PARIS : Neighborhoods Study by gw.charreau

PARIS NEIGHBORHOODS STUDY GWENDOLINE CHARREAU DMD programme TONGJI & ENSA Versailles 2021

Book of Reaseaches made during the DMD academic programme in architecture studies with TONGJI University in Shanghai - CHINA & ENSA Versailles - FRANCE 2021

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This book has benefited from many researches and people point of view. In particular I would like to thank Professor Li Qing (李晴) for his insightful opinion and comments that shaped this book.

CONTENT

PAGES

1 - CITY BACKGROUND

1.1 - PARIS URBAN EVOLUTION 1.2 - BUILDING AGE 1.3 - BUILT DENSITY 1.4 - HOUSEHOLD INCOME DISTRIBUTION 1.5 - POPULATION DENSITY 1.6 - PARIS & ITS SURROUNDINGS 1.7 - PARIS URBAN FABRIC

8 10 11 12 13 14 16

2- 3 TYPES OF NEIGHBORHOODS

3- SAINT-GERVAIS SOUTH NEIGHBORHOOD 20 3.1 - 4TH DISTRICT 3.2 - SAINT GERVAIS SOUTH NEIGHBORHOOD 3.3 - ANALYSIS

20 22 28

4- OPERA NEIGHBORHOOD

4.1 - 9TH DISTRICT 4.2 - OPERA NEIGHBORHOOD 4.3 - HAUSSMANN ARCHITECTURE 4.4 - ANALYSIS

44 46 49 52

CONTENT

PAGES

5- BRANCION NEIGHBORHOOD

5.1 - 15TH DISTRICT 5.2 - BRANCION NEIGHBORHOOD 5.3 - ANALYSIS

66 68 74

6 - NEIGHBORHOODS ANALYSIS

7- CONCLUSION

PARIS NEIGHBORHOODS STUDY Discovering 3 neighborhoods in Paris

2021

1 - CITY BACKGROUND

The organic order of traditional city sets is the product of a

logic composition. It is operating by successive aggregation of individual elements. Like many cities, Paris is built gradually by integrating housing, commercial activity, places of circulation, exchange, and the embodiment of political power or religious beliefs. The space is familiar, close, known of all, and embodies a local and particular history. With time the first organic plan of traditional spaces gives opportunity to a unity based on regulating lines but still imbued of these nonlinear organisations. Since the 1970s, Paris is easy to identify on a map - except for the two forests- it’s delimited by its ring-road (Le Périphérique). It’s main river is La Seine.

PARIS MAP

Source : https://www.rolandvidal.fr/recherche/lam%C3%A9tropole-oubli%C3%A9e/introduction/

PARIS

PARIS VIEW OF LA TOUR EFFEL

Source : https://www.rolandvidal.fr/recherche/la-m%C3%A9tropole-oubli%C3%A9e/introduction/

1.1 - PARIS URBAN EVOLUTION The history of the first Parisian site was not well known until the Gallo-Roman period (92 BC). However, a permanent habitat was certified within the limits of present-day Paris from the Chassean period (between 4000 and 3800 BC). From the 19th century, the industrial revolution, the rural exodus, the development of communication, and the increase in the population led to rapid urbanization. And since that time, the size of Paris and the number of city dwellers have only increased. Indeed, according to the UN and the World Bank, more than half of the world’s population lives in cities today. Since the beginning of the 20th century and especially the 1960s, urban sprawl has been a continuous phenomenon in France. Even when population growth has stabilized, French cities continue to expand.

CITY BACKGROUND

Paris by pushing the urban sprawl into the countryside is putting itself in danger. New urban forms and land control are a necessity for its future. Sectoral policies, whether agricultural or urban, makes believe that there would be the city on one side and the countryside on the other; It’s a very common situation that many cities around the world are living after rapid urban sprawl. However the reality of urban sprawl, strongly reminds us that the city, or urban area, and the countryside are intimately linked. If sprawl is the main cause of the disappearance of French agricultural land, the urban dispersion which is the instigator and the corollary puts the city in deep crisis. PARIS URBAN EVOLUTION MAPS

1180

1383

1675

1713

1787

1900

1965

1995

2010

N Source : Gwendoline Charreau with several archives’ maps, Design inspiration from Roland Vidal et Luc Vilan - https://www.rolandvidal.fr/recherche/la-m%C3%A9tropole-oubli%C3%A9e/introduction/

CITY BACKGROUND

1.2 - BUILDING AGE What strikes the visitor the most when he walks in Paris is the very particular architecture of the city: a rich mixture of eras and styles, varying from buildings of the Ancien Régime to Haussmann buildings, passing by towers of the 1970s and new eco-responsible constructions. Logically, the oldest constructions are mainly located in the districts of the center of Paris. However, there are also buildings dating from at least the 18th century in some municipalities attached to Paris in 1859, Montmartre, for example. But also in more unexpected places, like this construction (corner rue Cambronne / rue Lecourbe) which cuts through the middle of the 15th arrondissement of Paris, one of the last added district. PARIS AGE OF BUILDINGS Age by date of construction Before 1800 1801-1850 1851-1914 1915-1939 1940-1967 1968-1975 1976-1981 1982-1989 1990-1999 2000-2007

N Source : Etienne Côme, chercheur à l’Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports de l’Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR) https://www.comeetie.fr/galerie/BatiParis/#12/48.8623/2.3606

PARIS

BUILT DENSITY - FAR Per 100 m² square 0-0.91 0.91-1.79 1.79-2.38 2.38-2.9 2.9-12.54

N Source : APUR - September 2020 - https://opendata.apur.org/datasets/emprise-batie-paris

1.3 - BUILT DENSITY Unlike housing or job density, built density is not concerned with uses but with the very nature of the subject, the built environment. We also can call it the FAR map. In general, we observe a concentration of very high densities north of La Seine in the central part of the city. This zone essentially corresponds to the 2nd, 8th, 9th and 10th arrondissements. In the North West, fairly large areas with a built density greater than 2.9 are formed. These districts have a more homogeneous built density than the eastern and southern districts of the city, where variations in density dominate. High densities and lower densities are regularly distributed spatially. The road network is present throughout the city and can be considered as homogeneous compared to the presence of parks or the Seine, which affects the density of a mesh to a greater extent. Thus, meshes containing for the most part a park or the river but in which at least one building appears will display a low density.

PARIS

1.4 - HOUSEHOLD INCOME DISTRIBUTION The threshold of wealth in France at 3,470 euros per month for a single person after taxes and social benefits, considers that 5 million French people, or about 8.2% of the population, are rich. Among them, 1% of the population receives more than 15,000 euros per month on average. Paris’s region - Ile de France - has 19% of the French population and 30% of the GDP is produced there. But the gaps between rich and poor are growing. As one would expect, Paris concentrates a large part of the households considered as “rich” . 10% of the richest French people are living in inner Paris, inside the ring road, Le Périphérique. Nowadays, Paris is divided into 20th districts called Arrondissement. The neighboorhoods where the wealthy income people are living are the 6th, 7th, 8th and, 16th district. PARIS INCOME DISTRIBUTION Darker mean more low income people by 200m square

D12

N Source : Gwendoline Charreau - Data : Filosofi2015_carreaux_200m_metropole - INSEE - 2015 2- CORINE LAND COVER DATA - Region IDF - 2020

CITY BACKGROUND

POPULATION DENSITY Nb. People by hectrare : >500 250 to 500 100 to 250 50 to 100

N Source : Densité de population - APUR - May 2019

1.5 - POPULATION DENSITY In the first half of the 19th century, spatial expansion took place overwhelmingly on the right bank of the river La Seine. It appears spontaneously in the peripheral municipalities bordering the enclosure of the Fermiers Généraux or, in a more organized manner, in the form of subdivisions. Vast areas, at the limits of urbanization, appear: cemeteries, slaughterhouses, prisons, warehouses, goods stations and industries. At the end of the century, the enclosure of Thiers was almost entirely built ; however, there are still some agricultural areas within the city walls, some of which will last until the middle of the 20th century. Nowadays Paris hold 2 millions people for around 20 000 people per m².

PARIS

1.6 - PARIS & ITS SURROUNDINGS The center of the Paris metropolitan area, constituted by the city of Paris with its 2.2 million inhabitants, its tourists, business and political centers, represents the intersection of the global exchanges. Vacancy of offices, retail, or housing space is rare and the offer is upgraded continuously towards the high-end. Real estate prices are increasing faster than the average salary. In consequence middleincome households are moving in the first ring of cities around the metropolitan center and it accelerates Paris’s urban development. While the adjacent cities are connected with the metropolitan center by different transport modes (walking, biking, bus, tramway, metro, car…), the second-row cities mostly only have the suburban train system and the car. But as the transport links are essential, either the city possesses a particular historic, economic or natural environment, that lets them stand out, or they risk becoming disconnected from the metropolitan development and a refuge for the fragile populations of the metropolis. THE DIMENSION OF PARIS

Source : Demographia - World Urban Areas -13th Annual Edition: 2017:04

CITY BACKGROUND

PARIS 15th district - principal built-up urban area

VANVE - built-up urban area first ring

Source : https://www.stocklib.fr/photosimages-libres-de-droits/Paris

SEINE SAINT DENIS - built-up urban area second ring Source : https://www.stocklib.fr/photosimages-libres-de-droits/Paris

PARIS

1.7 - PARIS URBAN FABRIC The analysis of the urban fabric makes it possible to characterize the urban context of cities on a finer scale. Recently, Paris has started to move. Concrete development actions have multiplied to meet the needs of all Parisians, including new housing, equipment, gardens, new transport lines, the reception of employment, research and transport. ‘innovation. Important tools have been put in place. Now, Paris and its metropolitan area are preparing to acquire longer-term perspectives on the right scale, to respond to the multiple challenges that arise, and to claim the status of a resolutely modern metropolis with strong sustainable development. PARIS URBAN FABRIC

Public facilities Green space Religious buildings Open space (Place) Discontinuous collective housing Heterogeneous low rise building Heterogeneous middle rise building Heterogeneous high rise building Old middle rise Middle rise modern building Very heterogeneous building

N Source : Damien Delaville, Yann Watkin, Régis Dugué - TUF - 2015 https://www.institutparisregion.fr/referentiels-geographiques/tissus-urbains-franciliens-tuf/

CITY BACKGROUND

PARIS VIEW OF THE URBAN FABRIC NEAR MONTMARTRE

Source : https://pixabay.com/fr/photos/france-paris-la-capitale-de-la-vue-2295805/

The main fact of Parisian town planning is that the French capital, for ten centuries, has always played a leading role at the political or economic level. Most French rulers since the Middle Ages have made a point of leaving their mark on a city which, unlike other European metropolises like London in 1666, Lisbon in 1755, or Berlin in 1945, has never been destroyed. This permanence results in a unique accumulation of monuments and an urban planning and architectural tradition which makes the “cachet” of Paris: alignment of buildings along tree-lined avenues, equal height under the influence of town planning regulations, facades punctuated by the ornaments of the second floor and the continuous balcony of the fifth and other characteristics.

PARIS

2 - 3 TYPES OF NEIGHBORHOODS

To have a better view of Paris, three neighborhoods will be

analyzed. They only represent a part of Paris's face, not all of it, yet they can help to decipher important urban decisions. Each of them has very specific qualities and issues. They are all located in a different district with their addition date to Paris depending on its limits. Gallo-Roman enclosure - IIIth century

Louis XIII enclosure XVIth century

Carolingian enclosure - Xth century Philippe Auguste enclosure - XIIth century Charles V enclosure - XIVth century

Wall of the Farmers XVIIIth century Enclosure of Thiers XIXth century Today

PARIS’ LIMITS THROUGH TIME

2 1

N Source :https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enceintes_de_Paris#/media/Fichier:The_city_limits_of_ Paris_from_the_4th_century_to_2015.svg - Flag added by Gwendoline Charreau

TYPES OF NEIGHBORHOODS

1- Saint Gervais South neighborhood. In one of the oldest district of Paris (4th);

Saint Gervais South

2- Chaussée d’Antin, Opéra neighborhood. Haussmann typical Parisian organisation in the 9th district; 3- Saint-Lambert neighborhood - In one of the newest district (15th). Those three neighborhoods have been chosen because they are very different. Many pieces of information can be gathered from their study. Each is related to a very different part of Paris’s history. Several maps have been made to analyze them: 1- District map in Paris 2- District map with all neighborhoods 3- District with analyzed neighborhood 4- The analyzed neighborhood 5- Neigborhood nolli map 6- Neigborhood Streets plan 7- Neigborhood blocks 8- Neigborhood FAR (built density) 9- Neigborhood buildings’s age 10- Neigborhood urban fabric 11- Neigborhood housing price 12- Neigborhood buildings height 13- Neigborhood heat map 14- Neigborhood air pollution 15- Neigborhood light pollution 16- Neigborhood noise pollution

Source : Google map

Chaussée d’Antin

Source : https://www.stocklib.fr/

Saint-Lambert

Source : Google map

PARIS

3 - SAINT-GERVAIS SOUTH NEIGHBORHOOD 3.1 - 4TH DISTRICT The current Saint-Gervais south neighborhood chosen for the analysis includes half of the old Saint-Paul area and the buildings behind l’Hotel de Ville. It is near Notre-Dame de Paris, the cathedral, located in the same district (4th). In the half of the Middle Ages, the major part of the network of the district ways is built but buildings are few and there is mostly gardens. At the end of the 16th century, the sale and the carving up of the Hôtel Saint-Pol (old writing of Saint-Paul) gave rise to one of the first subdivision operations. The new streets keep in their names the memory of the old gardens. The 17th century transforms and embellishes the landscape of the district. But in the south, nothing changes much. Some large housing estates are added and replace the mediumsized settlements. However, the streets and the crowding of PARIS’ DISTRICTS

D16

N 4th DISTRICT Source : Gwendoline Charreau / QGIS Data : 1- OpenStreetMap Extracts - GEOFABRICK - Europe - France - IDF Ile de France - 2020 2- CORINE LAND COVER DATA - Region IDF - 2020

SAINT-GERVAIS SOUTH

buildings remain relatively similar. The first half of the 19th century brought changes, such as the development of quays, the construction of bridges or La rue de Rivoli. The rue de Rivoli is a street that is on both the 1st district and the 4th district. It’s the northern limit of our analyzed neighborhood. It is part of the great east-west gap of Paris completed in 1855 connecting the historic axis of Paris towards La Défense. Since 2020, the street is now reserved for bicycles -two clean lanes out of three-, pedestrians, and certain motor vehicles. The end of the 19th century is the last big development in the district. It is the opening of Boulevard Marland and the construction of the Céléstins barracks. The urban modifications PARIS 4TH DISTRICT that appeared in the 20th century are minor except maybe for the architecture. Everything is densifying and many buildings are built but the streets stay mostly the same.

Saint-Merri Neighborhood Saint-Gervais Neighborhood Arsenal Neighborhood Notre-Dame Neighborhood Source : Gwendoline Charreau / QGIS Data : 1- OpenStreetMap Extracts - GEOFABRICK - Europe - France - IDF Ile de France - 2020 2- CORINE LAND COVER DATA - Region IDF - 2020

PARIS

PARIS 4TH DISTRICT & THE ANALYZED NEIGHBORHOOD

Analyzed Neighborhood

N Source : Gwendoline Charreau / QGIS Data : 1- OpenStreetMap Extracts - GEOFABRICK - Europe - France - IDF Ile de France - 2020 2- CORINE LAND COVER DATA - Region IDF - 2020

3.2 - SAINT GERVAIS SOUTH NEIGHBORHOOD The first analyzed neighborhood is located between L’Hotel de Ville (West limit), Rue Saint-Paul (East limit), the river La Seine (South limit), and La rue de Rivoli (North limit). It takes its name from the martyrs’ Saint Gervais and Saint Protais and one of the first buildings in the area was a church already named the church of Saint Gervais opened in 1494. Yet it was built on the foundations of the first known shrine on the right bank in Paris.

SAINT-GERVAIS SOUTH

SAINT GERVAIS SOUTH NEIGHBORHOOD

Source : Gwendoline Charreau / AUTOCAD & Open Data from French government: https://cadastre.data.gouv.fr/ - 2021 -

The first basilica was founded between 387 and 576. Saint-Gervais church is also the oldest parish apart from the first cathedral on the Île de la Cité. The duo of Saints Saint Gervais and Saint Protais was very popular at the time of the founding of this church, and there are many church foundations under their invocation around the 16th century. The district, like almost all of La Seine’s right bank, was not habited until the High Middle Ages. The only ancient developments are the roads leading to the bridge leading to the Ile de la Cité and the left bank, where Lutèce (l’Ile de la Cité) stood. It is in 1868 that the bank is built and called Le Quai des l’Hotel de Ville. In 1254, it was only a path that bordered La Seine. It was called vicus Merrenarum in latin or the “Merrains way”. “Merrain” is the french word for “stave”. Stave is the raw material for making barrels.

PARIS Saint Gervais Church

1180 - OUTSIDE OF PARIS

1550 - GARDENS DEVELOPMENT

N Source : https://www.stocklib. fr/photos-images-libres-dedroits/Paris

Source : https://www.stocklib.fr/photosimages-libres-de-droits/Paris

1760

2021

Source : https://www.stocklib. fr/photos-images-libres-dedroits/Paris

Source : Source : Gwendoline Charreau / AUTOCAD & Open Data from French government: https://cadastre.data.gouv.fr/ - 2021 -

The development of this neighborhood is old. First, it was outside the Parisian limits and then was developed as several gardens to nourish inhabitants. The red dote shows the Saint-Gervais church, always there. From 1760 to 2021 very few changes have been done on the neighborhood’s blocks. However, the architecture changed. More than Catholics place of worship, it

SAINT-GERVAIS SOUTH

also regroups one of the largest Jewish populations in Paris. Therefore a Shoah memorial is located near the Saint-Gervais church. Other important buildings can be noticed: The Courthouse of Paris ; The European House of Photography; The parish of Saintpaul; The foundation of the international art city; The museum of magic and The recruitment office for Paris city. PICTURE OF EVOLUTION

Source : https://www.stocklib.fr/photosimages-libres-de-droits/Paris

PARIS

IMPORTANT LOCATIONS

2 3 N Source : Gwendoline Charreau / AUTOCAD & Open Data from French government: https://cadastre.data.gouv.fr/ - 2021 -

RUE BARRE WITH ST GERVAIS CHURCH

Source : https://www.stocklib.fr/photos-imageslibres-de-droits/Paris

HOTEL SENSE

Source : Gwendoline Charreau / AUTOCAD & Open Data from French government: https://cadastre.data.gouv.fr/ - 2021 -

SAINT-GERVAIS SOUTH

QUAIS

Source : https://www.stocklib.fr/photos-images-libresde-droits/Paris

OLDEST BUILDINGS IN PARIS

Source : https://www.stocklib. fr/photos-images-libres-dedroits/Paris

SAINT-PAUL CHURCH

Source : https://www.stocklib.fr/photos-images-libres-de-droits/Paris

PARIS

3.3- ANALYSIS Before the first analysis is the study of the neighborhood through a nolli plan of the building on a “solid to void” relationship. The urban fabric is very dense and ancient. The irregularity of each building indicates that this neighborhood was a living organic part of the city. The second is a plan of the streets, roads, and paths only. With the irregularity of the streets can be deduced the different architectural and urban changes from the medieval period to our days. SAINT GERVAIS SOUTH NOLLI MAP

SAINT GERVAIS SOUTH STREETS PLAN

Source : Gwendoline Charreau / AUTOCAD & Open Data from French government: https://cadastre.data.gouv.fr/ - 2021 -

SAINT-GERVAIS SOUTH

From those plans can be viewed another framework: the blocks. There is 22 block with a total of 146,738 km2 (without streets). SAINT GERVAIS SOUTH BLOCKS

121.

M 12.4

M 7.6

m²

10 ² 5m 952

62.

5.6

13 0m ²

8.0

870

² 8m

M 39.7

321 .2

2026 4M

85.0

.3 M

85.

m²

576

.8 M 118

2m 10 ² 8.2 M

.8 99

6.5 11

87.

m²

Source : Gwendoline Charreau / AUTOCAD & Open Data from French government: https://cadastre.data.gouv.fr/ - 2021 -

31.

196

116.7 M

.5 M

128. 6M 1149 m²

366

2m ² 94.6 M

M 17

3.5

.2 M

158

167

16 .9

45.

10 48 2 16 7.7 m² M

18 .8 M 15. 9M

97.6 M

126 .0 M 3238 m² 34.0 M

53.9 M

73. 5M

m²

8.9

0.6

131.3 M 7378 m²

72.

3.2

m²

8.0

1444

4098

m²

73.

4246

143.2 M

98.6

m²

78.3 M

66.

4365

121.

68.1

57.

SAINT GERVAIS SOUTH BLOCK DIMENSIONS

84.8

49.

65.9

1153

14 8.4

100

.3 M

m²

PARIS

The block study gives the neighborhood the opportunity to understand its built density or what can be named FAR The calculation formula is as follows: (footprint x height of the building) divided by the surface of the study area. The built density or FAR is an indicator based on what already exists and, in this sense, reflects a perceived reality. The individual visiting a neighborhood is able to visually appreciate the height and footprint of buildings, and therefore get a rough idea of their built density. In SaintGervais South neighborhood the density is very high because of its old medieval fabric. It sometimes gives the impression to be in a village, yet the car’s noise and typical Parisian buildings aren’t too far to remind you that Paris changed and isn’t a medieval city anymore. FAR ( FLOOR AREA RATION)

Source : Gwendoline Charreau /Photoshop / AUTOCAD & Open Data from French government: https://cadastre.data.gouv.fr/ - 2021 < 0.5

> 0.5

N 5

SAINT-GERVAIS SOUTH

3.3.1 - ANALYSIS : POPULATION During the week, it is very a pleasant neighborhood, with varied and friendly populations overall. There is a real village side that cannot be denied. The proximity of the docks finally cleared of cars is a plus, and the disappearance of cars on Rivoli street is also a benefit. From an architectural point of view, it certainly lacks trees, but overall the area is beautiful. Late at night, the neighborhood becomes downright magical in some corners, but you have to get out of your home and walk around to see it. The view near the river La Seine is very appealing. Obviously, the gentrification of the neighborhood (the BHV, its luxury boutiques, the expensive shops...) is progressing, but the neighborhood bistros are holding up, and have a population of really nice regulars. It’s nowadays one of the most pleasant - and expensive - areas of Paris to live in. POPULATION

Source :Insee, RP2007, RP2012 et RP2017, exploitations principales, géographie au 01/01/2020. / https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2011101?geo=COM-75104

PARIS

3.3.2 - ANALYSIS : AGE OF BUILDINGS Even if Saint-Gervais south isn’t a medieval neighborhood anymore its streets and buildings’ shapes are still influenced by it. At least half of the buildings were built before 1800 and some strict policy from Paris administration obliges owners to keep the persona of it (security rules such as fire protection policy are the only ones being able to change it). However, the Empire period did change a lot of its urban face. Those changes are in light blue on the map and the streets adjustments to allow better circulation.

AGE OF BUILDINGS

Source : Gwendoline Charreau /Photoshop & Data : opendata.apur.org / AUTOCAD & Open Data from French government: https://cadastre.data.gouv.fr/ - 2021 -

Before 1800

1915-1939

1976-1981

1801-1850

1940-1967

1982-1989

1851-1914

1968-1975

1990-1999

2000-2007

SAINT-GERVAIS SOUTH

URBAN FABRIC

Source : Gwendoline Charreau /Photoshop & Data : opendata.apur.org / AUTOCAD & Open Data from French government: https://cadastre.data.gouv.fr/ - 2021 -

Public facilities

Heterogeneous middle rise building

Green space

Heterogeneous high rise building

Religious buildings

Old middle rise

Open space (Place)

Middle rise modern building

Discontinuous collective housing

Very heterogeneous building

Heterogeneous low rise building

3.3.3 - ANALYSIS : URBAN FABRIC The neighborhood has a large variety of urban fabric. It is due to its age and the many different modifications it has seen. It shows how Paris is a very typical organic and moving city, especially through the ages. A very typical sight is the public facilities. Administration, schools, etc. There are also two churches and many religious urban fabric spaces because the neighborhood was made at an old time.

PARIS

PRICE (to buy, not to rent)

13 800 to 15 000 EURO / M² 12 800 to 13 800 EURO / M² 11 800 to 12 800 EURO / M²

Source : Gwendoline Charreau / AUTOCAD & Open Data from https://www.meilleursagents. com/prix-immobilier/paris-75000/ - 2021 -

3.3.4 - ANALYSIS : PRICE Paris’s center is one of the most expensive cities in the world. Nearly 10,000 euros for a one-meter square. The quadruple of 20 years ago. It’s expensive. Not yet like in London or Hong Kong, but almost. It is very expensive for families who would like to settle down or expand and too expensive for young workers who work in Paris. It is no surprise knowing the 4th district is one of the oldest areas in Paris and with the Patrimoine protection politic in France, one of the most expensive. Therefore, in this area there is less housing (white buildings on the map), and if there are owners they mainly are older than 40 years old and high-income. Commercial activities are expensive too because of the high price to rent or buy.

SAINT-GERVAIS SOUTH

A common issue in Paris since the 1990s is the rising price neverending. It’s a real urban issue because the population of Paris has fallen by 59,000 inhabitants since 2011. After reaching a peak of 2.249 million inhabitants in 2011, the municipality of Paris would have only 2.190 million inhabitants in 2016, a loss of 59,000. people. The center of Paris like the 4th district has more and more vacant apartments. In the four central districts of the capital, 26% of housing remains unoccupied. Therefore, Paris is gradually emptying of its inhabitants, according to a study by the Paris Region Institute. If the youngest find the capital attractive, this is not the case for the over 30s who flee to the inner and outer suburbs. Nearly 8,600 households had disappeared during the last census, to go to the outskirts. The solution from Paris’s administration was to add more taxes. Especially the surtax on the housing tax, which currently stands at 60% for these dwellings in Paris, could thus reach 250%.

PARIS

HEIGHT (in meters)

40 m to 60m 25 m to 40 m 10 m to 25 m 4 m to 10 m

0 m to 4 m Source : Gwendoline Charreau / AUTOCAD & Open Data from French government: https://cadastre.data.gouv.fr/ - 2021 - & Photoshop with Data from satellite, roofs analysis

3.3.5 - ANALYSIS : HEIGHT Most of the height in Saint-Gervais South is around 4 to 10 meters, those in orange. They represent both new buildings and old ones. Therefore most buildings or construction from the medieval period to the contemporary are between 4 to 10 meters maximum because they were aligned together to create homogeneity. The rare red points are additional constructions from modern times. It could also be aerial tv signals or other modern objects. The two largest red points with some purple color in them represent the two and only churches in the neighborhood. On the left, the Saint-Germain church, and on the right is the Saint-Paul church.Their height is higher than 30 meters.

SAINT-GERVAIS SOUTH

FLOOD RISK

Flooded underground Flooded surfaces Electrical shut down risk

Source : Gwendoline Charreau / AUTOCAD & Open Data from French government: https://cadastre.data.gouv.fr/ & OPENDATA.gouv.fr / QGIS / PPRI - 2021 -

3.3.6 - ANALYSIS : FLOOD RISK In Paris, the floods are manifested by slow flooding of La Seine. For a 1910-type flood, it takes an average of 10 to 15 days to reach the maximum threshold and even more for the flood. The risks are very varied: disruption of public transport, drinking water networks, district heating, sanitation, car traffic, etc. Not to mention the enormous economic impact in Ile-de-France, Paris’s region Workshops and urban walks are offered to raise awareness among Parisians and residents of the risk of flooding, but also to raise awareness of the history of the river and its tributaries, Because of its location Saint-Gervais south neighborhood is heavily impacted by the flood and always has been.

PARIS

3.3.7 - ANALYSIS : HEAT In Paris, there are islands of heat as well as freshness which make the crushing temperatures feel more or less intensely. It is important to make a difference between day and night, the presence of wind or not when we talk about heat islands. Everything comes from the minerality of the frame and the pavement (tar or stone). So on open esplanades like on squares, the temperature drops quickly. In St. Gervais Southneighborhood, with its narrow streets, which we call canyon streets, and tall buildings, the heat has difficulty in evacuating towards the sky at night. As a result, the stone returns the heat without it disappearing. It gives the neighborhood temperatures that are always high at night. So almost the entire capital is a heat island and this neighborhood is too. HEAT MAP

< 18°C 18-19 °C 19-20 °C 20-21 °C 21-22 °C 22-23 °C > 23°C

N Source : Gwendoline Charreau /Photoshop & Data : opendata.apur.org / AUTOCAD & Open Data from French government: https://cadastre.data.gouv.fr/ Heat map from 2019 June.

SAINT-GERVAIS SOUTH

3.3.8- ANALYSIS : POLLUTION Fine particle of pollution (NO2 /O3 / PM10 / PM2.5) exceeds health standards in many countries. It becomes those past years an important subject and concern for the health of inhabitants especially those living in dense urban cities like Paris. Several years back the riverbank inside Paris was already closed to cars during the weekend to avoid noise and pollution. However, the center during weekdays is still very dense and busy. The most dangerous fine particles are the PM2.5 which in this neighborhood is average (compare to other E.U. countries, not ASIA) because of the main road near the river the wind evacuate many particles. NO2 MAP

< 0 ug/m3

< 120 ug/m3

< 50 ug/m3

< 180 ug/m3

< 100 ug/m3 Source : Gwendoline Charreau / AUTOCAD & Open Data from French government: https://cadastre.data.gouv.fr/ - 2021 - & Photoshop with Data from satellite, roofs analysis Nov. 2019

PARIS

O3 MAP

< 0 ug/m3 < 50 ug/m3

PM 10 MAP

< 0/10 ug/m3 < 25 ug/m3 < 45 ug/m3 < 165 ug/m3

< 180 ug/m3 Source : Gwendoline Charreau / AUTOCAD & Open Data from French government: https://cadastre.data.gouv.fr/ - 2021 - & Photoshop with Data from satellite, roofs analysis Nov. 2019

SAINT-GERVAIS SOUTH

PM 2.5 MAP

< 0 ug/m3 < 15 ug/m3 < 20 ug/m3 < 30 ug/m3

< 55 ug/m3 Source : Gwendoline Charreau / AUTOCAD & Open Data from French government: https://cadastre.data.gouv.fr/ - 2021 - & Photoshop with Data from satellite, roofs analysis Nov. 2019

According to the results of a state’s study, the levels of nitrogen dioxide, mainly from road traffic and in particular from diesel vehicles, are lower than the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO). These levels are decreasing when looking away from road traffic. However, we should always remember that pollutants are emitted by many sources and not mainly by road traffic. Airparif website is also observing an average drop of 36% in nitrogen dioxide concentrations in schoolyards. That’s because the French schoolyard has traditionally a space at its center to allow kids to play during recreation time. This space is sometimes decorated with trees. However, adjacent streets, buildings, and walls have a “screen effect”. (Date accessed before covid-19, Novembre 2019) The data may change in summer because the pollution is higher during this time of the year.

PARIS

3.3.9 - ANALYSIS : LIGHT POLLUTION A new law came into effect in France on the first day of 2019 that sets an important standard in western Europe for the protection of nighttime darkness through controls on the emission of light in outdoor spaces. The “Decree 27TH December 2018 on the prevention, reduction, and limitation of light pollution” is a significant step forward in establishing robust national-level policies that can help turn the tide away from growth rates in the past decade approaching ten percent per year in terms of both the lit area of European countries and the intensity of upward-directed light that can be detected from space. Saint-Gervais south with its highly tourist spots is quite a bright area with light pollution. Especially near La Seine. LIGHT POLLUTION

Source : Gwendoline Charreau / Open Data from French government- made on QGIS- 2021 -

SAINT-GERVAIS SOUTH

3.3.10 - ANALYSIS : NOISE POLLUTION Paris is becoming an increasingly noisy city. Complaints of noise pollution have jumped in recent years. Road traffic and festive activities are the main vectors of this ambient hubbub. In addition to a real hearing discomfort, noise has significant impacts on the health of thousands of Parisians. Saint-Gervais South neighborhood is surrounded by noise. Mostly because the many main roads of Paris are the limits of the neighborhood. La Rue de Rivolie on the North and the Quai de l’hôtel de Ville. It’s also connected to l’Ile de la cité by two large main bridges with cars access. The noise is mainly coming from war traffic. In its center, the level of dB is less and behind the protection of its old walls, the calm is preserved. NOISE POLLUTION

< 45 dB 45-50 dB 50-55 dB 55-60 dB 60-65 dB

70-75 dB

65-70 dB

> 75 dB

Source : Gwendoline Charreau / made on photoshop / data : https://carto.bruitparif.fr/

PARIS

4 - OPERA NEIGHBORHOOD 4.1 - 9TH DISTRICT The 9th arrondissement of Paris is one of the twenty arrondissements of Paris, located on the right bank of the Seine. With an area of 217.5 hectares, it is the 6th smallest arrondissement in Paris, and, with 59,408 inhabitants in 2015, the 11th most populous. Under the terms of article R. 2512-1 of the General Code of Local Authorities (regulatory part), it also bears the name of “arrondissement de l’Opéra” , but this name is rarely used in everyday life.

PARIS’ DISTRICTS

D16

9th DISTRICT

N Source : Gwendoline Charreau / QGIS Data : 1- OpenStreetMap Extracts - GEOFABRICK - Europe - France - IDF Ile de France - 2020 2- CORINE LAND COVER DATA - Region IDF - 2020

OPERA NEIGHBORHOOD

The cultural activities are very developed there with the Opéra Garnier, the Place de l’Opéra, the theaters, and the cinemas of the Grands Boulevards. In addition, the Drouot auction house attracts many visitors, such as further north, the museum of romantic life, and the Gustave-Moreau museum. PARIS 9TH DISTRICT

Chaussée d’Antin Neighborhood Rochechouart Neighborhood Faubourg Montmartre Neighborhood Saint-Geroges Neighborhood Source : Gwendoline Charreau / QGIS Data : 1- OpenStreetMap Extracts - GEOFABRICK - Europe - France - IDF Ile de France - 2020 2- CORINE LAND COVER DATA - Region IDF - 2020

PARIS

PARIS 9TH DISTRICT & THE ANALYZED NEIGHBORHOOD

N Analyzed Neighborhood

Source : Gwendoline Charreau / QGIS Data : 1- OpenStreetMap Extracts - GEOFABRICK - Europe - France - IDF Ile de France - 2020 2- CORINE LAND COVER DATA - Region IDF - 2020

4.2 - OPERA NEIGHBORHOOD The architecture and organization of this district is certainly one of the most beautiful legacies of Second Empire town planning. This bustling area of the capital has met the challenge of modernizing itself while preserving its beauty dating from the 19th century and consisting of period buildings that are sometimes listed. Loaded with a very large cultural heritage, the Opera district has gradually become the temple of shopping and fashion.

OPERA NEIGHBORHOOD

N Source : Gwendoline Charreau / AUTOCAD & Open Data from French government: https://cadastre.data.gouv.fr/ - 2021 -

Under the reign of Napoleon III during the Second Empire (18521870), the French capital went under urban renewal. These titanic projects affected the entire capital except for some part in the 4rth District like Saint-Gervais South or the Jewish area. At this time Paris was still a very medieval city and the architecture was too narrow and unhealthy that did not allow smooth traffic. This town planning project was carried out in full by Baron Haussmann, appointed Prefect of the Seine by the emperor himself in 1853.

PARIS

1180 - OUTSIDE OF PARIS - FIELDS & FOREST

1787

Source : https://www.stocklib. fr/photos-images-libres-dedroits/Paris

Source : https://www.stocklib.fr/photosimages-libres-de-droits/Paris

1850

2021

Source : https://www.stocklib. fr/photos-images-libres-dedroits/Paris

Source : Source : Gwendoline Charreau / AUTOCAD & Open Data from French government: https://cadastre.data.gouv.fr/ - 2021 -

OPERA NEIGHBORHOOD

4.3 - HAUSSMANN ARCHITECTURE & URBAN ARCHITECTURE The works of Haussmann under the Second Empire will bring an urban transformation to the capital but will also enter a social upheaval. Before the 1850s we can consider that all the social strata of the population lived side by side in the same building (middle-class people on the second floor, civil servants and employees on the third and fourth, minor employees on the fifth, student housewives, and poor under the eaves. Haussmann’s work will break this social heterogeneity. Indeed, the first point was to increase rents. As a result, the most disadvantaged families had to settle in neighborhoods that were left behind by the renovations (North and East). Even today, we find in the social composition of the districts of Paris this division between the traditionally bourgeois South and West and the more popular North and East. TYPICAL HAUSSMANN ARCHITECTURE

Source : Google map

PARIS

IMPORTANT LOCATIONS

2 3

N Source : Gwendoline Charreau / AUTOCAD & Open Data from French government: https://cadastre.data.gouv.fr/ - 2021 -

GALLERIE LAFAYETTE

Source : https://www.stocklib.fr/photosimages-libres-de-droits/Paris

L’OPÉRA GARNIER

Source : https://www.stocklib.fr/ photos-images-libres-de-droits/Paris

OPERA NEIGHBORHOOD

OLYMPIA THEATRE

Source : https://www.stocklib.fr/photosimages-libres-de-droits/Paris

LUXURY HOTEL & SPA

Source : https://www.stocklib.fr/photosimages-libres-de-droits/Paris

AVENUE DE L’OPERA AVENUE DE L’OPERA DURING DEMOLITION - 1977

OPERA

AVENUE DE L’OPERA - 2021 Source : https://www.stocklib.fr/photosimages-libres-de-droits/Paris

PARIS

4.4 - ANALYSIS This urban area is the result of a competition : the construction of an “Imperial Academy of Music and Dance” . It awaited for fifty years and was announced in 1860. The prefect of Paris, Haussmann, an uncompromising urban planner, proposed a cramped plot that was ill-suited to the project. The event is such that the Parisians and the provinces follow the progress of the competition and impatiently awaited the result.

OPERA NOLLI MAP

OPERA STREETS PLAN

Source : Gwendoline Charreau / AUTOCAD & Open Data from French government: https://cadastre.data.gouv.fr/ - 2021 -

OPERA NEIGHBORHOOD

OPERA BLOCKS

2.1

100.7 M

7.6 M

4.1

107

6.7

45 m

107

8.9

98 m

70 m

328

m² 39

.4 35

M .3 17 625 M2

159.2

2.5

7.7

69.5

OPERA BLOCKS DIMENSIONS

M ² 2.5 12 6106 m 1

121 .5 356 M 6m ² 98.8 M

63.7 M

416 1 112. m² 8M

² 8232 m M 194.0 M 165.3 923 8m ² 173. 9M

250.5

103.6 M

54.4

m² 14287 141.6 M

107.7 M

16675 m

.5 M

212

M Source : Gwendoline Charreau / AUTOCAD & Open Data from French government: https://cadastre.data.gouv.fr/ - 2021 -

PARIS

The façade of the buildings and the pedestrian street are regular and base on a rigid plan. A typical Haussmann urban plan. Those streets and boulevards are straight. They demonstrate the intention of power representation from Napoleon and Haussmann’s urban design. The structure of the blocks, like the streets and buildings, is framed rigorously. Yet the Opera at the center of the neighborhood - made by M.Garier - doesn’t follow the frame because it was finished before Haussmann modifications. Garnier fought for the Opera and its surroundings against Haussmann. FAR ( FLOOR AREA RATION) < 0.5 > 0.5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Source : Gwendoline Charreau /Photoshop / AUTOCAD & Open Data from French government: https://cadastre.data.gouv.fr/ - 2021 -

OPERA NEIGHBORHOOD

4.4.1 - ANALYSIS : POPULATION Opera is a neighborhood of young people. The 3060 inhabitants are mostly young middle managers. 80% of them renters their homes and have high incomes of around 36,200 euros per household. The area is very lively with an average of 7.4 restaurants, cafes and bars every 100m and there are shops everywhere: 49.9 every 100m. There are a few second homes there too, 16%. A large portion of the population walking in the street are mostly tourists or workers. It’s a very touristic area for cultural and commercial activities. Most of the spaces are rented by industries or for other commercial purposes. POPULATION

Source : Insee 2017

PARIS

4.4.2 - ANALYSIS : AGE OF BUILDINGS The post Empire buildings are everywhere in this neighborhood. Buildings from before 1800 are rare and most construction is from Haussmann, Except L'opéra Garnier which was built by Garnier. Both men had a rivalry and fought to have the highest building of them all. Turns out, Garnier won. Otherwise, Haussmann's design is easily recognizable: On the street side, the facades are cut stone from the quarries of Saint-Maximin and Petit-Montrouge. On the courtyard and gable wall, on the other hand, a stone of lesser quality is used. The balconies are on the second and fifth floors. AGE OF BUILDINGS

Before 1800 1801-1850 1851-1914 1915-1939 1940-1967 1990-1999

Source : Gwendoline Charreau /Photoshop / AUTOCAD & Open Data from French government: https://cadastre.data.gouv.fr/ - 2021 -

OPERA NEIGHBORHOOD

URBAN FABRIC

Public facilities Heterogeneous middle rise building Heterogeneous high rise building Source : Gwendoline Charreau /Photoshop & Data : opendata.apur.org / AUTOCAD & Open Data from French government: https:// cadastre.data.gouv.fr/ - 2021 -

Old middle rise Middle rise modern building

4.4.3 - ANALYSIS : URBAN FABRIC The urban fabric of the Opera neighborhood is one of the less diversified. Mostly because Haussmann's design corresponds to a profound economic transformation of the entrepreneurial fabric too. The major works of Hausmann have a stimulating function on the development of the construction industry and the financial capital at the base of real estate development. French capitalism was transformed with the urban transformation of the city.

PARIS

PRICE (for housing ONLY to buy, not to rent and not for commercial purpose)

12 800 to 13 800 EURO / M² 11 800 to 12 800 EURO / M²

Source : Gwendoline Charreau / AUTOCAD & Open Data from le Ministère des Finances Publiques sur Etalab : https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/demandes-de-valeurs-foncieres/ - 2021 -

4.4.4 - ANALYSIS : PRICE The map is only for housing to buy. The area has few places to buy and prices are highly expensive. Only households with the right amount of money can afford to live there. It’s not great to live there either. It’s overcrowded, often has very small housing and it’s very noisy plus polluted. The area is largely made for commercial purposes and touristic activities. Many hostels are in the neighborhood and their prices are also very high.

OPERA NEIGHBORHOOD

HEIGHT (in meters) 40 m to 60m 25 m to 40 m 10 m to 25 m 4 m to 10 m 0 m to 4 m

Source : Gwendoline Charreau / AUTOCAD & Open Data from French government: https://cadastre.data.gouv.fr/ - 2021 - & Photoshop with Data from satellite NASA, roofs analysis

4.4.5 - ANALYSIS : HEIGHT Haussmann’s design height always varies from 12 to 20 meters (red color on the map). It must be proportional to the width of the road, without ever exceeding 6 floors. However, the Opera in the center is shaped in a very small land. It was quite restrictive for Garnier, the architect. He called it “a diamond, impractical for an opera house”, which is normally a long building. In addition, the surrounding buildings exceed the fixed first height given by Haussmann. Therefore, Garnier raised the upper floor so that the opera house remains the most imposing building on the square, and that’s why the green color of the map indicates Garnier golden statue on top of the opera, to be higher than Haussmann. The rare purple areas on top are contemporary additions.

PARIS

4.4.6 - ANALYSIS : HEAT Surrounded only by streets and high-density traffic jams plus buildings; Opéra neighborhood is a heat island in the heart of Paris. Knowing from the 4rth district analysis that stones are keeping heat and reject only a small portion of day heat, Haussmann stone facade is a powerful heat trap. In Saint-Gervais south and Brancion (the next neighborhood), the heat is decreasing thanks to the empty spaces between buildings and green areas. Unfortunately for Haussmann’s design, air pollution like we know it wasn’t that of a big issue. It still helped improve hygienes but the city has now evolved and its health problem with it. HEAT MAP < 18°C 18-19 °C 19-20 °C 20-21 °C 21-22 °C 22-23 °C > 23°C

Source : Gwendoline Charreau /Photoshop & Data : opendata.apur.org / AUTOCAD & Open Data from French government: https://cadastre.data.gouv.fr/ - 2021 -

OPERA NEIGHBORHOOD

4.4.7 - ANALYSIS : POLLUTION While being a heat trap, Opera neighbohood is also a air polluted area. One of the factors is that Paris is located in a basin, and very exposed to road traffic and heavy goods vehicles. The 4rth district and the 9th are the lowest of other district. Therefore Saint-Gervais South and Opéra neighborhoods are in a difficult topography and urban typology when talking about heat and pollution. Since 2001, Paris has been fighting against atmospheric pollution. NO2 MAP < 0 ug/m3 < 50 ug/m3 < 100 ug/m3 < 120 ug/m3 < 180 ug/m3

Source : Gwendoline Charreau / AUTOCAD & Open Data from French government: https://cadastre.data.gouv.fr/ - 2021 - & Photoshop with Data from satellite, roofs analysis https://www.airparif.asso.fr/surveiller-la-pollution/la-pollution-en-direct-en-ile-de-france

PARIS

< 0 ug/m3 < 50 ug/m3

PM 10

< 0/10 ug/m3 < 25 ug/m3 < 45 ug/m3 < 165 ug/m3 < 180 ug/m3

OPERA NEIGHBORHOOD PM 2.5

< 0 ug/m3 < 15 ug/m3 < 20 ug/m3 < 30 ug/m3 < 55 ug/m3

Source : Gwendoline Charreau / AUTOCAD & Open Data from French government: https://cadastre.data.gouv.fr/ - 2021 - & Photoshop with Data from satellite, roofs analysis

Paris administration has set up a Low Emission Zone (ZFE), such as exists in many cities in the world, to limit the access of the most polluting vehicles to the center of the agglomeration. It tries to accelerate the renewal of a fleet driven by more recent vehicles or the use of other modes of transport. The City offers also financial aid to enable Parisian individuals to move around differently by abandoning their vehicles in favor of bicycles, Vélib, car-sharing, or public transport. For professionals, the City offers aid for the purchase of less polluting vehicles. Public transport could be an alternative but building a subway or train line is very expensive. Especially in patrimonial areas like the Opéra neighborhood where it’s forbidden to destroy many buildings and places. Worse, the subsoil is very fragile in Paris near Opéra. The soil is crumbly and sometimes are old swamps like the Opera Garnier building.

PARIS

4.4.8 - ANALYSIS : LIGHT POLLUTION For commercial, cultural and touristic purpose Opéra neighborhood is one of the most lighted at night. The light here isn’t view as a pollution but a necessity. Mostly because few people are living there. The lights around the Garnier Opéra is ven called The belt of lights. The Opera is seen as the show that lights up the Parisian night. These streetlights are there to remind you. A total of 64 street lights make up this belt of light. A campaign was even initiated in 2013 to restore all the lights elements 1.8 million euros were raised and the restoration is now over.

LIGHT POLLUTION

Source : Gwendoline Charreau / AUTOCAD & Open Data from French government: https://cadastre.data.gouv.fr/ & https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/eclairage-public/- 2021

OPERA NEIGHBORHOOD

4.4.9 - ANALYSIS : NOISE POLLUTION The noise pollution like the heat or air pollution is concentred near the streets where traffic jams are higher. Only some rare courtyards, mostly in older buildings than Haussmann’s, are keeping a low level of dB. Where light pollution is viewed as an enlightenment of the architecture, the noise however has received complaints from the few inhabitants. The problem with noise is that identifying precisely the nature of it is a challenge. Bruitparif has implemented jellyfish sensors that identify the sources of noise and thus send text messages to the right people (eg: bar manager) via an automatic system. But the implementation of this device is slow and requires a lot of people’s participation. NOISE POLLUTION < 45 dB 45-50 dB 50-55 dB 55-60 dB 60-65 dB 65-70 dB 70-75 dB > 75 dB

Source : Gwendoline Charreau / AUTOCAD & Open Data from French government: https://cadastre.data.gouv.fr/ & https://carto.bruitparif.fr/- 2021

PARIS

5 - BRANCION NEIGHBORHOOD 5.1 - 15TH DISTRICT The 15th arrondissement of Paris is located on the left bank of the Seine, in the southwest of the city, and is the result of the annexation of the communes of Vaugirard and Grenelle in 1860. It is the most populous of the arrondissements with 235,178 inhabitants in 20171. This district also used to bear the name of “arrondissement de Vaugirard”. A neighborhood on its bottom right part next to Brancion neighborhood. Before 1860, only a small northern part of the area - now covered by the 15th arrondissementwas located in Paris. Since 1970 the limit of the site is the wall of the Fermiers Généraux. The wall of the Fermiers Généraux was one of the enclosures of Paris, built just before the Revolution between 1785 and 1788 by Claude-Nicolas Ledoux.

PARIS’ DISTRICTS

D16

N 15th DISTRICT Source : Gwendoline Charreau / QGIS Data : 1- OpenStreetMap Extracts - GEOFABRICK - Europe - France - IDF Ile de France - 2020 2- CORINE LAND COVER DATA - Region IDF - 2020

BRANCION NEIGHBORHOOD

The remainder of the current 15th century was outside Paris, mainly in the now-defunct communes of Grenelle, known for its castle and its powder magazine (or powder mill) where in 1794 a deadly explosion took place and rue de Vaugirard known for its agricultural and wine-growing activities as well as its beautiful residences with gardens. Between 1841 and 1844, the enclosure of Thiers was built well beyond the wall of the Fermiers Général and delimited the new limit of Paris. It was replaced by the massive ring-road called “Le Péripérique”. PARIS 15TH DISTRICT

Grenelle Neighborhood Javel Neighborhood Necker Neighborhood Saint-lambert Neighborhood Source : Gwendoline Charreau / QGIS Data : 1- OpenStreetMap Extracts - GEOFABRICK - Europe - France - IDF Ile de France - 2020 2- CORINE LAND COVER DATA - Region IDF - 2020

PARIS

PARIS 4TH DISTRICT & THE ANALYZED NEIGHBORHOOD

Analyzed Neighborhood

N Source : Gwendoline Charreau / QGIS Data : 1- OpenStreetMap Extracts - GEOFABRICK - Europe - France - IDF Ile de France - 2020 2- CORINE LAND COVER DATA - Region IDF - 2020

5.2 - BRANCION NEIGHBORHOOD Porte Brancion is the name of an ancient Porte de Paris (where you had to pay to enter Paris) located 300 m west of Porte de Vanves and 700 m east of Porte de la Plaine. It is named from rue Brancion, which pays homage to Colonel de Brancion (1803-1855), soldier of the Crimean War. Porte Brancion is served by metro line 13 at Porte de Vanves station and by tram line T3a at Brancion station, as well as by lines 58 and 95 of the RATP bus network (public service

BRANCION NEIGHBORHOOD

Source : Gwendoline Charreau / AUTOCAD & Open Data from French government: https://cadastre.data.gouv.fr/ - 2021 -

transport) and by bus line 54 of the Sénart Bus (private association in collaboration with public service transport). It provides access to the inner ring road “Le Périphérique”.It was a gate in the enclosure of Thiers, a fortification surrounding Paris, which was at the end of rue Brancion, a place which today corresponds to the intersection of boulevard Lefebvre and avenue de la Porte- Brancion. Avenue de la Porte-Brancion is bordered on the east side by an elementary school, attached to a low-rent housing built in 1953 whose twelve-storey buildings are visible from afar. On the west side, small shops still exist.

PARIS RAILWAY

1814 - OUTSIDE OF PARIS & ONLY FIELDS

1878

N Source : https://www.stocklib.fr/photosimages-libres-de-droits/Paris

Source : https://www.stocklib.fr/photosimages-libres-de-droits/Paris

1889

2021

Source : https://www.stocklib.fr/photosimages-libres-de-droits/Paris

Source : Source : Gwendoline Charreau / AUTOCAD & Open Data from French government: https://cadastre.data.gouv.fr/ - 2021 -

After the Second World War, the present face of the district asserts itself; the development of automobile traffic leads to reflections which will lead to the 1954 Paris Development Plan and will lead to the construction of the Peripheral Boulevard which will last from 1956 to 1973. The ramps serving the 15th arrondissement are: Pont du Garigliano, Quai d ‘ Issy, Porte de Versailles,

BRANCION NEIGHBORHOOD

de Sèvres and Brancion. In addition, the need for housing is acute, the government is implementing measures to release credit for construction according to two axes of renovation and construction. The use of condominium lot sales, modern construction techniques, the closure of the Vaugirard slaughterhouses, the relocation of Citroën factories (bombed during the war) near Rennes, the renovation of unsanitary islands accelerated the movement; in the 1970s, a skyscraper-type office building appeared: the Tour Montparnasse with its panoramic restaurant Le Ciel de Paris as well as a modern district, the Front de Seine. In 2013, the old railway line of the small belt running southwest along the entire boundary of the district, in embankment, in trenches or underground depending on the relief on the different parts of the route, not being more than very rarely used, has been partially converted into a green corridor. RUE BRANCION 1900

Source : https://www.stocklib.fr/photos-images-libres-de-droits/Paris

PARIS

IMPORTANT LOCATIONS NOWADAYS

1 2 3 5

Source : Gwendoline Charreau / AUTOCAD & Open Data from French government: https://cadastre.data.gouv.fr/ - 2021 -

LES PÉRICHAUX (SOCIAL HOUSING)

Source : Google map

BOULEVARD MARECHAUX

Source : Google map

BRANCION NEIGHBORHOOD

SNCF RAILWAY

Source : Google map

PÉRIPHÉRIQUE (ROAD RING)

Source : https://www.stocklib.fr/photosimages-libres-de-droits/Paris

SPORT FACILITIES

Source : https://www.stocklib.fr/photos-images-libres-de-droits/Paris

PARIS

5.3 - ANALYSIS The solid representation of the building is fewer than the void of streets and facilities. This shows the politic of urban development during the 1960s to a more healthy style of life and easy public facilities access. The streets are looking less straight but their shape is complicated. Not in a medieval organic way but in an engineering way. BRACION NOLLI MAP

Source : Gwendoline Charreau / AUTOCAD & Open Data from French government: https://cadastre.data.gouv. fr/ - 2021 -

BRANCION STREETS PLAN

BRANCION NEIGHBORHOOD

BRANCION BLOCKS

BRANCION BLOCK DIMENSIONS

386

.7 M

.2 M

133. 6M

M 103.8

118

.3 M

107.

48.0

m²

224

.1 M

5657

296

.8 M

.4 M

185

566.

58.6

5038

5491

110.

58.3

m² 105. 5M

1442

96.5

.8 M

6050

m²

108

7785

.8 M

M 96.3

m²

4887

133

7.1

M 7.4 m² 91 81

9232

102.

3.1

88.6

84.8 M

M 9.4

112 13 m ² .7 M

1302

Source : Gwendoline Charreau / AUTOCAD & Open Data from French government: https://cadastre.data.gouv.fr/ - 2021 -

145

5282

211

PARIS

After the dismantling of the enclosure of Thiers towards the beginning of the XXth century, a poor population will begin to settle there. It was slums. In 1950, to increase the number of social housing and meet the demand of the inhabitants, social housings were built in the areas furthest from the center of Paris. Brancion neighborhood is one of those places. Although the construction of these buildings was done to reduce the post-wall slums of Thiers, the places were chosen to push away the low-income population from Pari’s center. The urban design at the time was heavily influenced by a new lifestyle with other healthy design propositions. In 1950 the Haussmann ideal city isn’t shared anymore by architects and the state. Sure it’s pretty and good for the economy but the new goal for urban architecture is now green spaces, sports facilities, and adapting the streets to more complicated car traffic. That is why the Brancion neighborhood looks so open and different on the FAR map. FAR ( FLOOR AREA RATION)

N < 0.5

> 0.5

1 Source : Gwendoline Charreau /Photoshop / AUTOCAD & Open Data from French government: https://cadastre.data.gouv.fr/ - 2021 -

BRANCION NEIGHBORHOOD

5.4.1 - ANALYSIS : POPULATION The only neighborhoods in Paris that somewhere resist gentrification are these neighborhoods on the outskirts because for a long time they have been mostly made up of social housing. It’s also a residential area mostly. Between 2001 and 2016, the vast majority of Parisian neighborhoods saw their median income increase much faster than the regional average for Ile-de-France. But those located between the outer boulevard and the ring road have seen their median income drop. By comparison, over the same period, the vast majority of other Parisian districts saw their median income increase more than 36% faster than the regional average of Ile-deFrance, Paris’s region. POPULATION

Source : INSEE - 2017

PARIS

5.4.2 - ANALYSIS : AGE OF BUILDINGS Most buildings were built after 1950. An old part of Paris is still showing on the top right of the neighborhood. The streets there are still narrow and rarely changed since the construction of the railway on its right side. The railway was originally only going to the West of France where many people from little Brittany came during the 19 century to work. The newest buildings are in Bancion street, the most lively area in the neighborhood, and the west new construction in black, which was a famous urban engineering school now replaced by housings of 10 floors. From an urban point of view, this neighborhood is very young. AGE OF BUILDINGS

N Source : Gwendoline Charreau /Photoshop & Data : opendata.apur.org / AUTOCAD & Open Data from French government: https://cadastre.data.gouv.fr/ - 2021 Before 1800

1915-1939

1976-1981

2000-2007

1801-1850

1940-1967

1982-1989

2007 - 2021

1851-1914

1968-1975

1990-1999

BRANCION NEIGHBORHOOD

URBAN FABRIC

Source : Gwendoline Charreau /Photoshop & Data : opendata.apur.org / AUTOCAD & Open Data from French government: https://cadastre.data.gouv.fr/ - 2021 -

Public facilities

Heterogeneous middle rise building

Green space

Heterogeneous high rise building

Discontinuous collective housing

Old middle rise

Heterogeneous low rise building

Middle rise modern building Very heterogeneous building

5.4.3 - ANALYSIS : URBAN FABRIC Brancion neighborhood is mostly residential and made of social housings. After WWII those areas in the outskirt of Paris were chosen to be built for poor people. However, after many riots in those special areas, the lack of populations mix or “socio-spatial segregation” caused “neighborhood effects”. It is a phenomenon meaning living in a disadvantaged neighborhood has negative effects on school performance, the probability of being delinquent, access to employment, and even on health. Even with many public facilities and green spaces, Brancion neighborhood’s living condition is slowly degrading because of the diversity lack.

PARIS

PRICE (to buy, not to rent)

11 800 to 12 800 EURO / M²

8000 to 11 800 EURO / M² Source : Gwendoline Charreau / AUTOCAD & Open Data from https://www.meilleursagents. com/prix-immobilier/paris-75000/ - 2021 -

5.4.4 - ANALYSIS : PRICE Looking at this neighborhood we can see Paris’s path towards inaccessibility. The real estate market, more cautious since the Covid-19 crisis, has experienced a strong recovery since October 2020. In the capital, in one year, the price per square meter has increased by 7.3%. Some districts see their homes sold at 15,000 euros per m². Three districts remain under 10,000 euros but it’s not the 15th district which is one of the most expensive. Yet, Brancion neighborhood, while being in the 15th district, is a historical housing social area. The price there is quite low compared to all districts which were in August 2021 around 11300 euros per m² on average. But like all the other neighborhoods of Paris, the price is rising. The disparities are growing for a majority of municipalities and neighborhoods, leading to an even more marked polarization between rich and modest territories.

BRANCION NEIGHBORHOOD

HEIGHT (in meters)

25 m to 40 m 10 m to 25 m

4 m to 10 m 0 m to 4 m

Source : Gwendoline Charreau / AUTOCAD & Open Data from French government: https://cadastre.data.gouv.fr/ - 2021 - & Photoshop with Data from satellite, roofs analysis

5.4.3 - ANALYSIS : HEIGHT The higher constructions are the newest buildings. Most of them were made after 1950. This is due to the capacity of concrete constructions being more secure to be taller than 6 floors with less structural issue. The larges on the west side is the newest building of them all. It was supposed to be another social house but the district and the inhabitants - especially those from existing social housingwere against the project. Nowadays it’s a private residential area. The long purple lines on the north are “Les Périchaux” a brutalist social housing architecture of 16 floors known as a difficult district for harboring various drug trafficking activities. The lowest buildings are the facilities (school, sports...) and the old area of Brancion.

PARIS

5.4.6 - ANALYSIS : HEAT We repeatedly see that it is warmer in the city than on the outskirts or natural spaces. This local climate-linked to urbanization causes problems in terms of health and well-being, especially in summer when it is very hot. Brancion neighborhood is the less heat island compare to the 2 other neighborhoods. It can easily be explained because the urban fabric of it is very different and more focused on healthy areas like green spaces and sports facilities. The higher buildings are also largely surrounded by open spaces, which ease the wind effect on heat. However, Brancion neighborhood is limited to the south by the ring-road “Le Périphérique” which is a rising heat area because of cars traffic. Hopefully, the open spaces and green spaces of Brancion protect its inhabitant from further damages. HEAT MAP

< 18°C 18-19 °C

21-22 °C

19-20 °C

22-23 °C

20-21 °C

> 23°C

Source : Gwendoline Charreau /Photoshop & Data : opendata.apur.org / AUTOCAD & Open Data from French government: https://cadastre.data.gouv.fr/ - 2021 -

BRANCION NEIGHBORHOOD

5.4.7 - ANALYSIS : POLLUTION Exactly like the two first neighborhoods, Brancion neighborhood heat map is deeply linked to the pollution one. The heat and air pollution are both coming from the most dangerous and unfriendly area in Paris, “Le Périphérique”. People who live, work or play sports within 150m of either side of this urban highway are exposed to a level of pollution three times higher than the rest of the population. If the benzene concentration fades after a few meters, the nitrogen dioxide levels have a larger area of influence (about 200 meters). The impact of particles is limited to 100 meters from the device. The dust on the facade and windows are also more prominent and is asking for a more regular cleaning time. NO2 MAP

< 0 ug/m3 < 50 ug/m3 < 100 ug/m3 < 120 ug/m3 < 180 ug/m3 Source : Gwendoline Charreau / AUTOCAD & Open Data from French government: https://cadastre.data.gouv.fr/ - 2021 - & Photoshop with Data from satellite, roofs analysis

PARIS

O3 MAP

< 0 ug/m3 < 50 ug/m3

N PM 10 MAP < 0/10 ug/m3 < 25 ug/m3 < 45 ug/m3

< 165 ug/m3 < 180 ug/m3

Source : Gwendoline Charreau / AUTOCAD & Open Data from French government: https://cadastre.data.gouv.fr/ - 2021 - & Photoshop with Data from satellite, roofs analysis

BRANCION NEIGHBORHOOD

PM 2.5 MAP

< 0 ug/m3 < 15 ug/m3

< 20 ug/m3 < 30 ug/m3 < 55 ug/m3 Source : Gwendoline Charreau / AUTOCAD & Open Data from French government: https://cadastre.data.gouv.fr/ - 2021 - & Photoshop with Data from satellite, roofs analysis

The long-term effects of air pollution are less well known, but available studies show an increased risk of developing lung cancer or cardiopulmonary disease following long-term exposure to air pollution. Several studies show that people living along busy arteries are more exposed to certain transport-related pollutants. Road transport appears to be the predominant sector in emissions in Ile de France. But other than the inhabitant surrouding Le Périphérique, the first in danger are the motorised users themself. The car is not a cocoon or an anti-pollution shield. The air intakes are close to the exhaust pipes. The motorist is thus the first victim of pollution linked to road traffic. Because of many issues seen in the other neighborhood and mostly with Le Périphérique, Paris is ranked 4th among European cities where deaths attributable to nitrogen dioxide are the most important.

PARIS

5.4.8 - ANALYSIS : LIGHT POLLUTION Brancion neighborhood is a very residential area. It has many facilities but not a lot of shops or any cultural activities. Therefore, the light pollution is quite low here. Still, the number of public lights is higher than in other cities, for Paris it’s a low number. Yet, the number of light points has increased by 85% in twenty-five years The most highlighted area is the ring-road Le Périphérique near bridges. However, it’s surrounded on many occasions by trees and green space to cover the pollution. The residential just in front of Le Périphérique are rare and those at less than 300 meters are very often shops, company buildings, or mall centers, closed at night. Very few are low-cost hostels. There are fewer complaints about the light pollution of Le Périphérique than the noise pollution. Probably because the résidential areas have buffer spaces - here facilities and green spaces- which protect them from light but not noise. LIGHT POLLUTION

Source : Gwendoline Charreau / AUTOCAD & Open Data from French government: https://cadastre.data.gouv.fr/ - 2021 - & Photoshop with Data from satellite, roofs analysis

BRANCION NEIGHBORHOOD

5.4.9 - ANALYSIS : NOISE POLLUTION According to the results of a “Bruitparif” campaign, sound levels on the Parisian periphery exceed regulatory thresholds when no acoustic protection has been put in place. According to studies, more than 500,000 inhabitants of Paris and the inner suburbs are exposed during the day to sound levels exceeding 70 decibels (dB). Epidemiological surveys carried out in Paris have highlighted the existing links between exposure to aircraft noise and certain pathologies. The World Health Organization (WHO) has also established guideline values for the specific effects of noise on health. Outside, nuisances are considered annoying from 50 dB (A), in homes from 35 dB (A), in bedrooms from 30 dB (A), etc Brancion neighborhood is in a very noisy area because of Le Périquérique. The constant buzzing sound of cars even at night is so persistent that when no one was driving during Covid-19, the return of the cars 6 months later was very difficult for this neighborhood. NOISE POLLUTION

< 45 dB 45-50 dB

N 50-55 dB

65-70 dB

55-60 dB

70-75 dB

60-65 dB

> 75 dB

Source : Gwendoline Charreau / AUTOCAD & Open Data from French government: https://cadastre.data.gouv.fr/ - 2021 - & Photoshop with Data from satellite, roofs analysis

6 - NEIGHBORHOODS ANALYSIS The analyze of our three neighborhoods show a very interesting variety of informations.

SAINT-GERVAIS SOUTH

The oldest - The most urban fabric diversity - The most expensive The most at flood risk – The less high - The less noise pollution

OPERA

N The higher - Max density FAR The most light pollution - The warmer – The less Urban fabric diversity

BRANCION

The newer - The most noise pollution The less expensive - No flood risk- Less warm -Less density

District District m² District Population total (2017) District people/km² Neighborhood Neighborhood m² Number of blocks Total blocks m² Total streets/paths/roads m² Green area Zone type Date (of first construction) Oldest architecture still on site FAR (total average) Neighborhood population age (average) Urban fabric Housing price (average) Building height max Heat Air pollution (maximum) O3 NO2 PM 2.5 PM 10 Light pollution Noise pollution (decibel)

4th 520 000 m²

9th 2 180 000 m² (2.18km²)

15th 8 500 000 m² (8.5 km²)

28 088

59 555

233 392

17 555 p/km² Saint-Gervais south 205 762 m² 22 146 731 m²

27 318,8 p/km² Opéra 169 633 m² 12 130 448 m²

27 522,6 p/km² Brancion 370 951 m² 12 277 818 m²

59 031 m²

39 185 m²

93 133 m²

Few old green areas Mostly Residential

No green areas Mostly commercial

A lot of green areas Mostly Residential

Around 390 After J.C.

Around 1590

Around 1770

Saint-Gervais church

Housing buildings

Enceinte de Thiers (old Parisian wall limit)

2.2

4.8

1.5

41 years old

38 years old

40 years old

Mix area

Commercial area

Residential area

14 000 euro/m²

10 000 euro/m²

9000 euro/m²

32 m Narrow streets

56 m High urban density

27 m Good except for the ring road

50 ug/m3 100 ug/m3 55 ug/m3 45 ug/m3 Touristic purpose

50 ug/m3 180 ug/m3 55 ug/m3 45 ug/m3 Commercial purpose

50 ug/m3 120 ug/m3 55 ug/m3 45 ug/m3 Ring road ( Périphérique and streets)

High (cars)

THE MOST

THE LESS

Source : Google map

The history of the 4th district and the southern Saint-Gervais district has been imprinted in the land tenure of the district during five successive great epochs in Paris. Most of its urban fabric takes place during the Middle Ages. Saint-Gervais sud is thus deeply linked to the history of its district. But this is the case with all the other neighborhoods. Because of its proximity to La Seine, it is also the only district to fear to flood. Its historical side makes it a place of culture and diversion where housing prices are extremely expensive. Its urban fabric, with the oldest buildings in Paris still standing, and its diversity make it an extremely busy place but still less noisy than other places in the capital. The 9th district with the Opera district has lived in comparison and owes its image to Napoleon and Haussmann during the Second Empire. The district is noisy, not very livable, very commercial, and architecturally magnificent. It is a high place for Parisian culture. The 15th district and Brancion neighborhood on the contrary is one of the youngest districts and especially one of the last places where populations of low-income can live in Paris because they are far away from the center of Paris. However, they are close to railways and the biggest pollution threat of Paris: the ring-road Le Périphérique. Brancion neighborhood doesn't have many old buildings. During middle age, it was only farming. Those 3 neighborhoods are shown the variety of Paris's face.

7- CONCLUSION Those analyses were not made to choose between each neighborhood which one is the better or the worst. It’s only a presentation of the use of maps and information given by open-source data to study the city. The analysis is also very helpful to understand a city’s fabric. The juxtaposition of analysis maps creates a document that is difficult to read because of the amount of information and their dispersed nature. It was, therefore, necessary to make a summary table to assess the relevant information. But this can erase local specificities. The study of cities and more often Paris is always scaled between city scale or the buildings / cadastral zone scale. This study wanted to present a rarer but very interesting scale, the neighborhoods. The notion of a neighborhood, both vague and yet essential, is inseparable from the city. It is on a much more human scale than cities which are defined by administrative boundaries. Everyone uses the notion of the neighborhood and yet it remains difficult to define. Like other fundamental elements of the city, the district divides and unites at the same time. Therefore it’s deepening the concept of “living neighborhood” from Parisians people. The district is therefore a morphological entity to which the inhabitants express a feeling of belonging. But this is not an exclusive definition.

Source : https://www.stocklib.fr/photosimages-libres-de-droits/Paris

THANKS TO ALL FOR YOUR HELP AND ADVICES

Discovering 3 neighborhoods in Paris. The study of cities and more often Paris is always scaled between city scale or the buildings / cadastral zone scale. This study wanted to present a rarer but very interesting scale, the neighborhoods. The notion of a neighborhood, both vague and yet essential, is inseparable from the city. GWENDOLINE CHARREAU DMD programme TONGJI & ENSA Versailles 2021