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Human Performance
Special Burden; Special Training Transformation
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Issue 3/2012
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Editorial Comment
Editor-in-Chief
"Changes will occur through new technologies and capabilities, but also evolution of doctrine, training, leadership and education."
On the cover: Trafalgar Class submarine HMS Triumph, glides into HM Naval Base Clyde in the early morning sun following a patrol. Image credit: Crown Copyright.
horizontally across advanced militaries, and vertically into the hands of non-state actors. As a result, more people have the ability to harm us or to deny us freedom of action than at any point in my professional life.” General Dempsey said that today’s security reality doesn`t point to a larger or smaller military, rather it calls for a different military, one capable of deterring, denying and defeating threats across the entire spectrum of conflict. Today’s joint force “is in need of a reset” said the General, noting that about 80 percent of Joint Force 2020 already exists today. “We have a perishable opportunity to be innovative in two ways. We can significantly change the other 20 percent of the force that’s not already programmed and in existence, or we can change the way we use the other 80 percent.” Changes will occur through new technologies and capabilities, but also evolution of doctrine, training, leadership and education. Dempsey specifically noted cyber warfare, indicating that it will become both a stand-alone warfightng instrument with global reach and an enabler of the joint force. Somewhat ironically, within weeks of this address, confirmation seemed to emerge in early June in the public media that the Stuxnet virus, which successfully attacked physical nuclear infrastructure in Iran, was a joint effort between the US and Israel. Along with other commentators, MS&T suggested this back in late 2010 (MS&T 6-2010), when we also noted the stand up of US “Cyber Command” at Fort Meade, Maryland. Joint Force 2020 is not just about the 20 percent of the force we can change – it’s also about re-purposing the other 80 percent, according to the General. Imposing national will and achieving security objectives “...could be with a machine gun or it could be with the click of a mouse. In tomorrow’s security environment, it’ll probably be both.” Chris Lehman MS&T Editor-in-Chief
chris@halldale.com
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Chris Lehman
The US military – and western militaries engaged in the war on terror – have been planning their transition from a decade of war fighting into the kind of force that can capitalize on the hard lessons of these conflicts while preparing the force of the future. This includes the leveraging of emerging technologies, which when combined with the demonstrated leadership attributes forged in the crucible of these battles, promises to yield new levels of military performance and security. MS&T has attempted to chronicle these events over past years including one of the central tenets of Training Transformation – the development of persistent networks for training, education and experimentation. The integration of Live and Synthetic environments to achieve command and trade qualification, operational mission rehearsal and force readiness has reached remarkable new heights. One example was Exercise Bold Alligator 2012, conducted in February, and covering the full spectrum of subsurface, surface, ground and air capabilities. Designed to revitalize and reinvest in the amphibious capabilities of the US Navy-Marines which had atrophied during the recent conflicts, the exercise was profiled in the last issue of MS&T (MS&T 2-2012). Bold Alligator was the largest amphibious exercise on the US East coast in the past 10 years, and included some 24 ships, 120 aircraft and over 14,000 personnel from the US and some 10 allied nations. Notably, two-thirds of the training scenarios were conducted in the virtual and constructive domains, providing an eyeopening demonstration of the value of joint and coalition training, as well as the power and economy of synthetic environments, particularly in large scale exercises. Constructing the force of the future by leveraging emerging technologies and learning from the past was a central theme of a recent address by the Chairman of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff General Martin Dempsey, as reported by the American Forces Press Service. At the 2012 Joint Warfighting Conference held in May in Virginia Beach, General Dempsey said that the US military must create “Joint Force 2020,” the fighting force of the future. The General said that technologies “...are proliferating
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CONTENTS
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03 Editorial Comment Shaped by Technology. Editor-in-Chief Chris Lehman looks at the cyber impact on training, the war of the future and the force of the future.
06 Human Performance Special Burden; Special Training. The Royal Navy’s “Perisher” course prepares submariners for the privilege and the burden of command. MS&T’s Dim Jones introduces us to the SMCC in this, the first of two parts.
10 Transformation The Next Generation. The future S&T industry will be shaped by today’s emerging leaders. MS&T sought the views of a representative five. Group Editor Marty Kauchak writes.
14 Transformation A Transforming Strategy. Walter F. Ullrich describes how NATO is using training and education strategies to enhance the security of members and partners alike.
18 Human Performance The Human Factor in UAS. The FAA is emphasizing human factors as a key to integrating UAS into the NAS. Chuck Weirauch surveys the issues.
22 Human Performance Is It just Me? Or... Maj Helen Wright shows that adverse events are more likely due to a system failure, rather than an accident prone individual.
24 News Seen & Heard. A round up of developments in simulation and training. Compiled and edited by Fiona Greenyer.
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Editorial Editor in Chief Chris Lehman e. chris@halldale.com Managing Editor Jeff Loube e. jeff@halldale.com Group Editor Marty Kauchak e. marty@halldale.com Europe Editor Walter F. Ullrich e. walter@halldale.com Procurement Chuck Weirauch e. chuck@halldale.com US News Editor Lori Ponoroff e. lori@halldale.com RoW News Editor Fiona Greenyer e. fiona@halldale.com
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MS&T Magazine Military Simulation & Training Magazine
Human Performance
The Perisher In this, the first of two parts, MS&T’s Dim Jones recounts his observations of Perisher, the Royal Navy’s Submarine Commander’s Course. Part Deux will be published in MS&T Issue 4/2012
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here can be few jobs to which the phrase ‘the loneliness of command’ applies more pertinently than command of a nuclear submarine. As in any vessel, total responsibility for the boat and her crew rests on the shoulders of the CO. However, the autonomous, isolated and stealthy nature of submarine operations, the requirement for complete communications silence during extended patrols, and the dire and very visible consequences of any serious failure, mean that this burden is a particularly heavy one, and the ability to deal with it requires a very special sort of man. Preparing and assessing those deemed capable of succeeding in such a demanding role consequently requires a unique training tool; such is the Royal Navy’s Submarine Commander’s Course – SMCC or ‘The Perisher’. The name ‘Perisher’ is generally thought to derive from its historically high failure rate, although an alternative theory is that it was coined by the WRNS, who operated the manual models
which supported shore training, and was a corruption of the original ‘Periscope Course’. It has its origins in World War 1, when the Admiralty recognised a significant disparity in the resilience and operational effectiveness of individual submarines, and a direct link was identified between these and the experience and ability of the captain. The SMCC was set up to address this, and has been running ever since; curiously, there is no surface fleet equivalent, and this has to do with the relative autonomy and therefore lack of direct supervision of submarine COs. Over the years, there has been a gradual change in the construct of the course. In the days of simpler boats with smaller crews, the Perisher was undertaken as a direct precursor to command. With the transition to an allnuclear submarine force, involving much larger and more complex boats, vital roles including the nuclear deterrent, and extended periods of operational duty, it was deemed unacceptable to have only one person on board capable of ‘fighting the boat’ across the wide spectrum
Above The Perisher is undertaken in Trafalgar Class SSNs. Image credit: Crown Copyright.
of its operational capability. Accordingly, the Perisher qualification became a prerequisite for appointment as Executive Officer (XO) of a nuclear submarine, and no formal course is undertaken thereafter; however, since the Perisher is undertaken by Lieutenants and Lieutenant Commanders, and the COs of all RN nuclear submarines are Commanders, graduates still have to gain promotion and be recommended to command.
SDSR The recent Strategic Defence and Security Review resulted in changes which will increase the numerical significance of the submarine fleet in the RN and, therefore, the proportional demand for SM XOs and COs; indeed, there are currently more available XO slots than course entrants, let alone graduates. Nevertheless, only those expected to
ing safety, but will not necessarily have been in charge throughout the spectrum of operations. Finally, he will have been judged by the SMCC Selection Board as possessing all the required tactical, professional and leadership skills required for the Perisher, and as having potential for future promotion to Cdr for command.
The Candidates SMCC112 assembled at HM Naval Base Clyde, at Faslane, on 10th January 2012. The 4 course members – Andy, Chris, Neil and Sam, all Lt Cdrs in their mid-30s – came from SSN appointments; 3 had previous SSBN time, but only Andy as a Watch Leader. Three of the 4 are married but, unusually, none lives at Faslane. This has led to a lot of travelling to and from during the course, although opinion is divided on whether the proximity of a family is a support or a distraction during such a period of high pressure; and the advice is to live on-base during the week in any case. During the course, they have each had their fair share of time ‘under the cosh’ as the Duty CO, but they have also acted as key members of each others’ operations room team; if they didn’t know each other well at the start of the
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Vanguard Class SSBNs, or ‘bombers’ and the Trafalgar and Astute Class attack boats (SSNs), the course is common, and course members may come from, or be posted to, boats of any class. The Perisher itself is undertaken in Trafalgar Class SSNs and, for this reason those coming to the course from an appointment in SSBNs will normally be given a short familiarisation or refresher on a ‘T-boat’. A Perisher entrant will have undergone initial training at the Britannia Royal Naval College, Dartmouth. He may or may not have been recruited as a submariner but, once selected, will have completed his initial watchkeeping qualifications – to satisfy regulatory requirements – probably in a surface ship. His first appointment as a Junior Officer in a submarine will have been in a role such as Casing Officer, followed by a Warfare Course and a Navigation Course, to qualify as a Navigation Officer, and will subsequently have undertaken the Principal Warfare Officer (PWO) course, to become a Watch Leader. He will, therefore, be highly qualified in terms of tactical expertise, and be used to operating the boat on patrol and maintain-
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pass the course are nominated for it and, although there is a desire to maximise the pass rate, this will not be at the expense of standards, of either entry or output – only 3 of the 5 starters on the last course finished it. There is more than an individual’s professional pride at stake here; the ‘apocryphal’ tale of the unsuccessful course member learning of his demise by being handed his packed bag and a bottle of whisky, and being told that a boat is waiting to take him off the submarine, is not apocryphal at all. However, although failure on the Perisher still signals the immediate conclusion of an officer’s career underwater, in truth it is career-changing rather than career-ending, and the qualities and professional performance which gained him selection for the Perisher will still make him competitive alongside his surface fleet peers, should he elect to take that route. Although the course includes some technical and administrative elements required for post-Perisher appointments, the emphasis is heavily on tactics and leadership. Notwithstanding the appar7” X 4.8”ently fundamental difference in role between the 2 types of RN nuclear submarine – the ballistic-missile-carrying
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course, they will by the end of it! One other person whom they will know extremely well is the principal – indeed, for most of the time, the only – instructor, known as ‘Teacher’. The Perisher course is, within SM Force, an element of Flag Officer Sea Training (FOST)’s staff, reporting directly to Director North. The current Teacher is Cdr Andy Bower, a quietly-spoken Yorkshireman; he is an experienced and, although he would be the last to say so, clearly exceptionally able submariner with time in SSNs and command of an SSBN behind him. The current First Sea Lord, Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope, was Teacher in 1989, so the post is highly regarded! Andy combines the high pressure of his job at Faslane with an unorthodox domestic situation – he and his wife run an equestrian farm 35 miles away in the hills looking north towards the Firth of Clyde. Andy’s personality and style has made a major impact on the way his charges approach the demands of the course, and this relationship is one of the keys to success; indeed, the close ties will be maintained, and Teachers have historically become mentors to Perisher graduates throughout their XO and CO tours. Teacher, of course, cannot be a one-man band, and he draws on elements of FOST personnel – and, indeed, others at Faslane – to support the SMCC both on shore and at sea. And so to the course itself. The first, familiarisation, week was taken up with some administration, but also the required periodic ‘Rules of the Road’ exam, followed by a ‘shake-down’ session in the Command Team Trainer. This was followed, for the first time on SMCC112, by several sessions with a recently-retired Lt Cdr, Colin Nicklas, a Director of a company called GamePlans, which specialises in leadership training through coaching and mentoring. There is a particular purpose to this: by definition, the course members are the ‘cream of their bunch’, highly qualified and motivated, but also used to succeeding in what they do. The Perisher is different, both from the historical pass rate and from the career implications of failure. Here, perhaps for the first time, they will experience the occasional reverse, and will need to be able to deal with it. There is a risk that fear of failure will result in the application of an excessive safety margin and a ‘lowering of the sights’; there is also the danger that, if
tell how much of a positive influence it would have on subsequent performance - the real business was about to begin, starting with the ‘Eyes Only’ Shore Training phase!
Roles and Tactics
Above Lt R B Lakin DSO DSC (HMS Safari, 1943). This gentleman would have known... Image credit: The Royal Navy Submarine Museum, Gosport.
you aim too low, you reduce the margin for error. However, although the safety of the boat is of paramount importance, not far below it is the need for potential COs to recognise and explore their personal ‘ability envelopes’. Ideally, this needs to be as close to the boat’s operating limits as possible, without overstepping the safety line, but recognising where they are not may be just as important as the limits themselves. The phase is split into 2 broad parts, how to help yourself and how to help, or be helped by, others. In order to help yourself, it is first necessary to know what makes you tick. Curiously, none of the 4 course members had previously undergone psychometric testing which, for various reasons, has had a chequered history in the RN. Colin Nicklas uses analogies from sports psychology and other areas to illustrate his points, plus some memorable adages: ‘It’s not what you know, but what you do with what you know’, and ‘If you continue to do what you’ve always done, you’ll get what you’ve always got’. A positive, rather than negative, outlook is important. A Royal Marine advertising campaign once averred that ‘99.9% need not apply’; surprise, surprise, 99.9% didn’t! This module has been introduced in pursuit of an improved pass rate with no lowering of standards. The course, and I, found it extremely interesting; time will
In order to appreciate just what is expected of the course, it is necessary to understand just a little about submarine roles and tactics – and, believe me, I still understand only a very little. Although the hunting and, if necessary, engaging of enemy surface ships and submarines, and the employment of offensive subsurface to surface weaponry, are major roles for nuclear submarines, they are only part of the story. Submarines have the ability to be stealthy, and this makes them an extremely useful tool in times of peace, tension and war; it is also essential to their survival. In the right environment, they are an extremely capable, flexible and, because of their small political footprint, useful reconnaissance tools. They can also perform many covert roles, such as the insertion and recovery of Special Forces (SF), and the deployment of detection devices. Minelaying is also a capability, but not currently included in UK defence policy. Submarine operations are a balancing act between, on the one hand, remaining undetected and, on the other, acquiring and maintaining sufficient situational awareness to prosecute a task, navigate effectively, and stay safe – both from enemy action, and from the ever-present threats of other shipping and the sea floor. Acquisition of situational awareness is achieved through various sensors, not least the Mark 1 eyeball. Some sensors are passive - which is a good thing, since they give nothing away – but their information is, by definition, limited. All nuclear submarines carry sonar, both hull-mounted and towed-array, which can be operated in both active and passive modes, but is less effective in littoral waters. Inertial navigation systems are also passive. The eyeball, GPS, Electronic Counter-Measure (ECM) and Electronic Support Measure (ESM) equipment are passive sensors; unfortunately they do not operate underwater, and the means to raise them above the water – the periscope and masts – have tactical implications, in that they can be detected both visually and by radar. In order to use them, the submarine has to
‘Eyes Only’ Shore Training is carried out in the Command Team Trainer at Faslane, aptly named ‘Thrasher’. This is a representation of a T-Class operations room, although it is more spacious than the real thing. There is a single periscope (the boat has 2, an attack periscope and a search periscope), and this does not
... exactly what is going on here. Image credit: Crown Copyright.
move in the vertical. There is a visual display so that Teacher can see what the periscope operator can see. Thrasher is staffed by RN and civilian support staff and, for this phase, is manned by an operations room team of 7 – a periscope assistant, a plotter/recorder, 2 Ops staff manning the Submarine Command System (SMCS), a computerised plotting system, and 3 staff driving the submarine itself, and the other vessels involved in the exercises. For each ‘run’, one of the course members will be the Duty CO, and another will act as the Attack Coordinator (AC). Eyes Only signifies limited use of sensors, and an emphasis on periscope work. The aim is to maintain both safety and tactical superiority, to spend maximum time at periscope depth, but minimum time with the periscope up, diving deep only when necessary, and regaining periscope depth and tactical awareness as soon as possible. Each run lasts up to 25 minutes; the runs initially involve only one or 2 other ships, which could be warships, merchant vessels, leisure craft, or fishing vessels, and progress in complexity until there are up to 5, of different classifications and performing random manoeuvres. The run starts with an ‘AllRound Look’ (ARL), during which the CO will try to locate and identify all other vessels in sight during a single rapid sweep of the periscope – maximum 20 seconds. Thereafter, the frequency of ARL reflects the type and range of shipping, both in
sight and anticipated, visibility and sonar performance. It is designed to make sure that nothing can ‘sneak up’ and, for Eyes Only, is set artificially high at a maximum interval of 3 minutes. The ARL with the periscope at low magnification locates as much shipping as is visible, and is followed by a ‘sweep across the force’ at high magnification, during which additional shipping may be seen. The CO identifies each ship by type, and distinguishes more than one of any type by a discriminator, such as Left and Right. He classifies them in descending order of threat, the greatest – although not necessarily the nearest – being ‘the closest alligator to the canoe’. He performs an Attack Set-Up on each ship, assessing range by splitimage on a known or estimated vertical extent, such as waterline to deck or top of superstructure; these are normally in multiples of 40 feet and are calculated by knowledge of an identified ship’s dimensions, or by generic ‘guesstimation’ (for example, the height of a deck container being about 10 feet). The periscope assistant reads off the bearing, and the elevation in minutes, and the CO converts this into a range. This is logged by the Ops assistants in SMCS; the CO gives an estimated ‘angle off the bow’ from the target to the submarine and, from this, SMCS works out the course and speed of target, and continues to updates until given new information; this procedure is followed for every target. Now the fun really starts! To be continued. Look for Perisher Command Course – Part Deux in MS&T 4/2012. ms&t
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Shore Training
Above
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be at periscope depth – just below the surface. This clearly also presents a collision risk with surface shipping. In order to pass safely underneath another ship, the submarine has to dive to a greater depth commensurate with the draught of that ship. It takes a finite time to get from periscope depth to a safe depth and back again, during which there is little or no information coming in. The trick, therefore, is to spend the maximum time at periscope depth, but with the masts retracted, and the minimum time with the masts up or deep. When fully submerged, the sensor by which other ships or aircraft can detect a submarine is also sonar. Once again, active sonar gives the hunter more information, but alerts the submarine that it is being hunted; passive sonar just listens. There are various measures which the submarine can use to evade sonar detection, or minimise the signature information divulged. Passive sonar can be countered by staying quiet; the propulsion systems of modern submarines are designed to be extremely quiet, but sound travels a long way under water, and a metal object dropped on a steel deck at the wrong time could give the game away. Active sonar – where a transmission from the hunter is reflected from the hull of the submarine, can be countered in various ways, such as hiding behind the underwater terrain, or against the slope of the sea bed. The sea also is also layered, in terms of both temperature and salinity, and these layers can also reflect sonar transmissions, thus giving false signals. Speed, as they say, is also of the essence. Nuclear boats can travel fast underwater, and this can be useful in evading threats; however increased speed can limit manoeuvrability, it makes more noise, it decreases the effectiveness of your own sonar and, when the masts are up, it greatly increases the wake from the masts and, therefore, the chance of visual detection – the recommended speed is ‘as slow as possible’.
Training Technology
Into the Future Group Editor Marty Kauchak speaks with five individuals representative of the new generation of S&T professionals who will help guide the community into the next decade.
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s the MS&T editorial team pondered the future of the S&T industry, we decided to seek the views of some emerging leaders who will help lead our community into the next decade. Our short list of community professionals is a diverse group of individuals from both sides of the Atlantic, representing different spaces in the sector: • Maria Dahl Aagaard, Product Marketing Manager at projectiondesign; • Scott Ariotti, Director of Global Marketing at The DiSTI Corporation; • Dave Kanahele, Director of Simulation at Christie; • Jennifer McNamara, Vice President of Serious Games and Government Programs at BreakAway, Ltd.; and • Andrew Tschesnok, Founder and Chief Executive Officer at Organic Motion. While these professionals portray the different demographics and characteristics of industry members, there are common threads that unite the group: they understand the dynamic technologies and evolving business model for the
Left Jennifer McNamara, Vice President of Serious Games and Government Programs at BreakAway, Ltd Image credit: BreakAway, Ltd.
community, and they have a passion for advancing the state-of-the-art for military learning. While one member on this list is a company officer, they are collectively representative of the bow wave of talent that will receive the mantle of increased responsibilities from community elders, and ascend to higher positions of leadership through the coming years.
Making a Difference What attracted MS&T to these industry members, in part, is their credibility
gained through wide-ranging involvement in community activities, and efforts in advancing the state-of-the-art for learning technology. The editorial teams from MS&T and sister publication MEdSim, have gained reliable insights on serious gaming technology and product developments from BreakAway’s McNamara. Her perspectives and situational awareness are industry wide – and with good reason. In addition to serving as chair for the I/ITSEC Education Subcommittee, she is also a member of the Serious Games Showcase & Challenge Planning Committee, a member of the Technology and Standards Subcommittee for the Society for Simulation in Healthcare and an advisor for the MODSIM World Conference Committee.
Left Maria Dahl Aagaard, Product Marketing Manager, projectiondesign. Image credit: projectiondesign.
I S C A N VISUAL PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT SYSTEMS Starting with the finest eye movement monitoring systems available and 30 years experience, ISCAN provides off-the-shelf and customized hardware performance in simulated or live environments. Output metrics give critical insight into individual and group patterns of
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and software solutions to assess human visual
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and/or confusion during
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Most recently, at the January 2012 IMSH conference in San Diego we had a wide-ranging discussion with her on serious gaming developments for the medical community. We have also found Christie’s Kanahele to have an uncanny awareness of the visual systems market – developed through his in-depth interaction with his customers and industry counterparts. These insights are gained, in part, by “giving back to the S&T community by bringing company customers to the annual Christie Simulation University.” Kanahele added, “My goal is to ensure we position our customers to take full advantage of new technologies and system architectures to maximize training effectiveness.” Indeed, he plans to continue expanding Christie’s Simulation University event with the objective of informing and learning “from our customers and thinking about how we might reset our expectations of what’s possible.” DiSTI’s Ariotti has his sights set on the present as well as the future vitality of the community – by becoming a mentor for new community accessions. “There are many people in this industry that have played a critical role in who and where I am today. Some of them probably don’t even know that they played an influential role,” he recalled. He added that he is “making an effort to be cognizant of the folks just starting out in this industry and those still in high school and college, and how I can help guide them as they move forward in their careers.” Ariotti also attributes the guiding hand of one of his mentors to his involvement in the program side of I/ITSEC – beyond his presence on the conference floor as an exhibitor. “I have found my involvement with the papers and sessions extremely rewarding work. In the coming years, I would like to expand my involvement with the committee.” For their part, our professionals are also involved with cutting edge programs to advance S&T in their respective spaces. In the visual systems arena, training for night operations with night vision goggles (NVG) continues to be an area with opportunities for improved training, Kanahele pointed out.“New display, IG and database designs that allow for use of operational NVGs are now starting to be fully exploited.” And to train more efficiently, Kanahele also sees opportunities to leverage increased system scalability. “Depending on the training requirements, we might use a common system architecture that readily scales across a wide range of training devices and locations.”
In this same space, projectiondesign’s Aagaard has been busy educating and informing the military and adjacent sectors about her company’s two recent projector developments. “My goal is to help make projectiondesign the preferred supplier of high performance projectors for not only new installations, but also the upgrade market,” she told MS&T. Accordingly, her weekly schedule may include attendance at trade shows and conferences, and visiting various installations where projectiondesign’s products are used. As this issue was being published, Aagaard was supporting the release of “the world’s highest resolution FL35 wqxga, a 2nd Generation LED light source projector that meets head-on the important industry requirements for high resolution, low maintenance, stable light output and stability consistency of color coordinates across multiple channels.”Aagaard has seen and experienced this technology first hand in a cross-over application – in civil aviation at British Airways’ flight training center. Most recently MS&T encountered Aagaard at ITEC 2012, where her company unveiled the FS33 IR LED-illuminated projector stimulating NVGs. The military-industry team also remains interested in gamebased S&T providing rich, immersive experiences – but recognizes that more research is needed to better define the best practices for this technology’s use by military learners. To help close this gap, McNamara supports three major research programs.
task performance.
www.iscaninc.com
Tel: 781-932-1199 email: info@iscaninc.com
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One effort is a Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center (TATRC) funded program aimed to demonstrate superiority of game-based hospital management of mass casualty incident exercises over their tabletop counterparts. McNamara is also a contributor to Raytheon BBN Technologies on the Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Agency’s Sirius program to investigate which game mechanisms contribute to learning, and train analysts to recognize and mitigate sources of cognitive bias. And as a supporting team member with Virginia Modeling, Analysis and Simulation Center on a TATRC funded program, she supports efforts to research game-based simulation fidelity required to serve pre-deployment nurses’ trauma care and team work training needs. At the last several I/ITSECs, MS&T has observed Organic Motion’s underpinning technologies mature under Tschesnok’s leadership. The company has integrated its building block technologies to introduce a greater level of realism into live urban warfare training. “Our Avatar Target Insertion System decreases the cost of using live role players in training scenarios and increases the authenticity of avatars when they interact with trainees,” Tschesnok explained. Setup simply involves a live actor stepping into a capture portal. “All capture occurs automatically without the need to attach any tracking devices. Using unobtrusive sensors, the room captures the actor's body movements as well as detailed facial expressions,” Tschesnok pointed out and added, “This data stream is then projected as an avatar into a live training scenario in real-time. The avatar's movement, speech and gestures exactly mimic the trainer and facilitate an interactive two-way dialogue in a natural manner – all in real-time.” Organic Motion believes that in many training scenarios a "live-avatar" is much more effective than an artificial intelligence character and definitely more cost-effective than multiple human actors. Tschesnok pointed out that one individual actor in the system can become many different characters in many different rooms. “A single actor can play male, female and child characters, such as an insurgent, a NATO troop, a local civilian and a village elder.”
Left Scott Ariotti, Director of Global Marketing at The DiSTI Corporation. Image credit: The DiSTI Corporation. Below Dave Kanahele, Director of Simulation, Christie. Image credit: Christie.
Enabling Future Game Changers Our group provided some intriguing possibilities and suggestions of how military learning may evolve into the next decade. With an eye on policy-level challenges, Organic Motion’s Tschesnok suggested refining the Pentagon’s acquisition model by allowing the Department of Defense to introduce new disruptive technologies earlier in the acquisition cycle. “There are many emerging technologies that take too long to find their way into the S&T community. I believe we would benefit greatly if there existed a more direct path to procuring and implementing advanced training tools.” At the end of the day, the company’s CEO wants to have an impact on making training more realistic for the warfighter. “These young men and women are using technology in their personal lives that are far more advanced than some of the systems they use to train. If we can make their training closer to what they experience in the real world then hopefully they will be better prepared for the dangers they will face on the battlefield.”
Ariotti anticipates Augmented Reality (AR) will be the next game changer in this market.“I’ve seen some of our customers turning what you see in the BMW Augmented Reality Glasses YouTube concept video into what will be a reality. On a parallel front, is what Google’s secret Google X Lab is producing; it’s a development called Project Glass that is marrying AR with artificial intelligence. This technology will make it so task-based objectives become less about training, and more about access to the comprehensive, interactive,‘just-in-time How To’s’”. Advancements to take gaming beyond a temporarily novel technology are on McNamara’s mind.“Forward looking developers have begun architecting new simulations and training modularly to accommodate constant shifts in end user platforms, development tools and delivery technologies without losing investments in content,” she pointed out, and continued, “We will see broader industry reliance on agile development methodologies, end user content authoring as people become more comfortable with advanced tools, less of a need to universally prescribe a common development environment for S&T acquisitions and use of development strategies to protect against technology and content extinction.” Projectiondesign’s Aargaard has her focus on improving returns on investment and other opportunities to better help the industry business model benefit training audiences. “I believe higher performing products at less cost will make simulator equipment more accessible and therefore, more widespread in the industry. I also believe there will be an increased focus on the cost effective benefits, such as the timeliness of performing training, the fact that you can have repetitive rehearsal on complex and difficult tasks, as well as the benefits of being able to equip a person or a group for the challenging tasks either impossible or too dangerous to replicate in real life.” ms&
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Transformation
Training as a Strategy Cooperation in training and education strengthens relationships enhancing security and stability. Walter F. Ullrich describes NATO initiatives with non-member countries.
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he collapse of the Warsaw Pact in February 1991 and the dissolution of the Soviet Union only five months later launched a new era in Central and Eastern Europe. Once freed from Soviet-style Communism, the former satellite countries in no time at all established their new identities in free self-determination. However, their wish to retain that independence was just as big as their desire for freedom. And there was only one organisation in the world that was able to provide such security guarantees: NATO. Equally, on the Allied side, there was a strong interest in filling – as quickly as possible – the power vacuum left by the collapse of the erstwhile opponent. As early as 1991 NATO therefore invited the former Eastern Bloc countries to cooperate with NATO bodies.
PfP Success Story The idea of achieving membership by means of bilateral cooperation between individual Euro–Atlantic partner countries and NATO was first proposed as
an American initiative in 1993, and was formally launched in January 1994 at the NATO summit in Brussels, Belgium. The Partnership for Peace (PfP) Programme that resulted from this initiative was a strategic masterpiece and became one of NATO’s greatest success stories in the post-Cold War era. In 1999, only five years after PfP was launched, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland joined NATO; seven more Northern and Eastern European countries joined in 2004. All these former Communist countries used PfP as a vehicle to prepare for fully-fledged NATO membership. In practical terms, it meant that by participating in defence planning and budgeting, military exercises and civil emergency operations they increased the interoperability of their forces with those of NATO. It is impossible to overrate this accomplishment. These countries had to get rid of old Cold War structures (both mentally and organisationally) and had to implement NATO’s new strategy, as well as altering their social systems and economies at the same time.
Above Afghan Special Forces demonstrate an insurgent arrest exercise. Image credit: Maitre Christian Valverde, French Navy, ISAF Public Affairs Office.
Yet it was not only former adversaries that opted to join PfP. Given NATO’s growing role as a security-building organisation, neutral, or non-aligned nations to be more precise, joined the programme, not in order to enrol for NATO, but in order to contribute to security and stability in Europe and the world. Sweden and Finland have cooperated with NATO within the framework of PfP since 1994; Austria joined in 1995; Switzerland in 1996. There are currently 22 individual non-NATO countries in Europe, Central Asia and Southern Caucasus in the PfP Programme that cooperate with the current 28 NATO member countries. Right from the start education and training were essential tools for the PfP Partners to improve the interoperability
of their countries’ forces with those of NATO and to bring them up to NATO standards, most of all when they envisaged full membership of NATO. NATO/PfP education and operational training is built upon two pillars. One pillar encompasses true NATO activities, including NATO exercises and NATO schools. The other pillar comprises nationally sponsored activities. Since 1999, Partnership Training and Education Centres (PTECs) have been supporting NATO’s objectives in regard to advancing the partnership between Allied and Non-Member countries. PTECs are NATO-recognised national training facilities in Member or Partner Countries that conduct PfP-related education and training that is consistent with the objectives and priorities of NATO’s policy on partnerships. They offer academic courses, seminars and workshops to both civilian and military personnel from all Allies and Partners, providing education, training and instruction in diverse areas, including languages and NATO staff procedures. PfP Training Centres also provide areas for training of a more operational character; some centres offer both classroom and field train-
Above Networking at the PTEC ''Marketplace'' event at NATO HQ. Image credit: NATO HQ.
ing. An important objective is to promote capacity-building, interoperability and a comprehensive understanding of wider security issues. The 23 institutions that currently make up the network of centres – of which 12 are located in Partner Countries
– encompass the most diverse bodies. The United States Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, USA is just as present as the Cairo Regional Centre for Training on Conflict Resolution and Peacekeeping in Africa, Egypt. The German Armed Forces UN Training Centre, Hammelburg, Germany is part of the network, as is the Defence Institute of Kazakhstan, Almaty, Kazakhstan. Yet, despite this wide variety, the institutions are united under a single concept endorsed by the North Atlantic Council.
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Transformation
Though scattered throughout the world, the Partnership Training and Education Centres Initiative is a very lively network. Most of the centres took part in an annual networking event known as the “Marketplace” at NATO Headquarters in Brussels, Belgium in February this year. The Marketplace allows representatives to network with each other, to share experience and discuss further synergies and new courses, while also attracting more members to the network. With over 500 courses run for more than 3,000 students, “…this marketplace is a unique opportunity to learn and see what others are doing,” as Commodore Emil Eftimov, Deputy Director of the International Military Staff’s Cooperation and Regional Security Division, put it.
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NATO – Russia Council
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In the wake of the collapse of the former Soviet Union, NATO territory moved ever closer to Russia’s borders – a fait accompli Russia found hard to accept given that it is back on the world stage. Despite, or perhaps because of this, the NATO Allies and Russia in 2002 established the NATO–Russia Council (NRC), a rather pragmatic approach that accepts that NATO and Russia share strategic priorities and face common challenges – despite differences on some high-level issues. In November 2010, at the third summit of the NRC that ran in parallel to the Lisbon Summit, the 29 NRC leaders endorsed a joint review of 21st century common security challenges, including Afghanistan, terrorism, piracy, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery, and more. They also agreed on a number of initiatives to assist in the stabilisation of Afghanistan and the wider region. Afghan helicopter maintenance staff training will help the Afghan Armed Forces (AAF) to operate their helicopter fleet more effectively. The AAF currently operates 36 Mi-17 and eight Mi-35 helicopters. The first training course for Afghan maintenance crews began at the OAO Novosibirsk Aircraft Repair Plant in Novosibirsk, Russia in April 2012. Training will initially focus on the maintenance of Mi-17s. A specific curriculum based on three certified courses has been developed to meet the AAF’s needs. It covers specialisations such as the maintenance of helicopter engines,
armaments, avionics, instrumentation, radio equipment and electrical equipment. It is expected that a total of some 30 Afghan maintenance personnel will receive training under the project over the next two years. Training will consist of both classroom instruction using a computer-based system and practical, on-the-job training in production units and laboratories. It will be conducted with the help of Dari interpreters and all the relevant technical documentation will be translated into Dari. The training offered under this project is complementary to other aircraft maintenance capacity-building initiatives on the ground in Afghanistan that are being provided by contractors such as Defense Technology Inc., Lockheed Martin and Northrop Grumman. The 90-day course is taking place in the framework of the Helicopter Maintenance Trust Fund project, which was officially launched in March 2011 at the NRC Ministerial meeting in Berlin, Germany. Germany is acting as the lead nation, and the NATO Maintenance and Supply Agency (NAMSA) is serving as the project’s executing agent. Financial and in-kind contributions to the Trust Fund amount to approximately 23 million US dollars. The NATO–Russia counter-narcotics training project was launched in 2006, and is conducted in partnership with the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). The project is providing training to personnel in Afghanistan, Pakistan and Central Asia in the area of counter-narcotics in order to help com-
Above The NATO-Russia counter-narcotics training project has a clear focus on drug enforcement training. Image credit: NATO HQ.
bat the rising problem of drug trafficking in the Central Asian region and to contribute to building a sustainable regional capacity. The project has a clear focus on drug enforcement training. It comprises four competent training academies and instructors from the NRC member countries. In this capacity, the project is able to provide different courses for trainees of various levels and categories. The information provided during the classes is based on the latest cases, which were often investigated by the instructors themselves, combining theoretical approaches with practical exercises. One of the most important aspects of the project is providing an opportunity for trainees to establish a personal and professional network with their colleagues at national, regional and international level. The project is a joint endeavour of several countries of the NRC and the project’s beneficiary countries. “The NRC counter-narcotics training project is a flagship example of our cooperative regional approach to counter-narcotics,” said James Appathurai, NATO Deputy Assistant Secretary General for Political Affairs and Security Policy. “The project’s goal is to build regional capacity, by not only training officers in
On the Horizon Since 2009, the NATO Training MissionAfghanistan (NTM-A) has been helping to build up the Afghan National Security Force (ANSF) into a professional, sustainable and self-sustaining security force. In 2011, about 1,300 trainers from 32 nations served on the NTM-A. They were supported by 1,200 hired teachers who dealt with the recruits applying to join the army or police (86 per cent of whom were illiterate). Over 100,000 young men had completed these continuous literacy training programmes by late 2011. Also in 2011, NTM-A reached its growth goal of 305,000 personnel in the Afghan National Security Force. NTM-A has focused on three steps for training: training Afghan recruits, training Afghans to be trainers (train-thetrainer) and training Afghans to run systems and institutions. By the end of 2012, NATO will have trained enough Afghans to man the primary trainer posts at all training institutions. “I look forward
to watching the Afghan trainers take the lead over the next two years, while the NATO trainers continue to mentor and supervise them and provide them the professionalism that is critical to ensure that this force becomes an enduring, selfsustaining national security force,” said Lieutenant General William Caldwell, Commander of NATO’s Training Mission in Afghanistan. To that end, Afghanistan will continue to need NATO’s support well beyond 2014. The Arab Spring has left unbalanced structures across the Middle East and North Africa, as well as power vacuums that are refilling only slowly. NATO has the necessary instruments –the Mediterranean Dialogue and Istanbul Cooperation Initiative – to open a completely new chapter of cooperation for the Alliance. Anders Fogh Rasmussen, NATO Secretary General, has a clear message: “Allies will work closely with partners from the region to see how they can work better together to address common security challenges. Membership of the Mediterranean Dialogue will be open to Libya, if the country so desires, as a framework for political dialogue and focused practical cooperation.” . ms&t
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Colorado Springs, USA. In March 2012, the fifth theatre missile defence computer-assisted exercise was conducted in Ottobrunn, Germany.
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counter-narcotics tactics but also providing valuable networking opportunities between counter-narcotics agencies across the region.” In April 2012 the project reached the landmark of 2,000 trainees since its launch. In a somewhat related initiative, the Cooperative Airspace Initiative (CAI), developed under the auspices of the NATO–Russia Council, fosters NATO– Russia cooperation on airspace surveillance and air traffic coordination. Its underlying goal is to strengthen capabilities required to deal with situations in which aircraft are suspected of being under the control of terrorists. The CAI reached operational readiness in late 2011 after a successful live exercise entitled “Vigilant Skies 2011”. A total of around 10 million euros was invested in the CAI project. Nations that contributed financially include Canada, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Luxembourg, Norway, Poland, Russia, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. And in the same spirit, joint NATO– Russian missile defence exercises, were introduced in 2004, when NATO and Russia held a Joint Missile Defence computer-based command post exercise in
Human Performance
UAS, Human Factors, and the NAS The FAA has been directed to study UAS human factors in developing plans to integrate UAS into civil airspace. Chuck Weirauch looks at the issues.
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he move to allow unmanned aerial systems (UAS) to fly in the US National Airspace System (NAS) received a major boost this February; the much-delayed FAA Reauthorization bill was signed into law by President Obama. That boost came from one of the less-heralded provisions of the law – a Congressional mandate that set a September 30, 2015 deadline for the full integration of UAS into the NAS. The legislation is the firmest step taken so far towards that goal. The FAA Reauthorization bill passed was the first time ever that Congress required the FAA in legislation to work toward the integration of UAS into the NAS, said Ben Gielow, Government Relations Manager and General Counsel for the Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International (AUVSI). The FAA has been working on integrating UAS into the NAS for a number of years, but there had been no real hard deadlines that had to be met, he pointed out. Although the FAA Reauthorization bill is now law, it still remains unclear as to just what types of UAS will be able to fly or how in the NAS by September 30, 2015, however there are some indicators in other provisions. Other provisions include requiring
the FAA to develop a comprehensive UAS integration plan within nine months of the bill's signing; the operation of small UAS (under 55 pounds) to be allowed to fly within 27 months; requiring six UAS test sites to be established within six months; and the expedited access to the UAS for public users, such as law enforcement, firefighters and emergency responders. See the Sidebar for the current AUVSI interpretation of the legislation.
Human Factor Emphasis An important provision directs the FAA "to study UAS human factors" and to review the causes of accidents. While the FAA, NASA and the US military in particular have conducted UAS human factors studies, the new law is leading to more focus on this area of research. According to comments the FAA UAS Integration Office provided to MS&T, the agency continues to place emphasis on UAS human factors research as the need for more widespread UAS integration has increased. The work on UAS human factors research focuses on areas including UAS pilot certification and training, standardized requirements for UAS ground control stations, impacts to Air Traffic Control (ATC), human
Above Engineers check the ADS-B equipment on NASA Dryden's Ikhana unmanned aircraft. Image credit: NASA/Sam Kim.
factors-related evaluations of existing regulations, and the impact of various automated functions on crew situation awareness, the agency stated. "The language on human factors was included in the bill because there is recognition that operations when a pilot is not co-located on an aircraft are different in a lot of ways from those of a manned aircraft," Gielow said. "Human factors encompass such things as how the control system should work, if there should be a human in the loop and how the pilot operator communicates with both the system and air traffic control, just for some examples. A whole host of UAS human factors still need to be addressed." John Walker, who is the Co-chairman of the RTCA Special Committee 203, which is developing Minimum Aviation System Performance Standards (MASPS) for UAS, could not agree more with Gielow. The RTCA functions as a Federal Advisory Committee to the FAA. The SC-203 Committee through subgroups is
Just as with manned aircraft systems, the success or failure of UAS operations depends on a wide range of human physiological and psychological behaviors in a considerable variety of conditions and environments. According to the FAA UAS Integration Office concerning physiological characteristics, previous studies have focused on the lack of sensory information available to pilots of UAS when compared to manned aircraft and have concluded that an awareness and diagnosis of inflight problems can be much more difficult for pilots of UAS. To compensate, UAS control station design must include creative new ways to make up for this lack of information, the FAA reported. Training should also be structured to make the pilot aware of the lack of information and
MS&T’s Chuck Weirauch solicited comments from the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) on UAS human factors research. Dr. Winston Bennett, Leah Rowe, Dr. Thomas Carretta and Dr. Guy French, all with the AFRL's 711th Human Performance Wing at Wright Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, OH, collaborated on responses to the questions. This division of the AFRL has taken the lead for Air Force human factors research. MS&T: What are the AFRL human factors research areas? The AFRL is conducting research into supervisory control (as opposed to manual control) of vehicles, physiological and psychological traits that affect pilot and sensor operator performance, interface features that can improve performance on long duration missions, and ways to manage larger numbers of vehicles. MS&T: What are the pilot/operator critical traits and skills? The AFRL's Warfighter Readiness Research Division has recently completed the definition of Mission Essential Competencies (MECs) for sensor operators and pilots on the Air Force side, and has developed similar competency definitions for Customs and Border Patrol personnel who will operate Predators in the national airspace. As part of this MEC effort, the critical knowledge, skills, and developmental experiences needed to learn and perform the relevant jobs are defined, and gaps in the current education and training system for achieving those are identified and elaborated. Using the MEC data, we are now developing mission performance metrics for schools and for operations, and we supported the schoolhouses at Creech and Holloman Air Force bases with the development of an automated gradesheet capability to improve student assessment and tracking. Over the next 18-24 months, several operational units will get a performance measurement, tracking, and AAR capability similar to what we have developed for the fast jet tactical community up and running at their locations to support our activities. MS&T: Do competencies for UAS operation differ from those for manned aircraft crews? Several studies have been conducted to identify the critical skills, abilities, and other characteristics (SAOCs) needed to be successful as a Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA) pilot and/or sensor operator. Results indicate similar results for RPA pilots and sensor operators. Further, these critical SAOCs are similar to those for pilots of manned aircraft. The most important skills include critical thinking, judgment and decision making, and teamwork. Some important abilities include oral comprehension and expression, working memory, task prioritization, selective attention, time sharing, spatial orientation, control precision, and situational awareness. Critical non-cognitive (personality/temperament) characteristics include initiative, assertiveness, decisiveness, self-control, stress tolerance, and adaptability. These are likely to remain important even after the development/introduction of automation. Currently, RPA pilot trainees are selected using methods very similar to those for pilots of manned aircraft. A recent predictive validation study conducted by AFRL showed these to be effective for RPA training. Despite their effectiveness, the Air Force Personnel Center at Randolph AFB, TX is working to develop new tests to measure some of the critical RPA SAOCs not measured well by the current selection tests. MS&T: Is AFRL UAS research being used to support training communities? Yes. The MEC data are used significantly for this training needs assessment and as the design specification for scenarios and metrics for education and training. The University of North Dakota, one of our collaborators on our UAV work, is using the MEC information to develop their UAS curriculum. We are also just beginning a collaboration with Sinclair Community College, a local institution that is establishing an introductory curriculum for UAS operations. As part of our research program in this area, we will be developing scenarios, syllabi, metrics, and training management tools to support the schoolhouses and ops communities with a wider range of education and training options and capabilities.
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Out-of-cockpit Experiences
AFRL UAS HF Research
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focused on four UAS areas; safety activity, command and control, communications and sense-and-avoid systems. The RTCA is also working closely with the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and other international aviation agencies to develop global standards for UAS, as well as with the FAA's NextGen Office. "Human factors is a key criterion that needed to be included in the RTCA SC-203 architecture," Walker said."We had planned to include human factors in the UAS MASPS when the time was right. That time was right in December 2011, when we had enough information for developing what will be the outline for the MASPS. Human factors is critically important in the safety aspects of UAS operation and mitigation strategies. We will create human factors elements across the whole of the SC-203 Committee work." According to the FAA UAS Integration Office, continued focus on the development of UAS standards, regulations, and guidance is necessary for the integration into the NAS to become a reality. Research is needed for many of the key decisions and minimum requirements needed to streamline the approval process. Key human factors areas include pilot/crew requirements, ground control stations and interfaces, and ATC systems and operations."A baseline for UAS performance is also needed, as it is critical that we understand UAS behavior and performance in the NAS, and how they differ from that of manned aircraft," the agency reported.
The FAA Reauthorization Bill established a Congressional mandate for the full integration of unmanned aerial systems UAS into the US National Airspace System (NAS) by September 30, 2015. The FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012 also uses the expression “full integration... into the US National Airspace System…”. One might assume this means that all sizes of UAS would have access to the national airspace by that time. However, this may not to be the case, even though it has been widely reported as such. Ben Gielow, Government Relations Manager and General Counsel for the Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International (AUVSI) responded to MS&T queries. The AUVSI represents all major UAS manufacturers. MS&T: How does the AUVSI interpret the wording of the FAA Reauthorization bill? Right now there is a lot of debate about what that 2015 deadline means, because it does say the safe integration of UAS into the national airspace. However, earlier in the bill language, it requires small UAS, which it defines as under 55 pounds, to be integrated by the middle of 2014. So you would assume that the 2015 date means something more than just the small UAS. However, the reality is that it might only be that small UAS are allowed to safely fly because the larger systems are going to require sense and avoid technology to be able to fly in the airspace beyond the sight of the operator. Larger UAS will be able to operate in the NAS once UAS technology will be able to sense and avoid other aircraft, but we are a ways away from that technology. It might still be that by 2015 we only have small UAS operating under the restraints of the final small UAS rule. MS&T: So what can we expect as far as the timeline for the integration of small UAS? With the requirement for the FAA Final Rule for the integration of small UAS to be announced by mid-2014, that schedule would indicate that the FAA small UAS Notice of Proposed Rule Making (NPRM) would have to be given by the
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Image credit: NASA.
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Access for all UAS into the NAS by 2015?
provide guidance in how to compensate for this lack of information. On the psychological front, according to the FAA the consideration discussed most often in UAS human factors studies is the lack of a shared fate between the pilot and the unmanned aircraft being flown, a lack speculated to lead to more risky behaviors, according to the FAA. However, research conducted on military operations suggests that this is not the case. For example, a survey that was conducted of UAS pilots operating in Iraq showed that one of the UAS pilots' greatest concerns was being the cause of an accident with a manned aircraft, the FAA UAS experts reported.
Simulation in UAS HF Nancy Cooke, a principal investigator for the Cognitive Engineering Research Institute and a research professor at Arizona State University, has been studying the cognitive performance of UAS pilots and operators since 1997. Her primary investigative tool is the SimSystem that she and Steve Shope developed at Sandia Research Corporation in Mesa, AZ. This system was recently upgraded with MetaVR high-fidelity graphic imagery. The SimSystem functions much like a Predator UAS operator station, and various simulated scenarios are employed to study UAS crew behaviors. The company and the Institute have previously conducted human factors research for the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) on operator control systems design and sensor operator training, and currently have a NASA grant to study human factors in UAS
integration into the NAS. Cooke primarily researches UAS crew coordination to measure crew effectiveness, with an end goal of determining how to train crews to be more adaptable and flexible in various scenarios. The key to evaluating crew performance is to study their communication skills and the dynamic flow of their conversations with each other, she said. According to Cooke, there is a whole range of potential human psycho-social issues associated with remotely controlled air vehicle operation. Issues that break down crew communication could lead to disaster, for example, Shope adds. According to Shope, team efforts are more important in UAS operations perhaps than in any other weapons platform. "One of the more pressing UAS operator problems is the constant switching back between the distant battlefield and civilian life at home," Cooke said. "There is very little human factors study in this area, since we have not had to deal with this in the military until now. However, we will be seeing much more of this as we move towards more remote operations."
HF to Improve Training Programs While the US Air Force currently requires its UAS pilots to have manned aircraft experience and training, the Navy and Marine Corps do not. As a means to determining the skill sets that are required to safely and effectively crew UAS, the Naval Medical Research UnitDayton (NAMRU-Dayton) recently led a large UAS job task analysis encompassing 256 tasks across all current and new Navy and Marine Corps UAS platforms. This work was conducted in partnership
with the Naval Air Warfare Center Aviation Division (NAWCAD) and the Naval Air Warfare Training System Division (NAWCTSD). The preliminary study also determined what physiological and psychological behaviors were most important characteristics for the operators of each UAS platform. The results will help the Navy establish a UAS personnel selection system based on these characteristics and training to help enhance such traits. Further work is going to identify the job tasks that are most important and the ones that are the most difficult to learn, according to NAMRU-Dayton Director Rick Arnold. "We wanted to provide data to underpin human factors applications across a range of things," Arnold said. "These include training systems development and training curriculum development, along with potentially the interface design for ground control stations and then personnel selection." Across the platforms, the study revealed that psychomotor skills for the Raven and Shadow UAS platform were still of value, but mid-table in terms of importance, Arnold said. Human traits such as dependability, conscientiousness and communications skills were at the top of the list, along with decisionmaking and task prioritization, and were universally important across all UAS platform and operator groups, Arnold
reported. Psychomotor skills were there for the smaller UAS, but almost completely irrelevant for the more automated UAS, he added. "While the work to develop an effective UAS personnel selection system has not yet begun, the job task analysis study will provide the data to help begin this effort," Arnold said. "Such a system would reduce the attrition from training programs, shorten the time required to train, and in the long term reduce mishaps because you would have folks who are better at their jobs." Dennis Vicenza, who served as the NAWCTSD lead for the UAS job task analysis, said that the work is really to find out what knowledge, skills and abilities are important for UAS crew members based on the task performed. Another goal is to determine what is common across all of the Navy and Marine Corps UAS platforms, information that could lead to potential savings and the consolidation of certain types of UAS training. "The Navy and Marines don't take the same track as the Air Force, which is to require qualified manned platform pilots for UAS,"Vicenza said."But the question is, do you really have to be a pilot to operate a UAS? Actually being a pilot may not be a necessary quality. There may be other cognitive abilities that are more important, such as spatial awareness and decision-making and communication skills." ms&t
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end of this year to allow for significant time for public comments. The FAA has indicated that it hopes to achieve that goal. We are anticipating that the small UAS rule will say that small platforms will be able to fly in the NAS, but that they will be restricted to daytime only under visual flight rule restrictions, and that they will be limited to operating at less than 400 feet and remain in the line of sight of the operator or someone on the ground. MS&T: What will be the impact of the small UAS rule? The FAA small UAS final rule will be the first time that commercial operators will be able to fly a small UAS in the NAS. However, those operators will still have to apply to the FAA for a Certificate of Authorization (COA) or a waiver to fly. Currently, only public operators, such as the military, local governments and law enforcement agencies have been granted such a COA. MS&T: One of the major complaints about the COA process is that it is very time-consuming and difficult. This May, the FAA and the Justice Department announced that they had created a new law enforcement-expedited COA process. So the hope is that by streamlining the COA process, it will make it easier to operate these small UAS before the SUAS rule is finalized by mid-2014.
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Major Helen Wright, Directorate of Flight Safety, Ottawa, dispels some myths about “accident-proneness”. Reprinted from Flight Comment Issue 1, 2012, with permission of the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF).
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o certain people have more than their “fair share” of adverse events? Are some more likely to be injured: tripping, bumping their head, cutting themselves in the kitchen – or similar sorts of errors? Are some more prone to memory or other cognitive errors? And, importantly for fight safety, are some more likely to be involved in an aviation occurrence? The belief that some people are prone to error is longstanding, and many of us believe we know such people. The term “accident-prone” suggests there is an inherent personal factor predisposing to incidents (rather than context or situational factors). This question of accidentproneness is still a subject of debate in the scientific literature1. Part of the problem is that there is no agreement as to what “accident-prone” actually means. Early research into industrial accidents focused on individuals (rather than on systems and organisational practices as we do now). Research during World War I found statistically unlikely distributions of accidents that were attributed to individual accident-proneness. This idea became accepted in industrial and transportation settings and in the
1920s and 30s there was a lot of effort to develop tests to identify the accidentprone, who would then be transferred or fired. Research in the 1950s started to challenge the accident-prone concept; some of the previous work came to be seen as unsophisticated2. Many of the more modern studies found that there were indeed accident clusters, but the risk was inherent in the job and circumstances (called latent factors) rather than the person; nevertheless, there were still some excellent studies that seemed to demonstrate accident-proneness, and the concept of accident-prone remained entrenched in our culture. Movies and cartoons often feature an accidentprone character. By the 1960s it became unfashionable to blame the individual and this accident-prone concept began to fade from academic literature3. It has remained a specialty field of study; for instance, work concerning children and propensity for injury (see Harry Potter sidebar). Science clearly demonstrates that there are situations in which the likelihood of an error is higher than would be expected by chance. This uneven distribution of accidents has been docu-
mented in conditions ranging from death due to horse kicks in the Prussian army in 1898, workers in munitions factories in WWI, to contemporary commercial airlines4. Given our current understanding of the latent factors that contribute to occurrences, it is very logical that a given set of latent conditions will predispose to occurrences, and it is those background characteristics that influence the occurrence rates – not the people themselves. DFS activities include looking for clusters of disproportionate accident or incidents, and then looking for the cause. The latent conditions of the workplace or organisation are often the root of the problem. But can we link risk of an accident to a particular personality? Certainly a link can be made for proneness to error for some extreme or pathological personality traits, and mental health conditions such as depression or addiction. For this reason clinical personality disorders and some mental health disorders are not compatible with a pilot’s licence. For those in the “normal” personality range, there is some evidence linking people who are self-centred, overconfident, aggressive, or impulsive to
Image credit: Canadian Department of National Defence.
Human Performance
Are You Accident-prone?
error (memory, attention, or action). It may be that these people have a chronic difficulty with focusing their attention. There is preliminary evidence that minor error-prone people are more vulnerable than average to stress, which may interact with their attention baseline and as a result they exhibit a higher than normal rate of minor cognitive failures. It is important to note that there is no evidence that these absent minded slips and lapses translate into a higher susceptibility to accidents. Interestingly, the self-reported slips and lapses decreased with increasing age… the authors speculated that more mature individuals rely on memory aids such as electronic calendars, checklists,
and address books to keep their slips and lapses under control.
Conclusion Objective and statistical analysis does not strongly support “accident-proneness” even though the concept is part of our popular culture. Safety is now dominated by a systems approach that looks at contributing circumstances rather than a focus on the individual as the cause. ms&t About the Author Major Helen Wright is an RCAF Flight Surgeon in the Directorate of Flight Safety with a background in aviation human factors.
Harry Potter as a Preventive Measure System or environmental changes are the key to preventing accidents. A study from the UK found that the number of emergency room visits for children aged 7-15 was drastically reduced on the weekends following release of a Harry Potter novel. After release of the 2003 and 2005 books respectively the numbers of weekend emergency room visits for this age group was almost half the average. The lowest attendance over the three years assessed were those two weekends (both mid-summer and good weather). The authors conclude that releasing Harry Potter books seems to reduce the incidence of traumatic injuries in children. With a sense of humour firmly in place, they recommend a committee of safety conscious, talented writers should produce high quality books for the purpose of injury prevention in children7.
1 Visser
E, et al (2007). 'Accident proneness, does it exist? A review and meta-analysis'. Accident Analysis and Prevention; 39:556–564. R, Parker D (1998). 'Individual differences in accident liability: a review and integrative approach'. Human Factors; 40:655-671. 3 Froggatt P, Smiley J (1964). 'The concept of accident proneness: a review'. Brit. J. Industr Med; 21:1-12. 4 Reason J (2008). 'The Human Contribution'. Ashgate, Burlington, VT. 5 Liao et al. (2001). Correlates of work injury frequency and duration among firefighters'. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology; 6:229-242. 6 Slips and Lapses are when the action taken is not what was intended. 7 Gwilym S, et al. (2005). 'Harry Potter casts a spell on accident prone children'. BMJ; 331:1505–6. 2 Lawton
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Image credit: Canadian Department of National Defence.
accident risk; one study found that introverted fire fighters are more likely to be injured on the job, possibly because they were less social and did not rely on teamwork thus putting them at more personal risk5. Others have found that motor vehicle and work related accidents are higher in extroverts. A number of studies have shown that personality features in young children predisposes them to household accidents and injury. Stress can influence performance and it is likely that an individual experiencing stress (work or social) is more apt to make an error. Individuals differ in their reactions to stress. Some respond by an increase in risktaking behaviour while others experience suboptimal information processing. Nevertheless, the literature is somewhat contradictory and generally it appears that any link is indirect and influenced by a multitude of other factors. Studies done in the UK in the 1980s used questionnaires to investigate individual differences in proneness to absent-minded slips and memory lapses6. This research suggests that people differ widely in their proneness to absent-minded errors and that this characteristic was enduring over time. It was not specific to one type of cognitive
World News & Analysis
Seen&Heard A compendium of current news from the military simulation and training industry, compiled and edited by news editor Fiona Greenyer and the MS&T editorial team. For the latest breaking news and in-depth reports go to www.halldale.com.
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Army Intelligence Training – Lockheed Martin has been awarded the G3 Training and Readiness Support Service contract for the US Army Intelligence and Security Command. The contract has a ceiling value of $89 million over a three year period of performance. Lockheed Martin will provide operationally-focused “gap” training to Army Intelligence soldiers in a variety of analytical and operational disciplines, including the Army Foundry Intelligence Training Program and cryptologic training management requirements. DITS – Saab has been awarded a contract for the Deployable Instrumented Training System (DITS) for the Bulgarian Army under a Foreign Military Fund (FMF) contract by the Foreign Military Sales (FMS) program of the US Army Program Executive Office of Simulation, Training and Instrumentation. The $2.4 million contract award is for a mechanized company sized system with 95 infantry sets and 10 BMP vehicles kits to be fielded in 2012. The DITS system interfaces to the US developed Joint Conflict/ Combat and Tactical Simulation (JCATS) system already fielded at the Bulgarian National Center for Modeling and Simulation. DITS is a modular and mobile instrumented system with modern laser simulators that provide greatly improved training capabilities over currently fielded devices used in training exercises. It provides exercise control, battle tracking, data collection and rapid AfterAction Reviews (AARs) for live training events. Enhancing Arms Training – Havok™ and Gavap have entered a collaboration that will allow Gavap to standardize on Havok's technologies to develop ultra-
realistic, small-arms training systems that will help military soldiers sharpen their skills and improve accuracy. Gavap will take advantage of all Havok's technologies including Havok's Vision Engine, Havok AI, Havok Physics, Havok Destruction and its new capabilities for simulation development. The new technology provides training system developers with a complete endto-end development toolkit for creating compelling, high-quality simulation environments.
Air Force T38M Prototype Delivered – The first prototype of a TAI-modernized T38 jet trainer aircraft has been delivered to the Turkish Air Force (TurAF). Turkish Aerospace Industries, Inc. (TAI), as a prime contractor, was awarded a contract by the Undersecretariat for Defense Industries (SSM) to design, develop and implement an avionics upgrade for the TurAF under the T-38 Avionics Modernization (ARI) Program. A total of 55 TurAF T-38A aircraft are to be upgraded. The upgrade process of five aircraft is ongoing at TAI's
Above Prototype of the TAI-modernized T38 delivered to the Turkish Air Force. Image credit: Turkish Aerospace Industries.
facilities whereas the remaining 50 production aircraft will be modified at TurAF 1st Air Supply and Maintenance Center with the technical support of TAI. AEW&C Maintenance Training – The Boeing Company has begun an extensive maintenance training program for Turkey's Peace Eagle Airborne Early Warning and Control (AEW&C) program at a Boeing facility near Seattle, Washington. Classroom training for 10 Turkish Air Force personnel and two Turkish Airlines employees is being conducted by instructors from Boeing Defence Australia and Boeing Training and Flight Services. The training covers all aspects of the 737 AEW&C aircraft, including mechanical avionics, mission systems and electronic warfare subsystems. Eighty-one students are scheduled to take the system maintenance courses over the next 10 months, while another 85 will train at the Peace Eagle main
low-on contract by the Israel Ministry of Defense Procurement Administration to integrate the F-15 array into the Mission Training Center Elbit Systems is establishing for the Israeli Air Force (IAF). Elbit Systems was previously awarded a contract by the IMOD to establish the F-16 training center for the IAF, through a PFI (Private Finance Initiative) program. The new follow-on contract for the integration of the F-15 array will enable the IAF fighter aircraft array to perform joint mission training in operational flights and formation, as well as to perform joint training with other armed forces. The MTC marks a significant breakthrough in the operational training sector as it enables training in various mission scenarios, in varying war zones and in the relevant threat environment of each war zone, providing a new training capability which has not yet been available to the IAF.
Navy P-8A Training Devices – The Boeing Company has delivered a second set of P-8A Poseidon training devices to the US Navy at Naval Air Station Jacksonville, Florida. The devices include an operational flight trainer (OFT), a weapons tactics trainer (WTT) and four electronic classrooms. By the end of 2013, Boeing will deliver seven more OFTs and four more WTTs (for a total of nine and six), plus two part-task trainers and more than two dozen classrooms and attendant courseware, to the Navy's 165,000-square-foot training facility in Jacksonville. Education & Training Contract – URS Corporation has been awarded a contract to provide education training products and services for the US Naval Education Training Command in conjunction with the Naval Education Training and Professional Development and Technology Center in Pensacola, Florida. The indefinite delivery/indefinite quantity, multiple award contract has a one-year base and two one-year option periods with a maximum value of approximately $80 million, if all option periods are exercised. Under the terms of the contract, URS can provide planning and assessment, curriculum development, PC modeling and simulation and program management and staff support services to the Navy.
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The contract, aimed at meeting the growing demands of a world class Air Force, covers the provision of equipment and training devices such as aircraft simulators, training aids and aircraft on which to train aircrew. Included within this requirement is the supply of 55 Pilatus PC-21 aircraft to fulfil the basic training role and 22 BAE Systems Hawk Advanced Jet Trainer aircraft, which will be used to fulfil the fast jet training part of the syllabus. Deliveries of the Pilatus PC-21, manufactured in Switzerland, will commence in 2014. The UK built Hawk aircraft will be delivered from 2016. PC-7 MKII Training System – The Indian Air Force has entered into a contract with Pilatus Aircraft Ltd. in excess of 500 million Swiss Francs to procure a fleet of 75 PC-7 MkII turboprop aircraft, together with an integrated ground based training system and a comprehensive logistics support package. Delivery of the aircraft and the complete training system is scheduled to commence in Q4 2012. Coupled to this award will be the establishment of incountry depot level maintenance capabilities, which includes the required transfer of technology to Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), enabling in-country maintenance of the platform throughout its service life of over 30 years. C-130J Training – Lockheed Martin Corporation has awarded CAE contracts to design and manufacture four C-130J weapons systems trainers and a range of other C-130J training devices for the US Air Force. As part of the C-130J Maintenance and Aircrew Training System Phase II program, prime contractor Lockheed Martin and CAE will design 16 training devices including weapons systems, enhanced integrated cockpit systems, loadmaster fuselage and loadmaster part-task trainers. CAE will manufacture the simulators and training devices at its Tampa, Florida, USA and Montreal, Canada facilities. Lockheed Martin will integrate and deliver the trainers to the US Air Force Air Combat Command, Air Mobility Command and Special Operations Command for C-130J initial qualification and refresher training. F-15 Training Integration – Elbit Systems has been awarded a $30 million fol-
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operating base in Konya, Turkey. Mission crew training is also under way for 20 Turkish Air Force personnel. Chinook Training Facility – The Boeing Company and its Dutch partner, the Rotary Wing Training Center (RWTC), have opened a CH-47 Chinook helicopter maintenance training facility near Royal Netherlands Air Force base Gilze-Rijen. The RWTC is a subsidiary of the Netherlands' World Class Aviation Academy (WCAA). Training began at the Center in March with the Royal Netherlands Air Force and added the Royal Australian Air Force in April. It includes current technical information and courseware tailored for CH-47 mechanics, technicians, pilots and crew members. The full training program covers theory, troubleshooting and fault isolation as well as maintenance and servicing. Students receive practical training on a retired Chinook airframe. Helicopter Sim – FlightSafety International’s new Sikorsky HH-60G Pave Hawk helicopter simulator has entered service at Kirtland Air Force Base in New Mexico as part of the US Air Force’s Aircrew Training and Rehearsal Support (ATARS) program. ATARS prime contractor Lockheed Martin and FlightSafety designed the weapons systems trainer to prepare HH-60G aircrews for combat search and rescue missions. The simulator features two side domes for aerial gunner stations equipped with simulated weapons – a technology that allows pilots, flight engineers and aerial gunners to train together for the first time as a complete crew during training and mission rehearsal scenarios. The device also provides simulation for the survivability equipment installed on the Pave Hawk helicopter. FlightSafety’s electronic warfare simulation allows operation of on-board systems that can detect missile launches and contains threats and friendly mission physics based models developed with real-world data. Future Aircrew Training – Following agreements between the Governments of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom, under the Saudi British Defence Co-operation Programme, BAE Systems has been awarded a contract for £1.6billion (equivalent) to support the future aircrew training requirements of the Royal Saudi Air Force (RSAF).
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E-2C Trainer Upgrade – Rockwell Collins is to perform concurrency upgrades to two US Navy E-2C weapon system trainers and one simulated maintenance trainer. With options, the program has a potential value of $38 million over the life of the contract. Rockwell Collins will deliver operational software concurrency updates and instructor operator station improvements to enhance aircrew training and incorporate Communications, Navigation and Surveillance/Air Traffic Management (CNS/ATM) capabilities for maintenance training. NETC Contract – The US Navy has awarded Northrop Grumman Corporation a three-year, $84 million indefinite delivery, indefinite quantity contract to support the Naval Education Training Command (NETC). Northrop Grumman will provide planning and assessment, curriculum development, and computerbased modeling and simulation training solutions. The team will also be responsible for providing program management and staff support. Training Excellence – The US Navy Center for Surface Combat System (CSCS) has received a citation for training excellence from the American Society for Training and Development (ASTD). The learning center was recognized for its Integrated Air and Missile Defense (IAMD) Advanced Warfare Training (AWT) program developed as a direct response to real world and national security threats. The Excellence in Practice Awards program recognizes organizations for results achieved through learning and performance practices and solutions. Ready-for-Training – The first two US Navy F/A-18C tactical operational flight trainers (TOFTs) integrated with L-3 Link Simulation & Training’s (L-3 Link) SimuSphere HD-9™ high-definition visual display solution have achieved ready-fortraining status at Naval Air Station (NAS) Oceana, Virginia. The F/A-18C TOFTs integrated with SimuSphere HD-9 will support a full range of tactical training capabilities, including enabling aircrews to identify targets with unprecedented realism. Aircrews are also able to use their actual flight night-vision goggles and experience real-world performance over an immersive 360-degree field-of-regard. Training Support – Fidelity Technologies Corporation has won a five year con-
tract, with an approximate value of $33.5 million, to support all Chief of Naval Air Training (CNATRA) trainers at Air Naval Stations located in Meridian, Mississippi, Kingsville and Corpus Christi, Texas, and Whiting Field and Pensacola, Florida. The Contractor Operation and Maintenance Services (COMS) contract provide pilot training in the T-6, T-34, T-39, T-44, T-45 and TH-57 operational systems to Weapon System Officers (WSO). The COMS program is coordinated through the Naval Air Warfare Center Training Systems Division (NAWCTSD). Under a separate contract, Fidelity also provides the instructors who teach Navy pilots at the same Naval Air Stations.
Training Centres Multi-Purpose Training Centre – CAE and the Ministry of Finance of Brunei Darussalam have signed a shareholders agreement under which a joint venture company, owned 60 percent by CAE and 40 percent by the Brunei Ministry of Finance, will be established to develop and operate the CAE Brunei Multi-Purpose Training Centre (MPTC) in Brunei Darussalam. The CAE Brunei MPTC has signed long-term training services contracts valued at approximately C$170 million for CAE. The training services will be provided for the Sikorsky S-70i Black Hawk helicopter, Pilatus PC-7 and Sikorsky S-92 helicopter. The CAE Brunei MPTC will be constructed initially with five simulator bays along with supporting classrooms and additional infrastructure. The facility is expected to be completed by spring 2014 when S-92 and PC-7 training is scheduled to begin. New Training Centre – Bluedrop Performance Learning Inc. is opening the Bluedrop Training and Simulation Centre (BTSC) in Halifax, Nova Scotia. The facility will host and develop training and simulation technologies to address the operational and maintenance requirements for civil and military Aviation, as well as Army and Naval domains. The BTSC will initially employ approximately 20 people with plans for significant growth.
Training Devices C-130J Simulators – The US Air Force has awarded Lockheed Martin a $156
million contract to provide new training devices to accommodate the growing pipeline of C-130J aircrews and maintainers. Lockheed Martin will develop 24 new training devices and provide program management and engineering services under the US Air Force’s C-130J Maintenance and Aircrew Training System II, referred to as JMATS II. The devices include weapons systems, enhanced integrated cockpit systems, loadmaster fuselage and loadmaster part-task trainers along with enhanced cargo handling system training aids. The US Air Force Air Combat Command, Air Mobility Command and Special Operations Command will use the devices for C-130J initial qualification and refresher training. The trainers will be delivered by 2016. Mobile Combat Training – Cubic Corporation has delivered a mobile Combat Training Center to the country of Jordan under a $17 million contract. The agreement includes Multiple Integrated Laser Engagement System Individual Weapons System (MILES IWS) units and units for instrumenting vehicles. It also features an Exercise Control center and an After Action Review center each housed on trailers, allowing the system to be used on training ranges throughout the country. "This is a new capability for the Jordanian Armed Forces," said Mike Collier, a senior program manager with Cubic Defense Applications (CDA). "They have never trained force-on-force with MILES before." After delivering the system, Cubic personnel conducted three weeks of training about how to use it, followed by a week-long training exercise. Rheinmetall Contracts – Rheinmetall has recently been awarded a contract to deliver the Leopard gunnery skills trainer (LGST) and driving simulators under the Canadian Leopard 2 A4 Simulators and Trainers programme.The 11 plus two simulators will be delivered to four sites located in Gagetown, Edmonton, Valcartier and Petawawa. Under this contract a combined gunnery and combat training system will be delivered, which combines Rheinmetall's expertise in Leopard 2 with highend simulation technology and the visualization capabilities and flexibility from VBS2.
Rheinmetall has also received a contract to deliver two driving simulators for RMMVs 6x6-vehicle FUCHS2 from an unspecified customer. The simulators will be equipped with a 6 DOF motion system and high-res display system. Specialized databases to both address the specifics of the training area and the vehicle are included under this contract. Armoured Vehicle Sim – XPI Simulation Ltd. has been awarded a contract in excess of £1m by the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (DSTL), part of the Ministry of Defence (MoD) to provide a research simulator for armoured vehicle driver training. The delivery team will be led by XPI Simulation as contract lead, partnered with CAE (UK), NSC and QinetiQ. The work will be carried out as part of the MoD Synthetic Environment Tower of Excellence which is a delivery route for cross-cutting Test, Evaluation, Simulation and Training (TEST) research, involving a collaboration of government, industry and academia. This research programme investigates the use of developing technologies and open standards
relevant to the application of Simulation and Synthetic Environments (SEs) for defence training, experimentation and evaluation. Cyber Sim – Elbit Systems’ has introduced a new cyber simulator developed specifically for training government, military and critical civilian infrastructure cyber defense agencies and to allow personal and group training in locating, handling and managing various cyber warfare events and attacks. The simulator also offers training in the prevention of cyber warfare events by simulating network protection scenarios, and allows debriefing and evaluation sessions in order to draw conclusions from the trainees’ training performance. C$950m Military Orders – CAE has ended fiscal year 2012 with more than C$950 million of military orders, including a record order intake coming from the United States. Included in this total are more than C$400 million of orders won in its recent fourth quarter. The company was awarded military contracts from more than 15 countries during the year. Some of the key orders included six P-8A operational flight
trainers for Boeing and the United States Navy, four C-130J weapon systems trainers for Lockheed Martin and the United States Air Force, significant upgrade and services contracts for the German Air Force's Tornado and Eurofighter training systems, several CAE 3000 Series AW139 helicopter simulators, and the world's first AW189 full flight simulator for Rotorsim. Orders in the fourth quarter include upgrades to the US Army's High-Mobility Artillery Rocket System (HIMARS) maintenance training system, the development of an additional UH-72A cockpit procedures trainer for the US Army, and additional upgrades for the US Air Force as part of the KC-135 Aircrew Training System contract. In addition, CAE was awarded a contract by EADS North America to design and manufacture a third UH-72A Lakota cockpit procedures trainer (CPT) for the United States Army. The CPT will be used for pilot transition and proficiency training for the US Army's UH-72A light utility helicopter, and will be delivered to the Eastern Army National Guard Aviation Training Site in early 2013.
CANSEC 2012
Industry Most exhibitors were focussed on military and security equipment, and the major Army and Navy capital programme items. All the companies, both large and small, we would expect to see were here – CAE, Thales, Rheinmetall, NGrain, Presagis and others. There were some smaller companies that attracted the attention of MS&T with some novel or interesting approaches to training challenges. Bluedrop, a company emerging out of a CBT niche to becoming a CBT plus a training device company, has teamed with Australia’s Virtual Simulation Systems to offer product in North and South America. They were exhibiting a helo crew trainer performing a hoist rescue mission. Race Rocks 3D, from the entertainment industry, is leveraging their skills as a “Hollywood media provider to become a leading interactive multimedia provider for defence training.” Their strengths – interactive multimedia, 3D animation, visualisation, and simulation. Mil Sim FX, was exhibiting their product range of nonexplosive, reusable, cost effective weapons effects products that are compatible with WES systems from companies such as Cubic and SAAB. Certainly a product range for austere financial conditions. – Jeff Loube
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the award of the TAPV (tactical armoured patrol vehicles) programme to a Textron led consortium). There is an expectation that spending plans will become more apparent towards the end of this year.
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This annual defence and security show was held in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada May 30-31. The organisers, the Canadian Association of Defence and Security Industries (CADSI), stated “With a record number of 307 exhibitors in 120,000 square feet of indoor exhibit space in addition to an outdoor static exhibit, CANSEC 2012 broke not only exhibitor records but attendance records with over 10,000 delegates pre-registered for the event, including representatives from 17 foreign countries, each Canadian province, dozens of government departments at all three levels of government in Canada as well as Cabinet Ministers, Members of Parliament and Senators.” Tim Page, CADSI President stated “CANSEC is Canada’s premier meeting ground for key decision-makers and opinion leaders on the current and future makeup of Canada’s defence and security industries.” One of the main objectives of the show was to make the impact of the military and the defence industry visible to policy makers and other stakeholders. And there is a significant impact as the purported annual revenue of Canadian defence and security firms is estimated as CAD$ 12.6 Billion. However, Canada is not immune to current world fiscal pressures, and the impact is being felt in the current government’s cost containment and reduction initiatives. What is clear is that the spending profile is changing, and acquisition practices are under review. At the show, there were few firm indications of the future capital plans, however there was a consensus that schedules would be shifted to the right, some programmes to the far right, but there would still be some current spending on the highest priorities. (A week after the show, the government announce
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Coping in an Age of Austerity For those concerned with shaping their military’s future, this was a relevant and timely conference. The 2012 Kingston Conference on International Security took place in Kingston, Ontario, Canada 11-13 June 2012. Some 125 senior military officers, active and retired and distinguished academics and civil servants exchanged views on how western countries are and should be reshaping their national security strategies in an age of austerity. Western militaries are continuing to experience broad and consistently downward pressures on their defence budgets – some more than others. And to add to the challenge, the threat climate is debatable, as is the absence or presence of “black swans”. The topics presented and discussed by the panellists addressed the factors framing the challenge. These factors establish the broad parameters within which nations will resource their militaries and shape their national security strategies, and this in turn will impact the international security environment. Presentations were comprehensive: exploring the future environment, discussion of threats, interests and values, examining strategic options, reshaping defence budgets, operationalizing strategies, and finally assessing the military implications. In his summary, Professor Douglas Lovelace, Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, pulled together those themes and issues enjoying broad agreement: any attempt to predict the future will fail and that the classical planning process - ends, ways, means - may not be the way to go; is it really about winning or losing, or is it managing risk?; austerity is confounding, it will not go away, and the guns or butter debate is getting more intense; the physical threats are present, but the political threat is greater – global reputation matters; domestic and political context matters and whole of government remains a goal; and finally, there are pros and cons in multilateral solutions, national compromise is implicit in multilateralism. Issues with somewhat less agreement included: the role of boots on the ground versus remote technologies; is China the elephant in the room? How does one deal with a rising competitor; what about failed/failing states with nuclear weapons?; does a new security environment characterised in part by non-state actors, cyber and remote weapons, require adjustments to the laws of war? Probably the most important take away from the conference was that austerity is here to stay and it will be decades before there is significant change. Armies would be wise to leverage the pressures of austerity to houseclean and streamline their business processes – and preserve capability. Sponsors and partners that supported the conference were The Centre for International and Defence Policy (Queen’s University), Defence Management Studies (Queen’s University), the Land Force Doctrine and Training System (Canadian Army), and the US Army’s Strategic Studies Institute. – Jeff Loube
Software TerraTools 4.0.4 – TerraSim has released a major update to the TerraTools 4.0 baseline product. These updates include important new functionality for the TerraTools VBS2 and Steel Beasts Pro serious game exporters. In addition, this is the first TerraTools release to support Havok Vision Engine, Havok Tools, and the SWORD runtime from MASA Group. 3D Engineering Content – Lattice Technology, developers of industry applications for technical communication and digital mock-up, have announced a partnership with Digabit, Inc., the provider of Documoto, a secure, interactive and highly visual application for aftermarket web content. Digabit and Lattice Technology will deliver effective 3D engineering content to parts catalogs, maintenance documentation, and other technical content via Documoto on the internet. Synthetic Environments – Presagis has announced the commercial availability of SEGen Server (SEGen), a server-based software solution for low-cost generation of high-fidelity, highly realistic synthetic environments for training, and development or prototyping of simulation applications. SEGen can help organizations to address the complexity of high fidelity, large terrain database development and the related time and effort to produce them. With SEGen, Presagis has introduced an innovative new approach, based on procedural modeling technology, to develop databases that results in better return-on-investment on projects. SEGen can automatically construct and serve highly realistic synthetic environments of any location on the globe at run-time, or offline to disk. The product eliminates the need to invest in costly imagery and database storage costs while also reducing resource heavy database generation tasks from simulation development pipelines. Enterprise License Agreement – Havok has entered into an agreement with Kongsberg which will allow Kongsberg to use Havok's 3D full-featured simulation technology, including Havok Vision Engine, Havok Physics, Havok Destruction, Havok Animation, Havok AI, and Havok Script, as part of an effort to build high-quality, immersive simulation training systems for a wide range of training scenarios. Kongsberg is already taking advantage of Havok technology on one of many projects under development that are due to be commercially delivered within only a few months of their technology acquisition. New Software – AGI and VT MÄK have created SimMetrics, a new online analysis tool that models sensors and GPS receivers. SimMetrics' accurate modeling enhances decision making, helping users avoid critical and costly mistakes. It is designed for developers and end users of military simulation and virtual training environments. "By combining AGI's accurate analysis with VT MÄK's VR-Vantage 3D visualization software, SimMetrics is meeting a critical need for more realistic military simulations," said Shannon Lynch, AGI product manager. Correlated Databases – TerraSim is supporting Cranfield University's Simulation and Synthetic Environment Laboratory (SSEL) at The Defence Academy of the UK at Shrivenham with a new training environment. The SSEL now has access to a large 'Afghan-like' area battlespace environment to support its Modelling and Simulation (M&S) educational activities and courses. The company provided the correlated training environment
Display System – Video Display Corporation’s simulation division, VDC Display Systems (VDCDS), launched the Workstation72, a new display product for multiple military and commercial uses at ITEC 2012. Workstation72 uses Light Emitting Diode (LED) projectors installed in a selfcontained, curved, wide screen (72"W x 24"H) display system – a design that provides an immersive environment that can be used in many applications. It blends multiple images into a single seamless 3040W x 1024H resolution image. Workstation72's rear projection miniLED projectors are operated by an internal, customizable PC, with a Windows 7, 64 bit Operating System (OS). Its internal PC can support multiple add-on monitors (to include touchscreens) to expand its capabilities and since it only weighs 225 pounds, it can be placed on any standard sized (60") desk top or table. Aurora-Panther Display Systems – Norway-based 3D perception is linking its Aurora series of image processing solutions with the Panther series of displays from Q4 Services of the USA to present a new technology to the simulation market place. Knut Krogstad, CEO of 3D perception said: "Bringing together 3DP’s military technology expertise and Q4’s civil specialisation is an exciting step forward for the simulation display technology industry. Working closely with Q4 Services will enable us to expand our Aurora family of screens and provide a more flexible approach to both military and civil clients. “The 3D perception and Q4 Services systems merge perfectly with one another, playing upon the strengths of both fundamental designs and providing the widest range of screen
UAS Training Composite Maintenance Trainer – Kratos Defense & Security Solutions, Inc. has been selected by General Atomics Aeronautical Systems, Inc. (GA-ASI) for a Phase 1 development of the MQ-1C Gray Eagle® Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) Composite Maintenance System Trainer (CMST) program.
Kratos will develop the architecture and preliminary design for the suite of maintenance training systems and common support items. The GA-ASI MQ-1C Gray Eagle is a Medium Altitude Endurance UAS currently in the final stages of System Design and Development (SDD) for the US Army and is currently deployed in Afghanistan. UAS Visuals – MetaVR, Inc. has delivered more than 60 virtual reality scene generator (VRSG) licenses for use in Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) simulation. AAI Corporation purchased 51 new MetaVR VRSG licenses to provide the desktop and embedded 3D synthetic payload visualization for training UAS operators with its Universal Ground Control System (UGCS). With the new VRSG licenses MetaVR delivered a brand new 3D model of the Shadow RQ-7B Increased Endurance (IE) UAS. Sandia Research has purchased multiple MetaVR VRSG licenses to simulate the UAV camera payload in its UAS research project. Using a combined VRSG and Battlespace Simulations' Modern Air Combat Environment solution, Sandia Research engineers built a research test bed called SimSystem that monitors the behavior of participants in the roles of pilot, sensor operator and data exploiter (navigator) as they fly missions in a shared virtual environment via DIS. Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University (ERAU) is building a new UAS simulation and training lab at its Prescott, Arizona campus, and has purchased VRSG licenses (to be used with Battlespace Simulations (BSI) Modern Air Combat Environment (MACE)) for its UAS simulation system, which will be unveiled in classes offered in the fall 2012 curriculum.
Maintenance Technical Training – BAE Systems Australia has teamed with Pennant Training Systems Limited and RMIT University for the ADF Aviation Technical Training (ADF ATT) project which will provide aviation and other technical trades people within the Australian Defence Force with initial trade skilling and postgraduate technical training. The five year contract commences in December 2012 with the scope to extend to 20 years. It is expected that more than 950 students per year will be trained at RAAF Base Wagga in NSW.
ISSUE 3.2012
Visual Systems
products available. The Q4 domes can be used with 3D perception’s StarScan and WarpSync auto-calibration options.” Fused Reality – Systems Technology Inc. (STI) has released Fused Reality®, a mixed reality visual system that brings to life the fusion of augmented reality, virtualized training, haptics and gesture technologies. Fused Reality bridges the gap between the physical world and a custom virtual environment used for cabin crew training, portable gun training, ground vehicle training, in-flight training/evaluation and other military training and evaluation environments. The technology can be used with equal effect in both ground based simulation and in-flight. While airborne, the system allows pilots to perform difficult and risky flight maneuvers such as aerial refueling with a refueling tanker, close formation flying, precision offset landing, and more. Pilots can perform operational tasks in a safe environment, since the other aircraft and/or the physical environment is simulated. New Applications in development for Fused Reality include ambulance interior simulators, in-flight refueling simulators and motorcycle simulators amongst others. Cyber Security – Rsignia, Inc. launched a new Cyber Command and Control Simulation Center at its headquarters and signed a new alliance with RGB Spectrum in support of the new Center. The Center is a resource that can intelligently project real Cyber Command and Control environments, simulating real-world, handson solutions to the military, cyber security professionals and similar audiences within this field. The Center was made possible with the alliance between the two companies in addition to capabilities facilitated with Digital Projection, Inc. According to both organizations, the Cyber Command and Control Simulation Center will be fully operational in mid June, 2012. The hands-on events will be hosted and managed by both companies.
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"Terrastan" to the SSEL for educational use, along with a set of TerraTools© Core and optional runtime export licenses. The first time it was used, students from the UK Ministry of Defence and several contractors and industry representatives took part in a weeklong Networked and Distributed Simulation course. The range of simulation systems available in the SSEL, together with the correlated databases produced by TerraSim's products, improves the ability to create relevant hands-on practical sessions, ranging from short hour-long demonstrations up to ten-day academic exercises.
World News & Analysis ISSUE 3.2012 MS&T MAGAZINE
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Virtual Task Trainers – The United Kingdom Ministry of Defence (MoD) has selected a new NGRAIN Virtual Task Trainer™ (VTT™) solution that will enable anytime, anywhere access to maintenance and operations training for the 6 Cylinder Diesel Engine. The UK MoD has also selected NGRAIN and PulseDefence for inclusion in the UK MoD Multi-Participant Framework Agreement for Technical Support (FATS/4). This contracting vehicle will enable the UK MoD to accelerate future procurements of NGRAIN products and services. The VTT will allow Royal Electrical Mechanical Engineers to provide more experiential learning opportunities in an introductory diesel engine maintenance course, which covers complex procedures such as changing the starter motor and oil pump. Used as a classroom tool and deployed on the Defence Learning Portal (DLP), the VTT will reduce the requirement for hard trainers and provide more distance learning opportunities. The Canadian Department of National Defence (DND) has selected a series of NGRAIN VTT solutions to enhance maintenance training and operations for Expedient Route Operating Capability (EROC) vehicles and Electronic Counter Measures (ECM) devices. The solutions will allow Canadian Forces personnel to acquire and retain maintenance skills for equipment designed to protect soldiers against the threat of Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs). DND also selected NGRAIN’s portable counter measures (PCM) virtual task trainer and the mobile counter measures (MCM) virtual task trainer to enhance force protection equipment maintenance. The PCM (worn by soldiers on patrol) and the MCM (a vehicle-mounted device) are jammers that negate radio frequencies used to detonate IEDs. The solutions will be used at the Canadian Forces School of Communications and Electronics (CFSCE), in field units and during deployment to help operators and maintainers better understand the operations and maintenance of the equipment. Another recent DND contract awarded to NGRAIN includes the Air Brakes System virtual task trainer, which will be used by the Canadian Forces School of Administration and Logistics (CFSAL) to train operators on the 31 steps necessary to safely operate an air brakes equipped vehicle.
Arrivals & Departures VirTra Systems has hired Jason Mulcahy as liaison to the government and military community. Prior to joining VirTra, Mulcahy was director of Sales for Reality Engineering, a visual interactivity technology company. In this position he designed and implemented a sales model that led the small startup company from a distribution sales model to a direct sales force with 20 regional territories. MYMIC LLC has appointed Ms. Julia Brandt to lead the Information Technology Modeling and Simulation (IT M&S) contract for MYMIC at the Pentagon in support of the Joint Staff J8 Directorate. The addition of Ms. Brandt allows MYMIC to provide enhanced support to the Department of Defense (DoD) and the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), particularly the J8 and the Joint Requirements Oversight Council (JROC). CAE has appointed Gene Colabatistto as its new Group President, Military Simulation Products, Training and Services. He will replace Martin Gagne who, after 16 years of service with CAE, has decided to retire. Gagne will stay on as a consultant in order to ensure a smooth transition and support a number of key strategic initiatives. Prior to joining CAE, Colabatistto was a senior vice president in the Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) Group at SAIC. ms&t
Index of Ads CAE www.cae.com OBC Cubic Defense www.cubic.com IFC I/ITSEC www.iitsec.org IBC ISCAN 11 www.iscaninc.com ITEC www.itec.co.uk 4 MEdSim Magazine www.halldale.com/medsim 23 Military Flight Simulator Census www.halldale.com/sim-census 15 RGB Spectrum www.rgb.com 7 S&T Directory www.halldale.com/directory 21 T3 – Low-Cost Training Trends & Tech. Seminar www.t3web.org 17 VDC Display Systems www.vdcds.com 13
Calendar Simulation & Training Events Organised by Halldale Media 28-29 August 2012 APATS 2012 – Asia Pacific Airline Training Symposium Fairmont Hotel Singapore www.halldale.com/APATS 6-7 November 2012 EATS 2012 – European Airline Training Symposium Andel’s Hotel Berlin, Germany www.halldale.com/EATS 16-18 April 2013 WATS 2013 – World Aviation Training Conference & Tradeshow Rosen Shingle Creek Resort Orlando, Florida, USA www.halldale.com/WATS
Simulation and Training Events MS&T Magazine: Supporting Media 9-13 July 2012 Farnborough International Airshow Hampshire, UK www.farnborough.com 19-20 September 2012 Military Training & Simulation Asia Bangkok, Thailand www.milsimasia.com 19-20 September 2012 Military Flight Training Symposium London, UK www.militaryflight-training.com 26 September 2012 7th Annual International Flight Crew Training Conference London, UK www.aerosociety.com 28-31 October 2012 2012 Conference on Defense and Military Modeling & Simulation San Diego, California, USA www.scs.org
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n aT i o n a l T r a i n i n g a n d s i m u l aT i o n a s s o c i aT i o n T H e w o r l d â&#x20AC;&#x2122; s l a r g e s T m o d e l i n g & s i m u l aT i o n e v e n T
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innovation It’s true… as a global leader in modeling and simulation and integrated training solutions, CAE is applying its expertise and experience to support unmanned aerial systems (UAS) mission training. As UASs take on a growing role, military forces are re-evaluating the requirements for UAS operators, and there is an increasing need for more robust and capable mission training solutions. We are focusing on the training required by the mission team – including the pilot, payload specialist and mission commander. Our solutions are non-proprietary, flexible, adaptable and interoperable to enable distributed mission operations. Our simulation technology leadership in areas such a sensor simulation, weapons effects, computer-generated forces, artificial intelligence, common databases and true fidelity modeling – combined with our training systems integration expertise– come together to help our customers stay one step ahead and prepare the UAS mission team for mission success.
CAE’s UAS mission training solutions feature a fully immersive synthetic environment, state-of-the-art sensor simulations, and additional simulation technologies to support complete mission crew training and rehearsal requirements.
one step ahead
MS&T_UAS_innovation_May2012_AM157.indd 1
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