
ill designa e
signi r
e
lis ed and
anage en in o
ade availa le o
or ni
o in or ora e
e o ris
se or as an
visi ors an el
ile learning a o
an e o ase
ere s o ld also e ongoing resear
ere is also an o
al ernative a tivi in ali ela
r er in ernational
lo al vege ation and lanting onditions
o ld even all
e lands a e
re ensive s rve
o
areas and s i a le rees or lanting e or s ena ling s ra egi
es s o ld also
o n il
lanning and o ris
oin s o in eres s
lo al residen s
e o ris
i
ree gro
vege ation s o ld e leared or r ned o
goals
or nities and
ed o develo
ed le o ens re eal
i
re ores ation
l re oreign
ean
ain enan e s
vie s o
e ree lanting lans as
e
o in egra e
ores s s s aina le agri
r er resear
a
e greens a e
e o ris
s e ies leansing and overgro n lantings s o ld e
o rees and vege ation s o ld e ond
si al lands a e and
eir ree lanting lans in o a larger i iss es in l ding
e
ation a ong lo als and
ends
e isting
o ld ontin e
133
lan
e
e lands a e along
ain ain rees
si al and i
l ral
e o tion o
e oo on lo al vege ation
The churches and landscape of Lalibela must be managed together
134
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
08 l er
BIBLIOGRAPHY i
o
on
ni
i als and
evelo
en
Paris
ro g
io ia de lares s a e o e ergen
ed
orld
nes o org do
a ers
l a eera
eri age
en s
o
li
el o e o
essed e e
o er
se
ne s
er
i o es
i ondia
s r
a i ondia o
or
essed e e
l
rain o
en
ain o
ngo
se
enti ro es o
or
e
re
s
e e io ians e io ia a s
io ia Pro le
er
al a eera
e io ia de lares s a e e ergen
io ia a s
e si e
over ro es s
e s
ro es s
en d
i ondia
a
i o
i eline
e s
ri a
o
ne s
e e
er
orld
a ri a anage en Plan or r
es o
ori
ali ela
orld
or esear
eri age
ddis
atis oni ddis
eri age i e
e n
io ia
and onservation o
io ia
e in
l ral
egions
a s and io ia
a
ilena a a
e o
o
re ensive
ide o ali ela
ar s
o ns Po s
i
lation o
atisti s
lation de
l
ederal
inis r o
Poli
rada oo s
a or ities
ra e or
l re and o ris ederal
inis r o
ese le en l re and o ris
P ridonnea
arie
la er a no
sa vegarde a ri oniale e d d velo nal se
ltis alaire d
ali ela g ogra
io ie ie oliti
doi
rogra
e en
ono i
ill
e
e
e e de g o oliti
a
e
e i
a es and
e de rese le en
s a e Politi
es a e oliti
de la e s
e
ering or
e lo al
s
ales
o ledge
ev e en ligne de e no
Pe ra
ar
evelo
ra egi
e
en and o ris
as er Plan
egion
essed e e
ori er
d ra gov o de a l as en ral n elligen e gen en ral n elligen e gen li ations ail
e
orld a
ie
e
orld a
s
irs
ia gov i rar
oo geos e essed e e
a n org e
oo
l
l ral
er
o el nd s r
ri a
essesse and e l
al
s in as
o io e ono i and nviron en al iss es
Plan ed
ores s and rees anage en
ea
r ossa
or ing Pa er
ores
ores
ivision
anage en
o e
an
oni oring e or on i
eri age i es
atis a
i itions e ra dail li e o
essie
er rand
ra e o
orld an
s o els
ae
io ian
eri age en re
egion
s atis a o
s atisti s
orld ide
region
atisti
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
n ernational
nd or
on
dven re in es oration on
en s e
ali ela P ase
or
n ernational
egassa ale
nd or
en s ril i
ali ela
ssion a o
ir
assa ess o
dis
oads
illion r
ori
Pro e s in
l re and o ris
orities
n ervie
e
ie
in
io ian alendar religio s even s and
lation
odr g e
ddis or ne
den and r
135
lo
Pa ri ia
o
re ensive
ld
avana
as o
ra eg
avarra
allenge o a o
anage
s a a
o ia
e a eg arding o
olegio
ial de r
e
i e os
avarro
dio ea er ali ela aa
l re and o ris ali ela
orities
l re and o ris
o ris
and
Pal
o
aser
oni oring and onservation in ali ela
orities
io ia
n ernational o rnal o
anning or i e
orld
eri age in
eri age i e e
igi al ra
doi o
an
argare
eg
io ia s
ano
eg o
r
ores s
ro e s e io ia
r
ano ores s
lovenia si e e
argo ni
la dio
e a ili ation o
ngineering eolog
o
e n
io ia and irs
r
ergen
es o
s e s or
ali ela
r o
n ervention
ddis
slovenia si visi
o
ol
nsti
o ses in
e
a a Pa l
ali ela
onoli i
r
es and
ol er on P
lis ing
eo
ggdo
dene
and Poli
and
ss es in
o ination
eir reas res
and oo eratives n or ation
o e
rren
orld
and e or
ood and gri
orld
o
l re
rgani ation
orld re
o o
ra e o
e o el ind s r
region
atis a o o
an
orld ide ro
nes o org ar
ive
o
s
ra e o
ali ela vol
o els
orld ide
orld io ia
ie
P
re on
e ali ela
orld
ission e or
o orld
ee
si en radovl i a a i
se
o
essed e e
er
l re
se
i
eri age en re
e n
r
es in
r
a eo
es ali ela
eri age en re
nes o org en so
eri age i e orld
adlovli a o ris
e n
Paris
onservation
dia a s anlosen
e o
s atis a
region
ones l
e
ivision
s atisti s
ar en r
e ro e tion o
ird session Paris
eri age is
Preservation o an
en ation
eri age en re
l ral and na ral eri age
and e le en
raditional
io ia
ristian
e re ellasie
io ia
ee ee ing
en ation
onvention on erning ega
rails
in slovenia
orld
es and la de e age
io ia
er
essed
or ern
eri age en re er ier a
ee ee ing in lovenia
l re
adol a radol a
onservation io ia nes o org en so
o orld
eri age en re
e n
r
eri age en re
a eo
es ali ela
136
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
a
orld
ission e or
o
orld
e n
r
eri age en re es ali ela
io ia
onservation orld
ordan
eri age en re e n
r
ae
lali ela rees o
ind
ller
ali ela
na
orld
eligio s n eres
eri age en re
oa
ris en
eil r nn i eline o
e ro oli an Paris
d lali
se
o
d lali
l
orld an
ienti
and
l ral
ni ed
ations d
ational
org
rgani ation orld
eri age en re
nes o org en lis
r
i elago
e e
ega orld
er
is or
e
r
o ris
orld an
an
evelo do
eri age en re
a
Pi
e e
d orld
er
essed
ese le en
sn
do
oli
is ori
ol
ali ela o n s l an
ar o
eri age en re
ios
ere eserve
essed e e
e
onar
orld
eri age
i al
orld
eri age en re
do
en s orld an org ese le en a tion
ol
er
io ia s n
a e ed ersons in ali ela
do
rese le en
er
orti
ation
se
essed e e
ld orld
er
avana and s
ro e
a e ed ersons in ali ela
orld an
ol
ro erties in
e ore one o
in
do
e are
is or
riva e
ali ela o n
en s orld an org
e ore one o
io ia
ra ed
al ation o
orld an
riva e ro erties
ali ela o n ol
ersons a e ed o
al ation o
eri age en re
nes o org en lis nes o org ne
ra ed
o io e ono i assess en o
sn g
en s orld an org
en
ational Par
essed e e
ro e
o io e ono i assess en
en eri age
ra e or
ese le en a tion lan or
sn
orld an
nes o org en lis orld
oli
essed
nes o org en lis
orld
ra ed
lan or ali ela o n
eri age en re
er
en Pro e
ra e or
ese le en
o rese le en eri age
org
en s orld an
en s orld an org
orld an
nes o org en lis orld
se
e
en Pro e
ra ed en eri age
or
es o
e ega
nes o org en lis orld
r
io ia o ris
orld an sl
eri age
e n e
en orld
vision
e o
ra ed en
evelo
s
ro e
r
io ia
as ing on is or
said
nes o
org en religio s sa red eri age a
d
es ali ela
nes o org en so eri age o
en Pro e
ra egi
d
ision
eri age en re
nitiative on
e Pe ra l s er o ards a
evelo
gov d do s P
o
io ia
evelo ing
estination
eri age en re orld
o
nd
en nes o a o
s
ali ela ra ed en
o ris
io ia s n
iveli ood res oration lan or develo do
en
ro e s in
en s orld an org iv
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
orld an in ras r one o org
ol
eig
o r ood and
re lan or rese le en o ali ela
io ia s n
ersons ro
do
eig
re lan or rese le en o
ore one o
e ore
evelo
en s orld an
ra ed en
in ras r
orld an
o r ood and
ersons ro
s aina le o ris
en Pro e
as ing on
do
en s orld an org
ro en
e
evelo
ol
assess en o
nviron en al i
e rese le en
sn
do
ro e
a
en Pro e
e rese le en
orld an
io ia Pover
as ing on
orld an
orld an org
on
en s
tion Plan or
ra ed
nviron en al i
assess en o
ro e
orld
a
in ali ela o n
ssess en
nd
ission e or
e o
e n
andle
on
a riel o
en s
nd io ia
orld in
le en ation o do
ea
nal re or on on l sion
or s on
en s
nd
n
ane
lis ed e or s
eri age onservation gri s ordan s Pe ra eri age onservation gri s ordan s
Pe ra a id oo ing o ris evie
es in ali ela
e onservation o
ael ali ela
a id oo ing o ris
orld an
r
onservation
s o en no ledge
i ense
P
s aina le o ris
in ali ela o n
en s orld an org
en
en
ra ed
ali ela
orld an
e or
orld an
io ia
orld
sl
io ia
137
nde enden
val ation ro
en s orld an org d
letion
essed an ar englis
ove
er
ne s in
ane
o
on en
ra ed is losa le d
Tomb of Adam and entrance to first group of churches
138
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
APPENDICES
09 s
e
dio ea
anage en
resear
s dies anal ed
ali ela
ig
es
i
e ea
esses o
anage en o es
ig
and eri age e
lored
e glo e o nders and
si ilar iss es
lans as ositive e a
as i s destination less ositive o
rren o ris
eri age si es a ross
o er si es deal
anage en
ed
allenges in ali ela
several ases o o
Case Studies Tourist Brochure Survey Forms
arti
o eo
e ase
lar initiatives or
les ali ela an loo
lans develo
serve as lessons ro
ers
i i
learn so as o avoid ro le s and e er
re are or in reased o ris
a
e si e
o
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
139
Lalibela landscape and church
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
T EMPLE O F T H E SACRED TO OT H R E L I C
CA S E S T U D IE S
140
Location: Kandy, Sri Lanka
ating a
o
a red oo o
e si een
en r
e e
as designa ed as a
e a red i
is said o e
o
orld
o
e ord
o ris
e e
a
and
le is an
ell as a o
lar
g s is
e ea season o
e lessings o
ltiva e
e
eir ro s
l ral
is si e
an s arr ing
o
reli
ro g
e
are o
e di eren e
o in eres s e
een
dd is
e ri an an govern en ado ed
o ris s
e a red rea Planning s on si e
e ations and o ential
anage en
e ilgri s and se e es o in or
s ali ela is an i
destination lessons an e learned ro eli are re
ear gar en s elo visi ors o s o
e e
ired o over
e nees and
res e
or
ilgri age
is ase s d
i ilar o ali ela all visi ors o a red oo
e
e lo al
le o
e
eir s o lders
al
are oo
l re
le
ad inis ration rovides donation ased s oe dro servi es s
e ore
e door a o
e e
le
odes
a
or lo al and in ernational ravelers oreign
rren
e
an onvenien l e o
ee
ven dis ri
tion o
e
dditionall
le s in erior s a e is dedi a ed e sa e
e reli i sel
an e o o o oli
in
a a dis an e o res o
lose i
re o
rnis ed
i
a o
on a
en o o
e religio s
e reli
ose o ris s
li en ar
ed a
o ever
o desire o ave
e reli or a leas a vie
le o
e line
o ris s are allo ed o a e
nglis
e en ran e ee o
e e
as
e ad inis ration insti
edia e area o
or
e in o ing
e ro es also
inall res e ting
e ers a a
e reli
o
le ei
ors i areas
e o ris s o ollo
signi
il se ara e ti e o i
ea
es
ndan e o
n ali ela
re and
e e
e a red oo
anage o ris
e are
ro
le
eli
an e an
and ilgri s
o ris
ange
eri age a
one in o
e lo al
rren dollars
e en ran e ee is ree or ri an ans ea
e
ra e a o nting o
is o ld el allevia e so e o
o ris s res e
ange vendors in ernational ravelers
e ti e s ens res
ese dedi a ed e ing line or
le o
edi a e
ere ins alled as arriers o se ara e
e e
e a
le se tions
alls or ors i ers o si and ra
sna es aro nd
an
or e a
o
i
ro es
and arriers o se ara e s a es or o ris s and religio s sers
e en ran e ee osting aro nd o g
e
en
e ad inis ration also
along
or al and in or al
s a l orro ing servi es are also easil a essi le a en ran e or a
e e
i
o assis
e e
e eri
no
e needs o
ree isting railings o rea e
along
o ris ro
a
e ad inis ration
e o ris s
ors i and
rea e a
eing o
oda e
a s a e or ilgri s o er o
eaning l
eir visi
e si e s d al o e tive o
le are ordoned o
ti e ro es
lar or
and ins r
or an
e e
ri an an as a en
e ti e s e o e a
e religio s ilgri s and
or en da s over a
e sa red oo
er li e
ile sin e
ra Polonnar va
a al os ever
le en ed a si e lan o a o
dd a o give
ean
n rad a
so venir o re ind lo al ilgri s o
i
s ree s
non
lla is a ri
r oses
religio s si e and a o ris a ra tion
illion do esti and in ernational visi ors o e o see dressed ele
igiri a
a leas on e in is
e ann al ro ession no n as sala Pera ara is
ar ers rain o
on i
a
e o
ele ra ed o invo e
i
ilgri age o and
destination id o la e
en
do esti visi ors or s atisti al
o sing a reli
dd a
a tive si e or religio s ilgri age as
e
eri age i e as ar
and in ri an a
e oo
le o
a
o
e sa red s a es
ge e ono i driver o e
r
es
e on erns o
ile still alan ing e i
i
i s living
Due to the site’s dual objective of being both a religious site and a tourist attraction, the administration implemented a site plan to accommodate the needs of both the religious pilgrims and the tourists.
142
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
CA S E S T U D IE S
SLOV ENI A B E E KE E P I N G AS SOCIAT I O N Location: Slovenia
ee ee ing in lovenia is one o raditional ra s and a on ri
ting o
e ono
ver
o r eo le in
rela ed e
lo
en
e
er
sed or
e onl
n learn a o
l ral
se
e is or o
addition
e
se
e ollen allergies one
ile lis ening o ee ine
erti
i s a i o ris
erti
a eo
lovenia is
servi e roviders
een ee reeders se
andle
are rod
a ers
one
er o era
i
e onl an
is a ne
is ar o ee ee ers
o nr
o
i o ris also e
ra es
on e tioners
read and one
as r
ers na ral a i os eti and a ers
e ono i a tivi
on
e rise
e roader green e ono
lovenia as s rived o es a lis ederation o
e ee o se
anel ain ers one
a ers and s e ialis gi
and a i o ris
a s o a ee ive
ee ee ing e nogra
everage rod
ee ono
ee ive air
s and ee ee ing ed ation ro es
a i era is s ee ive ron one
ar
ellen e n addition a i o ris
olle tions o en air
a ers
s o ad a en
e o n r s distin tive eri age
ee ee ing radition
ees a
ere o ris s
assage or
rovides ee rela ed ravel e
a
i ondia n ernational
sso iations and
in
e i
ali ela is
ase
e role o
i o es rren l one
o
an as e
o
and
ilding a one as an i
sed in ood drin and or
ell as a signi
en o
lovenia s a i o ris
lo als and o ris s are ositive e a
adlovli a o ris
i o rs o
artisans
ar ers
lso in
i ondia
se
os o
e develo
or an
edi al
e area s is or
lovenia s diverse a tivities s rro nding one and ees or
ere visi ors an
ee
l ral
r oses as
e region n
e ealing
se rod
ee ee ers la e eds
e o reg larl in aling
visi ors an en o an organi
and ri
ed one
also a s as a s a
is elieved o red
e arniolan i is also
ers onne ed via ee roo d
ni
orld ide
ali ela an learn ro i sa i
lovenia si
ee ee ing in
ee ives allo ing g es s in ale is e
ro ean nion
in adovl i a
e ene s o a i era a
a i o ris
r oses n addition
a e andles
several ig l re
o nded an a i
i in
e
sed or eating
edi al and os eti
ees a is also sed o
role in ro oting and en o raging
are living on ee ee ing
lovenia is
e one is no onl
en o
onen o
a e o ave ro e ed i s native ee
s e ies idel
e o n r s oldes
i o es
o
erien es are a ing a leading
o ris s o
e ne
one
se
les o
a s o a ra
Slovenia’s diverse activities surrounding honey and bees for locals and tourists are positive examples of ways to attract tourists to the new honey museum.
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
T H E V EGA A RCHIPEL AGO
CA S E S T U D IE S
144
Location: Norway
e ega r
i elago is
or egian ea ar onio sl
ade
i orld
i
e environ en sin e
as lis ed as a
orld
in e
in era tion
i
e nin
a o living
e si e is
ro e
e
ro
an
s ever s ring and
e eider d
s
e ind in
tion ind s r is a
e lo al e ono
lands a e or over a also o e o al os
ears
anage en
rised o
ro a
reserves
e ares o
e
a
e
i elago is
ni i al Plan or ega in egra es
eri age si e i
i
e designation o a ore and
land se reg lations e ensive do
e
i elago
i
ro g
ands on
ro e s ed
e rossroads in develo ing
ell develo ed destination i
lear delineations o res onsi ili
e eri age si e is ne essar
egarding ali ela
ro o ols and g idelines are still la ing
e airl re en es a lis
o al ildli e e
er one
en ation o an ien
es
e e or less in era tion o ieved
ro g
en o
e
ess o
e ega r
e lo al o
io ian ni
inis r i elago
i
olla oration and o en
ni ation a ong all involved arties a all levels roa
as e o
ere needs o e o
e i
ni ation and onsolidation o or
si al and in angi le val es o
a
ani es in ali ela des i e
e lo al and in ernational involve en in
s a e olders in ali ela o
aries
e ro e tion o
e ega r
ali ela is a
o ever
o esive a
o
e na ral lands a e and
rioriti es and el s
rsion and in or ation dis ri
l re and o ris
o
er en o
ve na re reserves o r ird san
r er ro e ting
o
all
iversi
i in
ind s r
e lands a e a
a o li e
and one ro e ed lands a e ave een designa ed de rees
given
l ral lands a e o a re
ori
is
o
eri age si e and
ederal regional and lo al govern en s ave so e degree o
e eri age si e is
e ares is o en s a e n addition
regarding
irds e lo al
orld
e govern en
anage en s ra eg
and na ral
e ega r
e lo al iodiversi
land s r a e is sa eg arded
o
e
e
e in erne
i s o ris
e olle tion o islands is
o er s e ies o
a or a ea a ile ro e ting
e iodiversi
g ided e rren l
onen
in o ro oting
e ontin ed assing o in or ation and val es o
ro g
e do n
roa
s val es
l ral lands a e
anage en disse ination res oration and lo al
resear
e
n
e ega oro g e
rea e or is
re generations and visi ors
e nes s
a or o
is s s aina le a
as reserved
s
nd
ori ed sers
and in egration o ni
ro g o
igra e or
a e do n oa s and o er do n rod
olle tion and rod
ain ain
nne essar dis r an es e eiderdo n le
o
e arvesting o eider
e
in er lo als olle
i
e eri age si e
in l des
ild and
n e
in egra ed
o
ati ili
ing o lo al iodiversi
oge er o reserve
val e reation e or s
e lo al eo le
e reeding season
environ en
s ri ing
or
a
o n il and national govern en
orities
e o
e na ral environ en
ild eider d
e o n
a
e level o
en r liveli oods o in a i an s ave
s el ers and nes s or
e
o n il
een de enden e and reservation
do n ea ers
o
one ge
eri age i e
en ered aro nd s ing ar ing and
o
addition lando ners a
o
a deli a e alan e e
o
ra ti es and ontin ed
eri age ni
d
e
le and s s aina le
de ning ea re o o
e
e lo al s er en and ar ers ave lived
ain aining a raditional si n
o do ens o islands in
oge er in reserving e eri age si e
e e
e
The success of the Vega Archipelago is the effortless interaction of the local community with the landscape, achieved through collaboration and open communication among all involved parties at all levels.
146
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
CA S E S T U D IE S
MACHU P I CCH U
e
Location: Peru is ori
an
ar o
a
and na ral eri age si e re ains o
e
in egra ed
i in i s
e
een
een
s one s r roadening
anis
e
eologi al
i
vario s
ered
a on asin
on
en
e o
eri age
ni
eo le a ear a
Pi e
ee
order o s
or visi ors
e si e
al a ri o
derives ro
iss es
e
Pi i
a es
a
and
i
e ali ela
r r i
Pi
is
as ad iss es i
is in rease needs o e
ro g i s
es
se
en i
i
e
eri age o
i ee
le enting i s e a ea
orld
e develo
e
lation a
anaged ro erl or
a
ain enan e o
e
ile also
le en ation an as e s o ien a
e nan ial reso r es re
ali ela an learn ro a
anage en
Pi lans or over
eri age i e en o
ven a er
ese lans
ro g
e ro ess o govern en al a
or ali ela is o inves in lanning
ell
ere ore
allenges a
anage en
e si e in
a
en
a in
o o erationali e
es are s all and so e o
e r ani ation and develo
orld
i
e si e
anges as
o ld a se ir
e ro osal
e si e in order o s s aina l develo
ears sin e i
e a ri
o ever large
ened a
e
e iss es and
or s o s a ili ating
es o ld e da aged a
e a
o ever
o ld lead o si ilar ro le s
assis ed in
ge ar o
an res l in dele erio s
or ed
n additional
illion
e si es and allo
ear
le
reserving i s eri age
e s rro nding
e o n s rro nding
or e a
e eri age val es o
in order o alan e o ris
eri age i e in
ro g
e
o ins all a le ars a a ed
ali ela an learn ro
in onne tion o
ove
ting o ro o e
a s are re ario s
and sa e
ali ela
a in l des s
n addition ali ela s e a
en
as da aged
an also a e
oda e o ris s
as no s
en as seen in
a le ars ave also een ro osed or onsideration a
and i s ands o e a vi ti
ore o ris s o e as as alread
Pi
si e and
nologies
a over a
en
orities so g
o el a o
a
on
ers o o ris s ea
in reases in o ris ea
orld Pi
ere o ris
an e e
Per vian a
o ld ave negativel i
as redis overed in
a
a visi ors
ansion o
or ities or in reased n
Pi
Pi
d
ess n reased o ris
and a sed
i
en r
isi ation is no
a
e si e a e ed
e ono
os
ro i a el
l ral e
ire and
ain lesson ro
o i so ns
is
as religio s
e si een
e e e s o o ris
and
a
n on rolled develo
s anding niversal al e o a si e
e n a s religio s ra ti es
as designa ed a orld
ali ela is
ill e iss es o
n reased develo
a i dadela
r oses s
e n a
Pi e
ere
e si e is
lan o roads and irrigation s s e s is
as a andoned in a
aeologi al
l ral or as rono i al n addition o
le
on
l ral
o n aino s lands a e and is si a ed
an or i s r an lanning and agri
e si e
i
e ar
n a ivili ation
e no ledge o
e si e s o
o
on ains
e entire si e in l des a
res
ere onial agri
i
in Per is a
e Per vian ndes and
e i adel and
signi
a
en r
ell no n or i s ar or
Pi
e govern en
as ailed
ese lans
e lesson
ro g
le en ation
ro riation o ired
roval
oi o
e
an and
An additional way in which Lalibela can learn from Machu Picchu is through its management. Machu Picchu has had issues implementing its management plans for over 30 years since it became a World Heritage Site.
148
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
CA S E S T U D IE S
MONARC H B U T T E R FLY BIOSPH E R E R ES E RVE Location: Mexico
e reserve
as la ed on
onar
er
i ilar o
ios
e o no
e
i
ali ela
la e o
er ntil
e eas ern o
s ends
eir
lation o
e
onar
anage en
o
lan
ore g ards on ell as o s
eri age
as nd
e
e
onar
lo als
e
r s i
nd and
e
orld
ildli e
ederal and s a e insti tions and
er ies san or ni
as
in
e
ar
as additionall
e e o o ris and
e
and
se or
P ave la ed e s rro nding
e area as a la e or ear
an o ers ave s ar ed roviding
ation and raining in onservation e or s and e
e
e area in general de erring
logging
or illegal
o ongoing and ro osed
oni oring s ills o el onar
o
rea ened
lis ed in
en in o visi ors a ilities and
ed
o n ains
lation as e o e
e reserve o ro o e
i
adre
s and a ade i insti tions
e o e a la e or o
ro nd se
er en
and additional organi ations
or ing
ell as
villages o
id o
l rall s s aina le
er
rogra s as
a lo o inves
ro
ro i a el
e ierra
or a varie
onar
rgani ations s
e si e
e re ises o ee an e e o
e
e i o are
on s oin iding
er ies ravels and
as
a are e ologi all and
orld s
onar
e i o sees a
an in er eren e logging and a large in
seasonal visi ors
logging as
in er
e r ar a
in ers i ernating in
ere ore a
lo als
e reserve in
er ies o
e end o
o ever d e o
o si a e
is sed dail
e all and e
e
is a seasonal area
ilgri age
igration o
ove
ses
i
o visi ors d ring
e ea
eri age is in
ere eserve
ore eavil d ring da s o large in
orld
s as
ell as
e rees or ro
reali e
e e ono i
ene s o
e ro otion o e o o ris
e
ro
in
e
region as el ed o ro o e onservation and en o rage a tive involve en in e os s e and visi ors ali e
and o
ali ela
i
o ential as a ase or e o o ris s ands o ene
ro
an o
ni
is onl in
i
rove en
eginning o e e
lo als lore
io ian ig lands
ese lessons
e
Similar to the town of Lalibela, which is used daily by locals, but more heavily during days of pilgrimage, the reserve in Mexico sees a large influx of visitors during the fall and winter months, coinciding with the peak migration of the butterflies to the site.
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
T IKA L
CA S E S T U D IE S
150
Location: Guatemala
i al is lo a ed in e ar
e
or ern egion o
en o Pe en
i e in
or o
i al is lo a ed and eli e on
i al e
is ori all
en al ar
ie
orld
l ral ri eria
e
eri age e si e o
a on ores e ending in o
e si e on ained edi
e i o
e ares o
re in l ding ala es e
la or s and s all and ro i i
as designa ed a
na ral and
i in
a e ala in
les ere onial
si ed residen es
i al s
and relation o o er r an en ers also on ri
i s signi
an e s e i
all in relation o eoti
o an and ara ol rren l er ear and
orld
illion
e si e i sel is
govern en entities and
ala
s o
dollars anaged
sed on develo ing
reso r e ased s s aina le e o o ris
n
govern en es a lis ed
ere eserve
e
er and
lti
ios
e
a a ios
s ar o i s e o o ris
e ain ores
llian e s
ar
reserve na ral reso r es e rogra o
a e ala s
ere is divided in o ro e ed areas
se one
e or s i
as i
ood Progra allo
ses a ro ess o
lation
e la
lo al eo le liveli oods
siness erti
ation
er ones o ro e e lo al o
erti rain
ni
e ase o
e si e s
ro e
sinesses rovides a good
in ali ela as addition
o
e o
ni
on si e and in
is olla oration e
ar
nd rogra s
i al s in or oration ood Progra
o
na ral reso r es and odel
or s o
a
o ld e e e tive
anage
e re over o
e s rro nding ill o n r
n
een govern en and
s o
rea e s s aina le ra ti es is an e e tive and
e li i ed
ile still allo ing se
n addition i s
s s aina le rod
e ores
e gro ing
e si e ali ela an learn ro
o
o e
o s a and reso r es o rein or e
s s aina le ra ti es and ro e ed ones and a ess o
le en ed
in an e or o
e igges iss es on ronting i al oda are
o
l
eri age
e si e genera es
o sands o o s
a an
es o
a
oi
le en
Some of the biggest issues confronting Tikal today are the growing population, the lack of staff and resources to reinforce sustainable practices and protected zones, and the limited access to the site.
152
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
CA S E S T U D IE S
PETRA Location: Jordan
a o s or i s ro s se
o
ear as
e gro ing rade ne
or
o ris ed
nd in
ers ro
a os o
es r
ns s aina le o ris ational r s P reservation
ene ting ro
i
res
o
ooding inade
itiga e
ese
P P
evelo
n addition
as es a lis ed in
aeologi al si es and
en and o ris
e Pe ra r en o
o ris
e na ral errain
as in l ded in
e
s
e
aeologi al
assing e
even
in
onders o
i
as led o as
in
an i
da ed
ane
is in
rove en s in
e visi or e
a tivities and en er
e s rro ndings
e
ial so a visi or a s
e si e o
o
ain goals o P
lti a el P
and P P are re aining visi ors
o s a and leveraging i s glo al and P P ai
o es a lis Pe ra as a
s
e rese le en o eas re o
id n d een Pe ra and
e ordanian govern en ose living
ro e tion
a
i in
as si ilar o
ore re en l in ali ela e ar
ie
rren l
e e
re and
a er
o P
and
e res onsi ili
o
e si e
e in er organi ational a
ig i
are o
eir o ris
develo ing
ind s r
o visi ors Pe ra is develo ing rogra is ori al and lands a e i
l ral as e s o
e is or o e one
e i
se
e
i
in o in
e o ris
ind s r
in Pe ra
e l ded in ali ela
o
e
r
and
i
es
ri aril
ee a
le in Pe ra visi ors
a s o gro ing ear o e
e ri al ne
or
o en are o en
e ene s o o ris
are
e o els and res a ran s n
addition so e Pe ra residen s lo
r
ere doesn a
ro
dire ed o
e
e so ie al i
nities
e
ing en ered
a tivities o a ra
re ains a do inan or e
e
ing ea ring
earning ro
o
es a
e si e and s rro nding
and
no er arallel is o ris
o e end
ali ela is also develo ing rogra
ali ela an develo i s o ris
i o
o er
eans o
en are engaging in illegal a tivities lin ed o o ris
e g de eiving o ris s selling a e or or idden o e s
oin s o in eres s and r les and g idelines
or an e ended leng eal
o ential
ro g o
roviding in or ation and
e area
e si e
re aring o ential o ris s
ain en ran e and signs
ere ins alled lore
lanning
rien ation and a ess is r e
erien e P P
eir e si e o raise a areness a o
roviding ne essar in or ation visi eir s a
o o ris
e o ening o
a is seen in ali ela Pe ra and ali ela
en Pe ra orld
id
avoids
e
o si e reservation
aign raising in ernational a areness and in eres in
e eri age si e
e
ade
aro nd
e
arting in
arallels e
or in Pe ra is ri aril
P P
e
ere also
s antiall in reased
an
ore
e ro otion o lo al andi ra s
ro e tion and reservation o ne
e
o learn
e an ien and living is or o i
ere are ar ed on oi es
e
or ni
lanned a tivities in l ding along
a on roversial
e Pe ra
o ro o e
i
se
ali ela
ae
rea s
as es a lis ed in
ori
e
erien e
eo
al ing rails and o air alloon o rs
ro er res oration e or s and
ro e tion and onservation o
n
a
a lo al
o Pe ra and i s
gran ed ad inis rative and nan ial a ono
e
eri age si e
orld
rea s in l ding
eri age si e o Pe ra Pe ra
egion
or
e rossroads
and e
ordan se aside
e an ien
rain a er drainage erosion i
orld
in era
e
olla se o so e o
a
ern
en s Pe ra s
ar
do i destination o ering
in so
Pe ra as een a
are ilo e ers on aining on
a er ond i
aeologi al i
e i
eri age i e sin e
Par
re and
o sand ears ago Pe ra s ood a
e an ien
s
ie
Pe ra is an is ori and ar
ordan o
arved ar
i o
s o ld e a
arning o ali ela a o
e ene s o o ris
eri age si es and
eir o
nders anding o
Pe ra
iven
e dis ri
e si ilarities e
een
nities ali ela an ene anages and gro s o ris
tion e ro
Petra and Lalibela are both developing their tourism industry to extend the stay of visitors. Petra is developing extensive and varied programming featuring the historical and cultural aspects of the site along with the surrounding landscape.
154
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
CA S E S T U D IE S
OLD CITY OF H AVAN A Location: Cuba
ld
avana
as es a lis ed in
e a e an i en r la o
or an
oda
i
e i
or s i
o ar
eri age
g
e original
ie
i
e seven een
o ris s so
as designa ed as a e entire area
e
e govern en
ontin ed o
res ore
e olla se o
e ovie
ld
avana a er
and o
o
e
ld
sed on
avana and
l o g
in
ld
as a ld
as arden a o
ee ing
ain aining
eir
ali
e
een
in o ris areas in or oods
in l de o
el
ld
a
lation
and o
i s in ense ie
re
o andle ossi le in reased so ial e l sion as o
o o e
o reserve
o ld e an i
o ses i
a
an no
a ra id in
or an
an i
on ern or ali ela
and ra id develo
e sold
o o ris
avana as a distin l i
is
i
avana s
ig
ori
avana is no
re d e o
on ern is re erred o as o ring sea
anges in
eri an o ris a
a i alisti
an s ave een e
o
e re en
e s na i e i
e
s ar o see si ilar
oliti al i
on erned anges
as e in
ress re and
l ral in
e ting as
is
e o ential
on all ron s
e relations e
ig
ing
o en e een
avana
is orian
ere are iss es
and o ris
enti
a
and reservation o serve as a od
e eri age
a s e i
e o ris
rans or ation se ng ials r n and
is
a ong
o ld also
ee
a e si e
rovide
r
ali ela
e o ris
in la e
o o ris genera ed
en and o rea
and
a nds
r
ore o
ni
e reservation
avana o ld e a ossi le
aving an enti
ind s r
e
on rolling
o ld e sed o el
o
ld
is o
even s and a tivities or o ris s
and raining and also e sed or es
a e en
e si es
ind s r
o rea e
all
ali ela s angi le and in angi le
e onservation o
nded
a
orities o
e on sion o res onsi ili
i
e
is organi ation o ld
a distin
and govern en entities
develo
iss es o e l sion e Planning
r
is
an organi ation li e
o ris r
e ro e tion o
rans aren
is also a ing
en and
i
e
ali ela less relian on in ernational organi ations
o
rren and ressing iss es ee
ro g
and re eiving o ris ees
avana and s rro nding residential
ill
ar e val e
gro
e
i
s na i o
eo
ro
ld
e s s aina ili an o
e
ene
is orian in
o ld also e i
ig
nded
eri age red
o li e o reven
rio sl res ored ar
eo le anno a ord o
s on
si e
e
ation and dis la e en
oo
neig
o
e
anages
eo
avana is a ing additional ro le s di
o
ere relo a ed
e residen
erien es o
o ld olla ora e
nion
e
is si ilar ind o
ali ela
odr g e
avana
i
i in
e in a i an s
ole
e eri age in
avana and
gen ri
e i
so e residen s o
in order o reserve is orian
e re a ili ation o
ee
also e sel
ali ela as also deal
o o ris s and r ani ation and is ro e ed
rovide a val a le lesson
is orian an a ono o s
organi ation o nded
rove
orld
eo
eo
ai
o ontin e dealing
ral or s
in l ded
and
in reased gro
alled i e
in
e
o i s original r an
e i
eri age i e in
anis and
ilding in
re ains
and ontin i
orld
e
o ld allo ore o
odel or or
ore ni
ore lo ali ed on rol over
Lalibela might benefit from an organization like the Office of the Historian in Old Havana. This organization could also be self-funded through tourism, a distinct entity that would collaborate with Church and Tourism authorities to focus on the sustainability and preservation of the heritage site.
156
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
CA S E S T U D IE S
OLD TOW N S OF DJEN N É Location: Mali
o a ed in
ali
e
ld o ns o
reno ned ar
ie
re
a ention s
as
e rea
os
es
os revered destination
an e
eo
ar ro
tion
enn
i e in
enn
one o
ele ra ed or eing a
as designa ed as a en i
ie
orld
as a ra ed
and a a
o ira
and
ore
ons r
di
eri age
ar
ltinational da e
ear en ar
ie
re or s
enn
e verna
re is an in egral ar o
an e is re ogni ed in
e
orld
and de erioration nder en n
ro g o
o
da age and de erioration o allevia e govern en o identi
ei
or an s r
e re al eration is ori
as no
ell re eived
a res oration ro e
oi
ins alling
odern a enities s
ele ri i
ins ead o
ara er o
es r
i
ie
Progra
so g
o so g
roved l
re is in
i in
e or
o
a
e si e
s aina le o ris
rove in ras r
on ron si ilar iss es o a near
re a
lo al o
r oil
ed ir evelo ali ela i lation
o
ere le in si
orld en ad o
s d
ing o ses res
e a se o
oi
e er o
re
enn
rea s ro
a es larger ili an s as sin e
enne
ell as volatile o a l in
e reven e en
one in
ven
o g
e o ris
e ono
as never reali ed d e
er o oreign visi ors a er
io ia as also e
o disr
e
e satis a tion o in ernational o ris s
o ever
oliti al nres
grade
ao
e nor
rove
erien ed nation
ider orld
ide
e o n r is still relativel ivil nres
ese onne tions es a lis ed e e
eir
estions ave risen as o
e a se o i s s ra egi lo ation
oliti s in
ere
ain enan e
e res oration dile
e arge o sla is
io ia and
lar
e
e la
sa e or oreign ravelers a rolonged eriod o
ali ela s
e raditional
odern se
ildings
e ivil nres
ing and
en
oda e
ade i
e ne er s r
e a se o
e drasti de rease o
is li el allenge
ere relo a ed and
o
e en roa
e o e o gaining ene s ro e
o
res
io ian oi
aign
e aes eti and is ori
are an in egral ar o
an s onsored
o ever
e ea
ali govern en inves ed large a o n s o
enn
eir living onditions
ali ela on ron s a si ilar lar ar
e ased
is over ro ding
re ia e
a
ere dee ed oo
e a andoned go os and
lar
regional
aign in is a
reserving
verna
e
o os
as i
oa o
se aratis
e
rove
e
a er
res and res ore
e lo al residen s
re o
ade
e ne er residential
a ilies in
ven all
e
di
e go os are lo a ed
en
an e ave sin e olla sed
as een
e da age
nded and led a onservation a
s a res l
e older go os
oda e e
o
ese areas
rg a l
ar ro
e ear en o ses
e dail needs o i s in a i an s and o re air
go os
re
e
oa o
a ori
en l
ildings
ildings
signi
a er da age
e ears
ero s al erations
lar
eri age s designation
rea ened
a riel a ar
odern in or al o sing ad also een
onse
de olis ed
e si e and i s
n or na el d e o seasonal ooding
raditional ear en o ses are
verna
ie
an o e o no
ere a
l or o ris s o a
and
o
signi
ed
o ses and
ral
i
ere
e areas o
over ro ded d e o en roa
lar o sing
reserve i s is ori reso r es
ro g o
on
ri a s
i s s a s as a ilgri age
s validation o i s ar
and sin e
a ention o el a
os
ere lo als reside in verna
o ear en ons r
as nder a en in
as garnered in ernational
enn is also largel
living eri age si e signi
a
enn are o e o
een
Throughout the town of DjennÊ, the vernacular earthen architecture is an integral part of the site, and its significance is recognized in the World Heritage’s designation reports.
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
A P P EN DICE S
158
TO URIST BROCHUR E Visitor Tips for Lalibela
Tips for attire, interacting with the community and other activities on site. Remember to be respectful of the local customs and traditions.
ATTIRE: ● Footwear: ○ When exploring the site, keep in mind the terrain! Hiking boots or sneakers are recommended, however be aware that you are required to remove your shoes to enter the churches ● Rain gear: ○ Waterproof shoes and raincoats are highly recommended during the rainy season (April-September). ● Clothing: ○ Cover shoulders, upper arms and legs while visiting the site. Knees should not be showing!! ● Inside Churches: ○ Upon entering the churches, women must cover their heads with a scarf. ○ Remove your hat and footwear upon entering the church (guys, you too!)
INTERACTIONS WITH LOCALS: ● Remember these are active churches, frequented by pilgrims. Please be respectful of their space and activities on site. ● Eating is a communal activity throughout Ethiopia. Keep this in mind when reaching for a snack around Lalibela. ● Please refrain from giving money to the locals. Contributions to the church, as well as supporting local businesses (shops, restaurants, coffee houses, etc) will better serve the community. ● Bajaj are a very convenient mean of transportation, however regulation is lax. We caution you to negotiate fares prior to getting in the bajaj, and be mindful the maximum capacity is three passengers ,THIS IS FOR YOUR SAFETY! ● TIP is NOT included in your bill. Tipping ranges between 10 and 15 percent. CAUTIONARY ADVICE ● Most establishments DO NOT accept credit and debit cards; MAKE SURE you have enough CASH (in Birr). ATMs are not regularly stocked. ● Make sure to stay hydrated -- bring a bottle of water with you at all times outside of the hotel. OTHER ACTIVITIES ● Saturday Market, Don’t forget to try Lalibela’s Local Honey! ● Visit nearby church of Naktulab (monastery and museum) ● Hike to Asheten Mariam ● Coming Soon: Honey Museum! ● Cultural Center ● Taste Tej (Honey wine) ● Enjoy a night of Eskista (Traditional Ethiopian Dance) ● Experience the Coffee Ceremony ● Check out the locally woven products.
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
Biete Medhani Alem Biete Mariam Biete Maskal Biete Golgotha Mikael Biete Denagel
Biet Ghiorgis
Biete Amanuel Biete Qeddus Mercoreus Biete Lehem Biete Abba Libanos Biete Gabriel Raphael
Trenches Churches Roads Buffer Zone Core Zone 2015 Urban Footprint 0
0.2 Miles
159
A P P EN D ICE S
160
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
SURV EY FO R MS Resident User Survey
Lalibela Resident User Survey
Gender Male Female Other What is your age? 18-29 30-49 50 or older How often are you at the Lalibela churches? Less than 1 time per week About 1 time per week More than 1 time per week How do you engage with or use the site? Religious purposes Work as a guide Work as a guard Church o cial other How do you get back home from the churches? Bajaj Walked Other If other form of transportation, explain:
Is this transportation in Lalibela a ordable for you? Yes No
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
Where have you/will you eat or drink when you are visiting the churches? Hotel Restaurant/Cafe Bring food that doesn't need to be cooked Bring food to cook Not eating/drinking Were you resettled? Yes No no response provided Have the number of local users to the churches increased or decreased in recent years? increased decreased stayed the same do not know Have the number of visitors/ tourists to the churches increased or decreased in recent years? increased decreased stayed the same do not know Have there been any changes that have a ected your use of the site in recent years? yes no Are you satisďŹ ed with the current physical condition of the church compound? yes no How do you beneďŹ t from the church compound? spiritually socially/social interaction economically
161
162
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
Are you satisfied with the current physical condition of the town? very satisfied satisfied somewhat satisfied not satisfied do not know Are you satisfied with the current socio economic condition of the town? very satisfied satisfied somewhat satisfied not satisfied do not know Are you satisfied with the facilities for locals at/around the churches? very satisfied satisfied somewhat satisfied not satisfied do not know How long does it take for you to get to the churches from home?
How long do you stay at the churches on a regular day?
How long do you stay at the churches on a regular day?
What was your favorite aspect of your visit to/experience of the church compound?
What could be improved about your visit to/experience of the church compound?
Notes:
A P P EN D ICE S
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
SURV EY FO R MS Visitor User Survey Visitor User Survey - International and National What country are you from?
Gender Male Female Other What is your age? 18-29 30-49 50 or older How did you learn about Lalibela? UNESCO World Heritage Site Friends/Family Online advertising Travel guide/ travel agent Other If other, explain:
What is your purpose for visiting the site? Religious Eco-tourism Cultural Tourism Education/School related Business Other Are you traveling independently, independently with a guide, or with a tour group? Independently Independently, but with a guide With a tour group
163
164
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
Is this your ďŹ rst visit to Lalibela? Yes No How often to you visit Lalibela? More than 1 time per year Less than 1 time per year Where are you staying in Lalibela? Hotel someone's home tent/camping n/a - day trip How many nights are you staying in Lalibela? 0 1 2 3 4+ id you book your own travel and accommodations for your visit to Lalibela? Yes No If yes, how easy/di
cult was it to make arrangements?
1 easy some di culty di cult If no, who booked your arrangements? Travel Agent Other If other, explain
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
How did you get from where you are staying to the church site? Private van, bus, or minibus 3-Wheeled bajaj (Tuk-tuk) motor service Walked other If other, explain:
Where have you/will you eat or drink in Lalibela? Hotel Restaurant/cafe somebody's home brought food Not eating/drinking Have you done/will you do any shopping in Lalibela? yes no Are you going to any religious/cultural/natural sites other than the Churches during your visit in Lalibela? yes no do not know If yes, explain:
Are you satisfied with your experience at the churches? Very satisfied Satisfied Somewhat satisfied Not satisfied do not know
165
166
H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
Are you satisfied with the facilities for visitors in town? Very satisfied Satisfied Somewhat satisfied Not satisfied do not know Are you satisfied with your experience in the community? Very satisfied Satisfied Somewhat satisfied Not satisfied do not know Are you satisfied with what you learned about the religious/cultural practices and heritage of Lalibela? Very satisfied Satisfied Somewhat satisfied Not satisfied do not know What was your favorite aspect of your visit to/experience of the church compound?
What could be improved about your visit to/experience of the church compound?
What other activities or interests might you want to explore in Lalibela? (check all that apply) Traditional Ethiopian crafts Food or cuisine related activities Weekend market experience Activities related to local honey production Activities related to local coffee production Other If other, explain:
T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
Where will you be going after Lalibela? Home Traveling elsewhere in Ethiopia Other If other, where?
Notes:
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H E RITAGE , TO U R I SM , A N D U R B A N I ZATION
10
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T H E L A NDSC A P E A ND DEVEL OP MENT OF L A L IBEL A , ETHIOPIA
169
Columbia University Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation 1172 Amsterdam Avenue New York, New York 10027
