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mvbRvK-B Dmgvb

mvbRvK-B Dmgvb wcÖÝ gynv¤§v` mRj

mvbRvK-B Dmgvb

mvbRvK-B Dmgvb wcÖÝ gynv¤§v` mRj

MvwW©qvb cvewj‡Kkb 34, b_©eªæK nj †ivW, gv`ivmv gv‡K©U (2q Zjv), evsjvevRvi, XvKvÑ 1100  01710-197558, 01998-584958 02-57165517 guardianpubs@gmail.com www.guardianpubs.com

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cÖ_g cÖKvk : 16 GwcÖj, 2018 wØZxq ms¯‹iY : 30 GwcÖj, 2018 MÖš’¯^Z¡: †jLK kã web¨vm: †gv: Rwniæj Bmjvg cÖ”Q` : AY©e nvmvb widvZ nvW©Kfvi g~j¨ : 500.00 †ccvie¨vK g~j¨ : 450.00 ISBN- 978-984-8254-09-7 (Hardcover) ISBN- 978-984-8254-10-3 (Paperback) Sanjak-E Usman by Prince Muhammad Sajal, Published by Guardian Publication, Price Tk. 500 (HC)/Tk. 450 (PB) Only.

mvbRvK-B Dmgvb

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mvbRvK-B Dmgvb

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mvbRvK-B Dmgvb

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mvbRvK-B Dmgvb

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mvbRvK-B Dmgvb

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mvbRvK-B Dmgvb

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mvbRvK-B Dmgvb

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mvbRvK-B Dmgvb

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mvbRvK-B Dmgvb

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280 307 311

mvbRvK-B Dmgvb

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eyiLvb Lvj`y‡bi †Kv‡j

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. Charleux, I., 2009. Chinggis Khan: Ancestor, Buddha or Shaman?. Mongolian studies, 31, pp.207-258. 2 . cÖv¸³(1) 3 . Guida Myrl Jackson-Laufer, Guida M. Jackson, Encyclopedia of traditional epics, p. 527. 4 . Ratchnevsky, Paul (1991). Genghis Khan: His Life and Legacy. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 9–10. 5 . Saunders, J.J., 2001. The history of the Mongol conquests. University of Pennsylvania press.

eyiLvb Lvj`y‡bi †Kv‡j

†gv½j cÖ_v Abyhvqx hviv †g‡q †`q Zviv n‡jv DuuPz, Avi hviv †g‡q †bq Zviv n‡jv wbPz| ZvB †Q‡ji cwievi †g‡qi cwievi‡K †hŠZzK †`q| GB we‡q‡Z †hŠZzK wQj GKUv Kv‡jv m¨ve‡ji Pvgovi R¨v‡KU| evevi g„Zz¨ ch©šÍ †ZgywRb †gv½j cÖ_v Abyhvqx ewZ©i evwo‡ZB †_‡K‡Qb wZb eQi| B‡Zvg‡a¨ ZvZviiv GKw`b we‡q evwoi Lvev‡i wel w`‡q nZ¨v K‡i Bqymy‡MB‡K|6 evev nviv‡bvi Lei †c‡q evjK †ZgywRb eva¨ n‡jv gv‡qi Kv‡Q wd‡i †h‡Z| Bqym‡y MB‡qi g„Zzï ci ciB †Mv‡Îi kw³kvjx cÖwZc¶iv wbe©vm‡b cvVvq †ZgywRb I Zvi cwievi‡K| e‡b R½‡j Zxeª K‡ói †fZi eo n‡Z _vKj †ZgywRb| Zv‡ì Lvevi wQj wkKvi †_‡K cvIqv Li‡Mvk, nuvm Avi NyNyi gvsm| wKš‘ †ivR †ivR wkKvi wgjZ bv| wZb fvB, `yB mrfvB Avi GK †evb I gv‡K wb‡q R½‡j wU‡K _vKv wQj AZ¨šÍ KóKi I P¨v‡j‡Äi| Ggb A‡bK w`b †M‡Q, †bK‡oi LvIqv giv luv‡oi gvsm †L‡q wU‡K †_‡K‡Q Zvi cwievi| GB Kó AviI Zxeª n‡q D‡V hLb Zvi GK mrfvB eviMvZ †Rvi K‡i Zvi gv û‡q‡jvb‡K ¯¿x wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i| wb‡Ri fvB‡ì g‡a¨ †ZgywRb Avi Lvmvi ZLb evjK gvÎ|7 †Pv‡Li mvg‡b mrfvB‡qi nv‡Z cÖwZ iv‡Z gv‡K awl©Zv n‡Z †`Lvi Zxeª hš¿Yv mn¨ K‡i w`b‡K w`b †jvnvi g‡Zv KwVb n‡q †h‡Z _v‡K †ZgywR‡bi gb| GKw`b wkKv‡ii fvMvfvwM wb‡q nIqv Zz”Q gvivgvwi‡Z †mB †¶v‡fi we‡ùviY n‡jv| †ZgywRb Avi Lvmvi wg‡j Lyb K‡i †djj mrfvB eviMvZ‡K| 8 Gici Gj AviI KwVb mgq| ˆZqywP` †Mv‡Îi `my¨‡ì nv‡Z ew›` n‡q `v‡m cwiYZ n‡jv †ZgywRb|9 A_P GB ˆZqywPìv GKw`b wQj Zvi evevi eÜz| wZb wZbwU eQi Zv‡K KvUv‡Z n‡q‡Q `vm‡Z¡i g‡a¨| wKš‘ hvi fv‡M¨ Av‡Q gnvmgªvU nIqv, Zv‡K wK Avi `vmZ¡ gvbvq? 6

. . 8 . 9 . 7

Lane, G., 2004. Genghis Khan and Mongol Rule. Hackett Publishing.,pp. 15. Weatherford, Jack (March 22, 2005). Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World. p. 23. cÖv¸³ (7)| Weatherford, J., 2011. The Secret History of the Mongol Queens: How the Daughters of Genghis Khan rescued his Empire. Broadway Books.

eyiLvb Lvj`y‡bi †Kv‡j

ˆZqywP`‡ì Zuvey †_‡K GK iv‡Z †ZgywRb cvwj‡q †Mj| Zv‡K cvjv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡iwQj IB Zuveyi i¶xiB †Q‡j wPjvDb|10 GZw`b †h †ZgywRb wQj Amnvq wkKvi, †lvj eQi eq‡m G‡m †m wkKvix‡Z cwiYZ n‡Z PvBj| Zvi mv‡_ †hvM w`j Zvi fvB Lvmvi, `yB evjëÜz eiPz Avi †Rjwg| GKUz GKUz K‡i GK kw³kvjx evwnbx M‡o Zzjj Iiv| I‡ì evwnbx‡Z Ic‡i DVvi iv¯Ív wQj GKUvB, †gavex Avi wek¦¯Í nIqv| GB Qq eQi †ZgywRb e‡b, R½‡j, c‡_-cÖvšÍ‡i Ny‡i †ewo‡q‡Q wVKB, wKš‘ Zvi ü`‡q wQj ewZ©, Zvi wcÖqZgv ¯¿x| ¯¿x‡K wbivcËv †`qvi ¶gZv Zvi Av‡Q, g‡b nevi mv‡_ mv‡_ †ZgywRb ewZ©‡K wb‡Ri Kv‡Q wb‡q Gj| wKš‘ fvM¨ Gev‡iI Zv‡K wbg©g GK KlvNvZ nvbj| †h †giwKZ †MvÎ †_‡K Zvi evev Zvi gv‡K Zz‡j G‡bwQ‡jb, cÖwZ‡kva wn‡m‡e Zviv GK iv‡Z AZwK©Z nvgjv K‡i emj †ZgywR‡bi †Mv‡Î| †Nvov Kg _vKvq ïay cyiælivB cvjv‡Z cvij, aiv c‡o †M‡jb û‡q‡jvb, ewZ© I Ab¨vb¨ †g‡qiv| Zv‡ì B‡”Qg‡Zv eënvi Kiv n‡jv gv‡mi ci gvm| cÖvq GK eQi ci kw³kvjx GK †gv½j Lvb ZNiæ‡ji mnvqZvq ewZ©‡K Avevi wdwi‡q Avbj †ZgywRb| †giwKZ‡ì Ici †m wbg©g cÖwZ‡kva wb‡qwQj Gi A‡bK A‡bK w`b ci| AvU gvm ci ewZ© GK †Q‡ji Rb¥ w`j| †Q‡ji bvg ivLv n‡jv †RvwP| †RvwPi Avmj evev †K, Zv wb‡q ïiæ n‡jv ¸Re| †ZgywRb eySj, hw` †RvwP‡K †m A¯^xKvi K‡ib, Zvn‡j wcÖqZgv ewZ©‡KI nviv‡Z n‡e| †RvwP‡K wb‡Ri mšÍvb e‡j MÖnY Kij †m| Z‡e †Mv‡Îi †jv‡Kiv me mg‡qB †RvwPi cwiPq wb‡q m‡›`n K‡i‡Q| ewZ©i GB Acni‡Yi NUbv †ZgywR‡bi Rxe‡bi †gvo Nywi‡q †`q| †m eyS‡Z cvij, Zv‡K ¶gZvevb n‡Z n‡e| †gv½j †¯Í‡c wU‡K _vK‡Z kw³i †Kv‡bv weKí †bB| †hgbUv ejv Av‡Q cÖvPxb ZvZvi cÖev‡`| ÔBwib †gvi wb‡Mb eyBÕ| gvbeRvwZi c_ GKUvB, hy×!! 10

. cÖv¸³ (1)|

eyiLvb Lvj`y‡bi †Kv‡j

`yB hy×B KvQvKvwQ G‡b w`‡qwQj `yB wcÖq eÜz, i³ kc‡_i fvB (Blood Brother) RgyLv Avi †ZgywRb‡K| RgyLv wQ‡jb †ZgywR‡bi wek¦¯ÍZg mnPi, me‡P‡q Kv‡Qi eÜz| RgyLv, †ZgywRb, †Rjwg Avi Lvmvi wg‡j M‡o Zz‡jwQ‡jb GK †QvU, wKš‘ `ya©l© †hv×vi `j| †ZgywRb hLb Zvi evevi i³ kc‡_i fvB ZNiæ‡ji mnvqZvq †giwKZ‡ì KvQ †_‡K ewZ©‡K wQwb‡q Avb‡jb, ZLb ch©šÍ me wVKVvKB PjwQj| wKš‘ mvdj¨ A‡bK mgqB eÜz‡Z¡ dvU‡ji KviY nq| †giwKZ‡ì mv‡_ jovB‡qi Av‡M †gv½j‡ì cÖavb kvgvb †KvPzKz †NvlYv K‡iwQ‡jb, †ZgywR‡bi mv‡_ Av‡Q ¯^‡M©i Avkxe©v`| †m n‡e GK gnvb Lvb| GB jovB‡q †mB wRZ‡e|11 GB †NvlYvi †Kv_vI RgyLvi K_v wQj bv| †gv½j †¯Í‡c †ZgywR‡bi ¶gZv evovi mv‡_ mv‡_ RgyLvi mv‡_ Zvi m¤úK© Lvivc n‡Z _vKj| Gi cÖavb KviY wQj µgvMZ Cl©v Avi †mbvevwnbxi †bZ…Z¡ wb‡q gZwe‡iva| †ZgywRb †P‡qwQj esk gh©v`v bv, †gavi wfwË‡Z †mbvevwnbxi KgvÛvi wb‡qvM w`‡Z| wKš‘ RgyLv wb‡R wQ‡jb GK †MvÎ cÖavb, ZvB wZwb GB c×wZ gvb‡jb bv| wZwb PvB‡Zb wPivqZ †gv½j cÖ_v Abyhvqx †MvÎxq m¤§v‡bi Ic‡iB †mbvevwnbxi †bZv wbe©vwPZ †nvK| GB we‡iv‡ai mg‡qI †ZgywRb RgyLv‡K Awek¦vm Ki‡Zb bv| wZwb fve‡Zb, RgyLv Avi hvB KiæK Zvi mv‡_ †Kv‡bvw`b Ø‡›Ø bvg‡e bv| wKš‘ cyiæ‡li wbðqZvI †hLv‡b fzj nq, †mLv‡b cÖvqkB mwVK cÖgvwYZ nq bvixi Abygvb| ewZ© Av‡MB m‡›`n K‡iwQ‡jb RgyLv‡K| 1187 mv‡j RgyLv †ZgywR‡bi weiæ‡× hy× †NvlYv Ki‡jb| hy‡× civwRZ n‡q R½‡j cvwj‡q †M‡jb †ZgywRb| 11

. Beckwith, C.I., 2009. Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press.

eyiLvb Lvj`y‡bi †Kv‡j

Gici cÖvq `k eQi †ZgywRb Kx K‡iwQ‡jb, Zvi wKQzB Rvbv hvq bv| Z‡e aviYv Kiv nq, GB mg‡qB wZwb m¤ú~Y© AbyMZ GK evwnbx ˆZwi K‡iwQ‡jb| hv‡ì AvbyMZ¨, `¶Zv Avi wek¦¯ÍZv GgbKx wnUjv‡ii bvwR‡ìI nvi gvbv‡e| †ZgywR‡bi evwnbx‡Z wQj K‡Vvi k„•Ljv| Zviv Pjv‡div KiZ A‡f`¨ GK †`qv‡ji g‡Zv| ˆmwbK †_‡K Lvb, mevB Lvevi †LZ GKB mv‡_| wkKvi ev jy‡Ui fv‡M wQj mevB mgvb| wb‡Ri Lv‡bi mv‡_ †Kv‡bvfv‡eB wg_¨v ejZ bv †Kv‡bv †gv½j| KviY, wg_¨vi kvw¯Í wQj GKUvB, g„Zz¨| cÖwZ `k Rb †hv×v wg‡j n‡Zv GK Avievb| `k Avievb wg‡j GK RyDb, `k RyDb wg‡j GK wgw½b Avi `k wgw½b wg‡j GK Uz‡gb| A_©vr cÖwZ `k nvRvi †hv×v wg‡j G‡KKwU Uz‡gb ˆZwi n‡Zv| cÖwZ `k R‡bi RbÏ wba©vwiZ wQj KgvÛvi, hvi Av‡`k hy×‡¶‡Î wQj Aj•Nbxq|12 hy‡×i gq`vb †_‡K cvjv‡bvi K_v †KD fve‡ZB cviZ bv| KviY, †h Avievb (BDwbU) †_‡K †Kv‡bv †hv×v cvwj‡q hv‡e, †mB Aviev‡bi evwK bqRb‡KB RevB Kiv n‡e|13 †Kv‡bv AcwiwPZ †jv‡Ki KvQ †_‡K Lvevi LvIqv wbwl× wQj, hv‡Z ˆmb¨‡ì wel LvIqv‡bv bv hvq| cÖevwnZ cvwb‡Z †Mvmj Kiv wQj wbwl×| KviY, Zvn‡j cvwb `~wlZ n‡q eRªcv‡Zi WªvMb‡ì wei³ Ki‡Z cv‡i| b`x‡Z †ckve Kiv wQj mivmwi wbwl×| KviY, G‡Z WªvMbiv wei³ nq|14 GB ai‡bi Aciv‡ai mvRv wQj g„Zz¨| GKB iKg Lvevi, †cvkvK, RxebhvÎv Avi GKB †bZvi AvbyMZ¨ Zv‡ì †fZi ˆZwi K‡iwQj Amvgvb¨ HK¨ Avi Kg‡iWwkc| †ZgywRb KvD‡K Zvi Dcvwa ev †Mv‡Îi bv‡g WvKv wbwl× K‡iwQ‡jb| mevB‡K WvKv n‡Zv hvi hvi wb‡Ri bv‡g, GgbKx †ZgywRb‡KI| hy‡× hviv gviv †hZ, Zv‡ì ¯¿x I mšÍvb‡ì †`Lv‡kvbv Ki‡Zb †ZgywR‡bi gv| Zviv eo n‡Zv †ZgywR‡bi wbivcËvq| wZwb M‡o Zz‡jwQ‡jb GK kw³kvjx †Mv‡q›`v †bUIqvK©| kÎæi Ici AvNvZ nvbvi Av‡M kÎæi D‡Ïk¨ Avi kw³ m¤ú‡K© kZfvM cvKv Lei _vKZ Zvi Kv‡Q| 12

. Martin, H.D., 1943. The Mongol Army. Journal of The royal Asiatic Society, 75 (1-2), pp.46-85. . cÖv¸³| 14 . RiasanovsKz, V.A., 1948. Mongol Law--A Concise Historical Survey. Wash. L. Rev. & St. BJ, 23, p.166. 13

eyiLvb Lvj`y‡bi †Kv‡j

GB êwkó¨¸‡jv †ZgywRb‡K µ‡gB kw³kvjx K‡i †Zv‡j| 1196 †_‡K 1203 mv‡ji †fZ‡i wZwb ZvZvi‡ì civwRZ K‡ib| RgyLv‡K civwRZ K‡ib, civwRZ K‡ib Zvi evevi eÜz, GKmg‡qi mvnvh¨Kvix ZNiæj‡KI| 1203 mv‡j RgyLv bvBgvb‡ì wb‡q †klev‡ii g‡Zv †ZgywR‡bi gy‡LvgywL ùvovb| wKš‘ Zvi Av‡Mi iv‡Z RgyLvi †Mv‡Îi me‡P‡q cÖexY †jvKUv ¯^cœ †`‡Lb, gnvb ¯^M© Zv‡K †ZgywR‡bi mv‡_ †hvM w`‡Z Av‡`k K‡i‡Qb| d‡j wZwb hy‡×i Av‡M `jZ¨vM K‡ib| wkwe‡ii me‡P‡q cÖexY †hv×v `j Z¨vM K‡i‡Q Rvbvi ci RgyLvi wkwe‡i ey‡ovi ¯^‡cœi K_v Qwo‡q c‡o| AmsL¨ †hv×v RgyLv‡K Z¨vM K‡i †ZgywR‡bi `‡j wf‡o hvq| AveviI civwRZ I ew›` n‡jb RgyLv| †ZgywRb †P‡qwQ‡jb wb‡Ri i³ kc‡_i fvB‡K ¶gv K‡i Avevi eÜz n‡q †h‡Z| wKš‘ RgyLv PvB‡jb i³cvZnxb gnvb g„Zz¨| Zv‡K †giæ`Ð †f‡O †g‡i †djv n‡jv|15 †gv½j †¯Í‡ci kvmK wn‡m‡e iB‡jb GKRbB, †ZgywRb| wZwb fve‡jb, GB wekvj, wew¶ß, †Kv›`‡j wjß †gv½j‡ì GLb GKwÎZ Kivi mgq n‡q‡Q| 1205 mv‡j †gv½j †¯Í‡c Lei Qwo‡q coj, Lvb †ZgywRb me †Mv‡Îi Lvb‡ì AvMvgx em‡šÍ cweÎ ce©Z eyiLvb Lvj`y‡bi DcZ¨Kvq KziæjZvB‡q †W‡K‡Qb|

. Okada, H., 1972. The Secret History of the Mongols, a Pseudo-Historical Novel. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 5.

Lvb-B Lvbvb

Lvb-B Lvbvb ÔAvR †_‡K †Zvgv‡ì Rb¨ G‡K A‡bï i³ Siv‡bv wbwl× n‡jv| GK †Mv‡Îi mv‡_ Av‡iK †Mv‡Îi jovB Avi Pj‡e bv| GB mgf‚wg, hv gnvb AvKvk †èZv Avgv‡ì Dcnvi w`‡q‡Qb, Zv cweÎ| GB f‚wg‡Z _vKv cÖwZwU hvhvei AwaKv‡ii w`K †_‡K mgvb| AvR †_‡K †KD Kv‡iv mv‡_ cÖZviYv ev gvivgvwi Ki‡j Zvi kvw¯Í n‡e g„Zz¨`Ð| †KD Kv‡iv †Nvov Pzwi Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| Kv‡iv Kv‡Q A‡bï †Nvov cvIqv †M‡j Zv‡K Aek¨B AviI mvZwU †Nvov †Nvovi Avmj gvwjK‡K Rwigvbv w`‡Z n‡e| †Nvov bv _vK‡j wb‡Ri mšÍvb‡ì w`‡q w`‡Z n‡e| mšÍvb bv _vK‡j wb‡Ri Rxeb w`‡Z n‡e| AvKvk †èZvi GB gnvb f‚wg‡Z AvR †_‡K †Kv‡bv wfÿzK ev `wi`ª‡K †KD AeÁv ev D‡c¶v Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| †Kv‡bv e„×‡K Am¤§vb Kiv hv‡e bv, †Kv‡bv †g‡q‡K †Rvic~e©K AcniY Kiv hv‡e bv| A‡bï ¯¿xi mv‡_ †hŠb m½g Kiv hv‡e bv| KvD‡K nZ¨v K‡i Zvi ¯¿x I †g‡q‡ì al©Y Kiv hv‡e bv| Gi cÖwZwU Aciv‡ai kvw¯Í GKUvB g„Zz¨`Ð| Avgvi mvgªv‡R¨ Lvb‡ì wPivPwiZ †MvÎxq c`gh©v`vi wfwË‡Z †mbvevwnbxi †bZ…Z¡ cvIqv Pj‡e bv| †bZ…Z¡ cweÎ, GwU ¯^M© †_‡K Av‡m| ïay exi, mvnmx, eyw×gvb I wek¦¯ÍivB Gi †hvM¨| cÖ‡Z¨‡K hvi hvi Lvb‡K †g‡b Pj‡e| wb‡Ri Lvb‡K †g‡b Pjv, Avgv‡K †g‡b PjviB kvwgj| †h wb‡Ri Lv‡bi Aeva¨, †m AvgviI Aeva¨| Avi †ZgywR‡bi Aeva¨Zvi cwiYvg GKUvB, g„Zz¨|

Lvb-B Lvbvb

†gv½jiv kZ kZ eQi a‡i KL‡bv ZzwK©‡ì nv‡Z, KL‡bv DBNyi‡ì nv‡Z, KL‡bv nvb ev wRb‡ì nv‡Z gvi †L‡q G‡m‡Q| GB gvi LvIqvi w`b AvR †_‡K †kl| Avgiv, cweÎ Ck¦i †Zswii g‡bvbxZ GK weRqx RvwZ| c„w_ex‡K kvmb Kivi Rb¨ gnvb †Zswi GB RvwZ m„wó K‡i‡Qb| AvR †_‡K GB RvwZ KviI ek¨Zv ¯^xKvi Ki‡e bv| Avgv‡ì †Nvovi MwZi Kv‡Q c„w_ex msKxY© n‡q Avm‡e| gnvb AvKvk †èZvi mvnv‡h¨ Avgiv wek¦Rq Kie| m~‡h©v`‡qi ¯’vb †_‡K †kl mvM‡ii Zxi, †hLv‡b m~h© †Wv‡e, †mB ch©šÍ Avgiv Avgv‡ì †Nvovi cvj †Lw`‡q wb‡q hve| hviv Avgv‡ì ek¨Zv ¯^xKvi Ki‡e Zv‡ì Rb¨ Av‡Q kvwšÍ I cyi¯‹vi| hviv Avgv‡ì evav †`‡e, Zv‡ì gv_vi Lywj c‡o _vK‡e c‡_i `yav‡i| gnvb †Zswi Avgv‡ì mnvq †nvb| c~e©cyiæl‡ì cweÎ AvZ¥v Avgv‡ì c_ †`LvK|Õ †Pw½R Lv‡bi e³…Zv †kl n‡jv| wZwb GKUv mv`v ckgx Kv‡c©‡U e‡m Av‡Qb| †KivBZ, bvBgvb, Zvs¸Z, DBNyi, LvgvM, †eviwRwMb, HivZ Avi ZvZvi Lv‡biv Zv‡K Kv‡c©Umn gvwU †_‡K Ic‡i Zz‡j ai‡jb| eyiLvb Lvj`y‡bi wb‡P g‡½vwjqvb †¯Í‡c †b‡g Avmv DcZ¨Kv Ry‡o Rgv‡qZ nIqv cÖvq GK wgwjqb hvhvei ZLbI Rv‡b bv, Zviv Kx GK Acwi‡gq kw³i Rb¥ w`‡q‡Q| c„w_exi ¶gZv I mf¨Zvi †K›`ª¸‡jv †_‡K `~‡i, †Mvwe giæf‚wg Avi mvB‡ewiqvi gv‡S, BD‡iwkqvb †¯Í‡ci G‡Kev‡i c~‡e© BZ¯ÍZ Ny‡i †eov‡bv Ges G‡K A‡bï †cQ‡b †j‡M _vKv WRbLv‡bK †MvÎ GK n‡q †M‡j KZeo kw³i Rb¥ n‡Z cv‡i, Zv Kíbv Kiv ZLb KviI c‡¶B m¤¢e wQj bv| GB KziæjZvB‡qi ci †gv½j‡ì GK”QÎ mgªvU n‡q †M‡jb †ZgywRb| c„w_ex hv‡K †Pw½R Lvb bv‡gB †P‡b| Zvi eqm ZLb Pzqvwjøk|

Lvb-B Lvbvb

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NvZK †gv½j

GK cÖwZwU †gv½j cyiæl Zvi Rb¥v‡bvi w`b †_‡KB †hv×v, Avi †g‡qiv hy‡×i mn‡hvMx| gvÎ wZb eQi eq‡m †gv½j wkï‡`i †Nvovi wc‡V †eu‡a †Q‡o †`qv n‡Zv| Zvici †Nvov‡K †QvUv‡bv n‡Zv c~Y© MwZ‡Z| Qq eQi eqm bvMv` GB wkïiv wb‡RivB cy‡iv`¯‘i mIqvi n‡q DVZ| `k eQi eq‡mi g‡a¨ Zviv wk‡L †hZ wZi›`vwR| †h cyiæl wZi Pvjv‡Z Avi †Nvovq Po‡Z bv RvbZ, †gv½j‡`i mgv‡R Zvi c‡¶ †eu‡P _vKv wQj Am¤¢e| †g‡qivI mgvb Zv‡j †Nvovq Po‡Z RvbZ, RvbZ Zxi Pvjv‡Z| †gv½jiv mIqvi wn‡m‡e GZB `¶ wQj †h, Zviv c~Y© †e‡M Pjv †Nvovi Ici †_‡K wbLuyZfv‡e wZi Pvjv‡Z cviZ| Zviv †h‡Kv‡bv mgq †Nvovi wcV †_‡K GKw`‡K KvZ n‡q †Nvovi

NvZK †gv½j

†c‡Ui mv‡_ †j‡M _vK‡Z cviZ| Zxi PvjvZ wVK ZLb, hLb †Nvovi Pvi cv gvwU †_‡K k~‡b¨ _vKZ| G‡Z Zx‡ii wbkvbv _vKZ wbLuyZ| GgbKx Zviv D‡ëvw`‡K wd‡iI GKB `¶Zvq wZi Pvjv‡Z cviZ| Zv‡ì aby‡Ki cvjøv wQj cÖvq `yB k †_‡K mv‡o wZb k wgUvi1| Pxbv‡ì aby‡Ki †P‡q cÖvq wØ¸Y| GB cvjøvi Kvi‡Y Zviv A‡bK A‡bK `~i †_‡KB kÎæ‡K Nv‡qj Ki‡Z m¶g wQj| wZi›`vRx‡Z †gv½j‡ì †miv A¯¿ wQj cvw_©qvb kU bv‡gi `~`©všÍ GK †KŠkj| kÎæi mvg‡b †_‡K nVvr fq †c‡q cvjv‡bvi fvb K‡i Zviv †Nvov D‡ëvw`‡K Nywi‡q cvjv‡bvi fvb KiZ| d‡j kÎæiv ¯^fveZB Zv‡ì wcQz wbZ| cvjv‡bvi fvb Kiv Ae¯’v‡ZB nVvr QzUšÍ †Nvov †_‡K †cQb wd‡i wZi †g‡i Zviv kÎæi eyK G‡duvoI‡duvo K‡i w`Z, Avi GB duv‡` GKevi c‡o †M‡j †eu‡P †div †h KviI Rb¨B KwVb n‡q †hZ| hy‡×i gq`v‡b ZvB †gv½jiv Lye KgB kÎæi mv‡_ mivmwi msN‡l© †hZ| Zviv kÎæ‡K Mv‡qi †Rv‡i bq, eyw×i †Ljv‡Z nvwi‡q Ggb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z wb‡q AvmZ, †hb hy× ïiæi Av‡MB kÎæi civRq n‡q I‡V AeavwiZ| `yB †Pw½R Lvb KL‡bvB Ggb †Kv‡bv hy‡× Rov‡Zb bv, †hLv‡b wZwb wRZ‡Z cvi‡eb bv| Gme †¶‡Î wZwb †mªd hy× Gwo‡q †h‡Zb| kÎæi nvwoi Lei ivL‡Z hy‡×i K‡qK gvm ev K‡qK eQi Av‡MB wZwb cÖPzi †Mv‡q›`v wb‡qvM Ki‡Zb| eo hy×¸‡jvq †Pw½R Lv‡bi mvd‡jï Ab¨Zg cÖavb KviY, wZwb kÎæi D‡Ïk¨ m¤ú‡K© cwi®‹vi aviYv ivL‡Zb| ZvB Zvi c‡¶ kÎæi cieZ©x Pvj Av›`vR Kiv wQj A‡c¶vK…Z mnR| Zvi †Mv‡q›`viv cÖvqB kÎæevwnbxi †fZ‡i hviv KgvÛvi wKsev mgªv‡Ui weiæ‡× †¶‡c Av‡Q, Zv‡ì wPwýZ KiZ Ges my‡hvM ey‡S Zv‡ì `‡j wfwo‡q wbZ| †gv½jiv jovB‡qi mgq mvaviYZ Zv‡ì `yišÍ K¨vfvjwi wb‡q kÎæi †h‡Kv‡bv GKUv d¬¨v¼, KL‡bv `yB d¬¨v¼B †f‡O †djZ| GUv wQj Zv‡ì cÖvBgvwi U¨vKwU·| G‡Z KvR bv n‡j Zviv A‡bK mgq GKUv `ye©j evwnbx cvwV‡q kÎæ‡K jovB‡q 1

. McLeod, W., 1965. The Range of the Ancient Bow. Phoenix, 19(1), pp.1-14.

NvZK †gv½j

bvg‡Z DØy× KiZ| g~j evwnbx jywK‡q _vKZ PZzw`©‡K| jovB ïiæi ci Zviv kÎæ‡K nVvr wN‡i †djZ mew`K †_‡K|2 GB Ae¯’vq mvaviYZ †Kv‡bv exi †mbvcwZ Rxeb evwR †i‡L kÎæ‡K AvµgY K‡ib| †m‡¶‡Î ¶q¶wZi cwigvY n‡Z cviZ A‡bK †ewk| GB ¶q¶wZ Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ †gv½jiv cvjv‡bvi GKUv c_ †i‡L w`Z kÎæi G‡Kev‡i mvg‡bB| d‡j kÎæ Pviw`K †_‡K †NivI n‡q jovB Kivi SzuwK bv wb‡q IB c_ w`‡q QÎf½ n‡q cvjvZ| wKš‘ GLv‡bB †kl wQj bv| IB c‡_i †k‡li w`‡K ˆZwi n‡q _vKZ jywK‡q _vKv †gv½j wZi›`v‡Ri `j| Suv‡K Suv‡K wZi †g‡i Zviv cvjv‡Z _vKv kÎæ‡ì †g‡i mvd K‡i †djZ| Gm‡ei mv‡_ mv‡_ †gv½j evwnbx K‡Vvi cwikªg K‡i wk‡LwQj hy× †KŠk‡ji BwZnv‡m me‡P‡q KwVb U¨vKwU·¸‡jvi GKUv, †dBÛ wiwUªU ev QÙ cjvqb| jovB Ki‡Z Ki‡Z nVvr GKUv mg‡q cy‡iv †gv½j evwnbx wcQz n‡U cvjvevi Awfbq KiZ| G‡Z kÎæ‡mbv‡ì k„•Ljv bó n‡q †hZ| Zviv gnv mgv‡iv‡n †gv½j‡ì Ici Suvwc‡q coZ| Gfv‡e kÎæ‡ì wb‡R‡ì cQ›`g‡Zv RvqMvq wb‡q G‡m Zviv Suvwc‡q coZ kÎæ‡ì Ici, ïiæ n‡Zv nZ¨vhÁ| Nb mwbœweó e¨vUj di‡gkb¸‡jvi wecix‡Z Suv‡K Suv‡K Zxi †g‡i Zviv †m¸‡jv †f‡O †djZ| †gv½j‡ì kw³kvjx wZi AwaKvsk †¶‡ÎB Pvgovi eg© †f` K‡i †djZ| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †¶‡Î avZe eg©I| di‡gkb †f‡O cvZjv n‡q hvevi mv‡_ mv‡_ ïiæ n‡Zv †nwf K¨vfvjwi PvR©| GUv wQj †gv½j‡ì P‚ovšÍ AvNvZ| KvZv‡ii ci KvZvi kÎæiv jvk n‡q †hZ GB †PB‡bi g‡Zv mvRv‡bv G‡Ki ci GK AvµgY †KŠk‡ji cybive„wË‡Z| GB wdì ÷ª¨v‡UwR¸‡jv ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z GK GKUv evwnbx‡K n‡Z nq `ªæZMwZi, wKš‘ myk„•Lj, AvZ¥wek¦vmx Ges wn‡mwe| †Pw½R Lvb eQ‡ii ci eQi a‡i cÖwk¶Y w`‡q wb‡Ri evwnbx‡K M‡o Zz‡jwQ‡jb wbg©g GK hy‡×i †gwkb wn‡m‡e| wZwb Zvi †mbvcwZ‡ì Ici Pig Av¯’v ivL‡Zb| Zv‡ì‡K wZwb w`‡qwQ‡jb wb‡R †_‡K wm×všÍ †bqvi Aeva ¯^vaxbZv| G‡Z Zv‡ì c‡¶ cwiw¯’wZ ey‡S wm×všÍ †bqv mnR n‡q wM‡qwQj| †gv½jiv e¨w³MZfv‡e †hv×v wn‡m‡e Zv‡ì AwaKvsk cÖwZc‡¶i †P‡qB wQj AvKv‡i Le©Kvq, kvixwiKfv‡e `ye©j Avi Awkw¶Z| 2

. May, T., 1996. Chormaqan Noyan: the First Mongol Military Governor in the Middle East (Master's thesis, Indiana University).

NvZK †gv½j

wKš‘ Zviv GwM‡q wQj mvnm, GKZv, Avi AvZ¥wek¦v‡m| Zviv wek¦vm KiZ Zviv Ck¦‡ii g‡bvbxZ GK RvwZ, hv‡`i civwRZ Kiv Am¤¢e| Zv‡`i wek^vm R‡b¥wQj, †Pw½R Lvb KL‡bvB civwRZ n‡eb bv| ZvB Zviv wQj †bZvi cÖwZ Pigfv‡e AbyMZ GK RvwZ| BZvwjqvb ch©UK wRIfvwbœ wj‡L †M‡QbÑ ÔThe Tatars—that is, the Mongols—are the most obedient people in the world in regard to their leaders, more so even than our own clergy to their superiors. They hold 3 them in the greatest reverence and never tell them a lieÕ.

hy‡× wRZ‡Z †h ¸Y¸‡jv cÖ‡qvRb Zvi me¸‡jvB Zv‡ì †fZi cy‡ivgvÎvq nvwRi wQj| wKš‘ Zv‡ì AviI A‡bK GwM‡q w`‡qwQj Zv‡ì mieivn †KŠkj Avi evnb| wZb GKUv Aj I‡q`vi †fwnK‡ji K_v fveyb, hv k~‡bï wb‡P cuqZvwjøk wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm †_‡K k~‡bï Ic‡i Pwjøk wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm ch©šÍ Avivg‡m c_ Pj‡Z cv‡i| hv Pvjv‡Z Avcwb c‡_ hv Kzwo‡q cvb Zv w`‡qB R¡vjvbxi KvR n‡q hvq, Avevi wb‡Ri IR‡bi mgvb fvi mviv¶YB enb Ki‡Z cv‡i| hvi Avjv`v †Kv‡bv †`Lv‡kvbvi ìKvi c‡o bv Ges hv Avcbv‡K Lvevi, cvbxq `y‡UvB w`‡Z cv‡i| †mB mv‡_ †mUvi wewfbœ Ask w`‡q Avcwb †cvkvK, _vKvi RvqMv Avi A¯¿ ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Ggb †Kv‡bv Rv`yKix evnb wK Avm‡jB Av‡Q? †gv½j‡ì wQj, Avi Zv wQj †gv½j †Nvov| GB †Nvov¸‡jv Aviwe ev ZzwK© †Nvovi †P‡q AvKv‡i A‡bK †QvU| g‡½vwjqvi KwVb, iæ¶ Avi cÖPÐ VvÛvq wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ GB AvKv‡i †QvU nIqvUv LyeB cÖ‡qvRb| †gv½j †Nvov cÖwZ kxZ I em‡šÍ wb‡R‡ì kix‡ii cÖvq 30 kZvsk IRb nvivq| KviY, Gmgq Zviv Lye mvgvb¨ Lvevi †L‡qB wU‡K _v‡K| GB IRb Zviv MÖx‡®§ Rb¥v‡bv ZvRv Nvm †L‡q Avevi c~iY K‡i †d‡j| kx‡Zi g‡a¨ Pj‡Z cvivi Kvi‡Y †hLv‡b ga¨hy‡Mi †h‡Kv‡bv evwnbx kxZKv‡j PzcPvc N‡i e‡m _vK‡Z eva¨ n‡Zv, †mLv‡b †gv½jiv Qz‡U †eovZ cÖPÐ VvÛv‡ZI|4 3 4

. De Hartog, L., 1989. Genghis Khan: Conqueror of the world. Barnes & Noble Publishing. . Rossabi, M., 1994. All the Khan's horses. Natural history, 103, pp.48-48.

NvZK †gv½j

cÖwZwU †gv½j ˆmwb‡Ki mv‡_ wZb †_‡K cuvPUv †Nvov _vKZ| †Kv‡bv GKUv †Nvov K¬všÍ n‡q †M‡j Zviv mv‡_ mv‡_B †Nvov e`‡j †djZ| Gfv‡e cvjv K‡i Pvi cuvPUv †Nvovq Po‡Zv e‡j Zviv Abvqv‡m †Kv_vI bv †_‡gB cvi n‡q †hZ, wekvj `~iZ¡| GKRb †gv½j mIqvi ˆ`wbK GK‡kv wek gvBj c_ cvwo w`Z, hv †mB mg‡qi gvby‡li Kv‡Q wQj AKíbxq| GB †Nvov¸‡jv †QvU‡ejv †_‡KB †e‡o DVZ †gv½j †¯Í‡c, †hLv‡b Nvm Qvov LvIqvi Avi †Zgb wKQzB †bB| G‡ì Avjv`vfv‡e †Kv‡bv hZœ †bevi cÖ‡qvRb n‡Zv bv| AvKv‡i †QvU nIqv‡Z Lvevi jvMZ Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg| Giv cvwb †LZ LyeB Kg, w`‡b wZb †_‡K Pvievi gvÎ| cÖPÐ kx‡Zi g‡a¨ Giv ei‡di ¸‡ov †L‡q wU‡K _vK‡Z cv‡i| Ab¨vb¨ Rv‡Zi †P‡q G‡ì ÷¨vwgbvI nq †ewk| GKUv 250 †KwR IR‡bi †gv½j †Nvov wc‡V 300 †KwR IRb wb‡q w`‡b 60 wK‡jvwgUvi c_ Pj‡Z cv‡i K¬vwšÍ QvovB| Avi GKRb mIqvi wb‡q 60 wK‡jvwgUvi †i‡m nvwi‡q w`‡Z cv‡i Ab¨ me †Nvov‡K| †gv½j‡ì cÖavb Lvevi wQj †Nvovi gvsm, evwj© Avi †Nvovi `ya| Zv‡ì RvZxq cvbxq n‡jv †Nvovi `ya w`‡q evbv‡bv GK iKg A¨vj‡Kvnj, AvBivM| Zv‡ì mevi Kv‡QB _vKZ GK eo e¨vM fiv †evU©, (ïK‡bv †fovi gvs‡mi ¸‡ov) hv Zv‡ì Rb¨ `~icvjøvi hvÎvq w`‡bi ci w`b Lvev‡ii †hvMvb w`Z| ïK‡bv Ae¯’vq ev my¨c wn‡m‡e LvIqvi Rb¨ GUv wQj LyeB Kvh©Ki GKwU Lvevi| cÖPÐ Lv`¨vfv‡ei mgq †Nvovi wkiv †K‡U i³ cvb K‡i †eu‡P _vKZ †gv½jiv| ïay †Nvovi `ya Avi i³ cvb K‡iB Zviv wU‡K _vK‡Z cviZ cy‡iv GK gvm| Ggb GKUv evwnbxi Rb¨ jwRw÷K mvcøvB‡qi †Kv‡bv ìKvi coZ bv| Zv‡ì ïay GKUv wRwbmB †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡Zv, Pjvi c‡_ †hb †Nvov‡ì LvIqvi Rb¨ cÖPzi Nvm _v‡K| GB myweav¸‡jv †gv½j †mbvevwnbx‡K cwiYZ K‡iwQj Zvi mg‡qi †P‡q K‡qK k eQi GwM‡q _vKv GK hy‡×i †gwk‡b| msL¨v, kw³ ev cÖhyw³i †P‡q †gv½jiv A‡bK †ewk GwM‡q wQj gvbwmKZvq| Amf¨ GK mgv‡R †e‡o IVvq Zviv wQj Ab¨ †h‡Kv‡bv RvwZi Zzjbvq fqWinxb| wb‡R‡ì hvhvei HwZn¨ Zv‡ì w`‡qwQj Aweivg kZ kZ wK‡jvwgUvi c_ Pjvi mvg_©¨ Avi wkKvi‡K avIqv Kivi cÖe„wË| †mB mv‡_, Zv‡ì †bZv wQ‡jb gb¯ÍvwË¡K hy‡×i me©Kv‡ji †miv †Rbv‡ij, †Pw½R Lvb|

gnvPx‡b

gnvPx‡b GK DË‡ii ZvZvi Avi mvB‡ewiqvi ey‡bv DcRvwZ¸‡jv‡K wbqš¿‡Y wb‡q Avm‡Z †Pw½R Lv‡bi Lye †ewk mgq jv‡Mwb| Gici wZwb bRi w`‡jb Px‡bi w`‡K| Pxb ZLb wef³ wZbwU eo eo mvgªv‡R¨; wR wRqv, wRb Avi ms| Giv wQj G‡K Ac‡ii giYcY kÎæ| weMZ kZvãx¸‡jv‡Z wR wRqv Avi wRb mgªvUiv hv‡”QZvB iKg AZ¨vPvi K‡iwQ‡jb †gv½j‡ì Ici| wkKvix ev‡Ni g‡Zv IZ †c‡Z _vKv †Pw½R Gevi Zvi weL¨vZ gb¯ÍvwË¡K hy× ïiæ Ki‡jb| Zvi †Mv‡q›`viv ax‡i ax‡i Qwo‡q co‡Z jvMj Pxbv mvgªvR¨¸‡jvi †fZi| 1207 mvj †_‡K 1209 mvj, GB wZb eQ‡ii wKQz LuywUbvwU msNl© †k‡l †Pw½R Lvb wRqv mvgªv‡Rï weiæ‡× Awfhv‡b bvg‡jb| Awfhv‡bi wVK Av‡M wRqv mvgªv‡Rï weiæ‡× wZwb wRb mvgªv‡Rï KvQ †_‡K †c‡jb mvnv‡hï cÖwZkÖæwZ| †nvqvs‡nv b`xi Zx‡i jovB‡q bvgvi Av‡MB †Pw½R Lv‡bi nv‡Z P‡j G‡mwQj kÎæi evwnbxi mg¯Í Z_¨| wPivPwiZ mvgšÍ †mbvevwnbx wb‡q jovB‡q bvgv wRqv †mbvcwZ †Pv‡Li mvg‡b †`L‡jb †gv½j‡ì `~e©vi MwZ| jovB‡qi ïiæ †_‡K †kl ch©šÍ GKeviI †gv½j‡ì MwZi †Kv‡bv Reve wZwb w`‡Z cv‡ibwb| †n‡jb ce©Zgvjv †_‡K B‡qPzqvb ch©šÍ mv‡o wZb jvL Pxbv ˆmb¨ †kl n‡q †Mj K‡qK NÈvi fqven †gvKv‡ejvq| 1 wbiƒcvq wRqv mvgªvR¨ hLb wRb‡ì Kv‡Q mvnvh¨ PvBj, wRb mgªvU gRv K‡i ej‡jb- kÎæi AvNv‡Z kÎæ‡K gi‡Z †`Lv †Zv †mŠfv‡Mï e¨vcvi|2 ZLb †K RvbZ, `yeQi ci GB AvNvZ Zvi wb‡Ri Nv‡oB co‡e! 1

. Man, J., 2014. The Mongol Empire: Genghis Khan, his heirs and the founding of modern China. Random House. 2 . Man 2004, pg.131. Genghis Khan: Life, Death, and Resurrection. New York City: St. Martin's Press.

gnvPx‡b

`yB wRb ivResk Avm‡j G‡mwQj Px‡bi evB‡i †_‡K| Zv‡ì ejv n‡Zv Ryi‡Pb| mvB‡ewiqvi wkKvixiv wQj Zv‡ì Avw`cyiæl|3 wKš‘ Zv‡ì kvwmZ Rb‡Mvôxi cÖvq cy‡ivUvB wQj nvb †Mvôxi gvbyl| Uvbv hy‡×i d‡j Zv‡ì Ici Pvwc‡q †`qv K‡ii †evSv w`b‡K w`b ïay evowQj| 1211 mv‡j †gv½jiv hLb wRb mvgªvR¨ AvµgY K‡i emj, ZLb wRb cÖkvm‡b _vKv nv‡biv c‡` c‡` wek¦vmNvZKZv Kij mgªv‡Ui mv‡_| MvbcvDWvi mw¾¡Z wekvj evwnbx, hv wQj msL¨vq †gv½j‡ì AšÍZ AvU¸Y4, ZvivB wKbv †gv½j‡ì mvg‡b ùvov‡ZB cvij bv| †gv½j‡ì k„•Ljv Avi nvb‡ì wek¦vmNvZKZvi gy‡L cÖhyw³, m¤ú` Avi wekvj †mbvevwnbx wb‡q wRbiv wKQzB Ki‡Z cvij bv| 1214 mv‡ji gv_vq †Pw½R Lv‡bi mvgªvR¨ c~‡e© Rvcvb mvMi †_‡K cwð‡g KvRvwL¯Ívb ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z n‡q †Mj, gvÎ AvU eQ‡i| Zvi GB DÌv‡b hZUv Zvi wb‡Ri K…wZZ¡, wVK ZZUvB Zvi cÖwZc‡¶i| wb‡R‡ì aŸsm Ki‡Z Zviv hv K‡iwQj, †mUvB Zv‡ì cZb †W‡K G‡bwQj| wZb wRb‡ì weiæ‡× Awfhv‡bi mgq c„w_exi Kv‡Q cwi®‹vi n‡q †M‡qwQj, †gv½jiv Avm‡j KZUv wbg©g n‡Z cv‡i| †h c_ w`‡qB Zviv †M‡Q `ycv‡k †i‡L †M‡Q gvby‡li KvUv gv_v w`‡q evbv‡bv wcivwgW, †Pw½R Lv‡bi weR‡qi ¯§„wZ‡mŠa| Zviv gvwU‡Z wgwk‡q w`‡q‡Q AšÍZ `kUv wekvj kni, †h¸‡jvi cÖwZwUi RbmsL¨v `yB jv‡Li †ewk wQj| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bvwUi RbmsL¨v wQj GK wgwjq‡bi †ewk| G¸‡jv‡K Ggbfv‡e aŸsm Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, †mLvb †_‡K D‡V ùvov‡Z mgq †j‡M‡Q AšÍZ `y‡Uv kZvãx| cÖwZwU kn‡ii mì ìRvq †Pw½R Lvb †i‡L wM‡qwQ‡jb gvby‡li KvUv gv_vi wcivwgW| †m¸‡jvi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bvUvq cÂvk nvRvi †_‡K GK jvL gv_vI wQj| 3

. Chan, H.L. and Wang, O., 1993. The fall of the Jurchen Chin: Wang E's memoir on Ts' aichou under the Mongol siege (1233-1234) (Vol. 66). Franz Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden GmbH 4 . Man, J., 2014. The Mongol Empire: Genghis Khan, his heirs and the founding of modern China. Random House

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. (the University of Michigan)John Merton Patrick (1961). Artillery and warfare during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Volume 8, Issue 3 of Monograph series. Utah State University Press. p. 13.

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. Ratchnevsky, Paul (1991). Genghis Khan: His Life and Legacy. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 120 .

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. J. A. Boyle, ed. (1968). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5. Cambridge University Press. p. 191.

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Genghis Khan: The History of the World Conqueror. Manchester University Press, 1997.

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. Raphael, K., 2009. Mongol Siege Warfare on the Banks of the Euphrates and the Question of Gunpowder (1260–1312). Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 19(3), pp.355-370

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. cÖv¸³(1),c…t248

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. Boyle, JA.1997.Genghis Khan: The History of the World Conqueror. Manchester University Press . Weatherford, J.M., 2004. Genghis Khan and the making of the modern world. Broadway Books

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. Franklin Lewis, Rumi: Past and Present, East and West, Oneworld Publications, 2008 (revised edition). pp. 90–92:

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Kenneth Warren Chase (2003). Firearms: a Global History to 1700 (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 58

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. Bennison, A.K. and Gascoigne, A.L. eds., 2007. Cities in the pre-modern Islamic world: The urban impact of religion, state and society (Vol. 3). Routledge. 4. Juvani, A.A.M., Tarikh-t-Jahan-i-Gusha, Tr. JA Boyle in, 2, pp.598-605.

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. cÖv¸³(4) . cÖv¸³(4) 7. Balcıoğlu, Tahir Harimi, Mezhep cereyanları - Madh'habmovements, p. 184, Ahmed Said tabÕı, Hilmi Ziya neşriyâtı, 1940. 6

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. al-Dīn ʻAṭṭār, F., 2009. Farid Ad-Din ʻAttār's Memorial of God's Friends: Lives and Sayings of Sufis. Paulist Press. 9 . Boyle, J.A., 1979. The Religious Mathnavīs of Farīd Al-Dīn Attar. Iran, 17(1), pp.9-14.

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