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cÖ_g cÖKvk : 20 †deªæqvwi, 2019 MÖš¯ ’ ^Z¡ : †jLK kã web¨vm : †gv : Rwniæj Bmjvg cÖ”Q` : nv‡kg Avjx gy`ªY : GKZv Ad‡mU †cÖm 119, dwKivcyj, R‡e`v †gbkb, gwZwSj, XvKv| nvW©Kfvi g~j¨ : 375 †ccvie¨vK g~j¨ : 350 ISBN- 978-984-8254-05-9 Atatürk Theke Erdoğan by Mostafa Faisal Parvez. Published by Guardian Publication, Price Tk. 375 (HC)/Tk. 350 (PB) Only.

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 Pzw³i `kg LÐ (318-327 bs aviv) Abyhvqx wgÎ kw³i †`kmg~n‡K ¯^vaxbfv‡e wegvb PjvP‡j my‡hvM w`‡Z n‡e|  Pzw³i GMv‡iv L‡Ði (328-373 bs aviv) Abyhvqx wgÎ kw³i †`kmg~n‡K ¯’j I Rjc‡_ webv ï‡é gvjvgvj cwien‡bi my‡hvM w`‡Z n‡e|  Øv`k LÐ (373-433 bs aviv) Abyhvqx kÖwgK‡ì Kg©NÈv I gRywi wba©viY Kiv nq|  Î‡qv`k LÐ (374-433 bs aviv) Abyhvqx A¯¿ I gv`K`ªe¨ msµvšÍ wel‡q cÖ_g wek¦hy‡×i wgÎ kw³ †h Pzw³ Ki‡e, Zzi¯‹ †mLv‡bB ¯^v¶i Ki‡e| myjZvb lô †gvnv¤§v‡ì wb‡`©‡k Dmgvwbiv GB Pzw³‡Z ¯^v¶i Ki‡jI ZiæY ZzwK©‡ì Abymvix †mbvevwnbx Zv †g‡b †bqwb| †m mg‡q Pvbv°v‡j hy‡×i weRqx bvqK Kvgvj AvZvZzK© GB Pzw³‡K cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i Zzi‡¯‹i mve©‡fŠgZ¡ I ALÐZv i¶vq we‡`ªvn †NvlYv K‡i| d‡j 1923 mv‡j cybivq jyRvb Pzw³ ¯^v¶wiZ nq| Avie‡ì we‡`ªvn cÖ_g wek¦hy× Pjv Ae¯’vq weªwUk‡ì mv‡_ nvZ †gjv‡bvi Kvi‡Y †mŠw` ev wnRv‡Ri gymjgvb‡ì mv‡_ wLjvd‡Zi we‡`ªvn wQj Dmgvwb‡ì Rb¨ GK †e`bv`vqK Aa¨vq| Avie‡ì wek¦vmNvZKZvi Kvi‡Y AvRI ZvwK©kiv Zv‡ì ÿgv Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| 1913 mv‡j †mŠwìv Dmgvbxq ˆmb¨‡ì KvQ †_‡K c~e© Avi‡ei ¸iæZ¡c~Y© giæ`¨vb nvmv kni `Lj K‡i †bq| Gici cvk¦e© Z©x KvwZd kniI †mŠwìv `L‡j †bq| c‡ii eQi 1914 mv‡j wek¦Ry‡o 1g wek¦hy× ïiæ nq| weªwUkiv †k·wcqv‡ii gva¨‡g wiqv‡` †mŠw`‡ì mv‡_ Dmgvwb‡ì AbyMZ ivwkw`‡ì hy× euvwa‡q †`q| 1915 mv‡ji Rvbyqvwi‡Z msNwUZ GB hy‡× ivwkwìv Rqx nq Ges †k·wcqvi‡K nZ¨v K‡i| ivwkwìv †k·wcqv‡ii wk‡iv‡”Q` K‡i Ges Zvi †nj‡gU Dmgvbxq‡ì Kv‡Q n¯ÍvšÍi K‡i| Dmgvbxqiv †mŠw`‡ì mv‡_ weªwUk‡ì m¤ú‡K©i cÖgvY ¯îƒc †k·wcqv‡ii †nj‡gU gw`bvi cÖavb dU‡K Szwj‡q †`Lvq| †k·wcqvi‡K nvwi‡q wech©¯Í Be‡b †mŠ` 1915 mv‡ji wW‡m¤^‡i weªwUk‡ì mv‡_ `vwib Pzw³ ¯^v¶i K‡i| weªwUk‡ì c‡¶ weª‡U‡bi ga¨cÖvP¨ cÖavb †gRi †Rbv‡ij m¨vi cvwm© K· IB Pzw³‡Z ¯^v¶i K‡ib| Pzw³ †gvZv‡eK †mŠw` ivRZ¡ weªwUk‡ì KiìvR¨ (Protectorate)-G cwiYZ nq| cÖ_g wek¦hy‡× weª‡Ub-d«vÝ-ivwkqvi wgÎkw³i weiæ‡× Rvg©vb-Dmgvbxq wLjvd‡Zi `ye©j Ae¯’v I Avj-†mŠ` cwiev‡ii mv‡_ weªwUk‡ì mL¨ †`‡L wPwšÍZ n‡q D‡Vb g°vi Dmgvbxq mgw_©Z kvmK ûmvBb web Avwj| weª‡Ub I d«v‡Ýi g`‡` g°vi kvmK †mB ûmvBb web Avwj Dmgvbxq‡ì weiæ‡× Avie we‡`ªvn ˆZwi K‡i| g°vi Mfb©i kwid †nvmvBb weªwUk †Mv‡q›`v cÖwZwbwa _gvm GWIqvW© †jvIqvi‡Wi mv‡_ †Mvcb Pzw³ K‡ib,

†hLv‡b ejv nq wLjvd‡Zi weiæ‡× we‡`ªvn †NvlYv Ki‡j Zv‡K mgMÖ Avi‡ei Lwjdv evbv‡bv n‡e| 1915 mv‡ji 24 A‡±vei GB Pzw³ ¯^v¶wiZ nq, hv‡K kwid-g¨vK‡gvnb Pzw³ ejv nq| GB Pzw³‡Z Avie e¨ZxZ evwK AÂj weª‡Ub I d«v‡Ýi ga¨ fvMvfvwM nq| GLv‡b wdwjw¯’‡b Bûw`‡ì f‚LÐ cÖ`vb msµvšÍ Pzw³I m¤úvw`Z nq| giæf‚wgi evN dLiæwÏb cvkvi exiZ¡ weª‡Ub I Avi‡ei kwid evwnbxi weiæ‡× whwb Dmgvbxq †mbvevwnbxi †mbvbvqK I gw`bvi Mfb©i wn‡m‡e cÖvYcY jovB K‡i‡Qb, wZwb n‡jb dLiæwÏb cvkv| gw`bv i¶vi Rb¨ wZwb BwZnv‡m ¸iæZ¡c~Y© RvqMv K‡i wb‡q‡Qb| ZvwK©kiv Zv‡K Fahrettin paşa e‡j Wv‡K| Zuvi g~j bvg Ömer Fahrettin Türkkan| dLiæwÏb cvkv 1916 †_‡K 1919 ch©šÍ Mfb©‡ii `vwqZ¡¡ cvjb K‡ib| gw`bvi cÖwZ Zuvi fv‡jvevmv I mvnwmKZvi Rb¨ weªwUkiv Zv‡K Ôgiæf‚wgi evN ev Tigher of DesertÕ bv‡g Wv‡K| 2017 mv‡j Avie Avwgiv‡Zi ciivóªgš¿x Zv‡K Kvev kwi‡di m¤ú` jyÉbKvix ej‡j GUv wb‡q Zzi¯‹ Ges Avie Avwgiv‡Z Pig weZK© ˆZwi nq| Dfq †`‡ki g‡a¨ K‚U‰bwZK m¤ú‡K©i AebwZ N‡U| Zzi‡¯‹i †cÖwm‡W›U wi‡Rc Zvwq¨c Gi‡`vqvb dLiæwÏb cvkvi bv‡g wg_¨vPvi Kivq wewfbœ mgv‡e‡k Avie Avwgiv‡Zi Zxeª wb›`v K‡i‡Qb| dLiæwÏb cvkv hy× GKv‡Wwg‡Z †hvM w`‡q 1888 mv‡j mœvZK m¤ú~Y© K‡ib| Kg©Rxe‡b wZwb cÖ_‡g c~e©vÂ‡j Av‡g©wbqvi mxgv‡šÍ ØvvwqZ¡¡ cvjb K‡ib| 1908 wLªóv‡ã wZwb B¯Ívš^y‡j G‡m dv÷© †i¸jvi Avwg©‡Z †hvM †`b| 1911-12 mgqKv‡j Zv‡K wjweqv †cÖiY Kiv nq| ejKvb hy× ïiæ n‡j wZwb Pvbv°v‡j Ae¯’vb †bIqv 31Zg wWwfk‡bi KgvÛvi wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡¡ cvjb K‡ib| Zvi †mbv BDwbU eyj‡Mwiqvi KvQ †_‡K GwWª‡bvcj (hv eZ©gv‡b Zzi‡¯‹i GwWb© cÖ‡`k) wQwb‡q †bq Ges wZwb Av‡bvqvi cvkvi mv‡_ kn‡i cÖ‡ek K‡ib| cÖ_g wek¦hy‡× 1914 mv‡j Dmgvbxq‡ì †mbv mgv‡e‡ki Av‡M ÷vd K‡b©j dLiæwÏb gmy‡j KgvÛvi wn‡m‡e wbhy³ nb| 1914 Gi 12 b‡f¤î wZwb wgiwjfv c‡` DbœxZ nb Ges Av‡j‡àv‡Z Ae¯’vbiZ †dv_© Avwg©i †WcywU KgvÛvi nb| cÖ_g wek¦hy‡×i mgq 1916 mv‡ji 23 †g Rvgvj cvkvi Av‡`‡k wZwb gw`bvi cÖwZi¶vi D‡Ï‡k¨ †nRv‡R iIbv nb| 17 RyjvB Zv‡K †nRvR G·‡cwWkbvwi †dv‡m©i KgvÛvi wn‡m‡e wbhy³ Kiv nq| weªwUk‡ì mn‡hvwMZvq Avieiv dLiæwÏb cvkv‡K wN‡i †dj‡jI wZwb K‡Vvifv‡e cweÎ kn‡ii cÖwZi¶v K‡i hvb| Zv‡K gw`bvi cÖwZi¶vi mv‡_ mv‡_ †nRvR †ijI‡qi myi¶vi w`KUvI †`L‡Z n‡Zv| wU B j‡iÝ I Zvi Avie †mbviv G †ijc‡_i Ici nvgjv Pvjvw”Qj| G †ijc‡_i Ici Zuvi mvgwMÖK mieivn wbf©i KiwQj| wew”Qbœ GB ÿz`ª †Uªb †÷k‡bi wbivcËvi Rb¨ wbqwRZ ZzwK© †mbv QvDwb †ek wKQz ivwÎKvjxb AvµgY iæ‡L †`q| Ziv mdjfv‡e †ijc‡_i wbivcËv wbwðZ K‡i|

Dmgvbxq I wgÎc‡¶i g‡a¨ gy`‡iv‡mi Pzw³i ci Avkv Kiv nw”Qj †h, dLiæwÏb cvkv AvZ¥mgc©Y Ki‡eb| wKš‘ wZwb Zv Ki‡Z A¯^xKvi K‡ib Ges hy×weiwZ MÖn‡Y A¯^xK…wZ Rvbvb| 1918-Gi em‡šÍi GK ïµev‡i gmwR‡` bewe‡Z bvgv‡Ri ci wZwb wg¤^‡ii A‡a©K As‡k D‡Vb Ges bwei Ke‡ii w`‡K gyL K‡i `„pK‡É e‡jbÑ ÔAvjøvni ivmyj, Avwg KL‡bv Avcbv‡K †Q‡o hve bv| †n ˆmwb‡Kiv, wcÖq bwewR‡K mv¶x †i‡L Avwg †Zvgv‡ì cÖwZ Av‡e`b KiwQ| Avwg wb‡`©k w`w”Q, kÎæ msL¨v hv-B †nvK bv †Kb, †kl ¸wj I †kl wbk¦vm ch©šÍ Zv‡K Ges Zuvi kni‡K i¶v Ki‡Z n‡e| Avjøvn Avgv‡ì‡K mvnvh¨ KiæK| gynv¤§` (mv)-Gi `yAv Avgv‡ì mv‡_ Av‡Q...Õ dLiæwÏb cvkv e‡jwQ‡jb †h, wZwb GKwU ¯^cœ †`‡L‡Qb| †mLv‡b gynv¤§` (mv) Zv‡K AvZ¥mgc©Y bv Kivi Rb¨ wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Qb| 1918-Gi AvM‡÷ kwid ûmvBb web Avwj Zv‡K AvZ¥mgc©Y Kivi AvnŸvb Rvbv‡j wZwb hy× Pvwj‡q hvb| Dmgvbxq hy× gš¿Yvjq †_‡K mivmwi Av‡`k Avmvi ciI wZwb Z‡jvqvi †d‡j w`‡Z A¯^xK…wZ Rvbvb| Zuvi AvPi‡Y Dmgvbxq miKvi wePwjZ n‡q c‡ob Ges myjZvb lô gynv¤§` Zv‡K c`Pz¨Z K‡ib| wZwb Av‡`k gvb‡Z A¯^xKvi K‡ib Ges hy× †kl nIqvi 72 w`b ci ch©šÍ Dmgvbxq cZvKv mgybZ œ iv‡Lb| dLiæwÏb cvkv Zuvi wb‡Ri †jvK KZ©…K †MÖßvi nb| AvZ¥mgc©‡Yi ci Ave`yjvø n web ûmvBb gw`bv cÖ‡ek K‡ib Ges Zvi fvB Avwj web ûmvBb 2 †deªæqvwi kn‡i cÖ‡ek K‡ib| †MÖßv‡ii ci Zv‡K wgm‡ii Kvq‡iv‡Z †mbvevwnbxi e¨viv‡K Avbv nq| c‡i Zv‡K gvëvq cvVv‡bv nq| 1921 mvj ch©šÍ `yB eQi wZwb gvjUvq hy×ew›` wn‡m‡e AvUK wQ‡jb| 1921 wLªóv‡ã gyw³i ci wZwb Kvgvj AvZvZz‡K©i Aax‡b ZzwK© †mbvevwnbx‡Z †hvM †`b Ges Avbv‡Zvwjqv `LjKvix wMÖK I divwm‡ì weiæ‡× hy‡× Ask †bb| Zzi‡¯‹i ¯^vaxbZv hy‡×i ci wZwb 1922 †_‡K 1926 ch©šÍ Kvey‡j ivóª`~Z wn‡m‡e wbhy³ wQ‡jb| 1936 wLªóv‡ã wZwb †gRi †Rbv‡ij wn‡m‡e c‡`vbœwZ cvb Ges †mbvevwnbx †_‡K Aemi †bb| 1948-Gi 22 b‡f¤î Gw¯‹‡kwn‡i GKwU †Uªb åg‡Yi mgq nvU© GUv‡Ki Kvi‡Y wZwb g„ZzëiY K‡ib| Zvi B”Qv Abyhvqx B¯Ívš^y‡ji Avwkqvb Avmwi †m‡gwUª‡Z Zv‡K `vdb Kiv nq| †gv¯Ídv Kvgvj AvZvZz‡K©i DÌvb cÖ_g wek¦hy‡× civR‡qi ci Zzi‡¯‹i ¯^vaxbZv I ALÐZv i¶vq 1918-1924 mvj ch©šÍ †gv¯Ídv Kvgvj AvZvZz‡K©i †bZ…‡Z¡ A‡bK¸‡jv wecøex Av‡›`vjb cwiPvwjZ nq| cÖ_g wek¦hy‡× civRq, AegvbbvKi gyìæm Pzw³, cÖfvekvjx wZb cvkvi cjvqb Ges 13 b‡f¤î 1918 mv‡j wgÎkw³i 60wU RvnvR B¯Ívš^y‡j †bvOi Kivi d‡j evn¨Z B¯Ívš^y‡ji Ici kÎæc‡ÿi

c~Y©wbqš¿Y cÖwZôv nq| d«vÝ evwnbx Zzi‡¯‹i g~j f‚L‡Ði Av`vbv, Avwdq‡bi w`‡K Awfhvb Pvjvq| c~e© w`‡K Av‡g©wbqv I AvbZvwjqvq BZvwj evwnbx Ges BRwgi ev ¯§vb©v AÂ‡j wgÎ evwnbxi RvnvR I Zzi‡¯‹i cÖRvivóª wMÖm Xz‡K MYnZ¨v Pvjvq, hv Zzi¯‹evmx †g‡b wb‡Z cv‡iwb| wLjvd‡Zi Ggb cwiw¯’‡Z myjZvb Avcm bxwZ MÖnY K‡i hy‡×i e¨_©Zvi `vq ZiæY ZzwK© †bZv‡ì Ici Pvwc‡q Zv‡ì msMVb ÔKwgwU Ad BDwbqb A¨vÛ †cÖv‡MÖmÕ-†K wbwl× K‡ib| wKš‘ myjZv‡bi AvcvmbxwZi Kvi‡Y Af¨šÍixY we‡`ªvn gv_vPvov w`‡q I‡V| myjZvb Af¨šÍixY we‡`ªvn `g‡bi Rb¨ †gv¯Ídv Kvgvj‡K `vwqZ¡ w`‡q AvbZvwjqvq cvVvb| wKš‘ wZwb myjZv‡bi wb‡`©k Agvb¨ K‡i †mbvevwnbx †_‡K c`Z¨vM K‡i we‡`ªvnx‡ì mv‡_ GKvZ¥Zv †NvlYv K‡ib| †gv¯Ídv Kvgvj 1919 mv‡ji 3 gvP© GiRyiæ‡g AbywôZ Ôc~e© Avbv‡Zvwjqvi AwaKvi i¶v mwgwZÕi m`m¨c` MÖnY K‡ib| wKQzw`‡bi g‡a¨B 1919 mv‡ji 19 Ryb Avgvwmqv Ks‡MÖm, 23 RyjvB GiRyiæg Ks‡MÖm, 8 †m‡Þ¤î wmfvm Ks‡MÖm Ges 11 †m‡Þ¤î 2q Avgvwmqv Ks‡MÖm AbywôZ nq; hv wQj mw¤§wjZ evwnbx‡K †gvKvwejv Kivi Rb¨ cÖ_g ivR‰bwZK c`‡¶c| 1920 mv‡ji Rvbyqvwi gv‡m Zzi‡¯‹ msm` wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq, †hLv‡b Kvgvj AvZvZz‡K©i mgw_©Z RvZxqZvev`xiv msL¨vMwiôZv jvf K‡i| Gi ga¨ w`‡qB mgMÖ Zzi‡¯‹ myjZv‡bi cÖfve Kg‡Z _v‡K Ges AvZvZz‡K©i RbwcÖqZv evo‡Z _v‡K| 1920 mv‡ji 23 GwcÖj AvsKvivq RvZxq msm‡ì m‡¤§jb AbywôZ nq, †hLv‡b B¯Ívš^yj †_‡K cvwj‡q Avmv 100 Rb msm` m`m¨ Ges wewfbœ ¯’vb n‡Z wbe©vwPZ 190 Rbmsm` m`m¨ AskMÖnY K‡ib| †gv¯Ídv Kvgvj GB msm‡ì mfvcwZ wbe©vwPZ nb Ges 10 m`m¨ wewkó gwš¿mfv MVb K‡ib| GLvb †_‡KB RbMY‡K B¯Ívš^y‡ji cwie‡Z© AvsKvivi miKv‡ii cÖwZ AvbyM‡Zï wb‡`©k †Ìqv nq| 1920 mv‡ji 11 †g B¯Ívš^y‡j myjZv‡bi wb‡`©‡k we‡kl mvgwiK Av`j‡Z AvZvZz‡K©i g„Zz¨`Ð †NvlYv Kiv nq| wKš‘ AvsKvivi 152 Rb gydwZ †NvlYv K‡ib †h, GB d‡Zvqvi †Kv‡bv êaZv †bB| AvsKvivq cÖwZwôZ AvZvZz‡K©i kw³kvjx evwnbx Av‡g©wbqv, d«vÝ, BZvwj, wMÖm I weªwUk‡ì weiæ‡× jovB Pvwj‡q hvq| 1920 mv‡j divwm evwnbx‡K AvµgY K‡i Zv‡ì Av‡j‡àv‡Z wcQz nUv‡Z m¶g nq| d«vÝ 30 †g AvsKvivq hy× weiwZ Pzw³‡Z ¯^v¶i K‡ib| 1920 mv‡ji 3 wW‡m¤î Av‡jKRv‡›`ªcj Pzw³i gva¨‡g Av‡g©wbqvi e„nr Ask Zzi¯‹ wd‡i cvq Ges 1921 mv‡ji 13 gvP© BZvwji mv‡_ Pzw³ K‡i Zv‡ì ˆmb¨ cÖZ¨vnvi Kivq| 16 gvP© ivwkqvi mv‡_ Pzw³ K‡i weev`gvb mxgvšÍ mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv nq| 1921 mv‡ji Rvbyqvwi gv‡m wMÖK‡ì mv‡_ mvKvwiqvZ hy‡× Zzi¯‹ weRq jvf K‡i| 9 †m‡Þ¤î BRwg‡i wMÖK‡ì civwRZ Kivi gva¨‡g mgMÖ Avbv‡Zvwjqvq AvZvZz‡K©i RvZxqZvev`x‡ì weRq mywbwðZ nq| GK w`‡K myjZv‡bi e¨_©Zv Aciw`‡K we‡`wk kw³i weiæ‡× Kvgvj AvZvZzK© weRqx n‡q Zzi‡¯‹i f‚LÐ iÿvi gva¨‡g RvZxq ex‡i cwiYZ nq| g~jZ †`‡ki f‚LÐ Ges ¯^vaxbZv iÿvi Av‡›`vj‡b Amvgvb¨ Ae`v‡bi Kvi‡Y A`ëwa Zzi‡¯‹i mKj †kÖwYi gvby‡li Kv‡Q Kvgvj AvZvZzK© GK RbwcÖq e¨w³i bvg|

jyRvb Pzw³ Zzi‡¯‹i mv‡_ hy³ivR¨, d«vÝ I BZvwji mw¤§wjZ evwnbxi hy× †kl nIqvi ci 1922 mv‡ji 21 b‡f¤î myBRvij¨v‡Ûi jyRvb kn‡i GK m‡¤§jb ïiæ nq| Zzi‡¯‹i c¶ n‡Z †gv¯Ídv Kvgvj AvZvZz‡K©i Av¯’vfvRb BmgZ Bbyby cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e †hvM`vb K‡ib| †cÖvMÖv‡g BmgZ Bbyby Zzi‡¯‹i mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i cwicwš’ mKj cÖ¯Íve `„pZvi m‡½ cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡ib| `xN© weZ‡K©i ci 4 †deªæqvwi BmgZ Bbyby AvsKvivq wd‡i Av‡mb Ges 23 GwcÖj cybivq m‡¤§j‡b †hvM`vb K‡ib| `xN© wZb gvm Av‡jvPbvi ci 24 RyjvB 1923 jyRvb Pzw³ ¯^v¶wiZ nq| Pzw³‡Z me©‡gvU 143wU aviv wQj| D‡jøL¨‡hvM¨ avivmg~n n‡jvÑ  Pzw³ Abyhvqx wgÎevwnbxi mv‡_ Zzi‡¯‹i kvwšÍ ¯’vwcZ n‡e Ges mK‡j Zzi‡¯‹i mve©‡fŠgZ¡ †g‡b †b‡e|  †mBm‡½ Zzi¯‹I Avie AÂ‡ji mve©‡fŠgZ¡ †g‡b †b‡e|  Zzi¯‹ wgmi I my`v‡bi Ici wbqš¿Y cwiZ¨vM Ki‡e|  Zzi‡¯‹i emdivm cÖYvjxi Ici AvšÍR©vwZK wbqš¿Y cÖwZôv n‡e, †hLv‡b U¨v· QvovB RvnvRmg~n PjvPj Ki‡Z cvi‡e|  Zzi¯‹ I wMÖ‡mi g‡a¨ m¤úvw`Z c„_K GK Pzw³‡Z Zzi‡¯‹ Ae¯’vbiZ wMÖK msL¨vjNy Ges wMÖ‡m Ae¯’vbiZ ZvwK©k msL¨vjNy‡ì eva¨Zvg~jK ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii wm×všÍ P‚ovšÍ nq| †m mgq 13,50,000 wMÖK Zzi¯‹ †_‡K wMÖ‡m hvq Ges 43,200 ZzwK© gymwjg †g‡mv‡Wvwbqv †_‡K Zzi‡¯‹ Av‡m|  Pzw³ Abyhvqx mvBcÖvm weª‡U‡bi Awa‡b hvq|  Zzi¯‹‡K mKj cÖKvi ¶wZc~iY †_‡K gyw³ †Ìqv nq| wLjvd‡Zi mgvwß 1922 mv‡ji 1 b‡f¤î RvZxq msm` Zzi‡¯‹i mvjZvbvZ‡K wejywß †NvlYv K‡i| myjZvb †gvnv¤§v`‡K mwi‡q Zvi PvPv‡Zv fvB Avãyj gwR`‡K myjZvb †NvlYv Kiv nq| Z‡e Zvi ¶gZv ïay ag©xq †¶‡Î mxgve× ivLv nq| 1923 mv‡ji 11 A‡±vei RvZxq msm` AvsKviv‡K Zzi‡¯‹i ivRavbx †NvlYv K‡i| 29 A‡±vei Zzi¯‹‡K cÖRvZš¿ †NvlYv K‡i| Kvgvj AvZvZzK© †cÖwm‡W›U Ges BmgZ Bbyby cÖavbgš¿x wn‡m‡e kc_ †bb| 1924 mv‡ji 3 gvP© msm` wLjvdZ‡K m¤ú~Y© wejyß †NvlYv K‡ib| c‡iiw`b myjZvb Avãyj gwR` B¯Ívš^yj Z¨vM K‡ib| d‡j 636 eQ‡ii Dmgvwb wLjvd‡Zi AvbyôvwbK mgvwß N‡U| GB NUbvi ci †_‡K Kvgvj AvZvZz‡K©i e¨vcv‡i h‡_ó mgv‡jvPbv ïiæ n‡jI ivóªxq kw³i f‡q †KD K_v ejvi mvnm K‡iwb| wLjvd‡Zi GK †MŠi‡ev¾¡j BwZnv‡mi cwimgvwß NUj| emdiv‡mi Zx‡i GK bZzb Zzi‡¯‹i Avwef©ve n‡jv|

Dmgvwb wLjvd‡Zi †XD †j‡MwQj fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡kI myjZvb †mwj‡gi (1789-1807) mgq †_‡KB fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡ki gymjgv‡biv Dmgvwb wLjvdZ‡K Zv‡ì gymwjg H‡Kï cÖZxK g‡b KiZ| cÖ_g wek¦hy‡× Zzi‡¯‹i civR‡qi ci 1918 mv‡ji 30 wW‡m¤î w`wjø‡Z ÔAj BwÛqv gymwjg wjMÕ-Gi m‡¤§j‡b †k‡i evsjv GK dRjyj nK weªwUk‡ì mgv‡jvPbv K‡i D`&‡eM cÖKvk K‡ib| 1919 mv‡ji †m‡Þ¤î gv‡m weªwUk‡ì nvZ †_‡K Dmgvwb wLjvdZ‡K i¶v Ki‡Z fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k wLjvdZ Av‡›`vjb cÖwZwôZ nq| g~jZ Dmgvwb wLjvd‡Zi †kl mg‡q 1919-1922 mvj ch©šÍ GB Av‡›`vj‡bi mgqmxgv wQj| Dmgvbxq myjZvb wØZxq Ave`yj nvwg` (1876-1909) c¨vbBmjvwgK Kg©m~wP ïiæ K‡iwQ‡jb| 1905 mv‡ji e½f½ i` (1911), Zzi‡¯‹i Ici BZvjxq I ejKvb AvµgY Ges Zzi‡¯‹i wec‡¶ cÖ_g wek¦hy‡× †MÖU weª‡U‡bi AskMÖn‡Yi d‡j wek kZ‡Ki ïiæ‡Z c¨vb-BmjvwgK Av‡›`vjb AviI Zxeª n‡q I‡V| cÖ_g wek¦hy‡× Zzi‡¯‹i civRq Ges †mfvm© Pzw³i (AvM÷ 10, 1920) Aax‡b Zzi‡¯‹i f‚LÐ BD‡ivcxq kw³¸‡jvi g‡a¨ fvM-ev‡Uvqviv nIqvq Bmjv‡gi cweÎ ¯’vbmg~‡ni Ici Lwjdvi AwffveKZ¡ wb‡q fvi‡Z Avk¼v †`Lv †`q| G Kvi‡Y ZzwK© wLjvdZ i¶v Ges †MÖU weª‡Ub I BD‡ivcxq kw³¸‡jvi AvMÖvmb †_‡K Zzi¯‹ mv¤ªvR¨‡K euvPv‡bvi Rb¨ 1919 mv‡ji †m‡Þ¤î gv‡m wLjvdZ Av‡›`vjb ïiæ nq| `yB fvB gyn¤§` Avwj I kIKZ Avwj Ges gvIjvbv Aveyj Kvjvg AvRv‡ì †bZ…‡Z¡ G Av‡›`vjb m~wPZ nq| †kV †Qv‡Uvbx bvgxq GK abx eëmvqx‡K G KwgwUi mfvcwZ I gIjvbv kIKZ Avwj‡K m¤úv`K Kiv nq| 1920 mv‡j Avwj åvZ…Øq wLjvdZ Bk‡Znvi †NvlYv K‡ib| †K›`ªxq wLjvdZ KwgwU Zzi‡¯‹i RvZxqZvev`x Av‡›`vj‡b mnvqZv `vb Ges †`‡k wLjvdZ Av‡›`vjb msMwVZ Kivi Rb¨ GKwU Znwej MVb K‡i| G AÂ‡ji gymjgvbiv Dmgvwb wLjvdZ Z_v Zzi‡¯‹i cÖwZ fv‡jvevmvi ewntcÖKvk wn‡m‡e Zzi‡¯‹ GKwU e¨vsK cÖwZôvi Rb¨ 26 wW‡m¤î 1921 †_‡K 9 AvM÷ 1923 mvj ch©šÍ 7,81,570 ZvwK©k wjiv cvVvq, hv w`‡q Zzi‡¯‹ ÔBk e¨vsKÕ bvgK GKwU e¨vsK cÖwZwôZ nq| A‡bK gymwjg bvixiv †m mgq Zv‡ì eëüZ Mnbv Zzi‡¯‹ cvVv‡bvi Rb¨ wLjvdZ Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZ…e„›`‡K w`‡q †`q| †mBm‡½ G AÂ‡j Zv‡ì cÖwZ fv‡jvevmvi ewntcÖKvk wn‡m‡e gy`ªvI cÖKvwkZ nq| Gmg‡q †gvnb`vm KigPuv` MvÜx 1919 mv‡ji GwcÖ‡j msNwUZ RvwjqvbIqvjvevM nZ¨vKvÐ Ges 1919 mv‡ji ivIjvU A¨v±‡K miKvwi wbh©vZ‡bi cÖgvYiƒ‡c wPwýZ K‡i Gi cÖwZev‡` Awnsm RvZxqZvev`x Av‡›`vjb ÔmZ¨vMÖnÕ ïiæ K‡ib| Zvi Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖwZ gymjgvb‡ì mg_©b wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ MvÜx wLjvdZ Av‡›`vjb‡K mg_©b K‡ib Ges †K›`ªxq wLjvdZ KwgwUi m`m¨ nb| 1920 mv‡ji gvSvgvwS mg‡q wLjvdZ Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖwZ MvÜxi mg_©‡bi wewbg‡q wLjvdZ †bZ…e„›` MvÜxi Awnsm Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡b GKvZ¥Zv †cvlY K‡ib|

Gfv‡e fvi‡Z weªwUk kvm‡bi weiæ‡× wn›`y I gymwjg m¤cÖ`vq GKwU mw¤§wjZ d«›U M‡o †Zv‡j| Z‡e 1920 mv‡j 18 nvRvi gymwjg K…l‡Ki AÂj Z¨vM, 1921 mv‡j `w¶Y fvi‡Z †gvcjv we‡`ªvn, 1922 mv‡ji †deªæqvwi‡Z ga¨cÖ‡`‡ki †PŠwi-†PŠiv‡Z D”Q…•Lj RbZv KZ©…K GKwU _vbv‡Z Av¸b jvMv‡bv Ges Zv‡Z 22Rb cywj‡ki g„Zzï NUbvi ciciB MvÜx Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb cÖZ¨vnvi K‡ib| AvZvZz‡K©i †bZ…‡Z¡ Zzi‡¯‹ kw³kvjx †mKz¨jvi iv‡óªi wfwË cÖwZwôZ n‡j GB Av‡›`vjb eÜ n‡q hvq| †gv¯Ídv Kvgv‡ji KÆi †mKz¨jvi Av‡›`vjb, wMÖK evwnbxi weiæ‡× Zvi weRq, 1922 mv‡ji b‡f¤î gv‡m mvjZvbv‡Zi wejywß, 1923 mv‡ji A‡±vei gv‡m Zzi‡¯‹i cÖRvZ‡š¿ iƒcvšÍi Ges 1924 mv‡ji gvP© gv‡m wLjvd‡Zi wejywß NU‡j 1924 mv‡j G AÂ‡j wLjvdZ Av‡›`vj‡bi cwimgvwß N‡U| cÖRvZvwš¿K Zzi‡¯‹i ev¯ÍeZv Av‡MB D‡jøL K‡iwQ, 636 eQ‡ii †MŠie¾¡j Dmgvwb wLjvdZ 1924 mv‡j AvZvZz‡K©i nvZ w`‡q wejywß N‡U| wKš‘ cÖkœ †_‡K hvq, †h wLjvdZ `ywbqvi wZb gnv‡`k‡K my›ìfv‡e K‡qK kZvãx a‡i kvmb K‡i‡Q, Zv‡ì Af¨šÍ‡i ¯^qs myjZvb KZ©…K ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb KZUzKz cÖ‡qvRb wQj? GB ms¯‹vi †Kb e¨_© n‡qwQj? wKsev RbM‡Yi GKvsk †MŠi‡ei GB wLjvd‡Zi cwie‡Z© RvZxqZvev`x wPšÍvi Av‡jv‡K cÖRvZvwš¿K Zzi‡¯‹i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Abyfe K‡iwQj †Kb? wbtm‡›`‡n GB cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi h‡_ó ZK©-weZK© wKsev Av‡jvPbvi `vwe iv‡L| cÖ_gZ, wLjvd‡Z `xN© mgq †hvM¨Zvi gvcKvwV‡Z DËvwaKvi wbe©vwPZ nIqvi cwie‡Z© ivRZvwš¿K wbq‡g A‡hvM¨ Lwjdv g‡bvbxZ nIqvi Kvi‡Y wLjvdZ Zvi Av`‡k©i RvqMv †_‡K wKQzUv m‡i Avmvq mgMÖ `ywbqvq Zv‡ì weRq Awfhvb gyL _ye‡o c‡owQj| 1566 mv‡j myjZvb myjvBgv‡bi g„Zzï ci MZvbyMwZK avivq Pjgvb wLjvdZ AvaywbK mgiv¯¿, A_©bxwZ I wk¶vq wcwQ‡q civq 1789 mv‡j A‡bKUv eva¨ n‡q ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb ïiæ K‡iwQj| wØZxqZ, 1789 mv‡j divwm wecø‡ei †XD Dmgvwb wLjvd‡Zi RbMY I kvmK Dfq †kÖwY‡K AvK…ó K‡i| cvkvcvwk cvðv‡Zï Áv‡bi g~j ¯Í¤¢ wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ GbjvBU‡g›U-Gi weKvk wLjvd‡Zi wkw¶Z Rb‡Mvôxi gvbwmK cwieZ©b K‡i †d‡j| d‡j ¯^qs kvmK‡kÖwY divwm wecø‡ei Av`‡k© AbycÖvwYZ n‡q ZiæY‡ì ivRbxwZ, K‚UbxwZ, mgibxwZ, wk¶v, wPwKrmvq G·cvU© n‡q wLjvd‡Z f‚wgKv ivLvi Rb¨ BD‡iv‡c cvVvq| Z…qxqZ, BD‡iv‡ci wewfbœ †`‡k wk¶v MÖnYKvix GB wkw¶Z Rb‡Mvôx GK ch©v‡q Dbœq‡bi bv‡g wLjvdZwegyL n‡q c‡o Ges cwðgv †`k¸‡jvi mn‡hvwMZvq cÖRvZvwš¿K Zzi‡¯‹i `vwe‡Z msweavb cÖYqb Ges Ab¨vb¨ KvR GwM‡q wb‡q GK ch©v‡q myjZvb‡ì Zv‡ì A‡bKUv cyZz‡j cwiYZ K‡i|

GKgvÎ ivR‰bwZK `j wmGBPwci hvÎv 1923 mv‡ji 9 †m‡Þ¤î AvZvZz‡K©i †bZ…‡Z¡ wmGBPwc (RygwnwiqvZ nvé cvwU©wm) ev ZvwK©k wicvewjK cvwU© cÖwZwôZ nq| KvgvwjRg I mvgvwRK MYZ‡š¿ wek¦vmx `jwU 1965 mv‡ji ci wb‡R‡ì evgcš’x wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ K‡i †Zv‡j| cÖwZôvi ci †_‡K 1946 ch©šÍ Zzi‡¯‹i GKgvÎ `j wn‡m‡e Zviv ¶gZvq wQj Ges †mLv‡b Ab¨ †Kv‡bv `j MVb wbwl× wQj| kvmb wefv‡M †cÖwm‡W›U †_‡K ïiæ K‡i mK‡jB wQj wmGBPwci †jvKRb| `‡ji cÖv‡`wkK mfvcwZ n‡Zb D³ cÖ‡`‡ki Mfb©i, †Rjv mfvcwZ n‡Zv †Rjv cÖkvmK| Gfv‡eB mKj ch©v‡q wmGBPwci †jv‡Kiv GKKfv‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb KiZ| `jwUi †bZ…‡Z¡ wQj h_vµ‡g 1923-38 ch©šÍ Kvgvj AvZvZzK©, 1938-1972 ch©šÍ BmgZ Bbyby, 1972-1980 ey‡j›U GRwfZ, 1992-2010 †`wbR evBKvj Ges 2010 †_‡K eZ©gvb ch©šÍ Kvgvj wKwjm`vDjy| 1980 mv‡ji mvgwiK Kz¨Õi ci Zzi‡¯‹ mKj ivR‰bwZK `j wbwl× n‡j wmGBPwci Abymvixiv wZbwU `j (ccywj÷ cvwU©, †mvk¨vj †W‡gv‡µwm cvwU© I evg cvwU©) MVb K‡i| AvZvZz‡K©i ms¯‹vimg~n AvZvZzK© ÿgZvi c~Y© wbqš¿Y wb‡qB Zvi Avmj †Pnviv cÖKvk Ki‡Z ïiæ Ki‡jb| Zzgyj RbwcÖqZv‡K cyuwR K‡i Dmgvwb mvjZvbv‡Zi bvg-wbkvbv gy‡Q †Ìqvi Av‡qvRb ïiæ n‡jv| gymwjg RvwZmËv‡KI gy‡Q w`‡Z PvB‡jb| AvZvZzK© bZzb Zzi¯‹ MV‡bi bv‡g wKQz ms¯‹vi Kvh©µg nv‡Z †bb| ivR‰bwZK ms¯‹vi : Dmgvwb wLjvd‡Zi ag©xq †PZbv I HwZn¨ `~i Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ AvZvZzK© †ek wKQz †gŠwjK cÖvwZôvwbK ms¯‹vi mvab K‡ib| Dmgvwb Avg‡ji wØ-K¶ wewkó msm‡ì cwie‡Z© GK`jxq eë¯’vi GKK¶ wewkó msm` Pvjy K‡i| Dmgvwb Avg‡ji ag©xq m¤cÖ`vq wgjøvZ eë¯’vi gva¨‡g Zv‡ì †bZ…Z¡ wbe©vPb KiZ, Kvgvj AvZvZzK© Zv evwZj K‡i ag©wbi‡c¶ KZ©…c¶ Z_v wmGBPwci wbqš¿‡Y wb‡q Av‡mb| 1930 mv‡j ¯’vbxq wbe©vP‡b bvwi‡ì †fvUvwaKvi Ges 1934 mv‡j RvZxq wbe©vP‡b bvix‡ì †fvUvwaKvi cÖ`vb K‡ib| d‡j 1935 mv‡j AbywôZ RvZxq wbe©vP‡b 18 Rb bvix wbe©vwPZ nq|

mvgvwRK ms¯‹vi : Dmgvwb mvgvwRK eë¯’vi ag©xq cÖfve `~i Kivi wbwg‡Ë 1925 mv‡j mKj ag©xq †cvkvK wbwl× K‡i AvaywbK †cvkvK cwiav‡bi wb‡`©k †Ìqv nq| n¨vUj cwieZ©b K‡i cvMwoi e`‡j n¨vUK¨vc cwiav‡bi wb‡`©k †Ìqv nq| Ijvgv‡ì Svo-dzuK wbwl× K‡i Wv³vi‡ì ¯’jvwfwl³ Kiv nq| eûweevn †jvc, bvix‡ì wW‡fvm© †Ìqvi AwaKvi †Ìqv nq| 1929 mv‡j Zzi‡¯‹ cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv my›ìx cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi Av‡qvRb Kiv nq| 1930 mv‡j wgm BDwbfvm© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq Ask †bIqvi Rb¨ Zzi‡¯‹i cÖwZwbwa wiI wW †Rwb‡iv‡Z cvVv‡bv nq| ag©xq ms¯‹vi : Zzi‡¯‹i m‡e©v”P ag©xq †bZvi c` we‡jvc, ag© gš¿Yvjq, mKj g³e I gv`ªvmv‡K we‡jvc mvab K‡i mvaviY wk¶vi Awa‡b †bIqv nq| 1926 mv‡j Bmjvwg K¨v‡jÛv‡ii cwie‡Z© BD‡ivcxq K¨v‡jÛvi Pvjy Kiv nq| miKvwi-†emiKvwi fe‡bi m¤§y‡L mKj ag©xq evYx gy‡Q †djvi wb‡`©k †Ìqv nq| 1928 mv‡j ivóª ag© †_‡K Bmjvg‡K ev` †Ìqv nq Ges mKj cÖKvi Bmjvwg AvBb-Kvbyb evwZj Kiv nq| 1928 mv‡ji 1 b‡f¤î Aviwe ni‡di cwie‡Z© ZzwK© nid Pvjy Kiv nq| 1932 mv‡j ZzwK© fvlvq KziAvb Abyev` Kiv nq| 1933 mv‡j gmwR`mg~‡n ZzwK© fvlvq AvRvb I bvgv‡Ri wb‡`©k †Ìqv nq| 1935 mv‡j mvßvwnK QzwU ïµev‡ii cwie‡Z© iweevi Kiv nq| mKj cÖKvi Gj‡Kvnj gymjgvb‡ì Rb¨ D¤§y³ K‡i †Ìqv nq| AvZvZz‡K©I wewfbœ ms¯‹v‡ii ga¨ me‡P‡q Av‡jvwPZ wQj Avviwe fvlvq KziAvvb, AvRvb I bvgvR wbwl×KiY| Zzi‡¯‹i mvaviY RbMb †g‡b wb‡Z bv cvi‡jI miKvwi evwnbxi f‡q Pzc _vK‡Z eva¨ wQ‡jb| wk¶v ms¯‹vi : Zzi‡¯‹i wk¶veë¯’v‡K ag©xq cÖfvegy³ Ki‡Z weevagvb mKj wk¶veë¯’v‡K wk¶v gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡b wb‡q Avmv nq| myBm Aa¨vcK W±i g¨vj‡ki †bZ…‡Z¡ Zzi‡¯‹i D”P wk¶v ms¯‹v‡ii cwiKíbv cÖYqb Kiv nq| B¯Ívš^yj wek¦we`¨vj‡q wPwKrmv Abyl` Ges 20 Rb we‡`wk cÖ‡dmi wb‡qvM †Ìqv nq| 1935 mv‡j ZzwK© G_‡jU‡ì c¨vivmywUs-Gi cÖwk¶Y †Ìqvi Rb¨ ivwkqv †_‡K cÖwk¶K Avbv nq| cÖPzi cwigv‡Y bZzb ¯‹zj K‡jR cÖwZôv Kiv nq Ges wk¶K‡ì wmGBPwci g‡Zv ivR‰bwZK `‡ji cÖPviYvq Ask wb‡Z c`‡¶c †bIqv nq| we‡ivax`‡ji hvÎv I wejywß 1924 mv‡j AvZvZz‡K©i wKQz Abymvix KvwRg Kviv‡ewKi, Avwj dzqv` I ivDd Dievq ÔcÖ‡MÖwmf wicvewjKvb cvwU©Õ MVb K‡i| wKš‘ 1925 mv‡ji 5 Ryb AvZvZz‡K©i weiæ‡× we‡`ªv‡ni Avk¼v I nZ¨vKv‡Ði Awf‡hv‡M `jwU‡K wbwl× Kiv nq| `jwUi cÖwZôvZv‡ì gvk©vj †Kv‡U© wePvi Kiv nq| AvZvZz‡K©i Aci eÜz `jwUi mn-mfvcwZ Ges d«v‡Ýi mv‡eK

ivóª`~Z Avwj †dwZn IKvqvi AvZvZz‡K©i civg‡k© ag©wbi‡c¶Zv I cÖRvZš¿ g~jbxwZ‡K AšÍfz©³ †i‡L 1930 mv‡ji 12 AvM÷ Ôwjev‡ij cvwU©Õ ev Ômvi‡e÷ wdiKv cvwU©Õ MVb K‡ib| wKš‘ Aí mg‡q `jwUi RbwcÖqZv e„w×, BRwgi mgv‡e‡k miKvi we‡ivax †køvMvb, ¯’vbxq †cŠi wbe©vP‡b 30wU †cŠimfvq Rq cvIqv Ges ¯’vbxq wbe©vP‡b wmGBPwc KZ©…K †fvU KviPzwci Awf‡hvM G‡b mgv‡jvPbv Kivi Kvi‡Y 1930 mv‡ji 16 b‡f¤î gvÎ wZb gvm QvweŸm w`‡bi gv_vq `jwU‡K wbwl× Kiv nq| Gici 1946 mvj ch©šÍ Zzi‡¯‹ Avi †Kv‡bv ivR‰bwZK `‡ji Kvh©µg‡K AbygwZ †Ìqv nqwb| KvgvwjRg hLb gZev` 1930 mv‡j KvgvwjRg‡K GKwU ivR‰bwZK gZev` wn‡m‡e cwiYZ Kiv nq| AvZvZz‡K©i ivóª I `j cwiPvjbvi bxwZmg~n Ges ms¯‹vi‡K KvgvwjR‡gi g~jbxwZ wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kiv nq| cÖRvZš¿ev` (Republicanism), RvZxqZvev` (Nationalism), ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev` (Secularism), MYev` (Populism), ivóªxq KZ©…Z¡ev` (Statism) Ges wecøeev`‡K (Revolutionism) 1931 mv‡j cvwU©i ey‡jwU‡b cÖ_g Qvcv‡bv nq, hv g~jZ KvgvwjRg wn‡m‡e cÖwZwôZ nq| Kzw`©m †bZv‡ì duvwm Dmgvwb wLjvd‡Zi `xN© mg‡q Kzw`© mgm¨v †`Lv hvqwb| wKš‘ ¯^vaxb Zzi‡¯‹i ïiæ‡ZB AvZvZz‡K©i KÆi RvZxqZvev`x ZvwK©k RvwZ MV‡bi avivevwnKZvq 1925 mv‡ji †deªæqvwi gv‡m Kzw`©k †bZv †kL mvB‡ì †bZ…‡Z¡ cÖvq c‡b‡iv nvRvi we‡`ªvnx ¯^vaxb Kzw`©¯’v‡bi `vwe‡Z w`qvievwKi Ges gvw`©b cÖ‡`k `Lj K‡i †bq| ZvwK©k †mbvevwnbx Zv k³ nv‡Z `gb K‡i 1925 mv‡ji 29 Ryb †kL mvB` Ges Zuvi Abymvix‡ì duvwm‡Z †`q| 1927 mv‡j †kL mvB‡ì †Qv‡Uv fvB †kL Avãyi ingvb Zzi‡¯‹i M¨vwimb, gvjvwZqv, †e½j Ges GiRyiæg cÖ‡`k `Lj K‡i wb‡j 1929 mv‡ji ga¨ Zzi‡¯‹i †mbvevwnbx Zv‡ì cy‡ivcywi `gb K‡ib| 1927 mv‡j †Rbv‡ij Bnmvb bywi cvkvi †bZ…‡Z¡ Avqwi cÖ‡`‡k we‡`ªvn ïiæ nq| `xN© mgq a‡i GB we‡`ªvn Pjvi ci 1931 mv‡j ZvwK©k †mbvevwnbx Zv `gb K‡i| Zzi‡¯‹i miKv‡ii me‡P‡q fqsKi Awfhvb wQj 1939 mv‡j Zzi‡¯‹i Zzb‡Rwj cÖ‡`‡k| GB Awfhv‡b wegvb nvgjvq cÖvq †Pv‡Ïv nvRvi we‡`ªvnx Ges mvaviY RbZv wbnZ nq| AvZvZz‡K©i cvwjZ Kb¨v mvwenv †MvK‡Pb GB nvgjvi †bZ…Z¡ †`b|

AvZvZz‡K©i GK`jxq kvmbvg‡ji ciivóªbxwZ mywekvj Dmgvwb wLjvd‡Z we‡`wk iv‡óªi n¯Í‡¶‡ci Zzjbvq ¯^vaxb ÿz`ª Zzi‡¯‹ we‡`wk n¯Í‡¶c A‡bK Kg wQj| jyRvb Pzw³i c~e© ch©šÍ AvZvZzK© mvnmxKZvi cwiPq w`‡jI Zvi DËim~wiiv †mB avivevwnKZv i¶v Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| Zzi¯‹-wMÖm m¤úK© : Zzi‡¯‹ Ae¯’vbiZ wMÖK wLªóvb‡ì wMÖ‡m cÖZ¨veZ©b Ges wMÖ‡m Ae¯’vbiZ ZvwK©m‡ì Zzi‡¯‹ †diZ Avb‡Z 1925 mv‡j †deªæqvwi gv‡m GK Pzw³ ¯^v¶wiZ nq| G QvovI `yB †`‡ki m¤úK© Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ 1930 mv‡ji GwcÖj gv‡m Av‡iKwU Pzw³ ¯^v¶wiZ nq| Pzw³i ci Dfq †`‡ki cÖavbgš¿xiv AvsKviv Ges G‡_Ý ågY K‡i| G Qvov `yB †`‡ki mxgvbv msµvšÍ mgm¨v¸‡jvI mgvavb Kiv nq| Zzi¯‹-d«vÝ m¤úK© : Av‡jKRv‡›`ªqv eZ©gv‡b Zzi‡¯‹i nvZvB cÖ‡`k bv‡g cwiwPZ| 1921 mv‡ji d«¼wjb-eDjb Pzw³ Abyhvqx Av‡jKRvw›`ªqvq 40% d«vÝ-Zzi¯‹ we‡kl kvmbeë¯’v Pvjy nq| 1936 mv‡j d«vÝ Av‡jKRv‡›`ªqvmn wmwiqvi ¯^vaxbZv †g‡b wb‡j d«v‡Ýi mv‡_ m¤úK© cybivq Lvivc nq| 1938 mv‡ji 3 RyjvB Av‡jKRv‡›`ªqvq d«vÝ-Zzi¯‹ †hŠ_ ˆmb¨ †gvZvqb nq Ges fwel¨‡Z MY‡fv‡Ui gva¨‡g Zv‡ì fvM¨ wba©vi‡Yi wm×všÍ nq| 1938 mv‡ji †m‡Þ¤î gv‡m Av‡jKRvw›`ªqv ev nvZvB wb‡q we‡kl MY‡fv‡U Zzi‡¯‹i c‡¶ †ewki fvM †fvU civq Zv Zzi‡¯‹i Aax‡b P‡j Av‡m| 1939 mv‡ji 23 Ryb Zzi¯‹-d«vÝ GK AbvµgY Pzw³‡Z ¯^v¶i K‡i| wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i mgq d«vÝ Zzi¯‹‡K hy× †_‡K weiZ ivLvi †Póv K‡i| Zzi¯‹ wb‡RivI Gmgq we‡`wk kw³i AvµgY †_‡K †`k‡K i¶vq KvR K‡iwQj| Zzi¯‹-ivwkqvi m¤úK© : 1925 mv‡j Zzi¯‹-ivwkqv `k eQ‡ii ˆgÎx Pzw³ K‡i Ges 1935 mv‡j cuvP eQi †gqvw` wkí cwiKíbv K‡i| Z‡e wØZxq wek¦hy× Ges Zzi‡¯‹i cwðgv we‡k¦i mv‡_ m¤ú‡K©vbœq‡bi d‡j m¤úK© wKQzUv kxZj n‡q hvq| 1939 mv‡j AvZvZz‡K©i g„Zzï ci Zvi DËim~wi BmgZ Bbyby †mB m¤úK© Ae¨vnZ iv‡L| Z‡e d«vÝ I weª‡U‡bi mv‡_ 15 eQi †gqvw` Pzw³i d‡j ivwkqv h‡_ó gbt¶yYœ nq| 1925 mvj †_‡K P‡j Avmv ivwkqv-Zzi¯‹ ˆgÎx Pzw³ 1945 mv‡j †gqv` †kl n‡j Zv Avi bevqb nqwb| 1946 mv‡j ivwkqv Zzi‡¯‹i Ôgb‡Uª· †÷ªBUm Kb‡fbkbÕ ms‡kva‡bi `vwe Rvbvq, wKš‘ Zzi¯‹ Zv cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i| GB `vwei gva¨‡g ivwkqv Zzi‡¯‹i cÖYvjx¸‡jvi †hŠ_ wbqš¿Y I cÖwZi¶vi `vwe K‡iwQj| 1946 mv‡j Zzi‡¯‹i KwgDwb÷cš’x 70 †bZvKg©x †MÖdZvi n‡j ivwkqv-Zzi¯‹ m¤úK© AviI wbgœMvgx nq Ges 1947 mv‡j GB m¤úK© me©wbgœ we›`y‡Z †cuŠ‡Q hvq| Zzi¯‹-Bsj¨vÛ m¤úK© : cÖ_g wek¦hy‡× weª‡U‡bi Zzi¯‹we‡ivax f‚wgKv, 1919 mv‡j Zzi‡¯‹i weiæ‡× wMÖm‡K mg_©b, Zzi‡¯‹ Ae¯’vbiZ msL¨vjNy Kzw`©m‡ì c¶vej¤^b, weªwUk‡ì mnvqZvq

Avie AÂ‡ji we‡`ªvn, Av‡g©wbqv‡ì mg_©b, B¯Ívš^y‡j weªwUk ˆm‡bï `Lj`vwiZ¡, gmyj wb‡q Dfq †`‡ki gZv‰bK¨mn A‡bK¸‡jv Bmy¨‡Z `yB †`‡ki ciivóªwelqK m¤úK© fv‡jv wQj bv| 1926 mv‡ji 5 Ryb weª‡Ub-Zzi‡¯‹i ga¨ m¤úvw`Z Pzw³ Abyhvqx Zzi¯‹ gmy‡ji `vwe cwiZ¨vM K‡i Ges weª‡Ub gmy‡ji 10% ˆZj Zzi¯‹‡K cÖ`vb Ki‡Z ivwR nq| 1929 mv‡j weªwUk iYZwi B¯Ívš^y‡j ï‡f”Qvmdi Ki‡j Dfq †`‡ki kÎæZv eÜz‡Z¡ iƒc †bq| Bsj¨v‡Ûi ivRv 6ô R‡R©i Awf‡lK Abyôv‡b cÖavbgš¿x BmgZ Bbyby †hvM †`b| 1938 mv‡ji 27 †g weª‡Ub-Zzi¯‹ wZbwU Pzw³‡Z ¯^v¶i K‡i| 1942 mv‡j weªwUk gwš¿mfv Zzi¯‹‡K wgÎkw³i c‡¶ hy× Kiv‡bvi bxwZMZ wm×všÍ †bq Ges Zzi‡¯‹i mv‡_ avivevwnKfv‡e Av‡jvPbv Pvwj‡q Pvq| 1943 mv‡j Zzi¯‹ wgÎkw³i c‡¶ hy× Ges Zzi‡¯‹i wegvbNvwU eënv‡ii AbygwZi e¨vcv‡i Avkvev` e¨³ Ki‡jI Rvg©vwbi wegvb nvgjvi Avk¼vq †kl ch©šÍ wØZxq wek¦hy‡× †Kv‡bv c‡¶B Ae¯’vb †bqwb| Zzi¯‹-Rvg©vb m¤úK© : Dmgvwb wLjvd‡Zi †kl mgq n‡ZB Rvg©vb-Zzi‡¯‹i A_©‰bwZK, mvgwiK I K‚U‰bwZK m¤úK© A‡bK fv‡jv wQj| cÖ_g wek¦hy‡× civR‡qi ci ci¯ú‡ii gv‡S wKQz Awf‡hvM, cvjUv Awf‡hvM _vK‡jI Zv m¤ú‡K© †Qu` aivqwb| cÖRvZvwš¿K Zzi‡¯‹i hvÎv ïiæi ci †gv¯Ídv Kvgvj AvZvZz‡K©i AvnŸv‡b A‡bK Rvg©vb Aa¨vcK, Wv³vi, wbg©vY cÖwZôv‡bi we‡klÁmn wewfbœ †m±‡ii we‡klÁiv G‡m Zzi¯‹ MV‡b KvR K‡i| 1930 mv‡j Rvg©vb-Zzi‡¯‹i cY¨ wewbgq Pzw³i d‡j Zzi‡¯‹i wKQz cY¨ AvšÍR©vwZK evRv‡ii †P‡q †ewk gy‡j¨ Rvg©vwb‡Z wewµ KiZ| Rvg©vb-Zzi‡¯‹i GB m¤úK© wnUjvi ¶gZvq Avmv ch©šÍ h_vh_fv‡e Pj‡Z _v‡K| wKš‘ ejKvb AÂ‡j BZvwji AvMÖvmx bxwZi cÖwZ Rvg©vwbi mg_©b Ges weª‡Ub-d«v‡Ýi mv‡_ Zzi‡¯‹i wgÎZvi d‡j m¤ú‡K© wKQzUv dvUj a‡i| 1939 mv‡j wnUjvi d«vÄ‡fvb cv‡cb‡K ivóª`~Z K‡i Zzi‡¯‹ cvVvb| d«vÄ‡fvb cv‡cb 1939-1940 mv‡j Zzi¯‹‡K weª‡Ub-d«v‡Ýi ˆgÎx n‡Z weiZ ivLvi e¨vcv‡i KvR K‡i, 1941-1943 mvj ch©šÍ Dfq †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK, ivR‰bwZK I mvgwiK m¤úK© cÖwZôvi e¨vcv‡i KvR K‡i Ges 1944 mv‡j Zzi¯‹‡K wØZxq wek¦hy‡× †hvM`vb †_‡K weiZ ivLvi e¨vcv‡i KvR K‡i| 1941 mv‡j Rvg©vb-Zzi‡¯‹i ga¨ wØcvw¶K Pzw³ ¯^v¶wiZ nq| Gi d‡j Rvg©vb-Zzi‡¯‹i ga¨ w`‡q Avie AÂ‡ji †`k¸‡jv‡Z c‡Yï cvkvcvwk †Mvc‡b hy×mvgMÖx I ˆmb¨ cvVvZ| Zzi¯‹ Gmgq AwaK g~‡j¨ Rvg©vwb‡Z B¯úvZ ˆZwii Dcv`vb †µvg ißvwb KiZ| 1942 mv‡ji ci Rvg©vb †mbvevwnbx wek¦e¨vcx `ye©j n‡q c‡o| 1944 mv‡ji 20 GwcÖj Zzi¯‹ †µvg ißvwb eÜ K‡i †`q| 15 Ryb Zzi‡¯‹i cÖYvjx w`‡q Rvg©vb †bŠ PjvPj eÜ K‡i †`q| AZtci 1944 mv‡ji 2 AvM÷ Rvg©vb-Zzi‡¯‹i K‚U‰bwZK m¤úK© wQbœ n‡q hvq|

AvZvZzK©-Bbybyi Ø›Ø ¯^vaxbZvi ci †_‡K 1937 mvj ch©šÍ Zzi‡¯‹i †cÖwm‡W›U wn‡m‡e AvZvZzK© Ges cÖavbgš¿x wn‡m‡e BmgZ Bbyby `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i G‡m‡Q| wKš‘ AvZvZz‡K©i kvixwiK Ae¯’vi AebwZi ìæb wZwb `j I †`‡ki g~j KvR¸‡jv BmgZ Bbybyi nv‡Z Ac©Y K‡ib| wKš‘ Bbyby avivevwnKfv‡e AvZvZz‡K©i civgk©‡K Agvb¨ Kivq `yB cÖfvekvjx e¨w³i ga¨ Ø›Ø ïiæ nq| GK ch©v‡q 1937 mv‡j BmgZ Bbyby c`Z¨vM Ki‡Z eva¨ nb| BmgZ Bbybyi cwie‡Z© †Rjvj †eqvi‡K cÖavbgš¿x Kiv nq| AvZvZz‡K©i B‡šÍKvj AvZvZzK© Zvi Rxe‡bi †kl mgq¸‡jv‡Z ivóªxq Kv‡Ri cwie‡Z© Mí-¸Re I AvÇv wb‡q †ewk e¨¯Í _vK‡Zb| 1937 mv‡j AvZvZzK© nv‡U©i †iv‡M AvµvšÍ nb| †mBm‡½ A¯^vfvweK cwigv‡Y g`¨cv‡bi Kvi‡Y Zvi kvixwiK Ae¯’v µ‡gB Lviv‡ci w`‡K P‡j hvq| 1938 mv‡j cwiw¯’wZ AviI Lvivc AvKvi aviY Ki‡j wZwb Avov‡j P‡j hvb Ges RxeÏkvi †kl mgq¸‡jv B¯Ívš^y‡ji `jgv evn‡Pwj‡Z KvUvb| 1938 mv‡ji 10 b‡f¤î wZwb B‡šÍKvj K‡ib| BmgZ Bbybyi cybivq ¶gZvqb Kvgvj AvZvZz‡K©i g„Zzï GKw`b ci 11 b‡f¤î 1938 mv‡j BmgZ Bbyby msm` m`m¨‡ì †fv‡U †cÖwm‡W›U wbe©vwPZ nb| BmgZ Bbyby QvovI †Rjvj †eqvi, †dewR PvKgvK, †dwZn IqvKBqvi, w¯úKvi Avãyj nvwjK‡ib`v †cÖwm‡W›U cÖv_x wn‡m‡e cÖwZØw›ØZv K‡ib| wKš‘ BmgZ Bbyby Ges AvZvZz‡K©i Kv‡Qi †jvK wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ †Rjvj †eqvi wQj g~j cÖwZØ›Øx| BmgZ Bbyby `xN©w`b AvZvZz‡K©i mv‡_ cÖavbgš¿x wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i‡Qb| AvZvZz‡K©i Kv‡Qi †jvK‡ì m‡½ Zvi m¤úK© Lvivc _vK‡jI msm` m`m¨‡ì †fvU Ges †mbvevwnbxi mg_©‡b wZwb Zzi¯‹ RvwZi wØZxq †cÖwm‡W›U Ges wmGBPwci cÖavb wn‡m‡e wbe©vwPZ nb| wØZxq wek¦hy× gvbe mf¨Zvi BwZnv‡m me‡P‡q fqven hy× wQj wØZxq wek¦hy× (1939-1945)| hy‡× wgÎkw³ wn‡m‡e †mvwfqZ BDwbqb, hy³ivóª, Pxb, d«vÝ, †cvjvÛ, KvbvWv, A‡óªwjqv, hyM¯øvwfqvmn †ek wKQz ivóª †RvU †eu‡awQj| Aciw`‡K A¶kw³‡Z MuvU †eu‡awQj wnUjv‡ii †bZ…‡Z¡ Rvg©vb, gymwjwbi †bZ…‡Z¡ BZvwj, Rvcvb, nv‡½wi, †ivgvwbqv I eyj‡Mwiqv| cÖ_g wek¦hy‡×i fqvenZv Ges civRq cÖZ¨¶ K‡i Zzi‡¯‹ †Kv‡bv c‡¶B Ae¯’vb †bqwb| Z‡e Zzi‡¯‹i GB wbi‡c¶ Ae¯’v‡bi Kvi‡Y `yB c¶B wKQzUv wei³ wQj| Dfq c‡¶i mv‡_ êix

m¤úK© P‚ovšÍ iƒc †bIqvi Av‡MB Zzi¯‹ wewfbœ Avk¦vm cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i fqvenZv †_‡K wb‡R‡ì i¶v K‡iwQj| AvbyôvwbK MYZ‡š¿i hvÎv wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i ci e‡ov e‡ov ˆ¯îkvmK Ges GKbvqKZ‡š¿i cwieZ©‡bi †XD Zzi‡¯‹I G‡m jv‡M| Zzi‡¯‹ `xN© 25 eQi a‡i Pjv AMYZvwš¿K GK`jxq kvm‡b RbMY AwZó n‡q c‡owQj| 1944 mv‡j 1 b‡f¤î BmgZ Bbyby msm`xq MYZš¿ c×wZi c‡¶ gZ †`b Ges 1945 mv‡ji 19 †g MYZ‡š¿i weKv‡ki cÖwZkÖæwZ †`b| wKš‘ c‡i Zv ev¯Íevqb bv Kivq cvwU©i Pvi wmwbqi †bZvÑ †Rjvj †eqvi 1945 mv‡ji 17 †m‡Þ¤^‡i Avi Av`bvb †g‡›`‡im, †iwdK †KvivjZvb Ges dzqv` Kciæj 27 †m‡Þ¤î msm` †_‡K c`Z¨vM K‡ib| 1 b‡f¤î 1945 Bbyby eû`jxq eë¯’vq wbe©vP‡bi †NvlYv w`‡j 7 Rvbyqvwi 1946 †Rjvj †eqvi Ges Av`bvb †g‡›`‡i‡mi †bZ…‡Z¡ Ô†W‡gv‡µwUK cvwU©Õ-Gi hvÎv ïiæ nq| 1945 †_‡K 1950 mvj ch©šÍ Zzi‡¯‹ me©‡gvU 23wU ivR‰bwZK `‡ji Rb¥ nq| Zzi‡¯‹i ivRbxwZ‡Z wmGBPwci Ae¯’vb 1923 mv‡ji 9 †m‡Þ¤î AvZvZz‡K©i †bZ…‡Z¡ wmGBPwc (RygwnwiqvZ nvé cvwU©wm) ev ZvwK©k wicvewjK cvwU© cÖwZwôZ nq| KvgvwjRg I mvgvwRK MYZ‡š¿ wek¦vmx `jwU 1965 mv‡ji ci wb‡R‡ì evgcš’x wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ K‡i †Zv‡j| cÖwZôvi ci †_‡K 1946 ch©šÍ Zzi‡¯‹i GKgvÎ `j wn‡m‡e Zviv ¶gZvq wQj, †hLv‡b Ab¨ †Kv‡bv `j MVb wQj m¤ú~Y© wbwl×| kvmb wefv‡M †cÖwm‡W›U †_‡K ïiæ K‡i mK‡jB wQ‡jb wmGBPwci †jvKRb| `‡ji cÖv‡`wkK mfvcwZ D³ cÖ‡`‡k Mfb©i, †Rjv mfvcwZ †Rjv cÖkvmK wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Zb| Gfv‡e mKj ch©v‡q wmGBPwci †jv‡Kiv GKKfv‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Zb| `jwUi †bZ…‡Z¡ h_vµ‡g 1923-38 ch©šÍ Kvgvj AvZvZzK©, 1938-1972 ch©šÍ BmgZ Bbyby, 1972-1980 ey‡j›U GRwfZ, †`wbR evBKvj 1992-2010, 2010–eZ©gvb mgq ch©šÍ Kvgvj wKwjm`vDjy| 1980 mv‡ji mvgwiK Kz¨Õi ci Zzi‡¯‹ mKj ivR‰bwZK `j wbwl× n‡j wmGBPwci Abymvixiv c„_K n‡q (ccywj÷cvwU©, †mvk¨vj †W‡gv‡µwm cvwU© I evg cvwU©) wZbwU `j MVb K‡i| wewfbœ wbe©vP‡b wmGBPwci djvdj 1923 mvj n‡Z wmGBPwc Zzi‡¯‹i ¶gZvq _vK‡jI Zviv †Kv‡bv wbe©vPb QvovB GKKfv‡e ¶gZvq Ask wb‡qwQj| 1946 mv‡j Zviv cÖ_g wbe©vPb †NvlYv K‡i wewfbœ `j‡K wbe©vP‡b Ask †bIqvi my‡hvM †`q|

Zzi‡¯‹i ivRbxwZi me‡P‡q cy‡iv‡bv ivR‰bwZK `j wmGBPwc GKvwaKevi fvO‡bi gy‡L c‡o| 1946 mv‡j wmGBPwci `yB †K›`ªxq †bZv `j †_‡K Avjv`v n‡q †W‡gv‡µwUK cvwU© MVb K‡i Uvbv wZbevi miKvi MVb K‡iwQj| 1980 mv‡ji Kz¨Õi ci wmGBPwci Abymvixiv wef³ n‡q ccywj÷ cvwU©, †mvk¨vj †W‡gv‡µwm cvwU© I evg cvwU© bv‡g wZbwU `j MVb K‡i| Zviv Avjv`vfv‡e msm` wbe©vP‡b Ask wb‡q 1999 mv‡ji wbe©vPb ch©šÍ Kg‡ewk Avm‡b weRqx n‡Zv| 2002 mvj n‡Z mKj `j I MÖæc AveviI †gvUv‡gvwU GK n‡q KvR ïiæ K‡i| wewfbœ mg‡q wmGBPwci `vwqZ¡cvÖ ß e¨w³eM© wmGBPwci cÖwZôvZv wQ‡jb Kvgvj AvZvZzK©| 1938 mv‡j Kvgvj AvZvZz‡K©i g„Zzï ci `xN© AvU `k‡K gvÎ PviRb e¨w³ †Pqvig¨vb wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| BmgZ Bbyby (1938-1972) : Zzi‡¯‹i KÆi †mKz¨jvi ivRbxwZ‡Z Kvgvj AvZvZz‡K©i ci me‡P‡q cÖfvekvjx ivRbxwZwe‡ì bvg gy¯Ídv BmgZ Bbyby| Zzi‡¯‹i mv‡eK GB wØZxq †cÖwm‡W›U I cÖ_g cÖavbgš¿x 1873 mv‡j BRwg‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| mvgwiK evwnbx‡Z †hvM`v‡bi ci 1910 mv‡j B‡q‡g‡b we‡`ªvn `g‡bi Rb¨ Zv‡K cvVv‡bv nq| 1912 mv‡j †mbvevwnbxi †gRi c‡` DËxY© nb| cÖ_g wek¦hy‡× K‡Kkvm AÂ‡j ivwkqvi weiæ‡× hy× K‡ib| 1916 mv‡ji 13 GwcÖj †gfwn‡e bvgK R‰bK gwnjv‡K weevn K‡ib| e¨w³ Rxe‡b wZwb wZb mšÍv‡bi RbK| 1920 mv‡j Kvgvj AvZvZz‡K©i `vIqv‡Z ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡g Ask wb‡q AvbvZvwjqvi cwðg d«‡›U `vwqZ¡cÖvß nb| Zzi‡¯‹i mvKvwiqv d«‡›U Amvgvb¨ exiZ¡c~Y© Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ Zv‡K ÔBbybyÕ Dcvax †Ìqv nq| hy‡×i ci Zzi‡¯‹i cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e jyRvb Pzw³i Kbdv‡i‡Ý †hvM`vb K‡ib| 1923-1937 mvj ch©šÍ Zzi‡¯‹i cÖavbgš¿x wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| 20 †m‡Þ¤î 1937 mv‡j AvZvZz‡K©i mv‡_ Ø‡›Øi Kvi‡Y cÖavbgš¿x †_‡K c`Z¨vM K‡ib| AvZvZz‡K©i g„Zzï GKw`b ci 1938 mv‡j 11 b‡f¤î Zzi‡¯‹i †cÖwm‡W›U wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡cvÖ ß nb| Zzi‡¯‹i ivRbxwZ‡Z Zvi me‡P‡q e‡ov Ae`vb n‡jv, wØZxq wek¦hy‡× Zzi¯‹‡K hy× †_‡K weiZ ivLv| 1961 mv‡j cybivq cÖavbgš¿x wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡cÖvß nb| 1973 mv‡ji 25 wW‡m¤î g„ZzëiY K‡ib| ey‡j›U GRwfZ (1972-1980) : gy¯Ívdv ey‡j›U GRwfZ 1924 mv‡ji 28 †g B¯Ívš^y‡j Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| 1974-2002 mvj ch©šÍ †gvU cuvP `dvq Zzi‡¯‹i cÖavbgš¿xi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| AvsKviv BDwbfvwm©wUi AvBb Ges BwZnvm wefv‡M Aa¨qb K‡ib| 1946-1950 mvj ch©šÍ jÛ‡b PvKwi K‡i †`‡k cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡ib Ges wmGBPwci cwÎKvq KvR ïiæ K‡ib| 1957 mv‡j ¯‹jviwkc wb‡q Av‡gwiKvi nvf©vW© BDwbfvwm©wU‡Z †mvk¨vj mvB‡KvjwR‡Z

8 gvm cov‡kvbv K‡ib| 1953 mv‡j wmGBPwci hye kvLvi †K›`ªxq m`m¨ wn‡m‡e KvR ïiæ K‡ib| 1957 mv‡j cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv msm` m`m¨ wbe©vwPZ nb| 1961 Ges 66 mv‡j cybivq Rj`vM †Rjv †_‡K Ggwc wbe©vwPZ nb| 1961 mv‡ji miKv‡i kÖggš¿x wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| 1966 mv‡j 42 eQi eq‡m wmGBPwci †K›`ªxq †m‡µUvwi wbe©vwPZ nb| 1972 mv‡j BmgZ Bbybyi Aem‡ii ci ey‡j›U GRwfZ wmGBPwci †K›`ªxq mfvcwZ wbe©vwPZ nb| 1973 mv‡j Zuvi †bZ…Z¡ wmGBPwc 33.3% †fvU †c‡q wbe©vP‡b weRqx n‡q bvRgywÏb GievKv‡bi mv‡_ miKvi MVb K‡ib| miKvi cÖavb _vKv Ae¯’vq 1974 mv‡j Zzi¯‹ DËi mvBcÖvm weRq Ki‡j Zuvi RbwcÖqZv †e‡o hvq| 1977 mv‡ji RvZxq wbe©vP‡b Zuvi †bZ…‡Z¡ wmGBPwc GKKfv‡e 41.4% †fvU †c‡q weRqx n‡jI GKKfv‡e miKvi MVb Ki‡Z e¨_© nq| 1980 mv‡ji Kz¨Õi ci ivRbxwZ‡Z wbwl× ey‡j›U GRwfZ 1987 mv‡j cybivq cÖKvk¨ ivRbxwZ ïiæ K‡ib| ivRbxwZ‡Z wbwl× _vKv Ae¯’vq Zuvi ¯¿x ivnkvb GRwfZ †W‡gv‡µwUK evg `‡ji cÖavb wQ‡jb| 1987 mv‡j Zuvi `j gvÎ 7 Avmb †c‡jI 1995 mv‡j 75 Avmb cvq| bvRgywÏb AvievKv‡bi miKvi‡K ¶gZv †_‡K nUv‡bvi ci ey‡j›U GRwfZ 1997 mv‡j †gmy` Bjgv‡Ri Dc-cÖavbgš¿x wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| 1999 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b Zuvi `j 136 Avm‡b weRqx nq Ges wZwb cÖavbgš¿x wbe©vwPZ n‡q 2002 mvj ch©šÍ `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| cÖavbgš¿x _vKv Ae¯’vq ey‡jšÍ GRwfZ Amy¯’ n‡q c‡ob Ges 2006 mv‡ji 5 b‡f¤^‡i g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib| wZwb ivRbxwZi cvkvcvwk A‡bK¸‡jv eB‡qiI †jLK wQ‡jb| 2012 mv‡j Gi‡`vqvb miKvi RsMj`vK Kv‡i‡qjgvm BDwbfvwm©wUi bvg cwieZ©b K‡i Zuvi bvgvbymv‡i Ôey‡j›U GRwfZ BDwbfvwm©wUÕ bvgKiY K‡ib| †`wbR evBKvj (1992-2010) : A¨vW‡fv‡KU †`wbR evBKvj 1938 mv‡j Zzi‡¯‹i AvbZvwjqv kn‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| 1959 mv‡j AvsKviv BDwbfvwm©wUi AvBb wefvM †_‡K MÖvRy‡qkb †kl K‡ib| GKB wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K 1963 mv‡j wcGBPwW m¤ú~Y© K‡i K‡qK eQi Av‡gwiKvi Kjw¤^qv BDwbfvwm©wU‡Z KvR K‡ib| 1960 mv‡j Av`bvb †g‡›`‡i‡mi weiæ‡× msNwUZ QvÎ Av‡›`vj‡b wZwb †bZ…Z¡ †`b| 1973 mv‡j AvbZvwjZv †_‡K cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv wmGBPwci msm` m`m¨ wbe©vwPZ nb Ges 1974 mv‡ji miKv‡i A_©gš¿x wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i| 1978 mv‡ji miKv‡ii GbvwR© gš¿x wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvb| 1980 mv‡ji Kz¨Õi ci wZwb †MÖdZvi nb| 1987 mv‡j cybivq ivRbxwZ‡Z wd‡i †mvk¨vj †W‡gv‡µwUK cvwU© †_‡K Ggwc wbe©vwPZ nb| 1988 mv‡j wZwb `‡ji †m‡µUvwi †Rbv‡ij wbe©vwPZ nb| 1992 mv‡j wmGBPwc cybivq cÖwZwôZ n‡j wZwb `‡ji mfvcwZ wbe©vwPZ nb| 1995 mv‡ji †Kvqvwjkb miKv‡i Aí wKQz w`‡bi Rb¨ wZwb Dc-cÖavbgš¿x wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvb| 2002 mv‡ji ci wmGBPwc Zvi †bZ…‡Z¡ Zzi‡¯‹i cÖavb we‡ivax`‡j cwiYZ nq| wZwb 2002, 2007, 2011, 2015 Ges 2018 mv‡j Zzi‡¯‹i me‡P‡q cÖexY msm` m`m¨ wn‡m‡e wbe©vwPZ nb|

Kz¨ I †mbv wbqwš¿Z f½yi ivRbxwZ (1960-1983)

Dmgvwb‡ì DËim~wi wn‡m‡e wPwýZ avwg©K Rb‡Mvôxi m`mïv †hb ¶gZvq Avm‡Z bv cv‡i, †m e¨vcv‡i AvZvZz‡K©i Abymvix †mbvevwnbxi m`mïv memgq mRvM wQj| 1960 mvj n‡Z cieZ©x Pvi `k‡K PviwU Kz¨Õi gva¨‡g Zviv cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶fv‡e ivó«xq ¶gZvi wbqš¿K wQj| Pvi `k‡K Av`bvb †g‡›`‡i‡mi b¨vq bvRgywÏb AvievKvb I Zz‡M©Z I‡Rj‡KI AMwbZ mgm¨vi gy‡LvgyLx n‡Z n‡q‡Q| Zzi‡¯‹i †mbv wbqwš¿Z mvsweavwbK †KvU© †mbvevwnbxi Awa‡b 1961 mv‡ji 9 RyjvB Zzi‡¯‹i bZzb msweavb iwPZ nq| msweav‡b g~jZ 1924 mv‡ji Zzi‡¯‹i wPšÍvi cÖwZdjb NUv‡bv nq| msweav‡b RvZxqZvev`, MYZš¿, ag©wbi‡c¶Zv Ges mvgvwRK ivóª‡K Zzi‡¯‹i wfwË wn‡m‡e hy³ Kiv nq| cÖ‡dmi Bqvevm Avev`v‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ AvsKviv BDwbfvwm©wUi AvB‡bi K‡qKRb cÖ‡dm‡ii mgš^‡q bZzb msweav‡bi Lmov ˆZwi Kiv nq| 1961 mv‡ji 9 RyjvB MY‡fv‡Ui gva¨‡g bZzb msweavb cvk Kiv nq| MY‡fv‡U 61.7% Ônu¨vÕ Ges 38.3% ÔbvÕ †fvU c‡o| †mbvevwnbxi †mKz¨jvi Awdmvi‡ì ZË¡veav‡b 1962 mv‡ji gvP© gv‡m Zzi‡¯‹i me‡P‡q ¶gZvkvjx ÔmvsweavwbK †KvU©Õ MwVZ nq, †hLv‡b †mbvevwnbxi A‡NvwlZ AvwacZ¨ cÖwZwôZ nq| GB mvsweavwbK †KvU© Zzi‡¯‹i Af¨šÍixY Ges evB‡ii mKj wm×v‡šÍi P‚ovšÍ ¶gZv cvq| hvi d‡j Lye mn‡RB Zviv iv‡óªi me‡P‡q kw³kvjx cÖwZôv‡b iƒc wb‡q mKj ¯Í‡i Zv‡ì cÖfve ˆZwi Ki‡Z m¶g nq| cieZ©x K‡qK `kK a‡i GB mvsweavwbK †KvU© Zzi‡¯‹i me‡P‡q kw³kvjx cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i‡Q| 2010 Ges 2017 mv‡j Gi‡`vqv‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ AbywôZ MY‡fv‡Ui gva¨‡g avivevwnKfv‡e Zv‡ì ¶gZv Kgv‡bv Ges wb‡qvM c×wZi cwieZ©b Kiv nq| †mbv miKv‡ii cÖavb †Rbv‡ij Rvgvj ¸i‡m‡ji cwiPq †Rbv‡ij ¸i‡mj 1895 mv‡j GiRyiæ‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zvi evev Zzi‡¯‹i Rvb`vg©vi Awdmvi wn‡m‡e PvKwi Ki‡Zb| Zzi‡¯‹i A`©y kn‡i cÖv_wgK wk¶v, GiwRbRvb kn‡ii †mbv we`¨vjq †_‡K gva¨wgK wk¶v mgvß K‡i wZwb †mbvevwnbx‡Z †hvM`vb K‡ib| cÖ_g wek¦hy‡×i mgq wZwb wmwiqvq `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| 1915 mv‡j Pvbv°v‡j kn‡i e`wj nb|

BmgZ Bbybyi †bZ…‡Z¡ GmwK‡kwni Ges kvKvwiqv c‡q‡›U hy‡× Ask †bb| hy× †k‡l 1929 mv‡j BiKv‡b nve©‡gK‡Zwe †_‡K Abvm© mgvß K‡ib| wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i mgq 1945-47 ch©šÍ BRwg‡i, 1953 mvj ch©šÍ GiwRb kn‡i, 1956 mvj ch©šÍ cybivq BRwgi †mbv K¨v›Ub‡g‡›U `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| 1946 mv‡j weª‡MwWqvi †Rbv‡ij, 1950 †gRi †Rbv‡ij, 1954 mv‡j †jd‡Ub¨v›U †Rbv‡ij, 1956 mv‡j †Rbv‡ij wn‡m‡e †cÖv‡gvkb cvb| 1958 mv‡j †mbvcÖavb wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvb| 27 †g 1960 mv‡ji Kz¨Õi ci wZwb Zzi‡¯‹i miKvicÖavb wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡ib| 1961 mv‡j †cÖwm‡W›U wbe©vwPZ nb| 1966 mv‡ji 28 gvP© ch©šÍ †cÖwm‡W›U wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib Ges 1966 mv‡ji 14 †m‡Þ¤î wZwb g„ZzëiY K‡ib| Bbybyi †Kvqvwjkb miKvi 15 †m‡Þ¤î 1961 mv‡j †mbvevwnbxi Awa‡b AbywôZ wbe©vP‡b †mbvevwnbxi Avkxe©v`cyó n‡q BmgZ Bbybyi †bZ…‡Z¡ AvZvZz‡K©i wmGBPwc 36.7% †fvU †c‡q 173wU Avm‡b weRqx nq| AvZvZz‡K©i Abymvix †mbvevwnbxi m`m¨‡ì mn‡hvwMZvq cybivq ÿgZvq Av‡m| †W‡gv‡µwUK cvwU©i cwie‡Z© bZzb ÔAv`vjZ cvwU©Õ 34.7% †fvU †c‡q 158wU Avmb jvf K‡i| †mbvcÖavb †Rgvj ¸i‡mj msm` m`m¨‡ì †fv‡U †cÖwm‡W›U wbe©vwPZ nb| GB wbe©vP‡bi ci n‡Z †mKz¨jvi wmGBPwc evgd«›U MÖnY K‡i| cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv wmGBPwc Ges Av`vjZ cvwU©i mgš^‡q Zzi‡¯‹ †Kvqvwjkb miKvi MwVZ nq| Av`bvb †g‡›`‡i‡mi †W‡gv‡µwUK cvwU©i †bZ…e„‡›ì kvw¯Í Kgv‡bvi GK we‡j wmGBPwc we‡ivwaZv K‡i| d‡j wejwU M„nxZ nq bv| GRb¨ Av`vjZ cvwU© gš¿x cwil` †_‡K c`Z¨vM K‡i Ges d‡j BmgZ Bbyby‡KI cÖavbgš¿x †_‡K c`Z¨vM Ki‡Z nq| c‡i Bbyby evwK `j‡ì wb‡q miKvi MVb K‡ib, wKš‘ GivI Aí wKQz w`‡bi e¨veav‡b msweavb ms‡kvab Bmy¨‡Z miKvi †_‡K c`Z¨vM K‡i| †cÖwm‡W›U ¸i‡mj Av`vjZ cvwU©‡K miKvi MV‡bi AvnŸvb Rvbv‡j Zviv mvov †`q bv| d‡j Bbyby ¯^Zš¿ msm` m`m¨‡ì mg_©‡b cybivq miKvi MVb K‡ib| wKš‘ 1965 mv‡j mvBcÖvm Bmy¨ wb‡q m„ó NUbvq Bbyby cybivq c`Z¨vM Ki‡j Zzi‡¯‹ ZË¡veavqK miKvi MwVZ nq| GB miKviB cieZ©x wbe©vP‡bi c~e© ch©šÍ miKvi cwiPvjbv K‡i| Av`vjZ cvwU©i DÌvb Av`bvb †g‡›`‡i‡mi †W‡gv‡µwUK cvwU© wbwl‡×i ci Zzi‡¯‹i ivRbxwZ‡Z k~b¨Zv ˆZwi nq| GB k~b¨Zv c~iY Ki‡Z 1961 mv‡ji 11 †deªæqvwi Av`vjZ cvwU©i Rb¥ nq| Zzi‡¯‹i ivRbxwZ‡Z 1961-1980 mvj ch©šÍ me‡P‡q cÖfvekvjx ivR‰bwZK `j wn‡m‡e Ae`vb †i‡L‡Q GB Av`vjZ cvwU©| 1965 mv‡ji 10 A‡±vei AbywôZ RvZxq wbe©vP‡b myjvBgvb

†`wg‡i‡ji †bZ…‡Z¡ Av`vjZ cvwU© 53% †fvU Ges 240wU Avmb wb‡q miKvi MVb K‡i| myjvBgvb †`wg‡ij cÖavbgš¿x wbe©vwPZ nb| wbe©vP‡b wmGBPwc 28% †fvU wb‡q 134wU Avmb jvf K‡i| 12 A‡±vei 1969 mv‡ji AbywôZ cieZ©x wbe©vP‡b myjvBgvb †`wg‡i‡ji †bZ…‡Z¡ Av`vjZ cvwU© AveviI miKvi MVb K‡i| wbe©vP‡b Av`vjZ cvwU© GKK msL¨vMwiôZv jvf K‡i| d‡j myjvBgvb †`wg‡ij cybivq cÖavbgš¿x wbe©vwPZ nb| Zzi‡¯‹i A_©bxwZ‡Z Gmgq Pig gy`ªvùxwZ N‡U| 1 gvwK©b Wjvi 9 wjiv †_‡K 15 wjivq DËxY© nq| 1969 mv‡j cÖ‡dmi W. bvRgywÏb AvievKvb Av`vjZ cvwU© †_‡K †ei n‡q hvb Ges †Kvwbqv †_‡K ¯^Zš¿ msm` m`m¨ wbe©vwPZ nb| cieZ©x mg‡q wZwb 26 Rvbyqvwi 1970 mv‡j wgwjø wbRvg cvwU© MVb K‡ib| RvZxqZvev`x d«›U Zzi‡¯‹ eû`jxq MYZ‡š¿i hvÎvi cÖvi‡¤¢B Wvbcš’x RvZxqZvev`x `j wn‡m‡e wg‡jøZ cvwU©i hvÎv ïiæ n‡qwQj| wKš‘ †mKz¨jvwiR‡gi wecixZ ivRbxwZi Awf‡hv‡M 1954 mv‡j Av`vjZ KZ©…K Zv wbwl× nq| cieZ©x mg‡q Zviv ÔKBjy cvwU©Õ-Gi mv‡_ hy³ n‡q ÔRygûwiqvZ KBjy wg‡jøZ cvwU©Õ MVb K‡i, hv 1961 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b 13% †fvU †c‡q Z…Zxq `j wn‡m‡e kw³kvjx Ae¯’vb wb‡q msm‡` cÖ‡ek K‡i| wKš‘ 1965 mv‡ji cieZ©x wbe©vP‡b Zviv gvÎ 2.2% †fvU cvq| `‡ji GB µvwšÍj‡Mœ lv‡Ui Kz¨Õi cÖfvekvjx †mbv Awdmvi mvBcÖv‡m Rb¥MÖnYKvix Avjc Avimjvb Zz‡K©k cvwU©i †Pqvig¨vb wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡ib| Zvi †bZ…‡Z¡ 1969 mv‡j `‡ji bvg cwieZ©b K‡i Ôwgwjø nv‡i‡KZ cvwU©Õ MHP MwVK nq| Zzi‡¯‹i ivRbxwZ‡Z eZ©gv‡b Z…Zxq e„nr `j wn‡m‡e GgGBPwc mdjfv‡e ivRbxwZ cwiPvjbv K‡i Avm‡Q| Zv‡ì hye msMVb ÔDjKz IRvKjviÕ Zzi‡¯‹i wewfbœ K¨v¤úv‡m QvÎ‡ì gv‡S me‡P‡q kw³kvjx Ae¯’vb wb‡q KvR K‡i hv‡”Q| wØZxq †mbv Kz¨ Ges †mbv wbqwš¿Z A¯’vqx miKvi †mvjvBgvb †`wg‡ij wØZxqevi GKKfv‡e wbe©vwPZ nIqvi ci Zzi‡¯‹i A_©bxwZ avivevwnKfv‡e wbgœgyLx nIqvi Awf‡hvM I‡V| GB Awf‡hvM‡K †K›`ª K‡i evgcš’x kÖwgK I QvÎiv we‡¶vf K‡i| G QvovI K¨v¤úvm¸‡jv‡Z evg wecøex ivR‰bwZK QvÎ msMVb¸‡jvi cÖfve †e‡o hvIqvq nvbvnvwb I Ly‡bi ivRbxwZ ïiæ nq| †Wfmyj (†WwågwR myj ev wecøex evg), †Wf Bqyj (†WwågwR Bqyj ev wecøex c_)-Gi g‡Zv †ek wKQz wecøex evg msMVb K¨v¤úvm¸‡jv‡Z cÖwZc¶ QvÎmsMVb I wfbœg‡Zi wk¶K‡ì Ici nvgjv Ges †evgv we‡ùvi‡Yi g‡Zv NUbv NUvq|

Zv‡ì weiæ‡× Zzi‡¯‹i RvZxqZvev`x `j¸‡jvi QvÎmsMVb DjKzhy A¯¿aviY K‡i| d‡j Wvbcš’xivI iv¯Ívq †b‡g Av‡m| †mbvevwnbxi wKQz ZiæY Awdmv‡iivI wecø‡ei †PZbvq DØy× n‡q wKWbvwcs Ges e¨vsK WvKvwZi NUbvi m‡½ Rwo‡q c‡o| †`‡ki GB µvwšÍj‡Mœ avivevwnK Av‡›`vjb Ges we‡¶v‡fi avivevwnKZvq ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvi w`‡K e¨_©Zvi Awf‡hvM G‡b 11 gvP© †Rbv‡ij‡ì mfv WvKv nq| miKvi †mbvevwnbxi Ggb Kv‡R ûsKvi w`‡jI †mbvevwnbx Zv‡Z KY©cvZ bv K‡i myjvBgvb †`wg‡ij‡K c`Z¨v‡M eva¨ K‡i Ges 1971 mv‡ji 12 gvP© ¶gZv `Lj K‡i †bq| cieZ©x `yB eQi †mbvevwnbx wb‡R‡Ì AbyMZ gaëZ©xKvjxb miKvi w`‡q †`k cwiPvjbv K‡i| 19 gvP© wmGBPwc msm` m`m¨ wbnvZ Gwi‡gi †bZ…‡Z¡ bZzb miKvi MwVZ nq| Bmjvgcš’x‡ì cÖ_g †Kvqvwjkb miKvi †mbv wbqwš¿Z miKvi †`k cwiPvjbvq e¨_© nIqvq 1973 mv‡ji 14 †m‡Þ¤î Zzi‡¯‹ wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq| wbe©vP‡b AvZvZz‡K©i wmGBPwc 33.3%, Av`vjZ cvwU© 29.4% Ges bvRgywÏb GievKv‡bi wgwjø mvjvgZ cvwU© 11.8% †fvU cvq| wbe©vP‡bi ci cÖv_wgKfv‡e wmGBPwci mv‡_ †KD †Kvqvwjkb bv Kivq wmGBPwc cÖavb GRwfZ, Av`vjZ cvwU©‡K miKvi MV‡bi AvnŸvb Rvbvb| wKš‘ Av`vjZ cvwU© G AvnŸvb cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i| ¯’vbxq wbe©vP‡b wmGBPwci weR‡qi ci ivóªcwZ cybivq wmGBPwc‡K miKvi MV‡bi AvnŸvb Rvbv‡j 24 Rvbyqvwi 1974 mv‡j evg Av`‡k© wek¦vmx wmGBPwc Ges Zzi‡¯‹i Bmjvwg Av‡›`vjb wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ bvRgywÏb AvievKv‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ wgwjø mvjvgZ cvwU©I †Kvqvwjkb miKvi MwVZ nq| wKš‘ evg‡ì mv‡_ Bmjvgcš’x‡ì GB †Kvqvwjkb KZUzKz †hŠw³K wQj? †m mg‡qi ivR‰bwZK µvBwm‡mi †cÖ¶vc‡U wbtm‡›`‡n †`‡ki Rb¨ Zviv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wm×všÍ wb‡qwQ‡jb| bvRgywÏb AvievKvb ¶gZvi Askx`vi n‡q A‡bK BwZevPK Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g †`‡ki Dbœq‡b †hgb Ae`vb †i‡LwQ‡jb, †Zgwb Zzi‡¯‹ Bmjv‡gi wbqgbxwZ I ms¯‹…wZi gy‡Q †djvi aviK wn‡m‡e wPwýZ wmGBPwci mv‡_ Bmjvgcš’x‡ì GB †Rv‡Ui gva¨‡g Bmjv‡gi c‡¶ Zv‡ì wKQy Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g ZvivI Zv‡ì HwZnvwmK `vqe×Zvi RvqMv †_‡K Aí mg‡qi Rb¨ n‡jI m‡i G‡m Zzi‡¯‹i avwg©K †kÖwYi wKQzUv mg_©b †c‡qwQj| GRwfZ cÖavbgš¿x Ges bvRgywÏb AvievKvb Dc-cÖavbgš¿x wn‡m‡e miKvi MVb K‡ib| wKš‘ †Kvqvwjk‡bi ci n‡ZB miKv‡ii wewfbœ wmÜvšÍ wb‡q `yB `‡ji g‡a¨ gZ-cv_©K¨ †`Lv hvq| we‡kl K‡i bvRgywÏb GievKv‡bi ÔGK jvL U¨vsKÕ ˆZwii KviLvbv‡K †K›`ª K‡i †Kvqvwjk‡bi wfZ †Ku‡c I‡V| bZzb miKvi MwVZ nIqvi ci Zzi¯‹ mvBcÖvm weRq K‡i|

cÖavbgš¿x GRwfZ mvBcÖvm weR‡qi RbwcÖqZv‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q GKKfv‡e miKvi MV‡bi cwiKíbv K‡ib Ges †mB j¶¨ wb‡q 16 †m‡Þ¤î 1974 mv‡j c`Z¨vM K‡ib| G‡Ki ci GK †Kvqvwjkb miKvi Zzi‡¯‹ 1970 mvj †_‡K 1980 mv‡ji g‡S bqwU A¯’vqx I †Kvqvwjkb miKvi MwVZ nq, hv †h‡Kv‡bv †`‡ki w¯’wZkxj ivRbxwZi Rb¨ e‡ov ai‡bi ûgwK| gvÎ AvU gv‡miI Kg mg‡qi eëav‡b GRwfZ-AvievKv‡bi miKvi †f‡O hvq| d‡j K‡qK gv‡mi Rb¨ A¯’vqx miKvi MwVZ nq| AZtci 31 gvP© 1975 mv‡j myjvBgvb †`wg‡i‡ji Av`vjZ cvwU©, bvRgywÏb GievKv‡bi wgwjø mvjvgZ cvwU© Ges Ab¨ †Qv‡Uv `j¸‡jvi mgš^‡q AveviI †Kvqvwjkb miKvi MwVZ nq| miKv‡i myjvBgvb †`wg‡ij cÖavbgš¿x Ges bvRgywÏb AvievKvb Dc-cÖavbgš¿x nb| GB miKvi wba©vwiZ mgq †kl nIqvi Av‡MB 1977 mv‡j cybivq RvZxq wbe©vP‡bi †NvlYv †`q| 5 Ryb 1977 mv‡ji wbe©vPb Ggb GK mgq AbywôZ nq, hLb Zzi‡¯‹ Pig AvKv‡i ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’iZv I A_©‰bwZK msKU weivR KiwQj| wbe©vP‡b ey‡j›U GRwf‡Zi e¨w³MZ RbwcÖqZv‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q wmGBPwc m‡e©v”P 41.39% †fvU cvq| G Qvov Av`vjZ cvwU© 36.89%, wgwjø mvjvgZ cvwU© 8.57% Ges RvZxqZvev`x GgGBPwc 6.42% †fvU cvq| ey‡j›U GRwfZ miKvi MV‡bi D‡`¨M wb‡jI msL¨vMwiôZvi Afv‡e wZwb e¨_© nb| d‡j 21 RyjvB 1977 mv‡j cybivq Av`vjZ cvwU©, wgwjø mvjvgZ cvwU© Ges RvZxqZvev`x GgGBPwc †Kvqvwjkb miKvi MVb K‡i| myjvBgvb †`wg‡ij cÖavbgš¿x Ges bvRgywÏb GievKvb cybivq Dc-cÖavbgš¿x nb| wKš‘ Af¨šÍixY H‡Kï Afv‡e 1978 mv‡j 5 Rvbyqvwi gvÎ 6 gv‡mi eëav‡b miKvi †f‡O hvq| 5 Rvbyqvwi 1978 mv‡j GRwfZ ¯^Zš¿ msm` m`m¨‡ì mv‡_ wb‡q cybivq miKvi MVb K‡i| wKš‘ ¯^Zš¿ Ggwciv c`Z¨vM Ki‡j 1979 mv‡ji 12 b‡f¤î AveviI GRwf‡Zi †bZ…Z¡vaxb miKvi †f‡O hvq| AveviI miKvi MV‡b GwM‡q Av‡m myjvBgvb †`wg‡i‡ji †bZ…‡Z¡ Av`vjZ cvwU©| wKš‘ Gevi Zviv cy‡iv‡bv eÜz wgwjø mvjvgZ, GgGBPwc‡K QvovB mZš¿ msm` m`m¨‡ì wb‡q miKvi MVb K‡i, hv 12 †m‡Þ¤î 1980 mvj ch©šÍ wU‡K wQj| 1974 mvBcÖvm Awfhvb 1960 mv‡j wMÖK I ZvwK©k Dfq RvwZi mgš^‡q ¯^vaxb mvBcÖvm MwVZ n‡jI Zv wMÖK n¯Í‡¶‡c †ewkifvM mgqB Aw¯’i wQj| 1963, 1967 Ges 1974 mv‡j †mLv‡b ¯’vbxq gymjgvb‡ì Ici MYnZ¨v Pvjv‡bv nq| 15 RyjvB 1974 mv‡j wMÖK mvgwiK RvšÍv mvBcÖvm

`L‡ji wbwg‡Ë AvµgY Ki‡j 20 RyjvB Zzi‡¯‹i †mbv, wegvb I †bŠevwnbx cvjUv AvµgY Pvjvq| 22 RyjvB RvwZms‡Ni wbivcËv KvDwÝ‡ji mn‡hvwMZvq hy× weiwZ Pzw³ nq| wKš‘ wMÖm `LjK…Z AÂj Ges †MÖdZviK…Z‡ì gyw³ bv †Ìqvq 14 AvM÷ †_‡K 16 AvM÷ wZb w`be¨vcx Av‡iKwU Awfhvb Pvwj‡q Zzi¯‹ eZ©gvb f‚LÐ `Lj K‡i| 1975 mv‡ji 13 †deªæqvwi Zzi¯‹ mvBcÖvm‡K Zv‡ì Aaxb¯Í ¯^vaxb ivóª †NvlYv K‡i| Aw¯’i †`k, †mbvevwnbxi my‡hvM MÖnY gvÎ `k eQ‡ii gv‡S (1970-1980) Zzi‡¯‹ bqwU miKvi MVb, evgcš’x wecøex msMV‡bi Rb¥, K¨v¤úvm¸‡jv‡Z evg- RvZxqZvev`x‡ì avivevwnK msNl©, A_©‰bwZK msKU Ges ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvi e¨_©Zvi Kvi‡Y †`‡ki me©Î GK Pig Aw¯’iZv weivR Ki‡Z _v‡K| K¨v¤úvm¸‡jv‡Z QvÎmsMVb¸‡jvi Af¨šÍixY †Kv›`‡j nvbvnvwbi cvkvcvwk wk¶K‡ì IciI nvgjv I nZ¨vi NUbv N‡U| 1978 mv‡ji 7 GwcÖj B¯Ívš^yj BDwbfvwm©wUi AvBb wefv‡Mi mn‡hvMx Aa¨vcK mvf©vi Zvwbwjø, 15 RyjvB nvwR‡Z‡c BDwbfvwm©wUi eìæwÏb Kgi, 20 †m‡Þ¤î 1978 B¯Ívbyj †UKwbK BDwbfvwm©wUi cÖ‡dmi W±i †e`wi Kviv‡dwKDjy Ges 26 b‡f¤î Kviv‡`wbR †UKwbK BDwbfvwm©wUi wbR‡ì W. eyjyZ evg msMV‡bi nvgjvq wbnZ nb| †mbv Kz¨Õi c~‡e© 1978-1979 mv‡j Zzi‡¯‹ 5388wU nZ¨vKv‡Ði NUbv N‡U| 1977 mv‡ji 1 †g B¯Ívš^y‡ji ZvKwmg ¯‹qv‡i kÖwgK wèm Dcj‡¶¨ Av‡qvwRZ i¨vwj‡Z msN‡l© 42 Rb wbnZ nq| 9 A‡±vei 1978 mv‡j AvsKvivi evn‡m Gfjv‡i DMÖ RvZxqZvev`x‡ì nv‡Z mvZ QvÎ nZ¨vKv‡Ði wkKvi nq| 16 wW‡m¤î 1978 mv‡j Zzi‡¯‹i gviv‡m RvZxqZvev`x `‡ji hye msMV‡bi †cÖvMÖv‡g evg msMVb nvgjv Pvjv‡j cÖPzi nZvnZ nq| GB NUbv e‡ov AvKvi aviY K‡i wewfbœ kn‡i Qwo‡q c‡i| mvsevw`K Avew` B‡cKwR 1 †deªæqvwi 1979 mv‡j nvgjvq wbnZ nq| Gfv‡e cÖwZw`bB evg I RvZxqZvev`x‡ì nv‡Z nZn‡Zi NUbv NU‡Z _v‡K| †`‡ki GB µvwšÍj‡Mœ †mbvevwnbx ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvi e¨_©Zvi ARynv‡Z ¶gZv `L‡ji cuvqZviv Ki‡Z _v‡K| 12 †m‡Þ¤î 1980-Gi Kz¨ Zzi‡¯‹ Pjgvb Aw¯’iZvi gv‡S 1979 mv‡ji Ryb gv‡m †Mv‡q›`v wefv‡Mi cÖavb bywi¸‡`m cÖavbgš¿x GRwfZ‡K m¤¢ve¨ Kz¨Õi e¨vcv‡i mZK© K‡i| Kz`ym‡K BRivB‡ji ivRavbx †NvlYvi cÖwZev‡` 6 †m‡Þ¤î 1980 mv‡j bvRgywÏb AvievKv‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ wgwjø mvjvgZ cvwU© †Kvwbqv kn‡i j¶vwaK †jv‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z GK mgv‡e‡ki Av‡qvRb K‡i| mgv‡e‡k GK Lwjdv, GK †`k, GK RvwZ msµvšÍ Zzi‡¯‹i †mKz¨jvi msweavbwe‡ivax Bmjvgcš’x †¯øvMvb

Ges kwiqv ev¯Íevqb msµvšÍ e³‡eï Awf‡hvM Avbv nq| Bmjvgcš’x wgwjø mvjvgZ cvwU©i GB mgv‡ek‡K Bmy¨ evwb‡q Qq w`b ci 12 †m‡Þ¤î 1980 mv‡ji ivZ wZbUvq †mbvevwnbx iv¯Ívq †ei nq| ivZ 4.30 wgwb‡U †mbvcÖavb †Kbvb Gfiv‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ miKvwi †iwWI‡Z mvgwiK kvmb Rvwii †NvlYv †Ìqv nq| msm` wejywß, ivR‰bwZK `j I kxl© ivR‰bwZK e¨w³‡ì wbwl×, wmwU †gqi‡ì ¶gZv †Ku‡o †bIqv, RvZxq wbivcËv cwil`‡K †mbvevwnbxi wbqš¿‡Y †bIqvmn 1924 mvj †_‡K Pjgvb RygûwiqvZ cwÎKv eÜ K‡I †Ìqv nq| †mBm‡½ mKj wgwWqv, eëmvwqK I wk¶v cÖwZôv‡bi hveZxq ¶gZv †mbv Awdmvi‡ì nv‡Z Kzw¶MZ Kiv nq| myjvBgvb †`wg‡ij, ey‡j›U GRwfZ, bvRgyÏw`b GievKvb Ges Zz‡K©m‡K †MÖdZvi K‡i KvivMv‡i cvVv‡bv nq| A‡±ve‡i †`wg‡ij I GRwfZ‡K gyw³ †Ìqv n‡jI bvRgywÏb GievKvb Ges Zz‡K©m‡K wePv‡ii gy‡LvgywL Kiv nq| Z‡e mKj kxl© †bZviv `xN© mgq a‡i Zzi‡¯‹i ivRbxwZ‡Z wbwl× _v‡Kb| Kz¨Õi GK mßv‡ni g‡a¨ †Rbv‡ij †Kbvb Gfivb‡K †cÖwm‡W›U Ges AemicÖvß ey‡j›U Djymy‡K cÖavbgš¿x K‡i 27 m`m¨ wewkó gš¿xcwil` MVb Kiv nq| AemicÖvß †mbv Awdmvi, wek¦we`¨vjq cÖ‡dmi Ges mv‡eK Avgjv‡ì wb‡q MwVZ GB gš¿xmfvq Zz‡M©Z I‡Rj‡K Dc-cÖavbgš¿x wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ †Ìqv nq| †MÖdZvi I wbh©vZb †`kRy‡o ïiæ nq MY‡MÖdZvi| Kz¨Õi cÖ_g Qq mßv‡n 11500 Rb †MÖdZvi nq, hv eQi †k‡l 30000-G ùvovq| cieZ©x GK eQ‡i 122600 Rb‡K †MÖdZvi K‡i KvivMv‡i cvVv‡bv nq| 1982 mv‡ji †m‡Þ¤^‡iI 80000 ivR‰bwZK e¨w³ KvivMv‡i wQj| †mLvb †_‡K 30000 Rb‡K wePv‡ii gy‡LvgywL Kiv nq| GB wePv‡i AvZvZz‡K©i wmGBPwc cÖv_wgK myweav †c‡jI mv‡eK cÖavbgš¿x ey‡jšÍ GRwfZmn Zv‡ì wKQz †bZv‡K ivRbxwZ‡Z wbwl× Kiv nq| Z‡e bvRgywÏb GievKv‡bi wgwjø mvjvgZ cvwU©, RvZxqZvev`x GgGBPwc, evg msMVb, kÖwgK msMVb I wc‡K‡Ki †bZvKg©x‡ì †mbv miKv‡ii Z¡Ëveav‡b wePvi Kiv nq Ges wZb nvRvi QqkZ Rb‡K duvwm †Ìqv nq, hv cieZ©x mg‡q Kwg‡q P‚ovšÍfv‡e 20 R‡bi duvwm Kvh©Ki Kiv nq| G QvovI ivRbxwZwe`‡ì wewfbœ †gqv‡` †Rj †Ìqv nq| evg msMVbmg~‡ni mš¿vmx ZrciZvi cÖvq 90% `gb Kiv nq| RvZxqZvev`x DjKzRy‡ì †MÖdZvi K‡i kvw¯Í †Ìqv nq| wek¦we`¨vjq Ges D”P wk¶v Kwgk‡bi Ici K‡Vvi wbqš¿Y Av‡ivc Kiv nq| wZb kZvwaK wek¦we`¨vjq wk¶K‡K PvKwiPz¨Z Kiv nq| †mBm‡½ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cwigvY wk¶K‡ì c`Z¨v‡M eva¨ Kiv nq| µ‡gB wbh©vZb evo‡Z _vK‡j A¨vg‡bw÷ B›Uvib¨vkbvjmn AvšÍR©vwZK gvbevwaKvi msMVb¸‡jv Gi weiæ‡× †mv”Pvi nq| Zv‡ì mgv‡jvPbvi gy‡L KwZcq cywjk I †mbv Awdmvi‡ì bvggvÎ wePv‡ii gy‡LvgywL Kiv nq|

†Rbv‡ij †Kbvb Gf‡ib 1980 mv‡ji Kz¨Õi g~j †nvZv †Rbv‡ij †Kbvb Gf‡ib 1917 mv‡j Zzi‡¯‹i gvwbmv cÖ‡`‡ki Avjv‡mwni †Rjvq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zvi †bZ…‡Z¡ 1980 mv‡ji 12 †m‡ß¤î Kz¨ msMwVZ nq| 1982 mv‡ji 9 b‡f¤î wZwb Zzi‡¯‹i mßg †cÖwm‡W›U wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡ib| Zvi †bZ…‡Z¡ 1982 mv‡j †h msweavb MwVZ nq, Zvi gva¨‡g Zzi¯‹ivóª cwiPvjbvq mvgwiK evwnbxi n¯Í‡¶‡ci c_ D¤§y³ n‡q hvq| †mBm‡½ Zzi‡¯‹ K‡qK `k‡Ki Rb¨ AveviI AvZvZz‡K©i wPšÍvaviv kw³kvjx n‡q D‡V| eZ©gvb †cÖwm‡W›U Gi‡`vqvb BD‡ivwcqvb BDwbq‡bi m`m¨fzw³ Bmy¨ Ges AvaywbK Zzi¯‹ MV‡bi †cÖ¶vc‡U †m¸‡jv‡K ¸iæZ¡nxb Kivi †Póv Ki‡Q| 1989 mv‡j Zz‡M©Z I‡Rj †cÖwm‡W›U nIqvi c~e© ch©šÍ wZwb `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| GB Kz¨Õi Kvi‡Y Zzi‡¯‹i wbgœ Av`vjZ 2014 mv‡j Zv‡K hve¾xeb Kviv`Ð cÖ`vb K‡i| wKš‘ D”P Av`vj‡Z gvgjvwU A‡c¶gvY _vKv Ae¯’vq wZwb 2015 mv‡ji 9 †g 97 eQi eq‡m g„ZzëiY K‡ib| ZvB gvgjvwU Avi mvg‡b G‡Mvqwb| MY‡fvU I mvsweavwbK ms¯‹vi Zzi‡¯‹ `xN© mgq a‡i Pjgvb ivR‰bwZK mš¿v‡m RbMY AwZô n‡q c‡owQj| bZzb ivóªcÖavb †Rbv‡ij Gf‡ib ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvi GB e¨_©Zv‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q ¶gZv MÖnY Kivi ciciB wek„•Ljv wbg©~‡j g‡bv‡hvM †`b| Zvi GB mdj ZrciZvi Kvi‡Y wZwb Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨B mvaviY RbM‡Yi mvgwqK RbwcÖqZv AR©b Ki‡Z mÿg nb| mvgwiK evwnbx †`‡ki ivRbxwZ‡K bZzb avivq †bIqvi Rb¨ 1960-61 mv‡ji Kvh©µ‡gi b¨vq 1981 mv‡jI †mbvevwnbxi ZË¡veav‡b g‡bvwbZ m`m¨‡ì wb‡q bZzb GK cvj©v‡g›U MVb K‡i| 160 Rb m`‡mï GB cvj©v‡g‡›U 120 RbB wQj mvgwiK Awdmvi| evwKiv wQj wKQz Avgjv Ges mvaviY RbMY †_‡K g‡bvbxZ| bZzb cvj©v‡g›U cÖ‡dmi Iinvb Avjw`KvPwZ‡K cÖavb K‡i 15 m`m¨ wewkó mvsweavwbK KwgwU †NvlYv K‡i| 1982 mv‡ji 7 RyjvB mvsweavwbK KwgwU Zv‡ì msweav‡bi cÖ_g Lmov cÖYqb K‡i| bZzb msweav‡b †cÖwm‡W›U Ges RvZxq wbivcËv KwgwU‡K A‡bK †ewk ¶gZv cÖ`vb K‡i| †mBm‡½ GB msweav‡bi gva¨‡g e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZv, gZ cÖKv‡ki ¯^vaxbZv, wgwWqvi ¯^vaxbZv, ivR‰bwZK Kvh©µg, kÖwgK AwaKvimn RbM‡Yi wewfbœ †gŠwjK AwaKvi ms‡KvwPZ Kiv nq| AvZvZz‡K©i cÖ`wk©Z †mKz¨jvwiRg‡K AviI mymsnZ Ki‡Z bZzb ivR‰bwZK `j MV‡bi Rb¨ RvZxq wbivcËv cwil‡ì AbygwZ †bIqv‡K eva¨Zvg~jK Kiv nq|