†ivwn½v MYnZ¨v t KvVMovq my wP
1
†ivwn½v MYnZ¨v t KvVMovq my wP
†ivwn½v MYnZ¨v t KvVMovq my wP Bgiæj Kv‡qm
1
†ivwn½v MYnZ¨v t KvVMovq my wP
†ivwn½v MYnZ¨v t KvVMovq my wP Bmiæj Kv‡qm
MvwW©qvb cvewj‡Kkb 34, b_©eªæK nj †ivW, gv`ivmv gv‡K©U (2q Zjv), evsjvevRvi, XvKvÑ 1100 01710-197558, 01998-584958 02-57165517 guardianpubs@gmail.com www.guardianpubs.com
AbjvBb cwi‡ekK www.boibajar.com www.rokomari.com
cÖ_g cÖKvk : 20 †deªæqvwi, 2018 MÖš’¯^Z:¡ †jLK kã web¨vm: †gv: Rwniæj Bmjvg gy`ªY: †gv: Avwgbyj Bmjvg g~j¨ : 250.00 ISBN- 978-984-8254-02-8 Rohingya Gonohotta : kathgoray suu kyi by Imrul Kayesh Published by Guardian Publication, Price Tk. 250 Only.
2
†ivwn½v MYnZ¨v t KvVMovq my wP
3
cÖKvk‡Ki K_v BwZnv‡mi eB‡q wKsev cwÎKvi Le‡i c„w_exi b„ksm MYnZ¨v¸‡jvi †e`bv weayi eY©bv c‡owQ| †mB ee©iZv Pvÿzl †`Lvi Kó †c‡Z nqwb| wKš‘ Avgv‡`i RxeÏkvq N‡U hvIqv GK bviKxq MYnZ¨vi Pvÿzl mvÿx Avgiv| `yf©vM¨µ‡g Avgv‡`i cÖwZ‡ekx gvqvbgv‡ii mvgwiK RvšÍv cÖfvweZ miKv‡ii wbôzi nZ¨vh‡Ái ewj nIqv †ivwn½v Rb‡Mvôxi KiæY BwZnvm wjL‡Z n‡”Q| Ô†ivwn½v MYnZ¨v t KvVMovq my wPÕ MÖ‡š’ †jLK Bgiæj Kv‡qm †ivwn½v‡`i AZxZ, eZ©gvb‡K Lye ¸wQ‡q Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| AvivKv‡bi mv¤úªwZK NUbvewj m¤ú‡K© m¤§vwbZ cvVKe„›` wbðq c~Y© IqvwKenvj| ZeyI †Kb GB eB? g~jZ `ywU w`K we‡ePbvq Avgiv GB eB Qvcvi Aÿ‡i cÖKvk KiwQ| cÖ_gZ, BwZnv‡mi GKUv `vqe×Zv Av‡Q| AvR †_‡K GK nvRvi eQi c‡ii cÖRb¥ AvivKv‡bi eZ©gvb mg‡qi wbôziZv Rvb‡Z PvB‡e| Avgiv fwel¨r cÖR‡b¥i Rb¨ Z_¨ `ywbqvq GB eBwU Dc¯’vcb Kijvg| GLb †_‡K cieZ©x mg‡qi †h †KD mwVK BwZnvm Rvb‡Z cvi‡e BbkvAvjøvn| wØZxqZ, cwiKwíZfv‡e wkÿv ewÂZ †ivwn½v gymwjg‡`i ¯^vaxbZvi myLB eyS‡Z †`qv n‡”Q bv| Avgv‡`i wek^vm †KD bv †KD `uvwo‡q hv‡e| AvZ¥vwaKv‡ii ¯^xK…wZ †c‡Z gyw³i wgwQj ïiæ n‡e AvivKv‡bi gvwU‡Z| GB eB fwel¨‡Zi †ivwn½v RvMi‡Yi AMÖcw_K‡`i wKQzUv c_ †`Lv‡e e‡j Avkv KiwQ| Bgiæj Kv‡qm fvB‡K AmsL¨ ab¨ev`| AZ¨šÍ webqx GB gvbylwU GB eB wb‡q KZUv wmwiqvm wQ‡jb, Avwg Rvwb| AvivKv‡bi gRjyg‡`i GB KwVb mg‡q ÔMvwW©qvb cvewj‡KkbÕ eBwU cÖKv‡ki Ask n‡Z †c‡i K…ZÁ| AvR †nvK, Kvj †nvKAvivKv‡bi gyw³i †fvi Avm‡eB| b~i †gvnv¤§v` Avey Zv‡ni evsjvevRvi, XvKv| 20 †deªæqvwi, 2018
†ivwn½v MYnZ¨v t KvVMovq my wP
4
†jL‡Ki K_v mv¤úªwZK mg‡q †ivwn½v‡`i fqven MYnZ¨v I weZvwoZ nevi cUf‚wg‡ZB Ô†ivwn½v MYnZ¨v t KvVMovq my wPÕ eBwU †jLv n‡q‡Q| eBwU‡Z nq‡Zv †ivwn½v gymjgvb‡`i KiæY `y`©kv I wbh©vZ‡bi mgMÖ wP‡Îi meUvB Zz‡j aiv m¤¢e nqwb| Z‡e cÖvgvY¨ Z_¨wfwËK †jLv eBwU co‡j mn‡RB †ivwn½v‡`i KiæY Ae¯’vi cy‡iv wPÎ m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf n‡e| cvuPwU Aa¨v‡q wef³ G eB†qi cª_g Aa¨v‡q AvivKv‡b †ivwn½v gymjgvb, ivLvBb gM I ewg©‡`i AvMg‡bi BwZnvm Zz‡j aivi cvkvcvwk †ivwn½v‡`i eZ©gvb cÖRb¥ †h †mLv‡b ewnivMZ bq, Zv Z_¨-DcvË I hyw³i Av‡jv‡K cÖgvY Kivi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| BwZnv‡mi bvbv euv‡K AvivKv‡b emwZMvov GB wZb RvwZi G‡KAci‡K ewnivMZ ejvi ˆbwZK wfwË †bB, ewg©‡`i †Zv bqB| KviY, ZvivB †mLv‡b mevi c‡i G‡m‡Q, ZvI Avevi `Lj`vi wn‡m‡e| ewg©‡`i lohš¿ I K‚U‡KŠkjB †h AvivKv‡b hyM hyM a‡i kvwšÍ‡Z mnve¯’vb K‡i Avmv †ivwn½v I gM ؇›Øi KviY, Zv wØZxq Aa¨v‡qi ïiæ‡ZB D‡V G‡m‡Q| GKB mv‡_ 2017 mv‡ji †ivwn½v MYnZ¨v I D‡”Q` Awfhv‡bi we¯ÍvwiZ weeiY, c~e©cwiKwíZ G Awfhv‡bi †cÖÿvcU ˆZwi Ki‡ZB †h wgqvbgvi miKvi I †mbvevwnbx 25 AvM÷ mvRv‡bv nvgjvi NUbv NUvq Zv Z_¨cÖgv‡Yi Av‡jv‡K Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| Z…Zxq Aa¨v‡q MYZvwš¿K QÙvei‡Y WvBwbiƒcx As mvb my wPi gy‡Lvk wek^evmxi mvg‡b †Lvjvkv Kivi cvkvcvwk †m I Zvi †mbvcÖavb‡K AvšÍR©vwZK Aciva Av`vj‡Zi KvVMovq `uvo Kiv‡bvi cš’v wb‡`©‡ki ÿz`ª cÖ‡Póv †bqv n‡q‡Q| Avi PZz_© Aa¨v‡q †ivwn½v Bmy¨‡K †K›`ª K‡i hy³ivóª, hy³ivR¨, fviZ, Pxb, ivwkqvmn civkw³¸‡jvi ¯^v_©MZ Ø›Ø, RvwZms‡Ni wX‡gZv‡j f‚wgKv, gymwjgwek^ Z_v IAvBwmÕi ÔGB AvwQ, GB bvBÕ f‚wgKvi KviY we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| cÂg Aa¨v‡q †ivwn½v Bmy¨‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki K‚U‰bwZK cÖ‡Póv mwe¯Ív‡i I wb‡g©vnfv‡e eY©bvi cvkvcvwk eZ©gvb ˆewk^K †cÖÿvc‡U msKU mgvav‡b AviI Kx Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, †m wel‡q wKQz wb‡`©kbv †`qv n‡q‡Q| †ivwn½v mgm¨v mgvav‡b ÔKwd Avbvb KwgkbÕ-Gi mycvwi‡ki c~Y© ev¯ÍevqbB me‡P‡q MÖnY‡hvM¨ Dcvq e‡j Avgvi wek^vm| ZvB GB mycvwikgvjvI eB‡q ms‡hvRb Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avkv Kwi cvVKiv eBwU †_‡K †ivwn½v‡`i AZxZ, eZ©gvbÑ GgbwK fwel¨r m¤ú‡K©I †gvUvgywU aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
†ivwn½v MYnZ¨v t KvVMovq my wP
5
†ivwn½v‡`i wb‡q KL‡bv wjLe ev wjL‡Z n‡e, †m fvebv †Mvov‡Z wQj bv| Z‡e mv¤úªwZKKv‡j (2016 I 2017 mv‡j) wgqvbgv‡ii †ivwn½v we‡ivax fqven MYnZ¨v Awfhvb, G wel‡q †jLvi fvebv gv_vq wb‡q Av‡m| G‡ÿ‡Î evsjvwfk‡bi A¨vWfvBRvi (GbwmG) W. Ave`yj nvB wmwÏK g‡nv`‡qi cÖwZ K…ZÁ| KviY, wZwbB GKw`b Avjv‡ci GK duv‡K †ivwn½v welqK †jLvi fvebv gv_vq XzwK‡q †`b| cieZ©x mg‡q †jLvi wel‡q wZwb †LuvRLeiI wb‡q‡Qb| Av‡iKRb e¨w³ whwb GB eBwU †jLvi †ÿ‡Î wewfbœ mgq civgk© w`‡q‡Qb I †LuvR Lei wb‡q‡Qb, wZwb n‡jb eZ©gvb mg‡qi RbwcÖq Kjvwg÷ ZiæY AvBbRxex e¨vwi÷vi mvBdzi ingvb| †jLv‡jwL‡Z me mgq Drmvn †`qvi Rb¨ eÜzcwÖ Zg GB m¾b e¨w³wU‡K ab¨ev` RvbvB| †ivwn½v‡`i mswÿß BwZnvm †jLvi †ÿ‡Î W. †gvnv¤§` gywneyj¨vn wQwÏKx m¤úvw`Z Ges W. gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK, Avãyj Kwig mvwnZ¨wekvi`, gyn¤§` wmwÏK Lvbmn †ek K‡qKRb cÖw_Zhkv †jL‡Ki cÖeÜ msKjY MÖš’Õ ÔAvivKv‡bi gymjgvb : BwZnvm I HwZn¨Õ Ges W. gvndzRyi ingvb wjwLZ ÔAvivKv‡bi gymjgvb‡`i BwZnvmÕ eB `ywU e¨vcK mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Q| Zv‡`i mevB‡K K…ZÁZvi mv‡_ ¯§iY ivLe| wewfbœ RvZxq I AvšÍR©vwZK ˆ`wb‡K cÖKvwkZ weL¨vZ Kjvwg÷ I mvsevw`K‡`i G msµvšÍ A‡bK †jLv Ges cÖwZ‡e`b Avgv‡K `viæYfv‡e mnvqZv K‡i‡Q| Zv‡`i mevi bvg wjL‡Z †M‡j K‡jei †e‡o hv‡e weavq †m †Póvq ÿvšÍ w`jvg| Z‡e mevi cÖwZB K…ZÁZv cÖKvk KiwQ| bvbv mg‡q civgk© I Drmvn w`‡q mnvqZvi Rb¨ evsjvwfk‡bi †nW Ae wbDR †gv¯Ídv wd‡ivR, RvZxq gmwR` evqZzj †gvKvii‡gi wmwbqi †ck Bgvg gydwZ wgRvbyi ingvb, Bmjvwg dvD‡Ûk‡bi mv‡eK Kg©KZ©v byiæ¾vgvb dviæKx Ges cwÎKvi KvwUs I Z_¨-DcvË mieiv‡ni Rb¨ QovKvi Avey eKi wmwÏK, nv‡dR AvKivg †nv‡mb I †kvqvBeyi ingvb‡K AvšÍwiK ab¨ev` Rvbvw”Q| †jLv‡jwL‡Z me mgq †cÖiYv †`qvi Rb¨ cvebvi myRvbM‡i wPÎbvqK Bwjqvm KvÂb cÖwZwôZ Rvnvbviv KvÂb ¯§„wZ D”Pwe`¨vj‡qi mfvcwZ Avgvi evev Avãyi iv¾vK †gvjøv, gvZv nvwmbv †eMg, k^ïi mv‡eK BDwc †Pqvig¨vb gyw³‡hv×v Avãyj Mdzi, kvïox gwiqg wgiv, eo gvgv mvB`yj Bmjvg, †g‡Rv gvgv Rûiæj Bmjvg, †m‡Rv gvgv wmivRyj Bmjvg, †QvU gvgv Avwgiæj Bmjvg, wkÿK †gv. Lwjjyi ingvb m¨vi I fvqiv fvB wRqvDi ingvb‡K AmsL¨ ab¨ev`| Avgvi `yB fvB †gv¯Ídv Kvgvj I AvwZKzj Avjg, †evb byiRvnvb cviwfb, `yjvfvB mvnveyj Avjg, fvMœx iæKvBqv Avjg, fv‡Mœ Ac~e©,
†ivwn½v MYnZ¨v t KvVMovq my wP
6
k¨vjKØq Rvwn` †LvKb I Rvwn` mygb Ges mnKg©x †gnive †nvmvBb LvbI †jLv‡jwLi Drmvn `vZv‡`i g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg| ¯¿x †gŠmygx Av³vi ¯^cœvi HKvwšÍK mnvqZv I Drmvn Ges †Q‡j Bgiæj wRmvb mv‡`i evevi †jLv eB coevi AvMÖn, GB eB †jLvi †ÿ‡Î †cÖiYv wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i‡Q| m‡e©vcwi eB cÖKv‡k mnvqZvi Rb¨ ÔMvwW©qvb cvewj‡KkbÕ-Gi cÖKvkK b~i †gvnv¤§v` Avey Zv‡ni Ges ZiæY mvsevw`K gyRvwn` ïf‡K we‡lkfv‡e ab¨ev` I ïf Kvgbv Rvbvw”Q| Bgiæj Kv‡qm 5 †deªæqvwi, 2018 XvKv|
†ivwn½v MYnZ¨v t KvVMovq my wP
7
m~wPcÎ AvivKv‡bi Ae¯’vb I cÖv_wgK BwZnvm AvivKv‡b gymjgvb‡`i AvMgb I †ivwn½v‡`i D™¢e _v¤¢BK¨v ev _v¤¢y‡Kqv †Riev`x KvgvbwP †ivwn½v AvivKv‡bi ivRbxwZ, ms¯‹…wZ Ges mvgvwRK Rxe‡b gymjgvb I †ivwn½viv wgqvbgvi I AvivKv‡bi ivRbxwZ‡Z gymjgvb I †ivwn½v AvivKv‡b gM ev ivLvBb I †eŠ×ev‡`i AvMgb †ivwn½viv ewnivMZ n‡j ewg©-ivLvBb mevB ewnivMZ
11 16 21 21 21 22 24 29 31 35
gM‡`i †ivwn½v we‡Ølx nevi KviY I †ivwn½v eÂbvi m~ÎcvZ RvšÍv miKv‡ii wbh©vZb I MYnZ¨v 2012 mv‡ji mv¤cÖ`vwqK `v½v I †ivwn½v‡`i weZvob mv¤cÖwZK †ivwn½v MYnZ¨v (2016-17) : wK¬qv‡iÝ Acv‡ikb (2016) wK¬qv‡iÝ Acv‡ikb (2017) mvsevw`K, ch©‡e¶K I ÎvYKg©x cÖ‡e‡k wb‡lavÁv MYgva¨g, wbh©vwZZ I cÖZ¨¶`k©xi gy‡L eg©x evwnbxi b„ksmZv (2017) mxgv‡šÍ ¯’j gvBb cyu‡Z †ivwn½v nZ¨v †ivwn½v wbh©vZ‡b Rw½ I DMÖ †eŠ× wfÿzivI RwoZ ÔMYnZ¨v, ÔRvwZMZ wbg©~jÕ MYal©Ymn gvbeZvwe‡ivax Aciva ÔRvwZMZ wbg©~jÕ wgqvbgvi †Kb †ivwn½v‡`i Zvov‡Z Pvq
41 44 47 50 52 55 55 60 61 62 63 71
†ivwn½v MYnZ¨v t KvVMovq my wP
†ivwn½v msKU I my wP †h Kvi‡Y my wP †ivwn½v we‡Ølx †ivwn½v wbab wb‡q my wPi wg_¨vPvi wek¦vmNvZK my wP evsjv‡`‡ki mv‡_ Av‡jvPbvi bv‡g my wPi fuvIZvevwR my wPi mgv‡jvPbvq RxebxKvi, †bv‡ej weRqx I Ab¨iv my wPi †bv‡ej †Kb cÖZ¨vnvi n‡e bv my wPi †jvK †`Lv‡bv Z`šÍ Kwgkb MVb †ivwn½v Bmy¨ Pvcv w`‡Z my wP I †Rbv‡ij n¬vBs Gi K‚U‡KŠkj Kwd Avbvb Kwgkb I my wPi PvZzwicbv †ivwn½v MYnZ¨v : KvVMovq my wP I †Rbv‡ij n¬vBs AvšÍR©vwZK m¤cÖ`v‡qi Ae¯’vb I K‚U‰bwZK ZrciZv RvwZms‡Ni cÖkœwe× f‚wgKv RvwZms‡Ni Z`šÍ `j I my wPi fÐvwg hy³ivóª, hy³ivR¨ I BD‡ivwcq BDwbq‡bi f‚wgKv hy³iv‡óªi duvKv eywj hy³iv‡R¨i ˆØZ bxwZ KvbvWv BD‡ivwcq BDwbq‡bi `ye©j f‚wgKv cwðgviv †Kb K‡Vvi e¨e¯’v wb‡”Q bv fviZ, Pxb I ivwkqvi Ae¯’vb fvi‡Zi †KŠkjx Ae¯’vb: †cQ‡b RvZxq ¯^v_© Pxb †Kb wgqvbgv‡ii c‡¶ ivwkqvi weZwK©Z f‚wgKv A¯¿ e¨emvq Pvcv †ivwn½v Bmy¨ f‚-ivRbxwZi Ke‡j †ivwn½v Bmy¨ IAvBwm I gymwjg †`k¸‡jvi f‚wgKv
8
76 76 79 82 85 88 90 92 94 95 98 107 107 113 114 116 119 119 122 121 122 122 126 127 128 129 132
†ivwn½v MYnZ¨v t KvVMovq my wP
9
†mv”Pvi gvj‡qwkqv-B‡›`v‡bwkqv-Zzi¯‹ RvwZms‡N †fvU`v‡b weiZ Bivb Ab¨vb¨ gymwjg †`‡ki f‚wgKv cvwK¯Ívb wbðzc †Kb mgv‡jvwPZ †cvc
133 136 137 137 139
evsjv‡`k I †ivwn½v msKU evsjv‡`‡k †ivwn½v DØv¯‘i Xj †ivwn½v msK‡Ui cÖfve ¯’vbxq Rbmvavi‡bi mgm¨v cwi‡ek I ch©Ub mgm¨v †V½vi P‡i ¯’vbvšÍi msKU KvUv‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki c`‡¶c †ivwn½v cÖZ¨veZ©‡b mg‡SvZv : m¤¢vebv bvwK AwbðqZv msK‡Ui ¯’vqx mgvav‡b AviI wKQz KiYxq
143 143 147 148 148 149 150 151 155
†ivwn½v MYnZ¨v t KvVMovq my wP
10
AvivKv‡bi Ae¯’vb I cÖv_wgK BwZnvm evsjv‡`‡ki c~e-© `w¶‡Y e‡½vcmvM‡ii Zxi †Nu‡l Aciƒc cÖvK…wZK †mŠ›`‡h© ficyi AvivKvb AÂj| AvivKvb eZ©gv‡b wgqvbgv‡ii GKwU A½ivR¨ †hwU ivLvBb †÷U bv‡g cwiwPZ| Gi Dˇi wgqvbgv‡ii wPb cÖ‡`k I fviZ, `w¶Y I cwð‡g e‡½vcmvMi, DËi I cwð‡g bvd b`x Ges evsjv‡`‡ki cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg, c~‡e© wgqvbgv‡ii wekvj B‡qvgv ce©Zgvjv| AvivKvb n‡jv evsjv‡`‡ki ev›`ievb I K·evRvi †Rjv msjMœ| mgMÖ AvivKvb AÂjwU DËi-cwð‡g 171 gvBje¨vcx Rj I ¯’j mxgv‡iLv mnKv‡i evsjv‡`k Øviv cwi‡ewóZ| 50 gvBj ˆ`N¨© m¤úbœ bvd b`x Øviv AvivKvb evsjv‡`k †_‡K wew”Qbœ| bvd b`xi c~e©Zx‡i AvivKv‡bi gsWz UvDbwkc Ges cwðgZx‡i evsjv‡`‡ki K·evRvi †Rjvi †UKbvd I ch©Ub †K›`ª †m›UgvwU©b| c~‡e© AvivKv‡bi AvqZb wQj 20 nvRvi eM©gvBj| 1948 mv‡j ¯^vaxbZv cieZ©x cve©Z¨ AvivKvb‡K wgqvbgv‡ii wPb cÖ‡`k Ges `w¶Y AvivKv‡bi wKQz Ask BiveZx A‡ji AšÍf©y³ Kivq eZ©gv‡b AvivKv‡bi AvqZb cÖvq 14,200 eM©gvBj1| AvivKv‡bi ˆ`N©¨ 360 gvBj| Z‡e cÖ‡¯’ wfbœZv i‡q‡Q| DËi AvivKvb AÂjwU †ek cÖk¯Í| Gi cÖ¯’ cÖvq 100 gvBj Ges `w¶Yvs‡k wb‡Pi w`‡K µgk miæ, hvi cÖ¯’ cÖvq 20 gvBj| c~‡e© `yM©g, `y‡f©`¨, wekvj I myD”P B‡qvgv ce©Zgvjv AvivKvb‡K wgqvbgv‡ii g~j f‚LÐ †_‡K wew”Qbœ K‡i †i‡L‡Q| B‡qvgv ce©Zgvjv `w¶‡Y †bMÖvBm AšÍixc †_‡K ïiæ n‡q Dˇi 950 wK‡jvwgUvi ch©šÍ cÖmvwiZ n‡q fvi‡Zi gwYcyi ch©šÍ †cuŠ‡Q‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ bvMv, wPb, jykvB Ges cvUKvB cvnvo AšÍM©Z| Gi †ewkifvM ce©‡Zi D”PZv 915 †_‡K 1525 wgUvi| AvivKvb B‡qvgvi m‡e©v”P ce©Zk„½ gvD›U wf‡±vwiqv, Gi D”PZv 3,053 wgUvi| GB wekvj ce©ZgvjvB †fŠMwjKfv‡e AvivKvb‡K wgqvbgv‡ii g~j f‚-LÛ †_‡K wew”Qbœ K‡i †i‡L‡Q| wLªóc~e©vãKv‡jB AvivKv‡b RbemwZ M‡o I‡V e‡j †mLvb †_‡K D×vi nIqv, wewfbœ wkjvwjwc †_‡K Rvbv hvq| AvivKv‡bi cÖvPxb RbMY ej‡Z g½jxq, †fvU Pxbv, gyis, Lygx, PvK, wmb, †m›`yR, †gªv, L¨vs, DBbvK, gviæ, wcD cÖf…wZ wKivZ DcRvZxi Rb‡Mvôx‡K eySvq 2| cieZ©xKv‡j Avie, Bivbx, AvdMvbx, †MŠoxq I fviZxqmn c„w_exi wewfbœ AÂj †_‡K gymjgvbiv AvivKv‡b G‡m emwZ ¯’vcb K‡i|
†ivwn½v MYnZ¨v t KvVMovq my wP
11
Zviv GLvbKvi Rb‡Mvôxi gwnjv‡`i m‡½ weevnm~‡Î Ave× n‡Zv| GRb¨ Zv‡`i Jim I Mf©RvZ AvivKvbx eY©msKi gymjgvb Rb‡Mvôxi AvKvi-AvK…wZ Ges ˆ`wnK MV‡b ˆewPÎ m„wó nq| c~e© wZeŸZ †_‡K wZeŸZ-evg©vb †Mv‡Îi Rb‡Mvôx cÖvPxbKv‡j AvivKv‡b G‡m emwZ ¯’vcb K‡i3| Z‡e Gi mwVK mgq wPwýZ Kiv KwVb| wgqvbgv‡ii cÖvPxb ivRv‡`i wKse`šÍxg~jK DcvL¨vb gnviv‡Rvqvs-Gi D×…wZ w`‡q HwZnvwmK G. wc. †dqvi D‡jøL K‡ib, cÖvPxbKv‡j AvivKv‡bi ivR¶gZvq AwawôZ wQj gviæ ivResk| Zviv 2666 A‡ã AvivKv‡bi ivR ¶gZvq AwawôZ nb4| fvi‡Zi Kvkxav‡gi †ebvim A‡ji GK mvgšÍ ivRv AvivKv‡b G‡m GKwU ivR¨¯’vcb K‡i kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv ïiæ K‡ib| eZ©gvb m¨v‡Ûv‡q kn‡ii wbKUeZ©x ivgwi‡Z wZwb ivRavbx ¯’vcb K‡ib| ZviB eskaiMY `xN©w`b AvivKvb kvmb K‡ib| Zv‡`i kvm‡bi †kl ch©v‡q AvivKv‡b AšÍØ©›Ø †`Lv †`q| iv‡R¨ AkvwšÍi Kvi‡Y cÖRv we‡`ªv‡ni d‡j ivRviv weZvwoZ nb| Zv‡`i GKgvÎ Kb¨v‡K ¶gZvq emvq cÖRviv| wKš‘ wZwb ivgwi Z¨vM K‡i GK eªvþY hyeK‡K we‡q K‡ib| ab¨veZx bv‡g Zv‡`i GKwU Kb¨v mšÍvb R‡b¥| D³ Kb¨v‡K Kvjv`vb b`xi ZxieZ©x gviæeskxq GK ivRcyÎ weevn K‡ib Ges ¯¿xi bvgvbymv‡i ab¨veZx bMix bvg w`‡q †mLv‡b ivRavbx ¯’vcb K‡i kvmbKvh© ïiæ K‡ib| G es‡ki ivRvMb esk ci¤úivq 1830 eQi AvivKv‡b ivRZ¡ K‡ib| G es‡ki †kl ivRvi Avg‡j cÖRvMY we‡`ªvn K‡i ivRv‡K nZ¨v K‡i| ZLb ivbx `yB Kb¨vmn KvDKcvÛvqs ce©‡Z Avkªq MÖnY K‡ib| gnviv‡Rvqvs‡qi Av‡iKwU Kvwnbx m~‡Î Rvbv hvq, †MŠZg ey‡×i R‡b¥i eûc~‡e© AwfivR bvgK GKRb ivRvi iv‡R¨ we‡`ªvn †`Lv w`‡j, wZwb ivR¨ Z¨vM K‡i evg©vi BiveZx b`xi ZxieZ©x ÔUvMvDbÕ bvgK ¯’v‡b GKwU ivR¨ ¯’vcb K‡ib| Zvi g„Zz¨i ci DËivwaKvi ؇›Ø †QvU fvB KvbivwÄ Rqx n‡q ivRv nb| eo fvB KvbivRMx DËi AvivKv‡bi KvDKcvÛvqs ce©‡Z wM‡q AvwkªZ ivRKb¨v‡`i GKRb‡K weevn K‡i †mLv‡b ivR¨ ¯’vcb K‡ib| KvbivRMx es‡ki 62Rb ivRv 17 k 32 eQi AvivKv‡b ivRZ¡ K‡ib| G es‡ki cZ‡bi ciB 146 wLªóv‡ã AvivKv‡b P›`ªm~h© es‡ki ivRZ¡ cÖwZwôZ nq| 146 wLªóv‡ã gMa (fvi‡Zi wenv‡ii cvUbv I Mqv †Rjv wg‡j gMa MwVZ wQj) †_‡K P›`ªm~h© bv‡g GKRb mvgšÍ ivRv AvivKvb I PÆMÖvg `Lj K‡i †mLvbKvi ivRv nb|
†ivwn½v MYnZ¨v t KvVMovq my wP
12
AvivKv‡bi c~e© ivRavbx ab¨veZx‡ZB wZwb ivRavbx ¯’vcb K‡ib| wZwb wb‡R wn›`y I †eŠ× a‡g©i Øviv cÖfvweZ wQ‡jb e‡j, Zvi Abymvix‡`i g‡a¨ `yB a‡g©i †jvKB wQj| P›`ªm~h© es‡ki 25Rb ivRv 788 wLªóvã ch©šÍ AvivKvb kvmb K‡ib| 788 mv‡j gnrB½ P›`ª ˆekvjx‡Z ivRavbx ¯’vcb K‡i AvivKv‡bi kvmb ¶gZvq AwawôZ n‡q P›`ª eskxq ivR‡Z¡i m~Pbv K‡ib| Zvi D`vi bxwZi Kvi‡Y AvivKv‡b Bmjvg cÖPvi-cÖmvi jvf K‡i| GB es‡ki 12 Rb kvmK wQ‡jb| †kl ivRv NvwgsNvZzg ewg© DcRvZx‡`i AZwK©Z Avµg‡Y wbnZ n‡j, Zvi †Q‡j †LËvw_s wmsnvm‡b AwawôZ nb| wZwb DcRvwZ AvµgY †_‡K euvPvi Rb¨ ivRavbx wcbmv ev Pv¤úvIqvZ bM‡i ¯’vcb K‡i, Pv¤úvIqvZ ivRes‡ki cÖwZôv K‡ib| G ivRes‡ki 15 Rb ivRv AvivKvb kvmb K‡ib| Pv¤úvIqvZ ivRes‡ki 6ô ivRv cybœvKv-Gi kvmbvg‡j 1057 wLªóv‡ã evg©vi AšÍM©Z cuMv iv‡R¨i ivRv AvbvIqviv_v AvivKvb `Lj K‡i wbR ivR¨fz³ K‡ib Ges ˆekvjx ivRKb¨v cÂKj¨vYx‡K we‡q K‡ib| Gmgq PÆMÖvgI `Lj K‡i AvbvIqviv_v cuMv mvgªvR¨fz³ K‡ib| d‡j 1057 mvj †_‡K evwK 10Rb ivRv 1103 mvj ch©šÍ cuMvi Ki`ivRv wn‡m‡e AvivKv‡b kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv K‡ib| 1103 mv‡j Pv¤úvIqvZ ivRes‡ki f‚Zc~e© mßg Ki`ivRv wgbeywji cyÎ †jwZqv †gsMvs AvivKv‡bi wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡i ivRavbx Pv¤úvIqvZ †_‡K ¯’vbvšÍi K‡i †cwib-G wb‡q hvb| †cwib es‡ki †gvU 8Rb ivRv 1103 †_‡K 1167 mvj ch©šÍ 64 eQi AvivKv‡b kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv K‡ib| †cwib ivRes‡ki Aóg I †kl ivRv Abvbw_wii fvB †gsdzbmv 1167 mv‡j wmsnvm‡b AwawôZ n‡q ivRavbx †cwib †_‡K wKwiZ bvgK ¯’v‡b wb‡q wKwiZ ivRes‡ki kvm‡bi m~Pbv K‡ib| G es‡ki 16 Rb ivRv 1237 mvj ch©šÍ AvivKv‡bi ¶gZvq wQ‡jb| Pv¤úvIqvZ ivRv Nvbvjy‡gi cyÎ jvsgv wdD 1237 wLªóv‡ã AvivKv‡bi kvmbfvi MÖnYc~e©K ivRavbx jswM‡q‡Z ¯’vbvšÍi K‡ib| G es‡k †gvU 18 Rb ivRv 1404 mvj ch©šÍ AvivKv‡bi ÿgZvq AwawôZ wQ‡jb| G es‡ki †kl ivRv wgbmyqv gyb ev biwgLjv 1404 mv‡j `Lj`vi ewg©ivRv †gO †kv AvB KZ©…K D‡”Q` n‡jI cieZ©x mg‡q evsjvi myjZvb Rvjvj DwÏb gynv¤§` kv‡ni mnvqZvq 1430 mv‡j AveviI AvivKvb cyYiæ×vi Ki‡Z mg_© nb Ges gªvDK D ivRes‡ki cÖwZôv K‡ib| wZwb AvivKv‡bi ivRavbx †¤ªvns G ¯’vbvšÍi K‡ib| 1430 †_‡K 1684 mvj ch©šÍ 254 eQi AvivKvb evsjvi Ki`ivR¨ wn‡m‡e kvwmZ nq|
†ivwn½v MYnZ¨v t KvVMovq my wP
13
Gmgq AvivKv‡bi ivRviv †eŠ× bv‡gi cvkvcvwk evsjvi myjZvb‡`i AbyKi‡Y Bmjvwg bvg aviY Ki‡Zb (we¯ÍvwiZ c‡i Avm‡Q)| 1684 mvj †_‡K 1784 mv‡j ewg© ivRv †evacvqv `L‡ji AvM ch©šÍ AvivKvb †gv‡UI w¯’wZkxj wQj bv| 1710 mv‡j mv›`v DBR¨v ¶gZvq Avmvi ci µgk mvgšÍ‡`i ¶gZv †e‡o †h‡Z _v‡K Ges GK ch©v‡q mvgšÍ‡`i †bZ…‡Z¡ †MvUv AvivKvb 6wU †K‡›`ª wef³ n‡q c‡o| †Kv‡bv mvgšÍ ivR kw³ msMÖn K‡i ivRavbx †gªvns `Lj Ki‡Z D`¨Z n‡j evwKiv GK‡Î †RvU †eu‡a †m D‡`¨vM e¨_© K‡i w`Z| 1782 mv‡j ivgwii mvgšÍ ivR _vgvWv AvivKv‡bi ¶gZv `Lj Ki‡j nvwi bvgK R‰bK mvgšÍ Ab¨‡`i mnvqZvq _vgvWv‡K ¶gZvPz¨Z K‡ib| nvwi c~e©myixi g‡Zv wmsnvmbP~¨Z nevi f‡q ewg© iv‡Ri Ki`ivRv wn‡m‡e AvivKvb kvm‡b gbw¯’i K‡ib| hv‡Z Ab¨ mvgšÍiv lohš¿ Ki‡Z bv cv‡iÑ †mRb¨ wZwb evg©vi Avjvscvqv es‡ki ivRv †evacvqvi mv‡_ Pzw³ K‡i Zv‡K AvivKvb Avµg‡Yi Avgš¿Y Rvbvb| ivRv †evacvqv G Avgš¿Y MÖnY K‡i 1784 mv‡j AvivKvb `Lj K‡i †bb| †evacvqvi `L‡ji ga¨w`‡q AvivKv‡bi ¯^vaxbZv wPiZ‡i wejyß n‡q hvq| cieZ©x mg‡q ewg© ivRv †evacvqv wek¦vmNvZKZv K‡i Zvi Avgš¿YKvix AvivKv‡bi ivRv nvwi‡K nZ¨v K‡i| nvwii †Q‡j wmb wcqvb cvwj‡q weªwUk kvwmZ PÆMÖv‡g Avkªq †bb| wmb wcqvb AbyMZ‡`i wb‡q AvivKvb‡K evg©vi `Lj gy³ Ki‡Z †ek K‡qK eQi jovB Pvwj‡q hvb| K‡qKevi †ekwKQz GjvKv `Lj Ki‡Z mg_© n‡jI, ivRavbx `Lj Ki‡Z bv cvivq Zvi AvivKvb gyw³ ¯^cœ e¨_© n‡q hvq| cÖ‡qvRbxq †jvKej, miÄv‡gi Afve Ges fviZe‡l©i `L‡j _vKv †ewbqv weªwUk‡`i gvgjv-nvgjvi Kvi‡Y Zvi gyw³ msMÖvg mdj nqwb| AvivKv‡b `Lj`vi ewg© evwnbx Avi PÆMÖv‡g weªwUk evwnbxi Zvov †L‡q `xN©w`b e‡b R½‡j Ny‡i †ewo‡q wech©¯Í AvivKv‡bi ¯^vaxbZvKvgx exicyiæl wmb wcqvb 1815 mv‡ji 25 Rvbyqvwi, †cvjs Piv‡bi cvnvox GjvKvq †kl wbtk¦vm Z¨vM K‡ib| Zvi g„Zz¨i ga¨ w`‡q AvivKv‡bi ¯^vaxbZvi ¯^‡cœiI g„Zz¨ nq| Ae‡k‡l 1826 mv‡j AviKvb weªwUk‡`i `L‡j Av‡m| weªwUk kvm‡bi ci 1948 mv‡j evg©vi ¯^vaxbZvi mgq †ivwn½v gymjgvb‡`i `vwe Dc¶v K‡i ewg© I gM‡`i mv‡_ AuvZvZ K‡i, K‚U‡KŠkjx weªwUkiv AvivKvb‡K evg©vi Ask wn‡m‡e w`‡q †`q| d‡j AvivKv‡bi ¯^vaxbZv wPiZ‡i f‚jywÉZ nevi cvkvcvwk AvivKvbevmxiv ewg©‡`i c`vbZ †kvwlZ †kÖwY‡Z cwiYZ nq| Zv‡`i ga¨ †_‡K ax‡i ax‡i AvivKvbx RvZxqZvi †PZbvI wejyß n‡q hvq|
†ivwn½v MYnZ¨v t KvVMovq my wP
14
AvaywbK AvivKvb AÂjwU my`~i AZx‡Z PviwU †fŠMwjK mxgvbvq wef³ wQj| mxgvbv¸‡jv n‡jvÑ ab¨veZx, ivgveZx, †gLveZx Ges `viveZx5| ZrKvjxb ab¨veZx AÂjwUB eZ©gvb AvivKv‡bi ivRavbx wmUI‡q GjvKv| GQvov ivgveZx eZ©gv‡b ivgwi Øxc, †gLveZx eZ©gvb †P`yev Ges `vbveZx ej‡Z AvaywbK m¨v‡Ûv‡q‡K eySvq| cieZ©x mg‡q me¸‡jv AÂj GK‡Î AvivKvb bvgKiY n‡q‡Q| †h GjvKv‡K Avgiv AvivKvb ewj, dvwm© fvlvq Zv wQj AvLis ev AvivLs6| gyNj mgªvU AvKe‡ii mfvm` Aveyj dRj Zvi ÔABb-B- AvKeixÕ eB‡Z †`kwUi bvg wj‡L‡Qb AvLis| AviI c‡i gyNj Avg‡ji †MŠnvwU kn‡ii my‡e`vi wgR©v bv_vb Gi dvwm© fvlvq †jLv Ôevnvwi¯ÍvbB-MqexÕ eB‡Z †`kwUi bvg wj‡L‡Qb AvivLs| dvwm© AvivLs bvgwU weªwUk Avg‡j Bs‡iwR‡Z AvivKvb n‡q‡Q e‡j A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib| wKš‘ †ivwn½v gymjgvb‡`i g‡Z, AvivKvb bvgwU A‡bK cy‡iv‡bv| AvivKvb kãwU g~jZ AviKvb; hv Aviwe AviiæKb k‡ãi Acåsk| iæKb k‡ãi A_© n‡jv ¯Í¤¢ ev LyuwU| Bmjv‡gi cuvPwU eywbqv`‡K iæKb ejv nq| ZvB †ivwn½v‡`i aviYv mßg I Aóg kZvãx‡Z ZrKvjxb gymjgvbiv Bmjv‡gi GB eywbqv‡`i w`‡K †Lqvj †i‡L AvivKvb bvgKiY K‡iwQ‡jb7| Kvjv`vb, †j¤ªy I gvqy n‡jv AvivKv‡bi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wZbwU b`x| Kvjv`vb b`xi †gvnbvq AvivKv‡bi weL¨vZ AvwKqve e›`i M‡o I‡V| †j¤ªy b`xi Zx‡i M‡o D‡VwQj cÖvPxb mf¨bMix ˆekvjx, jw½‡qZ, †cwib Ges gªvDK-ivRes‡ki ivRavbx kni †gªvns; hv eZ©gv‡b cv_ywi‡Kjøv bv‡g cÖwm×| AvivKv‡b †QvUeo cÖvq 17wU kni Av‡Q| kni¸‡jv n‡jvÑ AvwKqve, wKqvDKwcD, m¨v‡Ûv‡q, wKqvKZvD, eyw_Ws, gsWz, wgbweqv, gªvDK-D, †Mvqv, Us¸, wcDKZvD, †cvbœwMD, †geb, †gbvs, ivgwi, ivw_Ws I Ab| eZ©gv‡b wmUI‡q, m¨v‡Ûv‡q, gvqy I wKqvDwcD-G PviwUB AvivKv‡bi cÖkvmwbK BDwbU8| 1974 mv‡j †Rbv‡ij †b DB‡bi RvšÍv miKvi AvivKv‡bi bvg e`‡j ÔivLvBb †÷UÕ iv‡L Ges G‡K iv‡R¨i gh©v`v †`q| AvivKv‡bi ivRavbx AvwKqve| RvšÍv miKvi hvi bvg e`wj‡q †i‡L‡Q wmUI‡q| †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii Aax‡b AvivKvb ev ivLvBb cÖ‡`‡k gyL¨gš¿xi †bZ…‡Z¡ wbR¯^ miKvi e¨e¯’v i‡q‡Q| †K›`ªxq miKvi g‡bvbxZ GKRb Mfb©i Av‡Q| gyL¨gš¿x I Mfb©i mvaviYZ †mbvevwnbxi m`m¨ n‡q _v‡K| kvmK‡`i Ae‡njvi Kvi‡Y mgMÖ AvivKvb AÂj AbybœZ I AbMÖmi| cy‡iv A‡j †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v e‡j wKQz&B †bB| wkí-KviLvbv †Kvb wKQzB †Zgb M‡o I‡Vwb| AvivKv‡bi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖavb e¨e¯’v b`xc_| mgMÖ A‡j †Kvb †ijc_ †bB| mKj †gŠmy‡g Mvwo PjvP‡ji Dc‡hvMx gvÎ `ywU moK i‡q‡Q| GKwU AvwKqve †_‡K Bqvbwe‡qb ch©šÍ; Gi ˆ`N¨©
†ivwn½v MYnZ¨v t KvVMovq my wP
15
gvÎ 15 wK‡jvwgUvi| Ab¨wU gsWz †_‡K eyw_Ws ch©šÍ hv 24 wK‡jvwgUvi `xN©| B‡qvgv ce©‡Zi †fZi w`‡q `yM©g wMwic_ AvivKvb I wgqvbgv‡ii g‡a¨ GKgvÎ ¯’zj c_| mvavi‡Yi c‡¶ G c_ e¨envi Kiv m¤¢e bq| AvivKv‡bi †jvKmsL¨v m¤ú‡K© mwVK Z_¨ cvIqv KwVb| Kvib, Av`gïgvix‡Z †ivwn½v gymjgvb‡`i MYbv Kiv nq bv| AvivKv‡bi gymwjg †jLK‡`i gZvbymv‡i AvivKv‡bi †gvU RbmsL¨v 50 jvL9| Gig‡a¨ 30 jvL gymjgvb hv mgMÖ Rb‡Mvôxi 60 kZvsk| Z‡e W. Ave`yj Kwig I BDGm KwgwU di wiwdDwRm Gi g‡Z AvivKv‡bi †gvU RbmsL¨v 35 †_‡K 40 jvL| Zb¥‡a¨ †eŠ× ag©x ivLvBb ev gM 20 jvL, †ivwn½v gymjgvb 14 jvL, me©cÖvYev`x 4 jvL Ges wn›`y I wLªóvb 2 jvL| AvivKv‡b gymjgvb‡`i AvMgb I †ivwn½v‡`i D™¢e 1666 mv‡j gyNj my‡e`vi kv‡q¯Ív Lvb PÆMÖvg `Lj Kivi AvM ch©šÍ BwZnv‡mi wekvj mgq Ry‡o AvivKvb I PÆMÖvg GKB AÂj wQj| †mKvi‡Y AvivKvb I PÆMÖv‡gi BwZnvm A½vAw½fv‡e RwoZ| G `yGjvKvq Bmjv‡gi AvMgbI GKB mg‡q N‡U‡Q| wLªóxq 5g kZvãxi c~‡e© †_‡KB Avie ewYKiv `w¶Y-c~e© Gwkqvi evwYwR¨K c‡_ fviZ, evg©v I Px‡bi K¨v›Ub e›`‡i evwYwR¨K †hvMv‡hvM cÖwZôv Ki‡Z m¶g n‡qwQj| †m m~‡Î Avi‡ei KzivBkiv Bmjvg c~e© hy‡MB G evwYR¨c‡_ Zv‡`i e¨emvwqK Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv ïiæ K‡i| we‡klZ 5g I 6ô kZvãx‡Z cvim¨ (Bivb) I †ivgvb mvgªv‡R¨i g‡a¨ Ae¨vnZ hy× weMÖ‡ni Kvi‡Y Avie‡`i ¯’j evwYR¨ c_ gvivZ¥Kfv‡e wec` msKzj n‡q I‡V| B‡q‡gb I nvRiv gvD‡Zi Avie ewYK‡`i †bŠevwY‡R¨i c~e© AwfÁZvi myev‡`, Avi‡ei KzivBkivI †bŠevwY‡R¨ AvMÖnx n‡q c‡o| †mB m~‡Î gnvbwe (mv.) Gi AvMg‡bi c~‡e©B Zviv fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k, evg©v, K‡¤^vwWqv I Px‡bi K¨›Ub ch©šÍ evwYwR¨K †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡iwQj Ges 6ô kZvãxi m~Pbv‡ZB Zviv `w¶Y fvi‡Zi gvjvevi, KvwjKU, †Piie›`i, AvivKv‡bi AvwKqve I PÆMÖvg mgy‡`ªvcK‚‡j ¯’vqx evwYwR¨K Dcwb‡e‡k M‡o †Zv‡j| gmywjg ewYKiv Gme AÂj †_‡K KvV, gmjv, myMÜx `ªe¨ I Jlwa MvQ-MvQov msMÖn Ki‡Zb| g~jZ cweÎ g°vq Bmjvg cÖwZôvi cÖvq mgmvgwqK Kv‡j gnvbwe (mv.)-Gi RxeÏkv‡ZB fviZxq Dcgnv‡`k, Pxbmn `w¶Y I `w¶Y-c~e© Gwkqv Ges AvivKvbPÆMÖvg A‡j Bmjv‡gi `vIqvZ †cuŠ‡Q hvq10| Gmgq mvnvweiv Bmjv‡gi `x¶v wb‡q
†ivwn½v MYnZ¨v t KvVMovq my wP
16
we‡k¦i bvbvw`‡K Qwo‡q c‡ob| Zviv Bmjvg cÖPv‡ii D‡Ï‡k¨ `w¶Y I `w¶Y-c~e© Gwkqv‡ZI Av‡mb| Px‡bi †KvqvsUv b`xi Zx‡i †KvqvsUv kn‡i GKwU gmwR` wbg©vY K‡iwQ‡jb Kv‡`wmqv hy‡×i weRqx †mbvcwZ nhiZ mv` Be‡b Avey Iqv°v‡mi wcZv Avey Iqv°vm gvwjK Be‡b IqvBe (iv.)| G kn‡i GL‡bv Zvi Kei i‡q‡Q| Avey Iqv°vm (iv.) gnvbwe (mv.)-Gi beyq‡Zi 7g eQi 617 wLªóv‡ã nhiZ Kvqm Be‡b ûhvqdv (iv.), nhiZ IiIqvn Be‡b AvQvQv (iv.) Ges nhiZ Avey Kvqm Be‡b nv‡iQ (iv.)-†K m‡½ wb‡q Rvnv‡R `w¶Y-c~e© Gwkqvi evwYwR¨K c‡_ Bmjvg cÖPv‡ii D‡Ï‡k¨ †ei n‡qwQ‡jb| Zviv cÖ_‡g fvi‡Zi gvjvevi G‡m Dcw¯’Z nb| †mLvbKvi ivRv †Piægj †ciægjmn eûmsL¨K †jvK‡K Bmjv‡g `xw¶Z K‡i Px‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ mgy`ª c‡_ hvÎv K‡ib| 626 wLªóv‡ã Zviv Px‡bi K¨v›Ub e›`‡i wM‡q Dcw¯’Z nb| Avey Iqv°vm (iv.) 617 wLªóv‡ã iIqvbv w`‡q cÖvq bq eQi ci Px‡b †cuŠQvb| G †_‡K Abygvb Kiv hvq, GB bq eQi wZwb cw_g‡a¨ evwYwR¨K †K›`ª¸‡jv‡Z Bmjvg cÖPv‡ii Kv‡R e¨q K‡i‡Qb| Px‡b AvMg‡bi Rb¨ Avie‡`k †_‡K iIbv Ki‡j evZv‡mi MwZ‡e‡Mi Rb¨ wewfbœ ¯’v‡b RvnvR †bvOi Ki‡Z n‡Zv| we‡klZ ewY‡Kiv G‡¶‡Î gvjvevi, †Pii, PÆMÖvg, AvwKqve, Px‡bi K¨v›Ub e›`‡i RvnvR †bvOi KiZ| G Kvi‡Y Abygvb Kiv hvq †h, wZwb gvjvev‡ii ci PÆMÖvg I AvwKqve e›`‡i RvnvR †bvOi K‡i Bmjvg cÖPv‡ii KvR K‡iwQ‡jb| Bmjv‡gi cÖv_wgK hy‡MB fviZel© I AvivKv‡bi gvby‡li mv‡_ †h gymjgvb‡`i †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vwcZ n‡qwQj, Zv nvw`m †_‡KI Rvbv hvq| nhiZ Avey mvC` Ly`wi (iv.) †_‡K ewY©Z| wZwb e‡jb, wn‡›`i R‰bK kvmK gnvbwe (mv.)-Gi Kv‡Q GK †cvUjv nvw`qv cvwV‡qwQ‡jb hvi g‡a¨ Av`vI wQj| gnvbwe (mv.) Zvi mvnvwe‡`i‡K †m Av`v †L‡Z w`‡qwQ‡jb Avgv‡KI GK UzKiv †L‡Z w`‡qwQ‡jb| wn‡›`i †Kvb kvmK gnvbwe (mv.)-Gi Kv‡Q nvw`qv cvwV‡qwQ‡jb, †m wel‡q we¯ÍvwiZ wKQz Rvbv hvq bv| Z‡e e‡½vcmvM‡ii Zx‡i Aew¯’Z iænwg iv‡R¨i kvmKiv eûKvj Av‡M †_‡KB cvi‡m¨i kvmK‡`i g~j¨evb Dcnvi ev nvw`qv †Zvndv cvVv‡Zb| m¤¢eZ G iv‡R¨iB †Kvb kvmK gnvbwe (mv.)-†K nvw`qv cvwV‡qwQ‡jb| iænwg ivR¨ m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ Z_¨ _vK‡jI †ewkifvM HwZnvwmK g‡b K‡ib, AvivKvbB wQj ZrKvjxb iænwg ivR¨| †Kbbv, AvivKv‡bi c~e©bvg wQj Ô†ivLvgÕ| GwU GKwU Aviwe kã hvi A_© †k¦Zcv_i Ges AvivKv‡bi cÖvPxb ivRavbx †gªvns Gi c~e©bvg ÔKvqKcÖæÕ|
†ivwn½v MYnZ¨v t KvVMovq my wP
17
GwU ewg© kã, hvi A_© †k¦Zcv_i| Gw`K †_‡K g‡b nq KvqKcÖæ Ges †ivLvg ej‡Z GKB AÂj eySvq| G Kvi‡Y iænwg ej‡Z †ivLvg ev AvivKvb‡KB †evSvq| a‡i †bqv nq, †ivLvg k‡ãi weK…Z iƒcB iænwg| HwZnvwmK bvCg web nv¤§v` Gi D×…wZ‡Z iænwg ivRv KZ©…K Lwjdv Dgi web Avãyj AvwRR‡K (712-720) wPwV cvVv‡bvi Z_¨ cvIqv hvq| wPwV‡Z iænwg ivRv Ggb GKRb e¨w³‡K cvVv‡bvi Rb¨ Lwjdvi Kv‡Q Aby‡iva Rvbvb, whwb Bmjvg ey‡Sb I ïbv‡Z cv‡ib| iænwgi kvm‡Ki GB wPwVi Dˇi wbðqB Lwjdv Dgi web Avãyj AvwRR Bmjvg cÖPv‡ii Rb¨ gymwjg ag©cÖPviK‡`i cvwV‡qwQ‡jb Ges Zviv iænwg Z_v AvivKvb GjvKvq Bmjvg ag© cÖPvi K‡ib| mycÖwm× Avie †fŠMwjK myjvqgvb 851 wLªóv‡ã iwPZ Zvi weL¨vZ MÖš’ ÔwmjwmjvZ DZ ZvIqvwiLÕ MÖ‡š’ e‡½vcmvM‡ii Zx‡i iænwg bvgK GKwU †`‡ki cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb11| gnviv‡Rvqvs-Gi Z_¨g‡Z, P›`ª es‡ki cÖ_g ivRv gnr B½ P›`ª (788-810 Lªx) 788 wLªóv‡ã ˆekvwj‡Z ivRavbx ¯’vcb K‡i kvmb KvR cwiPvjbv ïiæ K‡ib| Zuvi ivRZ¡Kv‡j (788-810 wLªóvã) Avie A‡ji K‡qKwU evwYR¨ RvnvR ivgwi Øx‡ci Zx‡i †f‡O c‡o ev Wz‡e hvq| Rvnv‡Ri Aviweq ewYKiv ¯’vbxq‡`i mnvqZvq D×vi †c‡q †Kvb iK‡g Zx‡i wfo‡j ¯’vbxqiv Zv‡`i‡K ivRvi Kv‡Q wb‡q hvb| ivRv Zv‡`i eyw×gËv I DbœZ AvPi‡Y gy» n‡q ¯’vqxfv‡e emev‡mi AbygwZ †`b| Aviweq gymwjg ewYKiv ¯’vbxq igYx‡`i we‡q K‡i AvivKv‡b ¯’vqxfv‡e emevm ïiæ K‡ib| weªwUk kvwmZ evg©v †M‡RwUqv‡iI G NUbv D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| (JASB, 1884, op.cit.,p-36.) ivRv gnr P‡›`ªi D`vibxwZi Kvi‡Y gymjgvbiv Bmjvg cÖPv‡ii e¨vcK my‡hvM cvq Ges †mB m~‡ÎB Avie gymwjg ewYKiv ivgwi e›`imn AvivKv‡bi †bŠe›`i¸‡jv‡Z e¨vcKfv‡e evwYwR¨K I Bmjvg cÖPvi wgkb cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z _v‡K| †mmgq ˆeevwnK m~‡Î A_ev Aviwe gymjgvb‡`i ms¯ú‡k© G‡m ¯’vbxq A‡b‡KB Bmjvg ag© MÖnY K‡ib| Gfv‡e 8g kZvãx †_‡K 10g kZvãx ch©šÍ AvivKv‡bi DcK‚jxq AÂj n‡Z ïiæ K‡i †gNbv b`xi c~e© ZxieZ©x we¯ÍxY© e›`i¸‡jv, Avie ewYK‡`i Kg©ZrciZvq gyLi n‡q I‡V| GgbwK gymjgvb‡`i mygnvb Av`‡k©i cÖwZ kvmKivI gb¯ÍvwZ¡K w`K †_‡K `ye©j n‡q covi wb`k©b cvIqv hvq| †Kbbv Lwjdv Dgi web Avãyj AvwRR (717-720wLª.) Ges AveŸvmxq Lwjdv gvgyb‡K (813-833 wLª.) iænwgi
†ivwn½v MYnZ¨v t KvVMovq my wP
18
ivRv wPwV wj‡LwQ‡jb| AvivKv‡bi kvmK h_vµ‡g ivRv m~h©w¶wZ (714-723 wLª.) Ges m~h© B½ P›`ª (810-830 wLª.) G wPwV¸‡jv wj‡LwQ‡jb e‡j aviYv Kiv nq| `kg I GKv`k kZvãx‡Z Avie ewYK I mywd `i‡ek‡`i g‡a¨ e`iæwÏb (e`i kvn) bv‡g GKRb Bmjvg cÖvPiK G A‡j Av‡mb Ges ag©xq I mvgvwRK †¶‡Î e¨vcK Av‡jvob m„wó K‡ib| Zvi bvgvbymv‡i Avmv‡gi mxgv †_‡K ïiæ K‡i gvjq DcØxc ch©šÍ wewfbœ ¯’v‡b Ôe`i †gvKvgÕ bv‡g gmwR` wbwg©Z nq| AvwKqv‡e GKwU wUjvi Dci Aew¯’Z e`i †gvKv‡g `ywU `vjvb Av‡Q| †mLv‡b GKwU gmwR` i‡q‡Q| cwð‡gi †`qv‡j e`i †gvKv‡gi g~j cwiPvj‡Ki wbhyw³cÎ dviwm fvlvq †jLv n‡q‡Q| e`i †gvKvg gmwR‡`i †fZ‡i wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b GKwU cv_i i‡q‡Q †hLv‡b cxi e`‡ii cv‡qi cvZvi wPý I nuvUzi `vM ¯úófv‡e †`Lv hvq| aviYv Kiv nq, mviv¶Y Bev`Z I mvabvq gk¸j _vKvi `iæb cv_‡i Zvi cv‡qi nuvUzi `vM e‡m †M‡Q| AvivKvbx RbMYmn mgy`ª c‡_ PjvPjKvix ewYK I bvweKiv Zuv‡K e¨vcK fw³-kª×v Ki‡Zb| cxi e`i mgy`ª c‡_ hvZvqvZ Ki‡Zb e‡j bvweKiv Zv‡K Ô`wiqv cxiÕ e‡j ¯§iY Ki‡Zb| cxi e`‡ii Av¯Ívbv, wPjøvLvbv ev `iMvn mgy‡`ªi DcK‚‡j| ZvB aviYv Kiv nq, wZwb nqZ Aviweq †Kv‡bv †`k †_‡KB G‡m _vK‡eb| PÆMÖvg kn‡iI cxi e`‡ii `iMv Av‡Q| myZivs G `yA‡j cxi e`‡ii Av¯Ívbv wQj| Gme Z_¨ †_‡KI m‡›`nvZxZfv‡e ejv hvq, †mB cÖvPxbKvj †_‡KB AvivKv‡b Aviweq gymjgvb mywd, `i‡ekiv Bmjvg cÖPv‡ii D‡Ï‡k¨ Avm‡Zb Ges emevm Ki‡Zb| Zv‡`i cÖfv‡e ¯’vbxq A‡b‡KB gymjgvb n‡q‡Qb| †hgbwU n‡q‡Q evsjv A_ev fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k| gi‡°vi ch©UK Be‡b eZzZv 1346 mv‡j hLb PÆMÖvg-AvivKvb mdi K‡ib, ZLb †mLv‡b wZwb A‡bK m¤£všÍ gymwjg cwievi †`‡LwQ‡jb| cieZ©xKv‡j †h Z_¨wU cvIqv hvq Zv n‡jv, 1404 wLªóv‡ã wgb myqv gyb ev biwgLjv bv‡g AvivKv‡bi GK hyeivR wcZvi g„Zz¨i ci 24 eQi eq‡m wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib| c‡i wgb myqv gyb AvivKv‡bi GK mvgšÍiv‡Ri fwMœ‡K AcniY Ki‡j mvgšÍ ivRvMY GKwÎZ n‡q ewg©ivR †gO †kv AvB‡K AvivKvb `L‡j cÖ‡ivwPZ K‡ib| 1406 mv‡j ewg©ivR wÎk nvRvi ˆmb¨ wb‡q AvivKvb `Lj Ki‡j wgb myqv gyb evsjvi ivRavbx †MŠ‡o cvwj‡q Av‡mb| ZLb Bwjqvm kvnx ivResk evsjv kvmb KiZ| c‡i 1430 wLªóv‡ã †MŠ‡oi myjZvb RvjvjywÏb gynv¤§` kvn †mbvcwZ Iqvwj Lv‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡
†ivwn½v MYnZ¨v t KvVMovq my wP
19
wek nvRvi ˆmb¨ w`‡q wgb myqv gyb‡K AvivKvb `L‡j mvnvh¨ K‡ib| wKš‘ AvivKvb `Lj K‡i Iqvwj Lvb wb‡RB ivR ¶gZvq AwawôZ nb| wgb myqv gyb cvwj‡q AveviI †MŠ‡o P‡j Av‡mb| Gevi †MŠoivR †mbvcwZ wmwÜLv‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ wÎk nvRvi †mbv cvwV‡q wgb myqv gyb‡K ivR¨ D×v‡i mvnvh¨ K‡ib| wmwÜLvb hy‡× Iqvwj Lvb‡K civwRZ K‡i wgb myqv gyb‡K ivR¨ ¶gZv wdwi‡q †`b| wmwÜLv‡bi bv‡g †gªvns ev cv_ywi‡Kjøv‡Z GL‡bv GKwU gmwR` Av‡Q| wgb myqv gyb †eŠ× bvg e`wj‡q gyn¤§` †mvjvqgvb kvn bvgaviY K‡i AvivKvb ev ivLvB‡bi ¶gZvq e‡mb12| ivRKxq AvbyK‚‡j¨ †MŠo †_‡K hvIqv cÖvq 50 nvRvi gymjgvb ˆmb¨-mvgšÍ (hy‡× nZvnZ ev‡`) AvivKv‡b ¯’vqx emwZ M‡o †Zv‡jb| Zv‡`i A‡b‡KB ¯’vbxq igYx‡`i we‡q K‡i †mLv‡b ¯’vqx Avevm Mo‡j, gymjgvb‡`i eskwe¯Ívi N‡U| µgk G emwZ †j¤ªy b`xi ZxieZ©x e›`‡i Qwo‡q c‡o Ges cieZ©xKv‡j iIqvgv, †b`vb cvo, †gvqv‡jøg cvov, mçzwPK, dzwqcvov, Kvgvi cvov cÖf…wZ A‡j gymwjg cÖfvweZ emwZ M‡o I‡V| ivRavbx †gªvns‡K myiw¶Z Kivi cvkvcvwk evg©viv‡R¨i mxgvšÍeZ©x `w¶Y AvivKv‡bi m¨v‡Ûv‡q (Puv`v) I PKwcqy (†KcÖæ) mxgv‡šÍi cÖwZi¶v e¨e¯’v‡K kw³kvjx Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨, †mLv‡b `ywU †MŠwoq evwnbxi †mbvwbevm ¯’vcb Kiv nq| ZvivI †mLv‡b ¯’vbxq gwnjv‡`i we‡q K‡i ¯’vqx evwm›`v n‡q hvb| Zv‡`i esk we¯Ív‡ii d‡j cieZ©xKv‡j m¨v‡Ûv‡qi †kv‡qRyuwe, Pvbwe, bvRvwe, Ps`qK, _v‡W, Qvqv‡Wv, wmbwebI, PKwcqyi Q‡b, Rvwjqvcvov, †g‡nieby cÖf…wZ bv‡gi eû gymwjg Rbc` M‡o I‡V| wgb myqv gy‡bi AvivKvb cyYiæ×v‡ii ci evsjvi †mbv‡`i cvkvcvwk PÆMÖvg A‡ji A‡bK gymjgvbI †`‡ki ivRavbx GjvKv Z_v AvivKv‡b emwZ ¯’vcb K‡ib| †mLv‡b Gfv‡eB e¨vcKfv‡e gymwjg RbemwZ M‡o I‡V| AvivKv‡b gymwjg‡`i AvMg‡bi Ab¨ Av‡iKwU Z_¨ n‡jv, gyNj kvnRv`v myRvi gva¨‡g AvMZ gymjgvbiv| gyNj mgªvU kvnRvnv‡bi (1627-1658 wLª.) Amy¯’Zvi Lei ï‡b Zvi cyÎ evsjvi myev`vi kvnRv`v gynv¤§` myRv (1639-1660 wLª.), `vwÿYv‡Z¨i myev`vi AvIi½‡Re Ges ¸Riv‡Ui myev`vi gyiv‡`i g‡a¨ ïiæ nq åvZ…NvZx hy×| åvZ…NvZx hy‡× AvIi½‡Re weRqx nb| 1659 mv‡ji 5 Rvbyqvwi LvRIqvi hy‡× Avi½‡R‡ei Kv‡Q civwRZ n‡q myRv ivRavbx ivRgnj †Q‡o XvKvq cvwj‡q Av‡mb| AvIi½‡R‡ei †mbvcwZ gxi Rygjvi ˆmb¨`j wcQz avIqv Ki‡j myRv
†ivwn½v MYnZ¨v t KvVMovq my wP
20
1660 mv‡j mcwiev‡i AvivKv‡b Avkªq †bb13| Zuvi mv‡_ AbyMZ cuvP kZvwaK ˆmb¨mvgšÍI AvivKv‡b wb‡q hvb| myRv g~jZ g°v hvevi cwiKíbv KiwQ‡jb| el©vKv‡j hvÎv wec`msKzj n‡Z cv‡i †f‡e wZwb kxZKv‡j g°v hvevi gb¯’ K‡iwQ‡jb Ges AvivKvb ivRv mv›`v _y a¤§v RvnvR w`‡q mnvqZvI Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb| wKš‘ wKQzw`b †h‡ZB myRvi m¤ú` I Ac~e© Kb¨v Av‡gbvi Dci †jvjyc `„wó c‡o AvivKvb iv‡Ri| wZwb Av‡gbv‡K weev‡ni cÖ¯Íve †`b| myRv G cÖ¯Íve cÖZ¨vLvb Ki‡j ivRv wek¦vmf½ K‡i 1661 wLªóv‡ãi 7 †deªæqvwi kvnmyRv I cieZ©xKv‡j Zvi cwievieM©‡K nZ¨v K‡i| Gmgq myRvi AbyPi Ges gymjgvb‡`i‡KI wbh©vZb K‡ib ivRv mv›`v _y a¤§v| ivRv A‡bK‡K †R‡j wb‡¶c K‡ib| Z‡e cieZ©xKv‡j myRvi mnPiiv †Rj †_‡K gyw³ †c‡jI Avi †KD evsjv ev gyNj mvgªv‡R¨ wd‡i Av‡mwb ev Avm‡Z cv‡iwb| Zviv AvivKv‡bB Ab¨vb¨ gyjmgvb‡`i Avkª‡q ¯’vqx emwZ ¯’vcb K‡ib| gyNj mgªvU AvIi½‡Re Zvi fvB myRvi nZ¨vi cÖwZ‡kva †bqvi Rb¨ 1666 mv‡j evsjvi my‡e`vi kv‡q¯Ív Lvb‡K AvivKv‡bi Aaxb¯Í PÆMÖvg `L‡ji wb‡`©k †`b| kv‡q¯Ív Lv‡bi m‡½ hy‡× AvivKvb ivR civwRZ n‡j PÆMÖvg wPiKv‡ji Rb¨ evsjvi As‡k cwiYZ nq| 1826 mv‡j AvivKvb weªwUk mvgªv‡R¨i AšÍfz©³ n‡j PvKwi ev Kv‡Ri D‡Ï‡k¨ ev½vwj gymjgvb-wn›`y‡`i A‡b‡KB AvivKv‡b cvwo Rgvb 14| evsjv †_‡K A‡bK gymjgvb‡KB K…wl Kv‡Ri Rb¨ weªwUkiv AvivKv‡b wb‡q hvq| G‡`i A‡b‡KB cieZ©xKv‡j wbR Rb¥f‚wg‡Z wd‡i Avm‡jI †KD †KD †mLv‡bB ¯’vqxfv‡e †_‡K hvb| Gici †_‡K Zv‡`i eskaiiv esk ci¤úivq †mLv‡b emevm K‡i Avm‡Qb| weªwUk Avg‡j GKB iv‡R¨i AšÍfz©³ nIqvq AvivKvb †_‡KI A‡b‡KB K·evRvi I PÆMÖvg GjvKvq G‡m emwZ ¯’vcb K‡ib| †hgb- K·evRvi †Rjvi nvievs, gvwbKcyi, ivgy, K·evRvi m`i, Lyi毋zj, †PŠdj`Ðx, g‡nlLvjx, LvivsLvwj, wýjv, †PŠayixcvov I †UKbvd cÖf…wZ GjvKvq AvivKvbx gM‡`i emwZ AvRI we`¨gvb| Dc‡ii BwZnvm ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i cwi‡k‡l G K_v wbwØ©avq ejv hvq †h, gymjgvbiv my`~i AZxZKv‡jB AvivKv‡b emwZ ¯’vcb K‡ib| AvivKvbx mgv‡R Pvi †kÖwYi gymjgvb‡K †`Lv hvq15| G‡`i Av‡jvPbvi ga¨ w`‡qB AvivKvbx mgv‡R †ivwn½v‡`i D™¢e I BwZnvm P‡j Avm‡e|
†ivwn½v MYnZ¨v t KvVMovq my wP
21
_v¤¢BK¨v ev _v¤¢y‡Kqv RvnvR Wzwei AvivKvbx cÖwZkã _v¤¢BK¨v ev _v¤¢y‡Kqv| ZvB †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv BwZnvmwe` e‡j _v‡Kb, RvnvR Wzwei d‡j cÖv‡Y †eu‡P hvIqv †hme gymjgvb AvivKv‡b ¯’vqxfv‡e emevm ïiæ K‡ib ZvivB Ô_v¤¢BK¨vÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ| G wb‡q BwZnvmwe`‡`i g‡a¨ weZK© i‡q‡Q| Giv †h mßg kZ‡K ivRv gnr P‡›`ªi mgq Aviweq gymjgvb‡`i RvnvR Wzwe †_‡K AvivKv‡b G‡m‡Q, G K_v †KD †KD ejvi †Póv Ki‡jI, G Z_¨ mwVK bq| Zviv Ab¨‡Kv‡bv RvnvR Wzwe †_‡KI AvivKv‡b G‡m emwZ ¯’vcb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| _v¤¢BK¨viv AvivKvbx gM‡`i gZB †cvlvK cwiavb K‡i Ges Zv‡`i fvlvq K_v e‡j| ïaygvÎ ag©xq wek¦v‡mi cv_©K¨ Qvov AvivKvbx gM‡`i mv‡_ Zv‡`i AvPvi-AvPi‡Y †Zgb †Kv‡bv cv_©K¨ †bB| G †Mv‡Îi †jvKmsL¨v gvÎ K‡qKkZ Ges Zviv †ckvq †R‡j| †Riev`x 1430 mv‡j wgb myqv gyb ev biwgLjvi AvivKvb cyYiæ×v‡ii mgq evsjv †_‡K hvIqv ˆmb¨‡`i A‡b‡KB, gM †g‡q‡`i we‡q K‡i †mLv‡b ¯’vqxfv‡e emevm ïiæ K‡ib| cieZ©x mg‡q Zv‡`i †KD †KD Rb¥¯’v‡b wd‡i Avm‡jI ZrKvjxb AvivKv‡bi wbqg Abymv‡i ¯¿x I mšÍvb‡`i Avb‡Z cvi‡Zb bv| d‡j Gme gymjgvb I AvivKvbx gM †g‡q‡`i mswgkª‡Y GKwU eY©ksKi gymwjg Rb‡Mvôxi D™¢e nq Ges G‡`i‡KB †Riev`x wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv nq| AvivKvbx gM‡`i m‡½ †ewk cwigv‡Y m¤ú„³ nevi Kvi‡Y †Riev`x gymjgvb‡`i wek¦vm I mvgvwRK Kg©Kv‡Ð †eŠ× I gM‡`i cÖfve Lye †ewk| KvgvbwP gyNj myev`vi kvn myRvi mv‡_ hviv AvivKv‡b wM‡qwQj Zv‡`i eskai‡`i KvgvbwP ejv nq| dvwm© Kvgvb k‡ãi A_© abyK| abyK e¨enviKvix gymjgvb ˆmwbK‡`i KvgvbwP bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nq| ivRv mv›`v _y a¤§v kvnmyRv‡K cwievimn nZ¨v Ki‡j Zvi Abymvixiv we‡`ªvnx n‡q D‡Vb| ivRv cwiw¯’wZ wbqš¿‡Y Zv‡`i ˆmb¨evwnbx‡Z PvKwi †`b| Zviv ˆmb¨evwnbx‡Z Zxi›`vR evwnbx wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb Kivi Kvi‡Y G‡`i‡K ÔKvgvb evwnbxÕ ev ÔKvgvbwPÕ e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv n‡Zv| KvgvbwP evwnbx ax‡i ax‡i AvivKvb ivR`ievi I mgv‡R kw³kvjx n‡q I‡Vb| GgbwK †Kvb ivRv Zv‡`i Aeva¨ n‡j Zv‡K nZ¨v ev c`Pz¨Z K‡i cQ›`gZ ivR cwievi †_‡KB ivRv wbe©vPb KiZ|
†ivwn½v MYnZ¨v t KvVMovq my wP
22
KvgvbwPiv ivRv w_wi _ywiqvi (1684-85) wbKU †eZb fvZv evov‡bvi `vwe K‡ib| wZwb †eZb e„wׇZ AcviMZv cÖKvk Ki‡j, KvgvbwPiv ivRv w_wi _ywiqv I Zvi cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i‡K nZ¨v K‡i, Zvi fvB Iqviv a¤§v‡K wmsnvm‡b emvq| wZwbI KvgvbwP‡`i †eZb fvZv evov‡bvi wel‡q AcviMZv cÖKvk Ki‡j KvgvbwPiv 1692 mv‡j cÖvmv` Ae‡iva K‡ib| ivRv †Kv‡bviK‡g cvwj‡q †M‡jI KvgvbwPiv cÖvmv` cywo‡q †`q| Gfv‡e 1685 †_‡K 1710 mvj ch©šÍ KvgvbwPiv Zv‡`i †Lqvj LywkgZ ivR cwiev‡ii `kRb †jvK‡K wmsnvm‡b emvq Ges `vwe cyiY bv n‡j Zv‡`i c`Pz¨Z K‡i| Ae‡k‡l gnv`Ûvqy bv‡g AvivKv‡bi GKRb mvgšÍ ¶gZvq AwawôZ n‡q mv›`v DBR¨v bvg aviY K‡i, KvgvbwP‡`i weiæ‡× K‡Vvi `gbbxwZ cwiPvjbv K‡ib| wZwb KvgvbwP‡`i c`Pz¨Z K‡i ivgwi, `y‡j, †jos, AvivMuvI, wm‡°exb, wm›`web, b‡`vweb cÖf…wZ ¯’v‡b wbe©vwmZ K‡i Zv‡`i kw³ wPiZ‡i †kl K‡i †`b| ax‡i ax‡i Gme ¯’v‡bB KvgvbwP‡`i AvevwmK cjøx M‡o I‡V| Zviv AvKvi AvK…wZ‡Z gyNj wKsev AvdMvb‡`i g‡Zv| G‡`i msL¨v Lye †ewk †bB| 1931 mv‡ji Av`gïgvix Abyhvqx G‡`i msL¨v cvIqv hvq 2686 Rb| †ivwn½v eZ©gvb we‡k¦i me‡P‡q fvM¨ weow¤^Z RvwZi bvg †ivwn½v| AvivKv‡bi mgMÖ gymwjg Rb‡Mvôxi 90 kZvskB †ivwn½v RvwZ‡Mvôxi| †ivwn½v‡`i D™¢e I BwZnvm wb‡q †ekwKQz gZ i‡q‡Q| cÖ_gZ, ivRv gnr B½ P‡›`ªi mgq RvnvR Wzwei d‡j †h Avie gymjgvb ewYK I bvweKiv AvivKv‡b emwZ ¯’vcb K‡ib, ZvivB †ivwn½v Ges AvivKv‡b AvMgbKvix Avw` gymjgvb| gnviv‡Rvqvs Gi Z_¨g‡Z, RvnvRWzwe †_‡K D×vi n‡q Zx‡i wf‡o gymwjg ewYKiv Aviwe ÔingÕ, ÔingÕ (A_© `qv Kiv) aŸwb D”PviY K‡i ¯’vbxq‡`i mvnvh¨ Kvgbv K‡ib| †h‡nZz Aviweq ewYKiv mvnv‡h¨i Rb¨ ÔingÕ kã D”PviY K‡iwQj, †m‡nZz Aviwe fvlvq AbwfÁ ¯’vbxq †jvKRb Zv‡`i ing †Mv‡Îi †jvK g‡b K‡i ing e‡j WvKZ| µgk kãwU weK…Z n‡q ing>†ivqvB>†ivqvB½v> ev †ivwn½v bv‡g L¨vZ nq| †ivwn½v k‡ãi DrcwË wb‡q G gZ‡K A‡bK HwZnvwmK I BwZnvm wekvi` mg_©b K‡i‡Qb|
†ivwn½v MYnZ¨v t KvVMovq my wP
23
wØZxqZ, wgb myqv gyb ev biwgLjv Ii‡d †mvjvqgvb kvn 1430 mv‡j AvivKvb cyY`©Lj K‡i ivRavbx jswM‡qZ †_‡K †gvn«s bvgK ¯’v‡b ¯’vbvšÍi K‡ib| Zvi mv‡_ evsjv †_‡K `yc‡e© hvIqv 50 nvRvi gymwjg ˆmb¨‡K wZwb ivRavbx †gªvns I Gi Avkcv‡kB Avev¯’j M‡o †Zvjvi AbygwZ †`b| cieZ©xKv‡j †gªvns kãwU gymjgvb‡`i gy‡L Ges †jLvq weK…Z n‡q †ivnvs ev †ivmv½ n‡q‡Q Ges Gi evwm›`viv †ivwn½v bv‡g cwiwPZ n‡q I‡Vb| AvivKv‡bi eZ©gvb cv_ywi‡Kjøv GjvKv †ivwn½v‡`i Kv‡Q †gªvns bv‡g cwiwPZ| ga¨hy‡Mi Kwe AvjvI‡ji weL¨vZ Kve¨MÖš’ ÔcÙveZx-†Z AvivKvb ev ivLvBb‡K †ivmv½ wn‡m‡e D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| A‡b‡Ki g‡Z, †ivmv½ cieZ©x mg‡q weK…Z n‡q †ivwn½v n‡q‡Q| Z…ZxqZ, 1580 †_‡K 1666 mvj ch©šÍ cZz©wMR I AvivKvbx gMiv c~e© evsjv †_‡K gvbyl AcniY K‡i wb‡q `vm I kªwgK wn‡m‡e AvivKv‡b wewµ K‡i w`Z| 1826 mv‡j weªwUkiv AvivKvb `L‡ji ci †mLv‡b K…wlKv‡Ri Rb¨ evsjv †_‡K wn›`y, gymjgvb K…lK‡`i wb‡q hvIqv n‡Zv| Gfv‡e wKQz †jvK †mLv‡b ¯’vqx emwZ M‡o †Zv‡jb| ZvB wgqbvgv‡ii ewg©iv ejvi †Póv K‡ib, evsjv †_‡K hvIqv Gme gvbylB n‡jv †ivwn½v| †ivwn½v‡`i AvMgb I D™¢e m¤ú‡K© cÖ_g I wØZxq gZwUB †ewk MÖnY‡hvM¨| Aviwe ÔingÕ kã †_‡K †ivwn½v k‡ãi DrcwË n‡q‡Q ejvUvB †ewk hyw³hy³| RvnvR Wzwe †_‡K i¶v‡_© ÔingÕ ÔingÕ e‡j wPrKvi Kiv Avie ewYK †Mvôx _v¤¢BK¨v nevi m¤¢vebv LyeB Kg| †Kbbv eZ©gv‡b _v¤¢BK¨vMY wbgœ †kªwYi †R‡j m¤cÖ`vq wn‡m‡e emevm Ki‡Q| †mB mv‡_ Cgvb AvwK`vMZ w`K †_‡K Zviv Bmjv‡gi wewaweavb †_‡K A‡bK `~‡i Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q| Av‡MB e‡jwQ Zviv gM‡`i g‡ZvB Rxeb-hvcb K‡i| myZivs Avie ewYK m¤cÖ`v‡qi mevB †R‡j †ckv MÖnY Ki‡e wKsev Bmjv‡gi †gŠwjK wek¦vm †_‡K `~‡i m‡i hv‡e Zv MÖnY‡hvM¨ Ges hyw³hy³ bq| ZvQvov †PnvivMZ w`K w`‡qI _v¤¢BK¨v‡`i g‡a¨ Aviweq †Kvb Qvc ev wgj cvIqv hvq bv| c¶všÍ‡i †ivwn½v‡`i Cgvb-AvwK`v, Rxeb c×wZ GgbwK †PnvivMZ w`K †_‡K wKQz wKQz †jv‡Ki g‡a¨ Aviweq Qvc ¯úó| G wn‡m‡e †ivwn½viv 1300 eQi Av‡M AvivKv‡b emwZ ¯’vcb K‡i‡Q| Avevi ivRv wgb myqv gyb ev †mvjvqgvb kvn cÖwZwôZ ivRavbx †gªvns weK…Z n‡q †ivmvs ev †ivnvs n‡q‡Q Ges Gi evwm›`v‡`i bvg †ivwn½v n‡q‡Q| G gZwUI MÖnY
†ivwn½v MYnZ¨v t KvVMovq my wP
24
Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| KviY, †ivwn½v k‡ãi D™¢‡ei m‡½ ¯’vbMZ BwZnv‡mi GKwU wgj i‡q‡Q| G gZwU ai‡jI mv‡o 6kZ eQi Av‡M gymjgvbiv †gªvns‡q emwZ ¯’vcb K‡i‡Q Ges cieZ©xKv‡j †ivwn½v wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ n‡q‡Qb| †ivwn½viv evsjv †_‡K AcüZ I AvivKv‡b `vmiæ‡c e¨eüZ Rb‡Mvôx Ges weªwUk Avg‡j kªwgK wn‡m‡e hvIqv Rb‡Mvôxi Aa¯Íb cyiæl-welqwUi mv‡_ GKgZ nIqv hvq bv| hw` GivB †ivwn½v nq, Z‡e wgb myqv gyb ev biwgLjv Ii‡d †mvjvqgvb kvn KZ©…K AvivKvb cybiæ×vi Kivi mgq evsjv †_‡K `yBev‡i †cÖwiZ 50 nvRvi Ges †mmgq AvMZ e¨emvqxMY I ˆmb¨‡`i AvZ¥xq-cwiRb †Kv_vq †M‡jb? mßg-Aóg kZvãx I ZrcieZ©x mg‡q AvivKv‡b emwZ ¯’vcb Kiv Aviweq I Ab¨vb¨ gymjgvb Ges ¯’vbxq ag©všÍwiZ gymjgvbMY †Kv_vq †M‡jb? evsjv †_‡K AcüZ gvbyl Ges weªwUk Avg‡j kªwgK ev PvKwi Ki‡Z hvIqv gymjgvb‡`i gva¨‡g †ivwn½v‡`i nq‡Zv we¯Í…wZ N‡U‡Q; wKš‘ Zv‡`i gva¨‡g †ivwn½v m¤cÖ`v‡qi DrcwË n‡q‡Q, Zv wek¦vm‡hvM¨ bq| myZivs Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K GB wm×v‡šÍ DcbxZ nIqv hvq †h, Aviwe ing kã †_‡K A_ev †gªvns‡qi Awaevmx nevi Kvi‡Y AvivKv‡bi gymjgvb‡`i‡K †ivwn½v ejv n‡q _v‡K| AZGe, Avie, ewYK, bvweK, Bmjvg cÖPviK, †MŠoxq gymwjg ˆmb¨, AvdMvb, Bivbx, evsjv †_‡K AcüZ gymjgvbMY Ges Zv‡`i mv‡_ ¯’vbxq gM bvix‡`i weev‡ni d‡j Rb¥ †bqv mšÍvb, ag©všÍwiZ gymjgvb mevB Kvjµ‡g †ivwn½v wn‡m‡e cwiwPwZ †c‡q‡Q| A_©vr BwZnv‡mi cwiµgvq AvivKv‡b _vKv me gymjgvb GLb GKKfv‡e †ivwn½v wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| †hgb, kvnmyRvi Abymvix I ˆmb¨ mvgšÍ‡`i cÖRb¥ KvgvbwP gymjgvbivI cieZ©x Kv‡j †ivwn½v wn‡m‡eB cwiwPZ n‡q I‡V16| AvaywbK Kv‡ji cÖ‡qvM n‡jI ev½vwji BwZnvm †hgb nvRvi eQ‡ii †Zgwb †ivwn½v kãwUi DrcwËI †hfv‡eB †nvK, Zv‡`i BwZnvm nvRvi eQ‡ii †P‡qI cy‡iv‡bv| Zviv cwiPqnxbfv‡e †e‡o IVv †Kv‡bv RvwZ‡Mvôx bq| g~jZ †ivwn½vivB AvivKv‡bi ¯’vqx I Avw` gymjgvb| AvivKv‡bi AvwKqve (wmUI‡q), ivw_Ws, eyw_Ws, gsWy, wKq±vI, gv¤^ªv, cv_ywi‡Kjøv, KvqyKcvD, cyb¨v¸b I cvqyKZvD GjvKvq †ivwn½v gymjgvbiv emevm K‡ib| GQvov wgbweqv, gvBeb I Avb GjvKv‡ZI Ab¨‡`i mv‡_ †ivwn½viv evm K‡ib| eZ©gv‡b †ivwn½v‡`i cÖvq mevB‡K evsjv‡`‡k Zvwo‡q w`‡q‡Q wgqvbgvi miKvi I †mbvevwnbx|
†ivwn½v MYnZ¨v t KvVMovq my wP
25
GLb ïaygvÎ AvivKv‡bi ivRavbx AvwKqve (wmUI‡q) Gi Avkcv‡k miKvi wbwg©Z wKQz K¨v‡¤ú †ivwn½viv cÖvq ew›` Ae¯’vq i‡q‡Q 17| KviY, Zv‡`i K¨v‡¤úi evB‡i hvevi AbygwZ †bB| 2017 mv‡ji Awfhv‡b weZvwoZmn eZ©gv‡b mv‡o 11 jvL †ivwn½v evsjv‡`‡k DØv¯‘ Rxeb-hvcb Ki‡Q| GQvov †mŠw` Avi‡e 3 jvL, cvwK¯Ív‡b 3 jvL 50 nvRvi, mshy³ Avie Avwgiv‡Z 10 nvRvi, fvi‡Z 40 nvRvi, gvj‡qwkqvq 1 jvL 50 nvRvi, B‡›`v‡bwkqvq 1 nvRvi I _vBj¨v‡Û 5 nvRvi †ivwn½v kiYv_©x wn‡m‡e evm Ki‡Q18| wgqvbgvi I AvivKv‡bi ivRbxwZ, ms¯‹…wZ Ges mvgvwRK Rxe‡b gymjgvb I †ivwn½viv mßg kZvãxi ga¨ fvM †_‡K AvivKvb I PÆMÖvg A‡j gymwjg ewYKiv evwYR¨ wgkb wb‡q hvZvqvZ ïiæ Ki‡jI Aóg kZvãx‡Z Zv‡`i AvMgb †e‡o hvq| `kg kZvãx‡Z PÆMÖvg I Gi Avkcv‡ki A‡j gymwjg mgv‡Ri cÖfve GZUv †e‡o wM‡qwQj †h, †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv HwZnvwmK ev M‡elK G‡K †QvULv‡Uv gymwjg ivR¨ wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i Gi Avwgi‡K myjZvb e‡j AvL¨v w`‡q‡Qb19| Gi †XD AvivKvbx mgvR e¨e¯’vqI †j‡MwQj| AvivKv‡b AvMZ I emwZ ¯’vcbKvix Avie ewYK m¤úª`vq, bvweK, mywd, `i‡ek †kÖwY Ges ·qv`k kZ‡Ki ci †_‡K ZzwK©, cvVvb I gyNj‡`i kvmbvg‡j evsjv †_‡K AvMZ gymjgvb‡`i m‡½ G A‡ji wbgœe‡Y©i wn›`y I †eŠ×‡`i mswgkªY N‡U Ges Zviv e¨vcKfv‡e Bmjv‡g `x¶v MÖnY K‡ib| gymjgvb‡`i Rxeb I ms¯‹…wZ AvivKv‡bi RbRxeb I BwZnv‡m Mfxi cÖfve †d‡j| d‡j, AvivKvb I PÆMÖv‡g GKwU Bmjvwg cwi‡ek m¤^wjZ mgvR e¨e¯’v M‡o I‡V| AvivKvbx‡`i c`©v cÖ_v, Lv`¨vfvm, ivbœv c×wZ, GgbwK gvbexq AvPi‡YI Bmjv‡gi cÖfve j¶¨ Kiv hvq| GgbwK gymjgvb bvix‡`i c`©v cvj‡bi cÖfve AvivKv‡bi Agymwjg bvix‡`i gv‡SI we¯Ívi jvf K‡i| PÆMÖvg-AvivKv‡bi wewfbœ ¯’v‡bi Aviwe bvg, †Ljvayjv, ixwZbxwZ I AvPvi e¨env‡i Aviweq cÖfve GgbwK K_vevZ©vq Aviwe fvlvi AbyKi‡Y ÔjvÕ (Aviwe jv A_© bv, bv †evaK kã ev‡K¨i ïiæ‡Z ÔAuvB b hvBqygÕ) e¨envi my¯úófv‡e Avie cÖfv‡ei dj, G‡Z †Kv‡bv m‡›`n †bB20| Gfv‡e AvivKv‡bi mvgvwRK AeKvVv‡gvMZ wfwˇZ Bmjv‡gi m¤ú„³Zv `ªæZ †e‡o hvq| cÖvPxb Kvj †_‡KB AvivKv‡bi ivRbxwZ I cÖkvm‡b gymjgvb Ges †ivwn½v‡`i AskMÖnY wQj| 1057 mv‡j AvivKvb `LjKvix cÖvPxb evg©vi me‡P‡q kw³kvjx cuMv
†ivwn½v MYnZ¨v t KvVMovq my wP
26
mvgªv‡R¨i ivRv AvbvIqviv_vi `iev‡iI gymjgvb‡`i Dcw¯’wZ wQj 21| Zvi mšÍv‡bi M„nwk¶K wn‡m‡e R‰bK gymwjg e¨w³‡K wb‡qvM †`b| AvbvIqviv_vi g„Zz¨i ci Zvi cyÎ mvDjy 1077 wLªóv‡ã wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib| Zuvi ˆkke Kv‡ji M„nwk¶‡Ki cyÎ, `yafvB I evj¨eÜz Ave`yi ingvb Lvb‡K (ewg© fvlvq BqvgvbKvb) eÜzZ¡cÖxwZi wb`k©b ¯^iƒc Dmmv bMixi (eZ©gv‡b †c¸) kvmbKZ©v wbhy³ K‡ib| wKš‘ cieZ©x‡Z `yeÜzi gv‡S fzj †evSveywSi Kvi‡Y hy× nq| hy‡× mvDjyi weiæ‡× Ave`yi ingvb weRqx n‡jI mvDjyi Ab¨ fvB KvbwRÌvi loh‡š¿ wZwb wbnZ nb| d‡j evg©v Z_v AvivKvb A‡j gymwjg cÖfv‡ei Elvj‡MœB m~h© A¯ÍwgZ n‡q hvq| AvivKv‡bi ivRbxwZ I cÖkvm‡b Bmjvwg cÖfv‡ei g~javiv ïiæ nq wgb myqv gyb ev biwgLjvi ivRZ¡Kv‡j22| wgb myqv gyb AvivKvb †_‡K weZvwoZ n‡q `xN© 24 eQi evsjvq Ae¯’vb K‡ib| Gmgq wZwb gymwjg ixwZbxwZ I mf¨Zvi cÖwZ cÖPÐ I Mfxifv‡e AvK…ó n‡q c‡ob| 1430 mv‡j evsjvi myjZv‡bi mnvqZvq wcZ…ivR¨ AvivKvb cyYiæ×v‡ii ci wZwb †mLv‡b gymwjg fveavivi kvmbe¨e¯’v Kv‡qg K‡ib, hvi †ik cieZ©x ivRv‡`i Avg‡jI †`Lv hvq| †mvjvqgvb kvn (Bmjvwg bvg) bvg avi‡Yi cvkvcvwk wgb myqv gyb ivR`iev‡i g`cvbmn me A‰bwZK Kg©KvÐ wbwl× K‡ib| Zuvi cÖwZwôZ gªvDK D ivResk 1784 mvj ch©šÍ AvivKvb kvmb K‡ib| GK`v AvivKvb †_‡K weZvwoZ n‡qwQ‡jb weavq wZwb gM‡`i †Zgb wek¦vm Ki‡Zb bv| †m Kvi‡Y evsjv Z_v †MŠo †_‡K `yBev‡i hvIqv cÖvq 50 nvRvi ˆmb¨‡K wZwb ivRKxq †mbvevwnbx‡Z wb‡qvM †`b| ˆmb¨evwnbxmn miKvwi eo eo c‡` gymjgvb‡`i AvwacZ¨ M‡o I‡V| gymjgvb‡`i bvgvR Av`v‡qi Rb¨ †mvjvqgvb kvn †¤ªvns‡q GKwU gmwR` wbg©vY K‡i †`b; cieZ©xKv‡j GwU wmwÜLv‡bi gmwR` bv‡g L¨vwZ jvf K‡i| dvwm©‡K miKvwi fvlv wn‡m‡e Pvjy K‡ib wgb myqv gyb ev †mvjvqgvb kvn hv cieZ©x gªvDK ivRv‡`i mgqI †_‡K hvq| †MŠoiv‡Ri cÖwZ K…ZÁZv¯^iƒc gªvDK ivRviv wb‡R‡`i AvivKvbx bv‡gi mv‡_ GKwU gymwjg bvg e¨envi Ki‡Zb| A‡bK HwZnvwmK g‡b K‡ib, ivRviv ïay gymwjg bvgB bq, Zviv Bmjvg ag©I Keyj K‡ib| †hgb : wgb myqv gyb nb gynv¤§` †mvjvqgvb kvn, LvgvDsMv bvg †bb †nv‡mb kvn, wgbweb nb R‡eŠK kvn, w_wi _y a¤§v bvg †bb †mwjg kvn BZ¨vw`| 1430 †_‡K cÖvq `y‡kv eQi ch©šÍ 18 Rb gªvDK ivRv‡`i gymwjg bvg avi‡bi BwZnvm cvIqv hvq| gªvDK ivRviv †MŠ‡oi gymjgvb iv‡Ri Av`‡j gy`ªv Pvjy K‡ib| gy`ªvi GKwc‡V
†ivwn½v MYnZ¨v t KvVMovq my wP
27
dvwm© fvlvq ivRvi gymwjg bvg I Awf‡lK Kvj Ges Aciwc‡V Kv‡jgv kwid †jLv _vKZ| Gme gy`ªv †MŠ‡oi gymwjg kvmK‡`i gy`ªvi Abyiƒc gyw`ªZ, hv weªwUk wgDwRqv‡g GL‡bv msiw¶Z Av‡Q| gªvDK ivRv‡`i Avg‡j AvivKv‡b Bmjvwg ÁvbweÁv‡bi e¨vcK cÖmvi jvf K‡i| GgbwK ¤ªvDK ivRviv wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivn‡Yi c~‡e© we‡klÁ Av‡j‡gi Kv‡Q 10 eQi KziAvb-nvw`m wk¶v MÖnY Ki‡Zb e‡jI †KD †KD D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| AvivKv‡bi ivóªxq fvlv dvwm© 1845 mvj ch©šÍ A_©vr AvivKvb weªwUk kvmbvax‡b Avmvi ciI 22 eQi ch©šÍ Pvjy wQj| ga¨hy‡M AvivKvb ivR`iev‡i gymwjg cÖfve e¨vcKfv‡e †e‡o hvq| ivRmfvi eo eo c‡` gymjgvbiv wbhyw³ jvf K‡ib| Gmgq ivRviv gymjgvb‡`i gnvgvZ¨ (cÖavbgš¿x), j¯‹i DwRi (hy×gš¿x), KvwR, D”Pc`¯’ ivRKg©Pvix c‡` wb‡qvM `vb K‡iwQ‡jb23| ÔbmebvgvÕ I ÔkixqZbvgvÕ Kve¨MÖ‡š’i Kwe bmiæjøvn †Lv›`Kv‡ii eskai eyinvb DwÏb, Beivwng, myRv DÏxb, †kL ivRv, KvwR BmnvK, kixd gbmyi †Lv›`Kvi cÖgyL e¨w³iv 1491 †_‡K 1574 mvj ch©šÍ wewfbœ mgq AvivKvb iv‡Ri j¯‹i DwRimn bvbv c‡` wbhy³ wQ‡jb| AviKvb ivRmfvi cÖfvekvjx gš¿x wQ‡jb Avkivd Lvb| wZwb PÆMÖv‡gi nvUnvRvix _vbvi AšÍM©Z Pvwiqv MÖv‡gi Awaevmx wQ‡jb| IB MÖv‡g Zvi wekvj cvKv evwoi aŸsmve‡kl GL‡bv we`¨gvb| Avkivd Lvb AvivKv‡bi ZrKvjxb AwacwZ w_wi _y a¤§v Ii‡d †mwjg kvn wØZxq (1622-1638 mvj)-Gi j¯‹i DwRiÕ ev hy×gš¿x c‡` AwawôZ wQ‡jb| Avkivd Lv‡bi c„ô‡cvlKZvq AvivKvb ivR `iev‡i ga¨hy‡Mi evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i Ab¨Zg cÖwZfvevb Kwe †`ŠjZ KvwR Zuvi Kve¨ cÖwZfv cÖwZôv Ki‡Z m¶g nb| ÔmZx gqbvÕ I Ô†jvi P›`ªvbxÕ Kv‡e¨i iPwqZv †`ŠjZ KvwR AvivKvb ivRmfvq wewkó ¯’vb `Lj K‡iwQ‡jb| g~jZ Avkivd Lvb ivRv w_wi _y a¤§vi ivR`iev‡i e¨vcK ¶gZvi AwaKvix wQ‡jb| ˆmwbK wefvM QvovI wewfbœ wel‡q ivRv Avkivd Lv‡bi civgk© wb‡Zb| AvivKvb iv‡Ri mgigš¿x wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi gva¨‡g Avkivd Lvb †hgb iv‡R¨i DbœwZ I k„•Ljv weav‡b e¨vcK cÖksmbxq Ae`vb iv‡Lb, †Zgwb AvivKv‡b Bmjvg cÖPvi I cÖmv‡i ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡ib| IB mgq miKvi †_‡K ïiæ K‡i †mbvevwnbx‡ZI gymjgvb‡`i AšÍf©yw³ wQj Ab¨ mg‡qi Zzjbvq †ewk|
†ivwn½v MYnZ¨v t KvVMovq my wP
28
Avkivd Lv‡bi c‡i gymjgvb‡`i ga¨ †_‡K j¯‹i DwRi ev mgigš¿x nb eo VvKzi| wZwb AvivKvb ivR bicw`M¨xi (1638-1645) kvmbvgv‡j G ¸iæ `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| wZwb PÆMÖv‡gi cwUqv _vbvi Pµkvjv MÖv‡gi Awaevmx wQ‡jb| gnvKwe AvjvIj Zvi Ômqdzj gyjK ew`D¾vgvbÕ Kve¨MÖ‡š’ D‡jøL K‡ibivR¨cvj ˆmb¨gš¿x AvwQ‡jb ZvZ / kªx eo VvKzi bvg RMr weL¨vZ| †Kv‡ikx gvMb VvKziI AvivKvb ivR bicw`M¨xi kvmbvg‡j ivR mfvi gš¿x wQ‡jb| 1645 mv‡j gviv hvevi c~‡e© bicw`M¨x Zvi GKgvÎ Kb¨v‡K AwffveKnxb bv †i‡L †Kv‡ikx gvMb VvKz‡ii AwffveK‡Z¡ w`‡q hvb| Kwe AvjvIj mqdzj gyjK ew`D¾vgvb Kv‡e¨ D‡jøL K‡ibZvb AgvZ¨ †kªô kªxhy³ gvMb/ wkïKv‡j e„× ivRv ˆKjv mgc©Y| bvbv ¸Y cviM †gvnšÍ Kzjkxj / Zvnv‡K Avwbqv b„c Kb¨v mgwc©j| †Kv‡ikx gvMb VvKzi †Lv`v wfiæ I PwiÎevb gymjgvb wQ‡jb| GRb¨ ivRv Zvi Kb¨v‡K gvMb VvKz‡ii AwffveK‡Z¡ w`‡qwQ‡jb| ivRv bicw`Mxi g„Zz¨i ci Zvi åvZz®úyÎ _‡`v wgšÍv‡ii mv‡_ bicw`Mxi Kb¨vi we‡q w`‡q _‡`v wgšÍvi‡K wmsnvm‡b emvb gvMb VvKzi| 1652 mv‡j _‡`v wgšÍv‡ii AvKw¯§K g„Zz¨ n‡j AveviI ÎvZvi f‚wgKvq AeZxY© nb gvMb VvKzi| wZwb ivbxi AwffveK‡Z¡ _‡`vi wkï cy·K wmsnvm‡b ewm‡q wb‡R gnvcvÎ ev cÖavbgš¿x nb| Gmgq g~jZ AvivKv‡bi cÖmvk‡bi wZwbB g~j e¨w³ wQ‡jb| †Kv‡ikx gvMb VvKzi GKvav‡i 20 eQi (1638-1658 mvj) ch©šÍ AvivKv‡bi ivR`iev‡i wewfbœ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| wZwb eûfvlvwe` I mvwnwZ¨KI wQ‡jb| cÖkvmwbK Kv‡Ri cvkvcvwk wZwb ÔP›`ªveZxÕ Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib| gvM‡bi fvB wfKbI ivRmfvi Kg©Pvix wQ‡jb| wfKbI mvwnZ¨ PP©v Ki‡Zb| Zuvi iwPZ ÔivavK…òÕ c`vejx cvIqv hvq| AvivKvb ivRv mv›`v _y a¤§vi kvmbvg‡j (1652-1684 mvj) 1659 mv‡j gnvgvZ¨ ev cÖavbgš¿x gvMb VvKzi g„Zz¨eiY Ki‡j kªxgšÍ †mvjvqgvb AvivKv‡bi gnvgvZ¨ ev cÖavbgš¿xi `vwqZ¡ cvb| †`‡ki ivR‡Kvl Ges mvaviY kvm‡bi fvi b¨¯Í wQj Zuvi Ici| AvivKv‡bi wewfbœ ¯’v‡b gmwR` wbg©vYmn Bmjvwg ms¯‹…wZ weKv‡k ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb iv‡Lb †mvjvqgvb| wZwb c‡ivcKvix I D`vi AgvZ¨ wQ‡jb| mv›`v _y a¤§vi kvmbvg‡j AviI K‡qKRb gymwjg Agv‡Z¨i mÜvb cvIqv hvq|
†ivwn½v MYnZ¨v t KvVMovq my wP
29
ˆmq` gynv¤§` Lvb, beivR gRwjk, ˆmq` gymv cÖgyL| ˆmq` gymvi c„ô‡cvlKZvq Kwe AvjvIj Ômqdzj gyjyK ew`D¾vgvbÕi Aewkóvsk iPbv K‡ib| G‡Z kvnRv`v myRvi AvivKvb AvMgb I AvivKvb ivRv KZ©…K nZ¨vKv‡Ði NUbvi weeiY Av‡Q| G †_‡K Abygvb Kiv nq †h, G Kve¨wU 1669 mv‡ji w`‡K iwPZ| ˆmq` gymvi g„Zz¨i ci mv›`v _y a¤§vi cieZ©x cÖavbgš¿x nb beivR gRwjk| Zuvi c„ô‡cvlKZv †c‡q Kwe AvjvIj ÔwmKv›`vi bvgvÕ Kve¨wU 1673 mv‡j iPbv K‡ib| beivR gRwjk Bmjv‡gi GKRb GKwbô †meK wQ‡jb| wZwb gymjgvb‡`i Bev`Z e‡›`Mxi Rb¨ †ek K‡qKwU gmwR` wbg©vY K‡ib| gnvKwe AvjvI‡ji myev‡` mß`k kZvãxi wKQz msL¨K gymwjg Agv‡Z¨i AbymÜvb cvIqv hvq| ïaygvÎ mv›`v _y a¤§vi kvmbvg‡ji 32 eQ‡i (1652-1684 mvj) cuvPRb Agv‡Z¨i weeiY cvIqv †M‡Q, hviv Kwe mvwnwZ¨K‡`i c„ô‡cvlKZv w`‡q mvwnZ¨ PP©v Kivi my‡hvM K‡i w`‡qwQ‡jb| Zvn‡j hviv mvwnZ¨ PP©vq c„ô‡cvlKZv `vb K‡ibwb Ggb gymwjg Agv‡Z¨i msL¨v AviI A‡bK n‡e| eo c‡` _vKv e¨w³ivB †Kej G ai‡bi c„ô‡cvlKZv w`‡Z cv‡ib, ZvB Kve¨ ev mvwn‡Z¨ Zv‡`i bvg G‡m‡Q| wKš‘ GQvovI AvivKvb ivR`iev‡ii Ab¨vb¨ c‡` gymwjg‡`i wePiY wQj e‡j aviYv Kiv hvq| ïay AgvZ¨ eM©B bq, AvivKv‡bi wePvi e¨e¯’v‡ZI gymjgvb‡`i AskMÖnY wQj24| wgb myqv gyb ev †mvjvqgvb kvn 1430 mv‡j AvivKvb cyYiæ×v‡ii ci gymwjg ixwZ‡Z wePvi e¨e¯’v cÖeZ©b K‡ib| wZwb wePvi KvR cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ gymjgvb‡`i g‡Zv KvwR wb‡qvM K‡ib| Kwe †`ŠjZ KvwR AvivKv‡bi wePvi‡Ki c‡`I wQ‡jb| Abyiƒcfv‡e KvwR ˆmq` gmD` kvnI AvivKv‡bi KvwR wQ‡jb| Kwe AvjvI‡ji fvlvqˆmq` gmD` kvnv †ivmv‡½i KvwR / Ávb Aí Av‡Q ewj †gv‡i ˆnj ivwR|| cieZ©xKv‡j myRv KvwR, MvIqv KvwR, bvjv KvwR, KvwR Ave`yj Kwig, KvwR gynv¤§` †nv‡mb, KvwR Imgvb, KvwR Ave`yj ReŸvi, KvwR Ave`yj Mdzi, KvwR †gvnv¤§` BDmyd, KvwR byi †gvnv¤§`, KvwR iIkb Avjx cÖgy‡Li bvg cvIqv hvq| G‡`i g‡a¨ myRv KvwR gªvDK D mvgªv‡R¨i †kl c‡e© 1784 mv‡j AvivKv‡bi wePviK wQ‡jb| G mgq †evacvqv AvivKvb `Lj Ki‡j wZwb Zvi c¶ †bb| †evacvqvi Avg‡j Zuv‡K `w¶Y AvivKv‡bi AvwPivs (wePviK ev KvwR) wn‡m‡e wb‡qvM †`qv nq| AvivKv‡bi mv`v cvovq myRv KvwRi cvKv gmwR` I cvKv NvU m¤^wjZ w`Nxi aŸsmve‡kl A`¨vewa we`¨gvb Av‡Q| gmwR‡`i wbKU Zuvi KeiI i‡q‡Q|
†ivwn½v MYnZ¨v t KvVMovq my wP
30
AvivKvbx ivR`iev‡ii cÖZ¨¶ c„ô‡cvlKZvq gymjgvb Kwe mvwnwZ¨K‡`i iPbvq ga¨hy‡M evsjv I AvivKvbx mvwn‡Z¨i weKvk N‡U25| ga¨hy‡Mi evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i †kªô Kwe AvjvIj AvivKvb ivR`iev‡i Zvi mvwnZ¨ cÖwZfvi mv¶i iv‡Lb| AvivKvb ivRv I gš¿x‡`i c„ô‡cvlKZvq gnvKwe AvjvIj wnw›` Kwe gvwjK gynv¤§` Rvqmxi Kve¨ Abymi‡Y iPbv K‡ib Zvi weL¨vZ MÖš’ ÔcÙveZxÕ| GQvovI R½bvgv, †Zvndv, wmKv›`vibvgvmn †ek K‡qKwU Kve¨MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib wZwb| AvivKvbx mvwnZ¨ PP©vq †Kv‡ikx gvMb VvKzi, Kwe gi`b I †`ŠjZ KvwRi bvg D‡jøL‡hvM¨, hv Av‡MB D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| AvjvIj I †`ŠjZ KvwR Zv‡`i MÖ‡š’ AvivKvb‡K †ivmv½ ivR¨ wn‡m‡e D‡jøL K‡ib| Kwe Ave`yj Kwig †Lv›`Kvi 1745 mv‡j AvivKv‡bi ivR †Kvlva¨¶ AvwZei bvgK R‰bK e¨w³i c„ô‡cvlKZvq Ô`yjøvn gRwjkÕ Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib| †m mgq AvivKv‡bi ivRv wQ‡jb bivcvqv (1742-1761 mvj)| GB Kv‡e¨ Kwe AvZ¥K_vi cvkvcvwk AvivKv‡bi e›`i, b`x, NvU cÖf…wZi eY©bv w`‡q‡Qb| GQvov AvivKv‡bi KvwR, gydwZ, `i‡ek, dwKimn Ávbx-¸Yx gymjgvb‡`i emevm I RxebhvÎvi eY©bv w`‡q‡Qb| AvivKv‡bi mi`vi cvovi Kwe Ave`yj Kwi‡gi †ivmv½ cvÂvjv; †gªvns‡qi Kwe Aveyj dR‡ji Av`‡gi jovB; AvivKv‡bi KvB‡gi Awaevmx KvwR Ave`yj Kwi‡gi ivnvZzj Kzjye, Avãyjvø ni nvRvi mIqvj, byibvgv, gaygvjZx, `ix‡M gRwjk; KvB‡gi Awaevmx BmgvBj mv‡Ke Gi wejwKmbvgv; KvwR †gvnv¤§` †nv‡mb Gi Avwgi nvgRv, †`Ijvj gwn I nvq`viR½ AvivKv‡bi Ab¨Zg Kwe I Kve¨ MÖš’| Gme Kwe‡`i Kve¨MÖš’ AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm Ges AvivKvbx mgv‡R gymjgvb‡`i Ae`v‡bi mv¶i e‡q P‡j‡Q| wgqvbgvi I AvivKv‡bi ivRbxwZ‡Z gymjgvb I †ivwn½v weªwUk Avg‡j ¯^vaxbZvi `vwe‡Z M‡o IVv Av‡›`vjb Ges 1948 mv‡j ¯^vaxbZv jv‡fi cieZ©xKv‡jI gymjgvb I †ivwn½viv wgqvbgvi Ges AvivKv‡bi ivRbxwZ I mgvR Rxe‡b Ae`vb †i‡L‡Qb| weªwUk we‡ivax Av‡›`vj‡bi mgq my wPi evev †Rbv‡ij As mv‡bi Ab¨Zg cÖavb ivR‰bwZK mn‡hvMx wQ‡jb Ave`yj iv¾vK bv‡g GKRb gymjgvb26| Ave`yj iv¾vK ZrKvjxb evg©v gymwjg wj‡Mi mfvcwZ wQ‡jb| wgqvbgv‡ii ¯^vaxbZv-c~e©eZ©x †Rbv‡ij As mv‡bi MwVZ AšÍe©Z©xKvjxb gwš¿mfvi wk¶v I cwiKíbvgš¿x wQ‡jb wZwb| 1947 mv‡ji 19 RyjvB †Rbv‡ij As mv‡bi m‡½ Lyb nIqv
†ivwn½v MYnZ¨v t KvVMovq my wP
31
QqRb gš¿xi g‡a¨ wZwbI wQ‡jb| †Kej Ave`yj iv¾vKB bb, my wPi evev †Rbv‡ij As mv‡bi Nwbô ivR‰bwZK mn‡hvMx‡`i g‡a¨ AviI A‡bK gymjgvb wQ‡jb| weªwUk we‡ivax Av‡›`vj‡bi mgq wgqvbgv‡ii RvZxqZvev`x Av‡›`vj‡bi Ab¨Zg †K›`ªf‚wg wQj †i½yb wek¦we`¨vjq| †m mgq †i½yb wek¦we`¨vj‡qi QvÎivRbxwZ wbqš¿Y KiZ Aj evg©v ÷y‡W›Um BDwbqb Avi †i½yb wek¦we`¨vj‡qi †K›`ªxq QvÎ msm`-AviBDGmBD| As mvb †i½yb wek¦we`¨vj‡q fwZ© n‡qwQ‡jb 1933 mv‡j| AviBDGmBD cÖwZôvi eQiB (1930) Zv‡Z mvaviY m¤úv`K wQ‡jb Gg G ivwk`| ax‡i ax‡i As mv‡bi cÖavb ivR‰bwZK mn‡hv×v n‡q I‡Vb Gg G ivwk` I D by| As mvb AviBDGmBD‡Z 1936 mv‡j fvBm †cÖwm‡W›U Avi Gg G ivwk` †cÖwm‡W›U wbe©vwPZ n‡qwQ‡jb| GB †bZvivB evg©vi ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡gi AMÖcyiæl| A_P GB Amv¤cÖ`vwqK †MŠi‡ei AZxZ AvR gy‡Q †dj‡Z Pvq †`kwUi †bÎx my wP I †mbvcÖavb wgb As n¬vBs| †i½yb wek¦we`¨vj‡q ivwk`, As mvb Ges D by wQ‡jb wZb cÖv‡Yi eÜz| 1936 mv‡ji †g gv‡m †i½y‡bi Ryewj n‡j GK QvÎ m‡¤§j‡bi gva¨‡g Aj evg©v ÷y‡W›Um BDwbqb-GweGmBD M‡o Zz‡jwQ‡jb Zviv| ivwk` wQ‡jb GweGmBDi cÖ_g mfvcwZ| Gg G ivwk`B wgqvbgv‡ii BwZnv‡m GKgvÎ Qv·bZv, whwb GKB mgq GweGmBD Ges AviBDGmBD- Dfq msMV‡bi mfvcwZ wQ‡jb| Gi wKQzw`b ciB RInijvj †bniæ wgqvbgv‡i G‡mwQ‡jb Ges Zuv‡K msea©bv Rvbv‡bvi Rb¨, QvÎiv †h KwgwU K‡i, As mv‡bi cÖ¯Íve g‡Zv Zv‡Z mvaviY m¤úv`K wQ‡jb ivwk`| As mv‡bi A¯^vfvweK g„Zz¨i w`b ch©šÍ GB wZbR‡bi ivR‰bwZK eÜzZ¡ eRvq wQj| As mvb-ivwk`-D by-iv¾vK cÖgy‡Li eÜzZ¡ ¯^vaxbZvi Elvj‡Mœ wgqvbgv‡i †h HK¨ ˆZwi K‡iwQj, Zvi wfwˇZB 1947-Gi †deªæqvwi‡Z kvb †÷‡Ui cvsjs‡q HwZnvwmK RvwZ-m‡¤§jb Avn~Z n‡qwQj| †mLv‡b As mvb e‡jwQ‡jb, wgqvbgvi n‡e me RvwZi GKwU ÔBDwbqbÕ| †hLv‡b Ôeg©biv GK Kv‡qZ †c‡j Ab¨ivI GK Kv‡qZ cv‡e|Õ GB HwZnvwmK cÖwZkÖæwZi Ici `uvwo‡qB †mw`b KvwPb-Kv‡ib-kvb-gymjgvb mevB evg©v BDwbq‡b †hvM w`‡qwQj| A_P AvR †mB As mv‡bi Kb¨v my wP wgqvbgv‡i gymjgvb †ivwn½v‡`i Aw¯ÍZB¡ A¯^xKvi Ki‡Qb| 1947 mv‡j wgqvbgv‡ii msweav‡bi Ab¨Zg LmovKvix wQ‡jb ivwk`| cieZ©xKv‡j wZwb ¯^vaxb wgqvbgv‡ii cÖ_g cÖavbgš¿x D byÕi gwš¿mfvq kªggš¿x nb| AvwKqv‡ei Ggwc myjZvb gvngy` D byi †bZ…‡Z¡ MwVZ 1960-Gi †K›`ªxq gwš¿mfvq ¯^v¯’¨gš¿x n‡qwQ‡jb|
†ivwn½v MYnZ¨v t KvVMovq my wP
32
GQvovI D byÕi gš¿xmfvq LwbR gš¿x wQ‡jb D wLb gs jvU, wkígš¿x wQ‡jb D ikx`| gvjq †dWv‡ikb, †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb I mshy³ Avie cÖRvZ‡š¿ evg©vi ivóª`~Z wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡iwQ‡jb gymwjg D †c wLb| Gme gymjgvb gš¿x I ivóª`~Z‡`i gva¨‡g D by miKvi ga¨cÖv‡P¨ gymwjg †`k¸‡jvi mv‡_ m¤úK© Dbœqb K‡ib| wKš‘ 1962 mv‡j †b DBb ¶gZv `L‡ji ci †_‡K †`kwU‡Z †eŠ×KiY cÖwµqvi ïiæ nq| gymjbvgb‡`i Avi gš¿x wKsev eo †Kv‡bv c‡` emvbwb wZwb| 1948 †_‡K 1990 ch©šÍ myjZvb gvngy`, Aveyj evkvi, Ave`yj Mvd&dvi, †Rvniv †eMg cÖgyL †ivwn½v gymwjgiv AvivKv‡bi wewfbœ GjvKv †_‡K Ggwc wbe©vwPZ n‡q cvj©v‡g‡›U cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡iwQ‡jb, eQ‡ii ci eQi gš¿xI n‡qwQ‡jb| GgbwK 1990-G mvgwiK evwnbxi Aax‡b cwiPvwjZ wbe©vP‡b (†h wbe©vP‡b As mvb my wPi `j wbe©vwPZ n‡qI miKvi MVb Ki‡Z cv‡iwb) kvgmyj Av‡bvqvi (eyw_Ws-1), †gv. byi Avn‡g` (eyw_Ws-2), D wPU jyBs (Beªvwng, gsWz-1), dRj Avn‡g` (gsWz-2) cÖgyL †ivwn½viv DËi AvivKvb †_‡K cvj©v‡g‡›U wbe©vwPZ n‡qwQ‡jb| ZLb AvivKv‡bi †ivwn½viv (AvUwU Avm‡b) wbR¯^ ivR‰bwZK `j b¨vkbvj †W‡gv‡µwUK A¨vÛ wnDg¨vb ivBUm cvwU© †_‡KB cÖv_©x n‡Z AbygwZ †c‡qwQ‡jb| 1990-Gi wbe©vP‡b weRqx Ggwc kvgmyj Av‡bvqvi‡K As mvb my wP 1998 mv‡j †ivwn½v‡`i cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e Ôwccjm cvj©v‡g›UÕ-G †hvM †`qvi Avgš¿Y Rvbvb Ges ïay GB Wv‡K mvov †`qvi Kvi‡Y Zuvi 47 eQ‡ii †Rj n‡qwQj| GgbwK kvgmyj Av‡bvqv‡ii cyÎ-Kb¨v‡`iI 17 eQi K‡i mvRv †`q ZrKvjxb RvšÍv miKvi| wgqvbgv‡ii gymjgvb †bZ…Z¡‡K gy‡Q †`qvi cÖwµqvq 2017 mv‡ji 29 Rvbyqvwi nZ¨v Kiv nq my wPi AvBb Dc‡`óv e¨vwi÷vi D †Kvwb‡K| mšÍvb‡`i we‡`wk bvMwiKZ¡ _vKvi ARynv‡Z mvgwiK RvšÍv hLb my wPi †cÖwm‡W›U c` MÖn‡Y evav ˆZwi K‡i, ZLb msweav‡bi †fZiB weKí miKvi cÖavb wn‡m‡e my wPi Rb¨ Ô†÷U KvDwÝjiÕ c` m„wói c_ †`wL‡q †`b wZwb| mvgwiK evwnbxi mgv‡jvPbv Ges †ivwn½v‡`i bvMwiKZ¡ †K‡o †bqv 1982 mv‡ji AvB‡bi mgv‡jvPbv KivB nq‡Zv wQj Zuvi Aciva| mv‡eK GK †mbv †Mv‡q›`v Kg©KZ©vi wb‡`©‡k ¸wj K‡i Zuv‡K nZ¨vi g‡a¨ w`‡q wgqvbgv‡ii RvZxq ivRbxwZ‡Z gymjgvb‡`i gy‡Q †djv nq| my wP GB nZ¨vKvЇK mš¿vmx KvR e‡j †Kv wb-†K knx` wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ K‡iwQ‡jb| A_P GLb wZwb wgqvbgv‡ii gymjgvb I AvivKv‡bi †ivwn½v gymjgvb‡`i `xN©w`‡bi Ae`vb fz‡j Zv‡`i wbR Rb¥f‚wg †_‡K weZvwoZ Kivi RNb¨ †Ljvq †mbvcÖavb wgb As n¬vB‡qi mv‡_ nvZ wgwj‡q‡Qb|
†ivwn½v MYnZ¨v t KvVMovq my wP
33
AvivKv‡b gM ev ivLvBb I †eŠ×ev‡`i AvMgb wewfbœ mgq †ivwn½v gymjgvb‡`i Zvwo‡q †`qvq eZ©gv‡b AvivKv‡b gM ev ivLvBb m¤cÖ`vq msL¨vMwiô| cÖvPxb evg©vi ivRv-ivRiv‡`i Kvwnbx msKjb gnviv‡Rvqvs Gi Z_¨g‡Z, cÖvPxb fvi‡Zi gMa †_‡K (fvi‡Zi wenv‡ii cvUbv I Mqv †Rjvi wgwjZ fz-fvM‡K gMa ejv n‡Zv|) wLªóxq wØZxq kZ‡Ki ga¨fv‡M 146 wKsev 151 wLªóv‡ã mvgšÍ ivR P›`ªm~h© GK`j ˆmb¨mvgšÍ I Abymvix‡`i wb‡q gviæes‡ki cZb NwU‡q AvivKvb I PÆMÖvg `Lj K‡ib27| ivRv P›`ªm~h© wn›`y I †eŠ× ag© Øviv cÖfvweZ wQ‡jb| G Kvi‡Y Zvi Abymvix‡`i g‡a¨ †eŠ× I wn›`y `yB a‡g©i †jvKB wQj| ivRv P›`ªm~h© ivRavbx ab¨veZx‡Z c¨v‡MvWv wbg©vY K‡i Z_vq me©cÖ_g gnvgybx ey×g~wZ© ˆZwi K‡i ¯’vcb K‡ib| wLªóxq cÂg kZK ch©šÍ P›`ªm~h© esk PÆMÖvg-AvivKvb kvmb K‡ib| P›`ªm~h© es‡ki Avg‡j PÆMÖvg GjvKvq wn›`y ag© Ges AvivKvb GjvKvq †eŠ× ag© weKvk jvf K‡i| GB ivRes‡ki ivRv Qv›`v _ywiqv AvivKv‡bi mgv‡R †eŠ× ag©gZ weKvk I we¯Ív‡i e¨vcK f‚wgKv iv‡Lb| ivRvi c„ô‡cvlKZvi Kvi‡Y ¯’vbxqivI e¨vcKfv‡e †eŠ× a‡g© w`w¶Z nb| cÖvPxb fvi‡Zi gMa †_‡K AvivKv‡b Avmv GB Rb‡MvôxB BwZnv‡m gM bv‡g cwiwPZ28| cieZ©xKv‡j AvivKv‡bi gymjgvbiv †hgb GKKfv‡e †ivwn½v bv‡g cwiwPwZ cvq, †Zgwb †mLvbKvi †eŠ×ev`xivI GKKfv‡e gM bv‡g cwiwPwZ cvq| AvivKv‡bi †eŠ×ag©x gMiv †h cÖvPxb fvi‡Zi gMa †_‡K wM‡q‡Qb, Zvi mZ¨Zv ga¨hy‡Mi cÖfvekvjx Kwe KvwR †`Šj‡Zi KweZvs‡kI cvIqv hvq29| wZwb wj‡L‡QbKY©dzjx b`x c~‡e© Av‡Q GKcyix †ivmv½ bMi bvg ¯^M© AeZvix|| Zvnv‡Z gMa esk µ‡g ey×vPvi bvg kªx my ag©v ivRv ag© AeZvi|| Kwe ivRv‡K gM‡ai esk e‡j D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb Ges µ‡g ey×vPvi Øviv eywS‡q‡Qb Zviv †eŠ× a‡g©i Abymvix wQ‡jb| gM kãwU gMa †_‡KB G‡m‡Q| hv gMa †_‡K Avmv †eŠ× m¤cÖ`vq I Zvi gva¨‡g we¯Ívi jvf Kiv Rb‡Mvôxi cwiPq ÁvcK kã wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq| ga¨hy‡MI gMiv gM bv‡gB cwiwPZ wQj, ivLvBb bq| wKš‘ gMiv eZ©gv‡b wb‡R‡`i ÔgMÕ bvg cvwë‡q ÔivLvBbÔ †i‡L‡Q| Zviv wb‡R‡`i GLb Avi gM e‡j cwiPq w`‡Z Pvb bv| wKš‘ cÖkœ n‡jv, †Kb Zviv GB gM bvg cwinvi K‡i‡Q?
†ivwn½v MYnZ¨v t KvVMovq my wP
34
cÖK…Z NUbv n‡jv, 1666 mv‡j gyNj myev`vi kv‡q¯Ív Lvb KZ©…K PÆMÖvg `Lj bv nIqv ch©šÍ gM I cZz©wMR Rj`my¨iv c~e© evsjvi †gNbv b`xi †gvnbv †_‡K ïiæ K‡i cwðg e‡½i gwk©`vev` ch©šÍ GjvKvq jyUZivR, WvKvwZ, jyÉY, al©Y, AcniYmn bvbv AcKg© KiZ30| GB AcKg© Avovj Ki‡ZB Zviv Avi wb‡R‡`i ÔgMÕ e‡j cwiPq w`‡Z Pvb bv| cZz©wMRiv †bŠwe`¨v I †bŠhy‡× cvi`k©x wQj| Zv‡`i gva¨‡g ZrKvjxb AvivKvb iv‡R¨i cwðg mxgvšÍ PÆMÖvg GjvKv i¶v Kiv hv‡e †f‡e AviKvb ivR wgbweb ev †RŠeK kvn (1531-1553 wLªóvã) cZz©wMR‡`i PÆMÖv‡g evwYR¨ I emwZ Movi AbygwZ †`b| Aíw`‡bi g‡a¨B cZz©wMRiv ¯^iƒc D‡b¥vPb K‡i `w¶Y I c~ee© vsjvi mgy`ª DcK‚jeZ©x GjvKvq WvKvwZ, `my¨Zv I gvbyl Acni‡Yi gva¨‡g `vm e¨emv ïiæ K‡i| cZz©wMR Rj`my¨‡`i mdjZvq AvivKv‡bi †eŠ× gMivI Zv‡`i mv‡_ †hvM w`‡q Rj`my¨Zvq †b‡g c‡o| gMiv cZz©wMR‡`i Kv‡Q Av‡Mœqv‡¯¿i e¨envi wk‡L| Gici cZz©wMR I gMiv wg‡j evsjvi c~e©vÂj †_‡K cwðgv‡ji b`xc‡_ Rj`my¨Zv ïiæ K‡i| cZz©wMRiv PÆMÖv‡g M‡o †Zv‡j weivU mgy`ª e›`i, hv‡K Zviv †cvZ© MÖv‡›` ejZ| cZz©wMRiv wdwiw½ bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj| gM I wdwiw½iv wg‡j evsjv †_‡K gymjgvb-wn›`y bvix-cyiæl‡`i AcniY K‡i wb‡q B‡›`v‡bwkqvi Jcwb‡ewkK kw³ WvP‡`i Kv‡Q `vm wn‡m‡e wewµ K‡i w`Z| Rj`my¨iv ew›`‡`i nv‡Zi Zvjy wQ`ª K‡i Zvi ga¨w`‡q cvZjv †eZ Pvwj‡q GKRb‡K Av‡iKR‡bi m‡½ †eu‡a Rvnv‡Ri cvUvZ‡bi wb‡P cïi g‡Zv †d‡j ivLZ| LvIqvi Rb¨ cÖwZw`b gyiMxi Lvevi †`qvi gZ wKQz Pvj wQwU‡q w`Z| c‡i ew›` cyiæl‡`i `vm wn‡m‡e we‡`‡k wewµ K‡i †`qv n‡Zv| ew›` bvix‡`i w`‡bi ci w`b al©Y KiZ KzL¨vZ GB gM I wdwiw½iv| gM‡`i AivRKZv‡K †K›`ª K‡iB evsjv fvlvq Ôg‡Mi gyjøyKÕ cÖev`wUi DrcwË n‡q‡Q| Ôg‡Mi gyjøyKÕ cÖev`wU mvaviYZ AivRKZv I †¯^”QvPvwiZv ej‡Z †evSvq| gM I wdwiw½ Rj`my¨‡`i m¤ú‡K© eskx`vk wLªóxq mß`k kZvãx‡Z Zvi iwPZ Ôgbmv g½jÕ Kve¨MÖ‡š’ wj‡L‡Qb31| gM wdwiw½ hZ eÜzK cvwjZv nvZ GK ev‡i `k ¸wj †Qv‡U|| 1607 mv‡j divwm cwieªvRK wW jvfv‡ji PÆMÖvg md‡ii mgq cZz©wMR Rj`my¨ MÄv‡jm m›`xc `Lj K‡i †i‡LwQj| AvivKvb ivR wgb ivRvwM¨ Ii‡d †mwjg kv‡ni g„Zz¨i ci 1622 mv‡j Zvi eo †Q‡j wgs Lv †gŠs †nvmvBb kvn bvg aviY K‡i wmsnvm‡b
†ivwn½v MYnZ¨v t KvVMovq my wP
35
Av‡ivnb K‡ib32| wZwb hyeivR Ae¯’vq wW weª‡Uv bvgK GK Rj`my¨i nv‡Z wKQzw`b ew›` wQ‡jb| ew›` Ae¯’vq hyeivR wbixn gvbyl‡K Ab¨vqfv‡e jyÉb I nZ¨v Kivi wewfbœ cÖwµqv ¯^P‡¶ cÖZ¨ÿ K‡ib| d‡j wZwb cZz©wMR‡`i Lye N„Yv Ki‡Zb, Zv‡`i mybR‡i †`L‡Zb bv| Ab¨w`‡K, wgs Lv †gŠs ev †nvmvBb kv‡ni fvB PÆMÖv‡gi kvmK Abvcyiv‡gi mv‡_ cZz©wMR Rj`my¨ MÄv‡j‡mi mL¨Zv M‡o I‡V, †hUv †nvmvBb kvn fv‡jvfv‡e †bbwb| Abvcyivg AvivKvb AvµgY Ki‡Z cv‡i GB f‡q †nvmvBb kvn Ii‡d wgs Lv †gŠs Zv‡K kv‡q¯Ív Kivi Rb¨ PÆMÖvg AvµgY K‡ib| cZz©wMR‡`i mvnv‡h¨ Abvcyivg AvivKvb evwnbxi weiæ‡× hy× K‡i civwRZ n‡q ¯^›`x‡c MvÄv‡j‡mi Kv‡Q Avkªq MÖnY K‡ib| c‡i Aek¨ MÄv‡jm welcÖ‡qv‡M Abvcyivg‡K nZ¨v K‡ib Ges Zvi †evb‡K wLªóvb a‡g© w`w¶Z K‡i we‡q K‡ib| hv‡nvK ivRv wgs Lv †gŠs Ii‡d †nvmvBb kv‡ni ZrciZvq wdwiw½ I gM‡`i †`ŠivZ¡ Kg‡Z _v‡K| cieZ©xKv‡j 1666 mv‡j gyNj myev`vi kv‡q¯Ív Lvb PÆMÖvg `Lj Ki‡j gM I wdwiw½ Z_v cZz©wMR‡`i Rj`my¨Zv eÜ n‡q hvq| Z‡e wKQzw`b eÜ _vK‡jI cieZ©xKv‡j AveviI Rj`my¨Zvq †b‡g c‡o gM I wdwiw½ `my¨iv| AvivKvb ivR mv›`v DBR¨v 1719 mv‡j AZwK©Zfv‡e PÆMÖv‡g nvgjv Pvjv‡jI Zv `L‡j e¨_© nb| c‡i wZwb cZz©wMR Rj`my¨‡`i mv‡_ nvZ †gjvb| ivRv mv›`v DBR¨vi cÖZ¨¶ mnvqZvq AveviI evsjvi DcK‚j GjvKvq gM-wdwiw½‡`i Rj`my¨Zv †e‡o hvq| Zviv AveviI gvby‡li evwoNi jyUcvU I Acin‡Y †g‡Z I‡V| †cQ‡bi GB K`h© AZxZ gy‡Q †djvi Rb¨B gMiv cwiPq e`‡j ivLvBb †m‡R‡Q| ivLvBb‡`i `vwe, cÖvPxbKv‡j Zv‡`i Rb¥f‚wg‡K iLB½ ev ivLvBs (Rakhaing) ejv nZ33| iLB½ kãwU ms¯‹…Z Ôi¶Õ (Raksha) Ges cvwj ÔhÿÕ (Yokkho) A_©vr i¶ I h¶ kã n‡Z Drcbœ n‡q‡Q| iLB½ k‡ãi A_© n‡jv ˆ`Z¨ ev iv¶m| iv¶m ej‡Z Ggb ˆ`Z‡K eySvq hv †`L‡Z A‡a©K gvbyl Ges A‡a©K cï, ev¯Í‡e hvi †Kv‡bv wfwË †bB| GwU GKwU KíKvwnbx wbf©i DcvL¨vb| gM ev ivLvBbiv AvivKvb‡K ivLvBs‡c ev ivLvBb‡`i f‚wg e‡j `vwe K‡i| wb‡R‡`i AvivKv‡bi Avw`evmx wn‡m‡e cÖgvY Ki‡Z Ggb Mí mvwR‡q‡Q gM Z_v ivLvBbiv| 1931 mv‡ji weªwUk Av`gïgvwii wi‡cv‡U© evsjv‡`‡k gM Rb‡Mvôxi D™¢e wb‡q wKQz K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| G‡Z D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q, Giv mevB AvivKvb †_‡K AvMZ34|
†ivwn½v MYnZ¨v t KvVMovq my wP
36
1784 mv‡j eg©x ivR †evacvqv AvivKvb `Lj Kivi ci †ivwn½v gymjgvb‡`i g‡Zv gMivI ivRvi †Kvcvb‡j c‡ob| †evacvqv gM I †ivwn½v wgwj‡q cÖvq `y jvL AvivKvbx‡K nZ¨v K‡i Ges mgmsL¨K‡K `vm wn‡m‡e evg©vq †cÖiY K‡i35| †evacvqvi AZ¨vPv‡ii f‡q gymjgvb‡`i m‡½ gMivI cvwj‡q evsjv‡`‡ki K·evRvimn wewfbœ GjvKvq Avkªq †bb| Bs‡iRiv K·evRvi, cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡gi wewfbœ ¯’v‡b gM ev ivLvBb‡`i _vK‡Z †`q| c‡i Zv‡`i GKwU `j cUzqvLvwj‡Z wM‡q ¯’vqx emwZ M‡o †Zv‡j| evsjv‡`‡k emwZ M‡o †Zvjv gMiv cvwK¯Ívb Avg‡j wb‡R‡`i cwiPq w`‡Z ïiæ K‡i gvigv wn‡m‡e36| gvigv‡`iB GK Ask Avevi wb‡R‡`i ivLvBb wn‡m‡e cwiPq †`q| Giv GLb cÖavbZ evm K‡ib cUzqvLvjx †Rjvq| evsjv‡`‡k wkÿvmn me ai‡bi my‡hvM-myweav cv‡”Q Zviv| Gevi Avmv hvK ewg©iv KLb AvivKv‡b G‡m‡Q †m cÖm‡½| ewg©iv Avm‡j `Lj`vi Ges wbh©vZK wn‡m‡eB AvivKv‡b G‡m‡Q| Av‡MB ejv n‡q‡Q, B‡qvgv ce©Zgvjv Øviv evg©vi g~j f‚LÐ †_‡K Avjv`v nIqvq AvivKvb KL‡bvB evg©v Z_v wgqvbgv‡ii Ask wQj bv| cÖvPxbKv‡j evg©v †Kvb GKK ivóª wQj bv| †mLv‡b †_Ub, †c¸, cuMv, Avfv I †cÖvg-cuvPwU iv‡R¨i Aw¯ÍZ¡ wQj37| Gig‡a¨ AvbvIqviv_v (1044-1077) KZ©…K cÖwZwôZ cuMv ivR¨ wekvj kw³kvjx mvgªv‡R¨ cwiYZ nq| ewg© ivRv AvbvIqviv_v 1057 mv‡j AvivKvb ivR¨ `Lj K‡ib| Gici 1406 mv‡j eg©x ivRv †gO †kv AvB AvivKvb ivR wgb myqv gyb ev biwgLjv‡K nwU‡q AvivKvb `Lj K‡ib38| hw`I 1430 mv‡jB wgb myqv gyb evsjvi myjZv‡bi mnvqZvq üZivR¨ cybiæ×vi Ki‡Z m¶g nb| me©‡kl 1784 mv‡j AvivKv‡b wek„•Ljvi my‡hvM wb‡q ewg© ivRv †evacvqv AvivKvb `Lj K‡ib39| ¶gZv †jvfx mvgšÍ‡`i Aby‡cÖiYvq AvivKvbxiv ev`¨ evwR‡q †evacvqv‡K ¯^vMZ Rvbv‡jI gvmLv‡bK ciB Zvi Avmj †Pnviv dz‡U I‡V| †evacvqvi ˆmb¨iv ee©iZv, wbh©vZb, wbg©g Db¥ËZv I cvkweKZvq †g‡Z I‡V| ewg© †mbviv jyÉb, nZ¨v, gvbyl‡K ew›` K‡i gyw³cY Av`vq, bvix‡`i al©Ymn bvbvwea AZ¨vPvi ïiæ K‡i| ÿgv jv‡fi †NvlYvq hy‡× civwRZ AvivKvb ivR _vgvWvi ˆmb¨iv A¯¿ †d‡j AvZ¥mgc©Y Ki‡j †evavcvqvi evwnbx Zv‡`i mevB‡K wbôzifv‡e nZ¨v K‡i| AvivKvbx bvix‡`i AvUK K‡i evg©vq wb‡q †hŠb`vmx evbvq †evacvqv| Av‡MB D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q, Rxe‡bi f‡q `yjvL AvivKvbx (†ivwn½v I gM wg‡j) cvwj‡q evsjv‡`‡ki PÆMÖv‡g
†ivwn½v MYnZ¨v t KvVMovq my wP
37
Avkªq MÖnb †bb| AvivKv‡b ewg© ivRv †evacvqvi AP¨vPv‡ii gvÎv †h KZUv wQj, Zv 1799 mv‡j weªwUk †jLK d«vwÝm eyKvbb n¨vwgëb Gi eB Ôevg©v mvgªvR¨-†Z cvIqv hvq| wZwb D‡jøL K‡ib, ewg©iv hLb AvivKvb `Lj K‡i ZLb GwU wQj, GKwU Ôg„Zz¨cyixÕ| cieZ©xKv‡j weªwUk‡`i nvZNy‡i 1948 mv‡j Z_vKw_Z ¯^vaxbZvi bv‡g AvivKvb‡K wPiZ‡i evg©v Z_v AvR‡Ki wgqvbgv‡ii nv‡Z Zz‡j †`q Bs‡iRiv| wPiw`‡bi Rb¨ AvivKvb ewg©‡`i Dcwb‡e‡k cwiYZ nq| c~‡e© we‡iva _vK‡jI cieZ©xKv‡j ag©xq Kvi‡YB A_©vr GKB a‡g©i Abymvix nIqvq ewg© Ges gM‡`i g‡a¨ Mfxi †hvMm~Î Ges HK¨ ¯’vwcZ nq| weªwUk we‡ivax Av‡›`vj‡bi mgq Zv‡`i G HK¨ GKw`‡K †hgb `„p n‡q‡Q †Zgwb DMÖ ag©xq I mv¤cÖ`vwqK †PZbv Zv‡`i ZZUvB gymwjg we‡Ølx K‡i Zz‡j‡Q| `yc¶B GLb GKÎ n‡q †ivwn½v‡`i wbcxo‡Ki f‚wgKvq AeZxY© n‡q‡Q| †ivwn½viv ewnivMZ n‡j ewg©-ivLvBb mevB ewnivMZ Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K GKwU welq cwi®‹vi, Zv n‡jvÑ emev‡mi Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx cwi‡ek _vKvq cÖvPxbKvj †_‡KB wewfbœ mgq bvbv ¯’vb †_‡K n‡iK iKg Rb‡Mvôxi gvbyl G‡m AvivKv‡b emwZ M‡o Zz‡j‡Q| BwZnv‡mi Z_¨g‡Z, nvRv‡iiI AwaKKvj c~‡e© †hgb ˆRb, wn›`y, Bmjvg, †eŠ× a‡g©i Abymvixiv G‡m‡Q †Zgwb wZeŸZ, g‡½vjxq, evg©v, fviZel©, evsjv, Avie AÂj †_‡K bvbv Rbm¤cÖ`v‡qi †jvKRb G‡m AvivKv‡b emwZ ¯’vcb K‡i‡Q| Kvjµ‡g Zviv †KD gM ev ivLvBb, †KD †ivwn½v bv‡g cwiwPwZ †c‡q‡Q| BwZnvm g‡Z G mZ¨wU A¯^xKvi Kivi Dcvq †bB| wKš‘ AvivKvb `Lj`vi wgqvbgvi miKvi I †mbvevwnbx ivR‰bwZK D‡Ïk¨ nvwm‡ji Rb¨ ïaygvÎ †ivwn½v‡`iB ewnivMZ e‡j AccÖPvi Pvwj‡q hv‡”Q| A‡b‡KB BwZnvm bv †R‡b Zv‡`i mv‡_ myi wgwj‡q †ivwn½v‡`i ewnivMZ ej‡Qb, hv †gv‡UB hyw³msMZ bq| nvRvi eQi a‡i emevmKvix †ivwn½v gymjgvbiv AvivKv‡b ewnivMZ n‡j gymjgvb‡`i wKQzKvj c~‡e© Avmv ivLvBb Ges c‡i Avmv ewg©iv Zvn‡j Kx? GB m~‡Î ZvivI †Zv Zvn‡j ewnivMZ| gymjgvbiv eis ewg©‡`i A‡bK Av‡M AvivKv‡b †M‡Q| gymjgvbiv †M‡Q mßg-Aóg kZ‡K Avi ewg©iv †M‡Q 1057 mv‡j ewg©ivRv AvbvIqviv_v AvivKvb `L‡ji c‡i| GKvi‡Y ewg© miKvi I ee©i †mbvevwnbx †Kv‡bvfv‡eB †ivwn½v‡`i ewnivMZ ej‡Z cv‡i bv| †ivwn½v‡`i ewnivMZ ejvi ˆbwZK wfwË Zv‡`i †bB|
†ivwn½v MYnZ¨v t KvVMovq my wP
38
712 mv‡j gynv¤§` web Kvwm‡gi wmÜz weR‡qi ciciB fviZel© I evsjvq Bmjvg `ªæZ cÖmvi jvf K‡i| cieZ©x mg‡q Avie, Bivb, AvdMvb, ZzwK© Ges Ab¨vb¨ AÂj †_‡K AvDwjqv-`i‡ek, mywd mvaK, ag© cÖPviK G A‡j G‡m Bmjv‡gi cÖPvi-cÖmvi NUvb| Bmjv‡gi mygnvb cÖfv‡e ev½vwj wn›`y Ges Ab¨ ag©vej¤^xiv e¨vcKfv‡e Bmjv‡gi mykxZj QvqvZ‡j Avkªq †bb| evB‡i †_‡K Avmv gymjgvbiv †hgb emwZ M‡ob †Zgwb ¯’vbxq ev½vwj I fviZxqiv ˆcZ…K ag© ev` w`‡q Bmjvg ag© MÖnY K‡ib| Gfv‡e evB‡i †_‡K Avmv Ges ¯’vbxq‡`i mw¤§j‡b fviZe‡l© gymjgvb RvwZi m„wó nq, gymjgvbiv we¯Í…Z nq| GLb cÖkœ n‡”Q, ev½vwj I fviZxq gymjgvbiv wK Zvn‡j ewnivMZ? nvRvi nvRvi eQi a‡i emevm K‡i Avmv ev½vwj I fviZxq‡`i DËimywi hviv cieZ©xKv‡j gymjgvb n‡q‡Qb Zviv wK GB †`‡ki bvMwiK bb ? hw` fviZe‡l©i gymjgvbiv ewnivMZ bv nb Z‡e AvivKv‡bi Bmjvg ag© MÖnYKvix‡`i cieZ©x †ivwn½v gymjgvb cÖRb¥ †Kb evwnivMZ n‡eb? Kv‡ji weeZ©‡b gymwjg nevi c‡i nq‡Zv †ivwn½v ZKgv GKKfv‡e ag© cwieZ©bKvix‡`i Mv‡q †j‡M‡Q ZvB e‡j Zv‡`i ewnivMZ ejv †Kv‡bvfv‡eB hyw³m½Z I BwZnvm wbf©i bq| Avie gymjgvb‡`i ms¯ú‡k© G‡m ¯’vbxq hviv Bmjvg ag© MÖnY K‡i gymjgvb nb Zviv Ges Zv‡`i c~e©cyiæliv †Zv GKB Rb‡Mvôxi gvbyl| Zviv esk ci¤úivq wLªóc~ev© ã Kvj †_‡K †mLv‡b emevm K‡i AvmwQ‡jb| nq‡Zv Bmjvg ag© MÖn‡Yi c~‡e© Zviv †ivwn½v bv‡g cwiwPZ wQ‡jb bv| Zvn‡j ïay ag© cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y esk ci¤úivq emevmKvix AvivKvbevmx †ivwn½viv ewnivMZ n‡e †Kvb `yt‡L? nvRvi eQ‡ii AwaKKvj Av‡M †_‡K emevm K‡i Avmv GKwU Rb‡Mvôx‡K wK ewnivMZ ejvi Avi †Kvb b¨vqm½Z KviY _vK‡Z cv‡i? Zvn‡j wK ïay gymjgvb nevi Kvi‡YB Zv‡`i ewnivMZ ejv n‡”Q bv? 16/17 cÖRb¥ AwZµg K‡i Rb¥m~‡Î GLvbKvi evwm›`v n‡jI †ivwn½viv wgqvbvg‡ii bvMwiK bq †Kb? KZ eQi a‡i GKwU Rb‡Mvôx GKwU †`‡k emevm Ki‡j Zviv bvMwiK‡Z¡i AwaKvix n‡Z cv‡i? b„ZvwË¡K GKwU †Mvôx‡K †h ïay ag©xq cwiP‡qi Kvi‡YB DMÖ †eŠ×ev`x gM I ewnivMZ ewg©iv weZvwoZ Ki‡Z Pvq Zv w`ev‡jv‡Ki g‡Zv AvR cwi®‹vi| AZx‡Z wewfbœ mgq gymjgvbiv Kv‡Ri mÜv‡b, A_ev evwYwR¨K D‡Ï‡k¨ wKsev ag©cÖPv‡ii wbwg‡Ë AvivKvb wM‡q‡Q| †KD †KD D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi ci wbR wbR Avj‡q wd‡i †M‡Qb| Avevi A‡b‡KB †mLv‡b emwZI ¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| Gfv‡e hvIqv
†ivwn½v MYnZ¨v t KvVMovq my wP
39
gymjgvb‡`i gva¨‡g nq‡Zv AvivKv‡b gymwjg‡`i esk we¯Ív‡i wKQzUv ms‡hvRb n‡q‡Q| ZvB e‡j Zv‡`i Øviv GiKg jvL jvL †ivwn½v Rb‡Mvôxi DrcwË n‡q‡Q ejvUv hyw³m½Z bq| G Z_¨ ïay Am¤ú~Y©B bq eis nvm¨KiI e‡U| †hfv‡eB †nvK gymjgvb‡`i GB hvIqvI †Zv kZ kZ eQi Av‡Mi NUbv| Zvn‡j †mLv‡b emevmKvix eZ©gvb †ivwn½v cÖRb¥ Kx K‡i ewnivMZ nq? weªwUkiv AvivKvb `L‡ji ci weZvwoZ ewg© biwckvP †evacvqv KZ…©K weZvwoZ †ivwn½v‡`i A‡b‡KB Avevi ¯^‡`k f‚wg A_©vr AvivKv‡b wd‡i wM‡q bZzbfv‡e emwZ M‡o †Zv‡j| Zvn‡j wbR †`‡k cÖZ¨veZ©bKvix GB †ivwn½v‡`i wK ewnivMZ ejv hv‡e? 1666 mv‡j kv‡q¯Ív Lvb `Lj Kivi AvM ch©šÍ BwZnv‡mi †ewkifvM mgq AvivKvb I PÆMÖvg GKB iv‡R¨i Aaxb wQj| myZivs GKB iv‡R¨i GK AÂj †_‡K Av‡iK A‡j hvIqv ev emwZ ¯’vcb Kiv †Zv †`v‡li wKQz bq| ivR¨ `Lj K‡i‡Q †Zv ivRbxwZK ev kvmKiv, mvaviY gvbyl †Zv bq| myZ ivs †Kvb AÂj KLb †Kvb †`‡k †Mj Gi `vqfvi †Zv mvaviY gvby‡li Ici co‡Z cv‡i bv| †mmgq evwm›`viv ¯^vaxbfv‡e PÆMÖvg AÂj †_‡K AvivKvb, Avevi AvivKvb †_‡K PÆMÖv‡g G‡m emwZ ¯’vcb K‡i‡Q Ges †m msL¨vwUI wbðqB cy‡iv Rb‡Mvôx bq| myZivs AvivKvb I PÆMÖv‡gi †Kvb A‡j †K Avw`evmx Avi †K Awfevmx Zv wK †KD njd K‡i ej‡Z cv‡i? ewg©‡`i AZ¨vPv‡ii gy‡L 1947 mv‡j †ivwn½v †bZ…‡Z¡i GKwU Ask cvwK¯Ív‡bi m‡½ hy³ nIqvi AvMÖn cÖKvk K‡iwQj| Zviv AvivKvb‡K ZrKvjxb cvwK¯Ívbfz³ Kivi Rb¨ MY‡fvU `vwe K‡iwQ‡jb, GUv mZ¨| hw`I wRbœvvni AbvMÖn I weªwUk‡`i K‚UPv‡j Zv m¤¢e nqwb| Z‡e cvwK¯Ív‡bi m‡½ hy³ n‡Z AvMÖnxiv †Zv nZ¨v-N„Yv-jyÉb Pvjvqwb KviI Ici! cieZ©xKv‡j wgqvbgv‡ii ivRbxwZ‡Z †ivwn½v‡`i AskMÖnY cÖgvY K‡iZviv wew”Qbœ nIqvi ivRbxwZ K‡iwb| Avm‡j wgqvbgv‡i cÖej n‡q D‡V‡Q eY©ev`x RvZxqZvev`| Gi weiæ‡×B jovB Ki‡Q wgqvbgv‡ii A-ewg© `kwU RvwZ‡Mvôx (KvwPb, Kv‡ib)| Zv‡`iI wK †ivwn½v‡`i g‡Zv ÔewnivMZÕ ejv n‡e? 1799 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ weªwUk †jLK d«vwÝm eyKvbb n¨vwgëb Gi eB Ôevg©v mvgªvR¨Õ †Z cvIqv hvq †ivwn½viv AvivKv‡bi ¯’vbxq evwm›`v40| eBwU‡Z †jLK D‡jøL K‡ib, gynv¤§v` (mv.)-Gi Abymvixiv hviv AvivKv‡b `xN©Kvj a‡i emevm Ki‡Q, Zv‡`i‡K ÒiæB½vÓ A_©vr ÔAvivKv‡bi ¯’vbxq evwm›`vÕ ev ÔAvivKv‡bi AwaevmxÕ ejv nq|
†ivwn½v MYnZ¨v t KvVMovq my wP
40
wgqvbgv‡ii Kv›`v wek¦we`¨vj‡qi B›Uvib¨vkbvj ÷vwWR wefv‡Mi Aa¨vcK I ewg© BwZnvmwe` Av‡q Pv‡bi `xN© M‡elYvjä AwfgZ n‡jv- †gvnv‡gWvbMY (gv‡b gymjgvb) AvivKv‡bi `xN© w`‡bi evwm›`v| ewg© BwZnvmwe` _v›U wg B›U D Gi gZvgZI GKB| myZivs †ivwn½viv †h AvivKv‡bi cÖvPxbZg RvwZ‡Mvôx, Zv d«vwÝm eyKvbb n¨vwgë‡bi eB †_‡K cwi®‹vi| evg©v weªwUk mvgªvR¨fz³ nq 1826 mv‡j| Avi eBwU cÖKvwkZ nq 1799 mv‡j| A_©vr weªwUkiv AvivKvb Z_v evg©v hvevi Av‡MB †mLv‡b †ivwn½v gymjgvbiv evm KiZ| myZivs weªwUk Avg‡j kªwgK wn‡m‡e AvivKv‡b hvIqv ev½vwj gymjgvbivB †ivwn½v-DMÖ ewg©‡`i Ggb `vwe Wvnv wg_¨v K_v| wgqvbgv‡ii †mbvevwnbx cÖavb †Rbv‡ij wgb As n¬vBs I †÷U KvDwÝji As mvb my wP †ivwn½v‡`i Ôev½vwjÕ wn‡m‡e `vwe Ki‡Qb| As mvb my wP I wgb As n¬vBs-Gi `vwe †h KZ ¯^we‡ivax, Zv eûfv‡eB cÖgvY‡hvM¨| 1948 †_‡K 1990 ch©šÍ myjZvb gvngy`, Aveyj evkvi, Ave`yj Mvd&dvi, †Rvniv †eMg cÖgyL †h AvivKv‡bi gymwjg cÖavb GjvKv¸‡jv †_‡K Ggwc wbe©vwPZ n‡q cvj©v‡g‡›U cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡iwQ‡jb, eQ‡ii ci eQi gš¿xI n‡qwQ‡jb, †mUv Kxfv‡e m¤¢e n‡jv? GB e¨w³iv Kxfv‡e wbe©vP‡b `uvov‡jb? AvwKqv‡ei Ggwc myjZvb gvngy` †h D byi †bZ…‡Z¡ MwVZ 1960-Gi †K›`ªxq gwš¿mfvq ¯^v¯’¨gš¿x n‡qwQ‡jb, †mUv †Kvb RvwZmËvi cwiP‡q? GgbwK 1990-G mvgwiK evwnbxi Aax‡b cwiPvwjZ wbe©vP‡b †ivwn½viv Kxfv‡e DËi AvivKvb †_‡K cvj©v‡g‡›U wbe©vwPZ n‡Z cvi‡jb? Kxfv‡e ZLb AvivKv‡bi †ivwn½viv wbR¯^ ivR‰bwZK `j Ôb¨vkbvj †W‡gv‡µwUK A¨vÛ wnDg¨vb ivBUm cvwU©Õ †_‡KB cÖv_©x n‡Z AbygwZ †c‡qwQ‡jb? 1998 mv‡j my wP AvûZ Ôwccjm cvj©v‡g‡›UÕ 1990-Gi wbe©vP‡b weRqx Ggwc kvgmyj Av‡bvqvi‡K †ivwn½v‡`i cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡eB Avgš¿Y Rvwb‡qwQ‡jb AvR‡Ki †÷U KvDwÝji my wP| Zvn‡j †`o `k‡Ki e¨eav‡b †mB my wPB Kxfv‡e AvR ej‡Qb †ivwn½viv wgqvbgv‡ii bvMwiK bb? †i½y‡bi Bbw÷wUDU Ae B‡KvbwgKm †_‡KB kvgmyj Av‡bvqvi Zuvi e¨v‡Pji wWwMÖ wb‡qwQ‡jb Ges 1985 mvj ch©šÍ miKvwi gva¨wgK GKwU ¯‹z‡ji †nWgv÷vi wQ‡jb| bvMwiK bv n‡j Zuvi c‡¶ Kxfv‡e `xN© wk¶v I Kg©Rxeb cwiPvjbv Kiv m¤¢e n‡jv? †Rbv‡ij wgb As Ges my wP RvwZN„Yvi cÖKvk NUv‡Z wM‡q †ivwn½v‡`i ev½vwj e‡j AvL¨v w`‡”Qb| GUv K‡i Zviv Kvh©Z wgqvbgv‡ii ivR‰bwZK BwZnvm‡KB A¯^xKvi Ki‡Qb| evg©vi cÖ_g †cÖwm‡W›U D by †ivwn½v‡`i AvivKv‡bi Awaevmx wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ w`‡qwQ‡jb41| 1947 mv‡j evg©vi cÖ_g msweavb mfvi wbe©vP‡b †ivwn½viv †fvU w`‡qwQj| 1951 mv‡j Zviv
†ivwn½v MYnZ¨v t KvVMovq my wP
41
cvq AvivKv‡bi Awaevmx wn‡m‡e cwiPqcÎ| 1959 mv‡j cÖavbgš¿x D ev †ivwn½v‡`i AvivKv‡bi RvwZ‡Mvôx e‡j AwfwnZ K‡ib| 1947 mv‡j ¯^vaxb evg©vi cÖwZôvZv‡`i Ab¨Zg kvI †mv‡q _vBK e‡jwQ‡jb, Ô†ivwn½viv ¯’vbxq Awaevmx bv n‡j AvwgI ewnivMZ42|Õ R‡b¥i ci †PvL Ly‡jB †h AvKvk †`‡L‡Q, †h evqy MÖnY K‡i‡Q, †h gvwU‡Z cÖ_g cv †i‡L‡Q, †mB f‚L‡Ð Kx K‡i †ivwn½viv ewnivMZ nb ? †h †`‡k wb‡Ri Rb¥, wcZvi Rb¥, wcZvg‡ni Rb¥ Ges Zv‡`i c~e© cyiæl‡`iI Rb¥, Kx K‡i Zviv †m †`‡ki bvMwiK bb? c„w_exi †Kv‡bv AvBbB ej‡Z cvi‡e bv esk ci¤úivq emevm K‡i Avmv GKwU Rb‡Mvwô †mB GjvKvi evwm›`v bb| Avi hw` †ivwn½viv ewnivMZB nb Zvn‡j BwZnvm g‡Z ewg© Ges ivLvBbivI AvivKv‡b ewnivMZ|
†ivwn½v MYnZ¨v t KvVMovq my wP
42