DESIGN FOR CLIMATE LASTEKODU STREET
Annebritt Rell, Marit Maribel Pulles, Merili Saamere, Susannnah Kaul, György Jakabfi
The Lastekodu Street Development in downtown Tallinn is a project aimed at transforming the central market area into a mixed living and retail space with a strong focus on sustainability and environmental responsibility using parametric design tools. The design philosophy centers around creating a sustainable, CO2-neutral environment with simplicity and functionality as its core. This involves choosing fewer structures to maximize open spaces, using straightforward and compact building shapes to enhance energy efficiency, and optimizing wider buildings to efficiently accommodate mixed living and retail spaces. The project prioritizes the use of recycled and locally sourced materials to reduce waste and lower carbon emissions from transportation. Advanced insulation materials are incorporated to enhance energy efficiency and reduce the reliance on heating and cooling, while sustainable concrete alternatives with lower carbon footprints contribute to eco-friendly construction practices. The use of modular and prefabricated construction techniques speeds up building processes, reducing construction-related emissions. Additionally, green construction practices, rainwater harvesting systems, and an aspiration for zeroenergy buildings contribute to the overall environmental sustainability. The adoption of a cradle-to-cradle design approach ensures that materials used can be safely recycled or composted at the end of their life cycle. The Lastekodu Street Development aims to stand as a landmark in sustainable urban living, creating a vibrant and attractive space while prioritizing environmental responsibility.
12 558,9 m2 2x 600,0 m2 963,7 m2 600,0 m2 0,5
Site area Standard building footprint Long building footprint Tall building footprint Gross Site Coverage
Building functions
Green areas
Connections
N
N
green areas
residencial and commercial premises
Noise map
N
N
public transport stops
business and commercial premises
active pathways for cars
manufacture/ secondary premises
active pathways fot pedestrians
70-75 dB 65-70 dB 60-65 dB 55-60 dB 50-55 dB 45-50 dB
educational premises
Parametric design
Facade variations 3D modeling (Rhino) and parametric design
Analyizing the plot
Experimenting with layouts (BIM)
Choosing our layout
Finding our architectural design niche
Analyzing performance
Choosing our solution: Architectural design (BIM)
Optimized building envelope
Diverse scale
Emodied carbon emission calculations (GH)
Design process
Development focused in north
Green belt
Sense of community
TalTech Academy of Architecture and Urban Studies EAL0140 Environmental Performative Architecture and Planning Dr. Francesco De Luca, Ioannis Lykouras
GSEducationalVersion GSEducationalVersion
Public access
Active facades
Maximum volume
Climate resilient block
Annebritt Rell, Marit Maribel Pulles, Merili Saamere, Susannah Kaul, György Jakabfi EAUI71 2023/2024
Floor 1:xxx Roof 1:xxx 1:xxx Roof Floor 1:xxx Terrace ceiling 1:xxx
Embodied carbon emission analysis - standard building 30x20m
- Gravel/ sand - Vapour - permeable membrane - Mineral wool - Vapour - permeable membrane - Cross laminated timber 5 - ply - Gypsum plaster
400000
Terrace ceiling 1:xxx Terrace ceiling 1:xxx
Embodied carbon (KgCO2e)
300000
250 mm 100 mm
200000
- Parquet - Gypsum floor panel - Mineral wool - EPS - Cross laminated timber 5 - ply
Floor 1:20 16 mm 2x15 mm 30 mm 20 mm 175 mm
Terrace floor 1:xxx Terrace floor ceiling 1:xxx Terrace 1:xxx ceiling 1:xxx
0 V1 Box + small windows Total 938 698
V3 4-side balcony + small windows Total 960 440
V2 Box Total 927 672
V4 4-side balcony Total 949 848
External walls
Roof
V5 20m balcony + small windows Total 943 243
Floors
Internal walls
V6 20m balcony Total 932 321
V7 30m balcony + small windows Total 945 690
Windows
Balcony/ console
V8 30m balcony Total 935 437
V9 L - balcony + small windows Total 920 485
V10 L - balcony Total 910 336
- Parquet - Gypsum floor panel - Mineral wool - EPS - Cross laminated timber 5 - ply - PIR insulation - Plaster
Ground floor 1:xxx
Ground floor1:xxx 1:xxx Terrace floor floor Terrace 1:xxx Ground floor 1:xxx - Terrace board - 2x SPS Exterior wall 1:xxx - PIR insulation - Vapour - permeable membrane - Cross laminated timber 5 - ply
Embodied carbon emission analysis - tall building 30x20m
Embodied carbon emission analysis - long building 48x20m
Exterior wall 1:xxx 1:xxx Roof Exterior wall 1:xxx - Parquet Ground floor 1:xxx Ground floor 1:xxx - Fly ash concrete screed
600000
- Vapour - permeable membrane - Insulation XPS - Gravel
400000
200000
Balcony ceiling 1:20 16 mm 2x15 mm 30 mm 20 mm 175 mm 200 mm 10 mm
0 V1 Box Total 1 365 905
V2 Console Total 1 284 444
V3 48m balcony Total 1 379 783
V4 48m balcony + console Total 1 298 322
V5 L - balcony Total 1 336 789
V6 L - balcony + console Total 1 255 328
V1 Box Total 1 453 124
V2 20m balcony Total 1 457 676
V3 30m balcony Total 1 461 132
V4 L - balcony Total 1 437 636
V5 4 - side balcony Total 1 475 485
Interior wall 1:xxx Interior wall 1:xxx Terrace ceiling 1:xxx
- Gravel/ sand - Vapour - permeab Mineralsand wool -- Gravel/ Vapour -- permeab permeab -- Vapour Cross laminated -- Mineral wool t -- Vapour Gypsum- permeab plaster
- Cross laminated t Parquet plaster - Gypsum -- Parquet Gypsum floor pan -- Gypsum floor pan Mineral wool -- Mineral wool EPS -- EPS Cross laminated t - Cross laminated t - PIR insulation - Plaster
- Parquet - Gypsum floor pan - Gravel/ sand Mineral wool --- Parquet Gravel/ sand Vapour - permeab EPS - permeab --- Vapour Gypsum floor pan Mineral wool -- Mineral Cross laminated t - Vapour -wool permeab PIR insulation --- Vapour EPS permeab Cross laminated t Plasterlaminated t --- Cross Gypsum plaster - PIR insulation Gypsum plaster - Plaster - Terrace board - 2x SPS - PIR insulation - Vapour - permeab - Cross laminated t
Balcony floor 1:20 26 mm 2x4 mm 200 mm
- Terrace board Parquet -- 2x SPS -- Parquet Gypsum floor pan PIR insulation --- Terrace board Gypsum floor pan Mineral- wool --- Vapour permeab SPS wool -- 2x Mineral EPS Cross laminated t --- PIR insulation - EPS Cross laminated t Vapour - permeab --- Larch wood externt Cross laminated PIR insulation Cross laminated -- Ventilation; woodt insulation - PIR Plaster -- Vapour Plaster - permeab - Insulation; constr - Cross laminated t - Wood battens ver - Mineral wool - Gypsum plaster b
175 mm
Ground floor 1:20 16 mm 100 mm
- Larch wood extern Parquet - Ventilation; woods Fly ash concrete -- Vapour -- permeab Vapour permeab Larch wood extern Insulation; constr Insulation XPS --- Ventilation; wood Cross Gravellaminated Terrace ---- Vapour -board permeabt ver Terrace board 2x SPSbattens ---- Wood Insulation; constr ---- Cross Mineral wool 2x SPS PIR insulation laminated t Gypsum PIR insulation Vapour - plaster permeab ---- Wood battens verb Vapour -wool permeabt Cross laminated --- Mineral -- Gypsum Cross laminated plaster bt
300 mm 200 mm
Interior wall 1:xxx Floor 1:xxx Exterior wall 1:xxx 1:xxx Exterior wall - Larch wood external wall cladding - Ventilation; wood battens vertical (30 x 60 mm) - Vapour - permeable membrane - Insulation; construction timber (160 x 60 mm) - Cross laminated timber 5-ply - Wood battens vertical (60 x 60 mm) - Mineral wool - Gypsum plaster board
- Parquet Parquet - Gypsum floor pans Fly ash concrete - Mineral Fly ash concrete s wool Vapour permeab -- Parquet Gravel/ -sand - permeab -- Vapour EPS Insulation XPSpan Gypsum- floor Vapour permeab Insulation XPS Cross Gravellaminated -- Mineral wool t - Gravel - Vapour EPS - permeab - Cross laminated t - Gypsum plaster
175 mm 10 mm
Floor 1:xxx 1:xxx floor 1:xxx Terrace Floor
100000
Embodied carbon (KgCO2e)
Green roof 1:20
Exterior wall 1:20 24 mm 30 mm 160 mm 175 mm
- Paint - OSB - Mineral wool; woo - -OSB Parquet Larch wood extern Larch wood extern - --Paint Gypsum floor pan Ventilation; wood -- Ventilation; wood Mineral- wool Vapour permeab -- Vapour EPS - permeab Insulation; constr -- Insulation; constrt Cross laminated -- Cross Woodlaminated battens vert -- Wood battens Mineral wool ver -- Mineral Gypsumwool plaster b - Gypsum plaster b
- Paint - OSB Mineral wool; woo -- Paint -- OSB OSB -- Mineral Paint wool; woo
50 mm 12,5 mm
- -OSB Gravel/ sand - -Paint Vapour - permeab
- Mineral wool - Vapour - permeab - Cross laminated t - Gypsum plaster
Total embodied carbon emission / total floor area (TFA)
Standard building 20x30x13m V1 Box + small windows V2 Box V3 4 - side balcony + small windows V4 4 - side balcony V5 20m balcony + small windows V6 20m balcony V7 30m balcony + small windows V8 30m balcony V9 L - balcony + small windows V10 L - balcony Long building 20x48x13m V1 Box V2 Console V3 48m balcony V4 48m balcony + console V5 L - balcony V6 L - balcony + console Tall building 20x30m V1 Box V2 20m balcony V3 30m balcony V4 L - balcony V5 4-side balcony
391 387 433 429 400 395 404 400 400 395 356 357 369 371 361 362 346 350 353 350 367
Window 1:xxx Interior wall wall 1:xxx 1:xxx Interior
Standard building V1 Standard building V2 Standard building V3 Standard building V4 Standard building V5 Standard building V6 Standard building V7 Standard building V8 Standard building V9 Standard building V10 Long building V1 Long building V2 Long building V3 Long building V4 Long building V5 Long building V6 Tall building V1 Tall building V2 Tall building V3 Tall building V4 Tall building V5
- Paint Terrace floor 1:xxx
Window 1:xxx Window 1:xxx
- OSB - Mineral wool; wood battens vertical (50x75mm) - OSB - Paint
Interior wall 1:20 15 mm 75 mm 15 mm
- Glass - Wood - Metal Plastic component - Paint -- Paint OSB -- OSB Mineral wool; woo -- Mineral OSB wool; woo -- -OSB Parquet Paint - -Paint Gypsum floor pan - Mineral wool - EPS - Cross laminated t - PIR insulation - Plaster
- Glass - Wood Metal -- Glass Plastic component -- Wood
- Metal - Plastic component
Ground floor 1:xxx
Window 1:20
Window 1:xxx 1:xxx Window
0
100
200
300
400
- Glass - Wood - Metal - Plastic components
Exterior wall 1:xxx
- Terrace board - 2x SPS - PIR insulation - Vapour - permeab - Cross laminated t
- Glass -- Glass Wood -- Wood Metal -- Metal Plastic component - Plastic component
3 layers 26% 4% 2%
Total CO2 emission / TFA
- Larch wood extern - Ventilation; wood - Vapour - permeab - Insulation; constr - Cross laminated t - Wood battens ver - Mineral wool - Gypsum plaster b
Selected buildings
Interior wall 1:xxx
Buildings shape, size, materials used, and the origin of those materials are crucial parameters when aiming to reduce the level of CO2 in the environment. During the first stage of the project, materials for upcoming calculations were chosen. The main idea was to reduce the use of concrete, therefore cross-laminated timber buildings were picked. Furthermore, an analysis of different materials was conducted to identify those with the most minimal carbon footprint. An intriguing choice was made to utilize Fly Ash concrete in the construction of ground floor structure.
- Paint - OSB - Mineral wool; woo - OSB - Paint
2
After selecting construction materials, Grasshopper program was used to perform embodied carbon emission calculations. The goal was to determine which combination of preconceived building shapes, sizes, and window percentages for the facade would give the most suitable CO2 indicators. A total of 21 different building versions were tested, from which the most sensible options were chosen, taking into account the architectural concept of the buildings.
1 1
Window 1:xxx 1
GSEducationalVersion GSPublisherVersion 762.2.89.100
GSEducationalVersion GSPublisherVersion 762.2.89.100 GSEducationalVersion GSPublisherVersion 762.2.89.100
TalTech Academy of Architecture and Urban Studies EAL0140 Environmental Performative Architecture and Planning Dr. Francesco De Luca, Ioannis Lykouras
GSEducationalVersion
Out of the test results for a standard-sized building (30x20m), Variation V10, featuring an L-shaped balcony, was selected as it had the lowest total carbon emission indicator. For a longer building (48x20m), Variation V6, which included an L-shaped balcony and a console, was chosen based on both results and the desire to open the street level more to people through the console design. In the case of a tall building (30x20m), we also opted for an L-shaped balcony, variation V4.
- Glass - Wood - Metal - Plastic component
The most significant impact on the calculation results was from the materials used in the floor construction and the least impact was from windows. The best option, considering both the architectural concept and total carbon emission results, is to design medium-sized balconies for the buildings and install larger windows.
1 Residential building / commercial spaces on 1st floor 2 Office building / commercial spaces on 1st floor
Annebritt Rell, Marit Maribel Pulles, Merili Saamere, Susannah Kaul, György Jakabfi EAUI71 2023/2024
Site plan 1:400
N
Commercial space 197,2 m2
Commercial space 246,2 m2
Cafe 173,7 m2
Commercial space 110,3 m2
Commercial space 116,0 m2
Restaurant 354,8 m2
Commercial space 134,8 m2
Commercial space 107,7 m2
Commercial space 85,0 m2
Commercial space 112,2 m2
Commercial space 228,7 m2
Green areas Pavement Wood terrace Soft pavement (playground etc.) Green gardening
North elevation 1:400
TalTech Academy of Architecture and Urban Studies EAL0140 Environmental Performative Architecture and Planning Dr. Francesco De Luca, Ioannis Lykouras
GSEducationalVersion
East elevation 1:400
Annebritt Rell, Marit Maribel Pulles, Merili Saamere, Susannah Kaul, György Jakabfi EAUI71 2023/2024
1-1 section 1:400
Example story. 3rd floor plan 1:400
S-2
N
2
1
+13,0
+9,7
+9,7
+6,5
+6,5
+3,3
+3,3
±0,0
±0,0
1 2
1
+13,0
2-2 section 1:400
1 +22,8 +19,5
1 S-1
1
1
1
1
+16,3 +13,0
+13,0
+9,8
+9,8
+6,5
+6,5
+3,3
+3,3
±0,0
±0,0
1 1
1
1 1
1
1 S-1
1 1
1
The main idea is to create a public-residential complex open and inviting to the side of the main street to the city with a public square in the centre of the plot and commercial spaces in the total scale of the first floors of the buildings.
1
The public square is emphasized with the buildings’ shapes and landscape, which are creating open and visible connections. The high-rise street side office building creates a contrast with the stepping back residential buildings. The placement of the different purpose buildings alongside landscaping creates a open public area in the southern part of the plot and a semi-private green space with gardens, playgrounds, etc. The sides of the plot next to buildings are surronded with a promenade, allowing easy access to the commercial and public space.
1 1 1 1
The architecture accknowledges the design for climate analyzes with a simple and natural design. The statement terraces add value and contrast to the architecture blending into the environment.
S-2
1 Apartment 2 Office space
South elevation 1:400
TalTech Academy of Architecture and Urban Studies EAL0140 Environmental Performative Architecture and Planning Dr. Francesco De Luca, Ioannis Lykouras
GSEducationalVersion
West elevation 1:400
Annebritt Rell, Marit Maribel Pulles, Merili Saamere, Susannah Kaul, György Jakabfi EAUI71 2023/2024