www.halldale.com The International Defence Training Journal Transformation
Making Space for UAS Transformation
Cyber Battlefield Technology Application
Enhancing the C-17 Training System National Focus
Royal Danish Warfare School
ISSN 1471-1052
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Issue 6/2011
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Editorial Comment
Chris Lehman Editor-in-Chief
"Without an inspiring mentor, it is easy to see why so few students take up STEM fields of study " CLIENT PRESAGIS TITLE M&S AD PUBLICATION MS&T DATE OF ISSUE NOVEMBER 2011 FORMAT HI-RES PDF DIMENSIONS 206MM X 277MM LINE SCREEN INKS CMYK DELIVERY EMAIL CONTACT PIERRE CHAPDELAINE On the cover: PIERRE@ CATI Training System’s AGENCECODE.COM
Tactical Unmanned Aerial System Trainer, X–TUAS™. Image credit: CATI Training Systems.
At the recent US Naval Aviation convention, Senator John McCain talked about leadership. McCain referenced the Battle of Midway, where the US Pacific Fleet was outgunned – three aircraft carriers against the enemy`s eight – and plagued by faulty equipment, including malfunctioning torpedoes and inferior aircraft. In a dark time, a mere 6 months after Pearl Harbor, the battle turned not on just numbers or equipment, but rather on the actions of extraordinary men. Something called “stout hearts and uncommon leadership.” McCain referenced men like Lt Commander John Waldron, skipper of Torpedo 8, who led his obsolete Devastator aircraft at wave top height against enemy carriers, without any fighter cover. Knowing he was certainly about to die, Waldron’s last words were: “We will go in. We won`t turn back...” And Admiral Nimitz himself was moved to comment on Lt Commander Wade McCluskey, who despite being low on fuel, kept searching for the enemy carriers until he found them. According to Nimitz, McCluskey “decided the fate of our carrier task force and our forces at Midway.” Historians rightly tell us the outcome of the entire Pacific war hinged on the Midway battle. The Senator lamented that we talk a great deal about “management” and not enough about “leadership.” “Managers are plentiful – the US graduates 150,000 MBAs every year – but how many leaders are we producing?” The point was well-taken, as was his eloquent discussion about the special demands of military leadership, particularly its essence: inspiring subordinates, embracing responsibility, and accepting risks – all for a cause bigger than you. But McCain strayed from his powerful presentation by distinguishing between leadership and technical acumen, suggesting an individual can be one but not the other, and stating “Technical experts are a dime a dozen...” First, technical experts are not a dime a dozen. The lack of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM)
graduates in the US is impeding both economic recovery and national security. Most middle-school students are taught science and mathematics by a teacher without a degree in these fields. Without an inspiring mentor, it is easy to see why so few students take up STEM fields of study. It should be no surprise therefore that despite the current economic slowdown, many high technology firms and military recruiters have difficulty securing qualified candidates for engineering and technical occupations. Secondly, many have noted that rapid and extreme technological achievement often comes from situations where the technical visionary and leader are one and the same. Examples are abundant. The father of the US nuclear navy, Admiral Hyman Rickover was both a technocrat and a visionary leader. His ability to drive game-changing results was dependent in equal measure on his visionary understanding of the emerging nuclear technology, and his ability to lead and inspire. Air Chief Marshal Sir Hugh Dowding, the RAF’s Chief of Fighter Command, was a gifted leader and technocrat, among the first to understand the potential of radar. Despite bureaucratic opposition, he envisioned and built the first integrated air defence system, giving his nation the critical edge in the Battle of Britain and preventing invasion in 1940. And in case we need a contemporary civil example of the combination of inspiring leader and technical visionary, how about the late Steve Jobs? These three men were all different from one another and not without flaws, but they all grasped the potential and limits of their technologies, the way to harness them for a specific outcome, and critically, how to convince their brethren and subordinates to follow them with urgency and inspired purpose. In the midst of the current challenges, it is this kind of leadership that will help deliver both national security and long term economic stability.
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Chris Lehman Editor-in-Chief, MS&T Magazine
chris@halldale.com
MS&T MAGAZINE
“If your actions inspire others to dream more, learn more, do more and become more, you are a leader” – John Quincy Adams
ISSUE 6.2011
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www.halldale.com/mst All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise – especially translating into other languages - without prior written permission of the publisher. All rights also reserved for restitution in lectures, broadcasts, televisions, magnetic tape and methods of similar means. Each copy produced by a commercial enterprise serves a commercial purpose and is thus subject to remuneration. MS&T (ISSN No: 1471-1052, UPS No: 006-819) is published 6 times per annum (February, April, June, August, September & November) by Halldale Media, and is distributed in the USA by SPP, 95 Aberdeen Road, Emigsville PA 17318. Periodicals postage paid at Emigsville, PA. POSTMASTER: send address changes to MS&T, Halldale Media lnc, 115 Timberlachen Circle, Ste 2009, Lake Mary, FL 32746.
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05 Editorial Comment The Facets of Leadership. Editor-in-Chief Chris Lehman notes that leadership and technical acumen are not mutually exclusive!
08 Transformation Cyber Battlefield. Training and education is evolving to meet the threats on the cyber battlefield. MS&T’s Marty Kauchak reports.
14 National Focus Royal Danish Warfare School. Simulation is utilized in over 95% of all training in the school. Cdr s.g. Stig Meyer explains.
18 Transformation Making Space for UAS. UAS are becoming ubiquitous and operators are demanding air space. MS&T`s Chuck Weirauch reports on some air space initiatives.
24 Technology Application Leveraging Technology. C-17 training systems are being enhanced and upgraded to broaden the training experience. Group Editor Marty Kauchak reports.
30 Human Performance Flight Safety and Combat. We continue to relearn the hard lessons of flight safety. LCol Larry McCurdy examines some recent lessons.
35 Training Technology Instrumented Collective Training. The UK Army exploits instrumentation to make field exercises an authentic experience and to ensure a meaningful AAR. MS&T’s Dim Jones visits DTE-SP. 42 Technology Applications Leveraging Technology. Allied Command Transformation is seeking training tech nologies that meet the needs of the NATO community. LGen Karlheinz Viereck explains.
48 Conference Report MTSA 2011. The Military Training and Simulation Asia conference – Walter F. Ullrich reports.
46 Show Report DSEi 2011. Defence and Security Equipment International was just that. Dim Jones reports.
51 NEWS Seen & Heard. A round up of developments in simulation and training. Compiled and edited by Fiona Greenyer.
ISSUE 6.2011
Editorial Editor in Chief Chris Lehman e. chris@halldale.com Managing Editor Jeff Loube e. jeff@halldale.com Group Editor Marty Kauchak e. marty@halldale.com Europe Editor Walter F. Ullrich e. walter@halldale.com Procurement Chuck Weirauch e. chuck@halldale.com US News Editor Lori Ponoroff e. lori@halldale.com RoW News Editor Fiona Greenyer e. fiona@halldale.com
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MS&T Magazine Military Simulation & Training Magazine
Transformation
Cyber Strides The military-industry team is fielding training and education programs that allow cyber operators to better defend DoD networks reports Group Editor Marty Kauchak.
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he Pentagon’s 2011 Quadrennial Defense Review noted that DoD’s information networks have become targets for adversaries seeking to blunt U.S. military operations. Indeed, the report emphasized these networks “are infiltrated daily by a myriad of sources, ranging from small groups of individuals to some of the largest countries in the world.” Recent training and education developments allow the services to better defend the department’s networks against these attacks, and permit its cyber operators to conduct missions jointly – within a military context, and with other government organizations, allies and friends. At the same time, industry is proactively developing cyber warfare solutions for its DoD and other federal government customers.
The US Army Approach The U.S. Army Cyber Command was
founded in 2010 to bring unity of effort to and synchronization to all army forces operating in cyberspace. The command’s expanding training and education programs are representative of the Pentagon’s heightened interest in this mission. As the Army’s component to U.S. Cyber Command, the Fort Belvoirbased command continues to build on its organizational capacity, to include operations, training and education. Army Cyber Command’s staff at Fort Meade, Maryland, has responsibility as the cyber proponent for the Army. Colonel Max Duggan, the command Chief of Operations, pointed out the staff “is getting at what does the cyber workforce have to look like in the future, what’s the training that’s required, what are the skill sets that are required and other requirements.” While the Army’s nascent cyber training and education organization is
Above Military members from all over the world participated in Cyber Endeavor, a 2010 side exercise of Combined Endeavor, in Grafenwoehr, Germany. Image credit: U.S. Air Force/Jeremy Burns.
focused on allowing individual operators to meet service and joint requirements, the service routinely integrates full spectrum cyber operations in Army and joint exercises at the unit and staff level. Duggan emphasized the expanded context of jointness in these events – with other services, government organizations, and allies and friends. “A lot of the focus this year is integrating into the combatant commanders’ joint-level exercises – Terminal Fury and Austere Challenge, and other Centcom, Pacom and Eucom major exercises. They integrate the cyber domain as a domain to make it part of the exercise event – you
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Innovative training, education and operational solutions in the cyber domain are being developed in response to government requirements and from industry’s internal R&D investments. Lockheed Martin is reaping the dividends of its investments in two entities. The company’s Center for Cyber Security Innovation leads corporate efforts to centrally manage standardization of best practices, talent, and technology innovation. The NexGen Cyber Innovation and Technology Center is a global security asset and world-class center for customer and partner collaboration, testing and innovation. Two of the company’s efforts provide virtual solutions for training audiences. Lockheed Martin’s Cyber Attack Network Simulator (CANS), is a distributed simulation system designed to simulate information networks, network attacks, and network defenses. The system serves as a powerful tool for training users in computer network defenses, performing vulnerability analysis of existing or planned networks and supporting training exercises in which network operations play an important role. A second program, Cyber Offensive Force Training (COFT), is a distributed simulation system designed to enable trainees to create realistic attack plans that are automatically assessed and evaluated for impact. It serves as a powerful tool for training personnel in recognizing defensive countermeasures or avoiding detection/intercept. Elsewhere in the company’s cyber business sector, Kimberly Gavaletz, Vice President Enterprise Logistics Solutions in Lockheed Martin’s Global Training and Logistics business, indicated that her business unit is developing the National Cyber Range (NCR) for the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. The list of NCR end-users is one early indication that whole-of-government
Virginia-based company’s core courses include executive (3 hours to 2 days), manager (up to one week) and practitioner (up to three weeks) offerings delivered by instructors. Raytheon uses a blend of instructional strategies to deliver its cyber content. Ed Lorenzini, the Program Manager of the company’s cyber security training portfolio, noted that typically his instructors provide courses at the customer’s site. “We mentor, coach, train and teach, and bring hands-on equipment to the customer, so they don’t have to leave their location.” However, material from the three core courses may also be tailored to a
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cyber domain solutions are envisioned at federal U.S. agencies. “The NCR allows for multiple experiments to run on the range simultaneously at different security levels, providing for the NCR’s planned use across government agencies and the DoD. The NCR is a critical component listed in the Comprehensive National Cyber Initiative, managed by the Department of Homeland Security,” Gavaletz added. For its part, Raytheon Technical Services Company (RTSC) is achieving successes on other fronts as it offers advanced, operationally-oriented courses to the U.S. DoD and other organizations around the globe. The Dulles,
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defend against it and also to achieve effects.” As this issue was being published the Army was participating in the inaugural Cyber Flag – a major joint exercise which pitted red and blue-like forces against each other in a virtual environment.
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Transformation
customer’s requirements, and delivered virtually in a synchronous setting. NACON, one of Raytheon’s strategic partners and a distance learning services provider, helps deliver that content. RTSC’s cyber courses were recently posted on the U.S. General Services Administration’s schedule – providing one glimpse into the federal government’s burgeoning demand, beyond the Pentagon, for this learning. RTSC’s other strategic partnerships enhance its ability to offer advanced cyber training. In one case, the company provided content at EC-Council’s most recent CAST Summit. The event delivers advanced security training opportunities for information security professionals around the globe. Also under development with an undisclosed partner for a cyber center of excellence, is a post-graduate (master’s and doctoral levels) type training program. This effort would use Raytheon’s expertise in providing bookend instruction (introductory at the beginning of a course and experiential, hands-on training at the course’s end). “That’s one of the ways we see the customer need moving in this highly
changing, highly diverse cyber security arena,” Lorenzini remarked.
Relevant Course Content One of the vexing challenges in the cyber domain is keeping operators and learners current on threats posed by state and non-state actors. Lorenzini said that Raytheon has responded to these challenges by regularly updating its courses’ material. “So before we go on any training engagement, we allow our subject matter experts who teach, time to update the material for things that have just happened within the last few days or weeks.” Course content is also refreshed quarterly and annually. Lorenzini credited these efforts with allowing the company to remain responsive to the early 2011 threats from the hacktivist group Anonymous, and other potentially destructive threats to customers’ systems.
Emerging Jointness Like service men and women in other domains, DoD’s cyber warriors operate with interagency and allied partners. Earlier this summer, Army General Keith
B. Alexander, the Director of the National Security Agency (NSA), articulated this expectation when he told a conference, “Cyber [security] is a team sport. We have to work within the Defense Department as a team, and the Defense Department, with other agencies as a team … and we have to strengthen our publicprivate partnerships.” While this operational context is in its nascent stage, the Pentagon is rapidly forming up its cyber partnerships and teams. DoD and the Department of Homeland Security tightened their cyber collaboration in 2010 when the agencies signed an agreement to provide personnel, equipment and facilities in mutual support of strategic planning for cyber security, and to jointly develop capabilities and synchronize cyber mission activities. Steve Schleien, Principal Director for Cyber in the office of the undersecretary of defense for policy, told an October 18, 2011 Pentagon press conference, “We and DHS have committed to a very deep working relationship on cyber security [and] have created a joint element at Fort Meade [in Md.] to share a common
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operating picture, to work on operations views to make sure we understand what the other is doing and sharing techniques on how to deal with the cyber threat.” Conceptually, this relationship will bolster DHS’s ability to defend critical infrastructure, including the electrical grid and national transportation system, and the defense industrial base The tempo is also increasing for establishing cooperative agreements with allies and friends. The latest effort was generated during this September’s annual Australia-U.S. Ministerial Consultations. A joint statement on cyber security sent a strong signal about the two nations’ commitment to work together to counter and respond to cyber attacks. The special cyber statement issued represents a new, critical area of operational engagement between Australia and the United States. Despite the Pentagon leadership’s pronouncements in this area, industry is just beginning to see an increase in government-issued requirements chasing the fast-moving policy train. “The only one [requirement] we consistently see is the need for advanced, but ‘basic’, level, computer security techniques. We believe organizations like DHS [Department of Homeland Security] are still shaping their 20 or so cyber-related job categories,” Lorenzini observed. It is critical that customers define their cyber personnel performance requirements to enable the alignment of more relevant training to achieve desired capabilities, said Steve Teel, vice president of Global Training Solutions at RTSC. “We believe that this will drive the need for more experiential ‘handson’ training. While U.S. DoD customers are focused on improving their cyber warfighting competencies within their organizations,” he added, “there also seems to be an increasing interaction between agencies, such as between NSA [National Security Agency] and DHS, for example. DHS owns critical infrastructure with NSA supporting them on the whole issue of cyber security.” And while RTSC has not yet been specifically asked to provide joint or combined virtual exercises and scenarios for its customers, Teel expects this “to be the next frontier of opportunity” – a competency Raytheon is now able to provide.
Messages for Industry Cyber training and education is in its formative stages in the Army as well as the remainder of the department. Defining “cyber warrior”, developing leaders in the domain and other challenges are being resolved by the services – presenting opportunities for industry. “So fully anticipate new requirements, new skill sets requirements – we don’t know all the answers,” Duggan elaborated. Asked what future opportunities industry will be able to deliver to help close his service’s training gaps, Duggan reiterated the importance of virtual training solutions – which industry is responding to without additional prompting from the Pentagon. One area of particular note were cyber ranges, “where we have environments that mimic the current environment and that soldiers and units are able to train on, test their skills on and do collective training on – in a controlled environment.” And beyond that, there are more fundamental concerns similarly voiced throughout the service’s learning community. “We are going to have to get real innovative in the way we train people, too. The school houses and the universities are working at how do we train the generation of kids growing up, because of the way they like to learn, multi-task and process information. I would ask them to evaluate any innovative way to train that workforce,” Duggan concluded.
On the Horizon In early 2012, RTSC will roll out new course modules on assured software and supply chain security, including counterfeit parts. Lockheed Martin’s near-term efforts include working on Phase II-B of development of the NCR. Phase II-B will involve operation and beta testing of the prototype range, enhancing existing software tools to ensure that the range hardware and software are stable and to allow for a seamless transition. Gavaletz added, “This phase will also include the development of a business model for sustainable range operation beyond fiscal year 2012 and will transition the range and associated technologies to U.S. Cyber Command and other government organizations.” ms&t
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National Focus
Royal Danish Warfare School During the last 4 decades simulation has been an integrated tool for basic warfare education and training for operational personnel in the Royal Danish Navy. Cdr s.g. Stig Meyer explains.
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n the early 1970’s, the initial development of the Naval Tactical trainer started as a very simple simulation tool for the education of tactical personnel. From the beginning the overall concept was “train as you fight” and all the way up to today’s modern and very advanced simulation tools, the Warfare School have been loyal to that initial concept. At the start, the Tactical Trainer complex at the Warfare School was divided into numerous cubicles, each simulating a typical operations room as on-board a Danish warship. Today there are 12 cubicles, giving the opportunity to engage 12 operations room teams simultaneously. During 40 years of development, the simulation facility has been boosted significantly from a simple tactical simulation tool to a very complex facility consisting of numerous simulators, all interacting to facilitate the new demands for effective education within the different warfare branches on a modern warship.
Today the Warfare School utilizes simulation in about 95% of all education, indicating the importance of being able to secure the ever on-going development in order to meet present and future education demands from the Navy. Just to indicate how complex the simulation branch is today, the following list presents the major simulators: • Main Tactical simulator • Radar Video simulator • Data Link simulators • Sonar simulators • Weapon simulators • Electronic Warfare simulator • Tactical Voice Communication simulator • Officer of the Watch simulator • Search and Rescue simulator • General Communication simulator (Radio Operators) • GMDSS simulator • Crypto Equipment simulator The majority of the above listed simulators are fully integrated in the Tactical Trainer and most of them utilize live
Above A Tactical Trainer cubicle represents a typical operations room on-board a Danish warship. Image credit: Danish Navy.
front-end equipment that is stimulated by the different specific simulators.
Concept of Development – Today The original concept; “train as you fight” still has the highest priority; however, today “interoperability” between all the various equipment is essential. Every time a demand for a new simulator is identified, it is paramount that the simulator can interact with other relevant simulation equipment. Even if there is no present need for interoperability, a future demand could easily change that need during a long equipment lifecycle. Another major focus area is “fidelity”, that is, creating the needed quality of the simulation to make sure that the educa-
Specialist Schools
The school utilizes simulation throughout, including a radio training classroom. Image credit: Danish Navy.
cess. It has been tested that the Germanand Danish Warfare Schools can hook up their main tactical trainers, thereby creating the future possibility to interact in war games across national borders. As a major participant in NATO’s Coalition Warrior Interoperability Exercise (CWIX), the Danish Warfare School
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Above
The Danish Naval Warfare School is one of five schools organised under the Naval Specialist Training Staff. The other specialist schools within this structure deal with naval weapons, damage control, diving and technical training and education. The specialist schools are geographically dispersed in Denmark and placed where they can exercise their special training curriculum in the best possible environment. Together the five schools make up a comprehensive training facility, covering all the needed specialist training needs required to run a modern navy. All ranks serving in the ships will pass through one or more of the specialist schools during their preparation for sea duty and later on when they need updated training or introduction to new equipment or doctrine. Together with the Naval Academy and the Naval NCO and Training School the Naval Specialist Training Staff makes out the complete training and educational structure in the Danish Navy.
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tional level is reached for the student. Fidelity does matter and it also has to be differentiated all the way down to creating an underwater acoustic environment realistic enough to facilitate the education of a Sonar operator on a specific sonar system. This is the exact reason why live equipment is used where possible in the simulation environment. As an example, the Warfare School has the largest number of C4I consoles installed, 62 all together divided among the 12 individual cubicles. One thing is to create interoperability between stationary simulation equipment at the Tactical Trainer, another matter which is possibly more important in the future, is to create the necessary interoperability between simulators physically separated by long distances. That could be interoperability between the Royal Danish Air Force F-16 flight simulator and the Tactical Trainer at the Warfare School or even interoperability between a Danish frigate and a foreign simulation network. In order to be compliant with today’s standards for distributed simulation, the Warfare School does support both HLA as well as DIS and interoperability tests have proved suc-
National Focus
is creating the maritime scenario by utilizing a portable version of the main tactical trainer, stimulating all the various systems from many different nations in the maritime environment. It is quite a challenge to be able to provide a comprehensive simulation to that many different live systems ranging from complex C4I equipment to very specialized subsystems able to detecting abnormal behaviour at sea. By doing so, the Danish Warfare School is gaining much valuable experience making our simulation tools even better suited for future tasks and challenges. By working with so many different live systems within the Land, Air and Maritime arenas, it is rather surprisingly that only a very few live systems are actually prepared for distributed simulation via common NATO standards. By comparison, it seems like the Royal Danish Navy is well prepared for the future.
Concept of Development – Tomorrow In the last few years, the Royal Danish Navy has undergone a major transition from a Navy consisting of many small units designed specifically for coastal operations to a new Navy with only frig-
ate size warships designed for global operations. This change in operational concept paired with the fact that it is very difficult to conduct a comprehensive national exercise with only a few units, calls for an even higher level of simulation. At the same time modern warships are equipped with many complex systems, which have a number of limitations imposed on them for use in peacetime, both due to restrictions in use (radars and Link systems) or the cost (weapons). Creating a simulated environment with the necessary fidelity, it is possible to reduce all those limitations. By utilizing the experience from the Naval Warfare School with regards to integration of sub-systems into the Main Tactical Trainer using the Navy’s new C4I system, the Royal Danish Navy intends to fit an identical Tactical Trainer on-board the new large warships. The project is very well underway and will give the warships the possibility to connect directly to the simulation complex at the Warfare School only requiring a broad band connection. The C4I system in the operations room on-board the ships will be fully flexible to operate in live and simulated mode simultaneously,
providing the possibility to conduct smaller war-games at the same time the ship conducts (less demanding) live operations. The system will also be fitted with a HLA/DIS gateway, thus giving the possibility to interact with any other relevant simulation, supporting common NATO simulation standards for distributed simulation. The Royal Danish Navy has been using simulation as a very important tool in basic education and training for many years. In the years to come, simulation will have an even higher priority due to many different factors affecting the possibility to conduct conventional exercises at sea. As one of the major role players in simulation, the Royal Danish Warfare School is well prepared for the future together with the rest of the Navy. Projects regarding the formal scheduling of simulated exercises into the standard traditional exercise programme are ongoing, and with the new technology available, it is very close to being reality. ms&t About the Author Commander senior grade Stig Meyer is Commanding Officer Danish Navy Warfare School .
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Transformation
Changing the Rules MS&T`s Chuck Wierauch examines how stakeholders are approaching the challenge of integrating UAS into the National Airspace System.
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he US Services need more airspace for UAS training and that means access to the National Airspace System (NAS). While there are a number of factors driving this need, the bottom line is that with the military's ever-increasing reliance on UAS for reconnaissance, surveillance and at times combat, more US airspace will be needed to train UAS crews. There simply will be more military units that will be flying UAS in the near future. One driver of this trend is the number of units that will be returning to the contiguous US (CONUS) as a part of force drawdowns in Afghanistan and Iraq. According to the Joint UAS Center of Excellence (JUAS COE), there currently are UAS units based at 63 CONUS locations. By 2015, the JUAS COE estimates the DoD will have 197 units at 105 locations – a 35 percent increase in units and a 67 increase in the number of locations. A report by Market Research
Media, U.S. Military Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) Market Forecast 20102015 states that US military UAS market is projected to grow at a rate of 10 percent between 2010 and 2015. The report also states that the U.S. military UAV market will generate $62 billion in revenues over the period 2010 – 2015. According to the March 2011 DoD Unmanned Aircraft System Airspace Integration Plan published under the auspices of the Under Secretary of Defense, Acquisition, Technology and Logistics, "... while reliance on UAS continues to grow, the ability to integrate UAS into the National Airspace System (NAS) to support operations, training, and testing has not kept pace. Routine access to exercise and execute Combatant Command (COCOM)-tasked missions and to support broader military and civil missions such as Homeland Security (HLS), Homeland Defense (HD), and Defense Support of Civil Authorities (DSCA) is necessary. While the Military
Above A pre-flight inspection of a remotely piloted RQ-11 Raven. Image credit: U.S. Army/Albert L. Kelley.
Departments already have limited access to Restricted, Warning, and Prohibited Areas, much of their core training needs cannot be addressed in these areas due to issues with proximity, volume, access, and scheduling."
The Initiatives October 1, 2011 marks the date that US military services operating unmanned aerial systems (UAS) were to have incorporated the Joint Chiefs of Staff Instruction (CJCSI) 3255.01, Joint Unmanned Aircraft Systems Minimum Training Standards into their UAS training programs. These standards, developed by the JUAS COE, exceed existing FAA manned aircraft training standards.
In addition to establishing training standards for UAS pilot/operators, the DoD is working with the Department of Homeland Security and its agencies and with the FAA on several fronts. These include the expansion of the current FAA Certificate of Authorization (COA) program which provides limited access to the NAS for testing and training on an individual basis, research to develop autonomous onboard UAS sense-andavoid technologies and advanced ground-based UAS radar-tracking systems, and DoD input to FAA aviation rule-making committees. There are currently 285 active FAA-approved COAs granted to 85 organizations, both military and civilian.
integration into the NAS, and provide advanced mitigation for see-and-avoid UAS operations. Clearly much still needs to be resolved before any party is willing to go on the record about how the UAS integration issue will fall out.
First Steps What we do know is that the FAA has started the process of putting together a proposed rule for small UAS access to the NAS with a target of mid-2013. The public commentary period to the UAS Aviation Rule-making Committee (ARC) concerning this proposed rule is now expected to begin in January 2012.
However, just what constitutes a "small" UAS and under what conditions air vehicles in this category could operate is still under considerable discussion. The FAA originally considered any UAS under 55 pounds to fit into this category, but since not every UAS would have the same mission or operate in the same class of airspace, further refinement of the "small" designation may become necessary. According to Paul McDuffee, Business Development Executive for UAS manufacturer Insitu, as he understands it, the proposed small UAS rule would allow only constrained, line-of-sight, see-and-avoid operations of UAS under
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Just when the FAA might grant more UAS access for both military and civilian UAS to the NAS other than through COAs is indeterminable. Under a provision in the fiscal year 2012 Defense Authorization Bill approved by the Senate Armed Services Committee in June 2011, the DoD would be required to report to Congress on the progress the federal government has made regarding the integration of UAS into the NAS; never the less, progress status is being held close to the chest. When MS&T attempted to contact the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense, Acquisition, Technology and Logistics for an update on progress, no response was provided. When MS&T contacted the FAA with further questions on this issue, agency spokesperson Les Dorr said that the FAA currently has a blanket policy to not discuss any proposed rule-making efforts concerning the integration of UAS into the NAS at this point. Any such rule would involve the FAA's UAS Program Office and its Air Traffic Organization (ATO) UAS Office. A third party, the joint DoD-FAA UAS Executive Committee created to resolve issues concerning UAS integration into the NAS among others, did not respond to queries either. FAA spokesperson Dorr did, however, offer the statement that to fill the gap between the present-day mitigations and eventual adoption of sense-andavoid technologies, the DoD is working on ground-based sense-and-avoid systems that may provide localized UAS
ISSUE 6.2011
State of Affairs
Transformation
55 pounds. McDuffee was a member of the original 2008 FAA Aviation Rulemaking Committee (ARC) for small UAS. While one might think that only the commercial market would be affected by such a rule, the trend is for the Army, at least, to focus more and more on the development and deployment of microUAS. According to Flight International, the US Army has turned acquisition efforts over the next decade towards buying micro-sized and large vertical take-off unmanned air systems (UAS) to round-out a fairly diverse inventory. Flight reported that at the 2011 AUSA conference, the Army announced that it was seeking the development of a new UAS weighing no more than two pounds. Considering that the Raven UAS employed by the service and manufactured by AeroVironment weighs a mere 4.4 pounds and can operate at altitudes up to 10,000 feet, the FAA small UAS rule could affect a considerable number of DoD UAS operations. AeroVironment, also a UAS training provider, is currently demonstrating its Nano Hummingbird surveillance UAS developed with Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) funding that has a wingspan of just 6.5 inches and weighs just a bit more than an average-sized natural hummingbird.
Technical Initiatives While the debate continues as to how, what and when military and civilian UAS can operate in the NAS, the search for technological innovation proceeds:
D
Above The UND Unmanned Aircraft Systems Center of Excellence (COE) has been established at Grand Forks Air Force Base.
that both military and civilian air traffic controllers could "see" in three dimensions to prevent UAS from colliding with other aircraft.
Image credit: University of North Dakota.
Other Initiatives the Army is continuing research and demonstrations in California with a General Atomics Sky Warrior UAS to assess the effectiveness of ground radar-based UAS sense-and-avoid systems; the Air Force currently has plans to test an airborne sense-and-avoid system this year; and with Air Force backing, Raytheon has also developed a low-cost radar technology that could be used to modify existing NAS-certified radars so
Meanwhile, the Air Force is seeking to increase the amount of the NAS that the service has already been granted by the FAA both through the COA process and the expansion of military restricted airspace. What seems to be the most significant effort in this regard is at Grand Forks Air Force Base in North Dakota. Under an agreement between the Air Force, the State of North Dakota and the University of North Dakota, the UND Unmanned Aircraft Systems Center of
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Excellence (COE) has been established at Grand Forks Air Force Base. The COE recently completed a three-year study on the integration of UAS with sense-andavoid systems into the national airspace for the DoD Joint UAS Center of Excellence located at Creech AFB, NM. The work at the Center focuses on education and training for the integration of UAS into the NAS, along with research and development on UAS technologies, applications, and UAS human factors issues. Grand Forks AFB has been designated one of two DoD centers for UAS operations and research. This September, the first of several Global Hawk UAS arrived at the base, and Predator and Reaper UAS operate from the base as well. The North Dakota Air National Guard has recently submitted a proposal to the FAA that calls for the expansion of the Grand Forks AFB restricted airspace to facilitate additional UAS training and testing operations. This August, the $2.8 million UND/ L-3 Link UAS Training Center opened at Grand Forks AFB under an agreement with UND, the company and the Air Force. The training center is an arm of the UAS Center of Excellence. One of
the major features of the training center is an L-3 Link Predator Mission Aircrew Training System (PMATS), the first to be operated by a civilian entity. UND will employ the PMATs in its UAS student curricula. According to Al Palmer, UND director of the new training center and the North Dakota Center for Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Research, Education and Training, the state of North Dakota has just launched North Dakota Airspace Integration Team. The team represents the aviation community (including military, commercial, and general aviation, and the North Dakota Aeronautics Commission), the University of North Dakota, the North Dakota National Guard, local and state economic development officials and a number of private companies. This team will be the interface between the state and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) on UAS integration into the National Airspace System (NAS). Palmer also described a brand-new $1.6 million state-funded UAS integration research project in partnership with the MITRE Corporation that will be conducted at the UND/UAS COE and Train-
ing Center. This two-year effort, known as the Limited Deployment Cooperative Airspace Project (LDCAP) will research the feasibility of incorporating Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) data with that of existing FAAcertified and National Guard radars to provide UAS sense-and avoid data to air traffic controllers. The FAA will require all aircraft to incorporate ADS-B technology into their navigational systems by 2020 so that they can all be tracked more accurately via ground-based ADS-B stations and GPS satellites as a key elements of the FAA's NextGen air traffic management system. According to UND LDCAP lead Mark Askelson, the UAS will carry ADS-B transponders broadcasting signals that will be integrated with ground-based radar imagery data. This will provide a combined air-ground sense-and-avoid system that will give air traffic controllers enough information to coordinate UAS pilot/operators to avoid collisions. "We are trying to become the national leader concerning the integration of UAS into the NAS,� Palmer said. "Integration into the NAS is the Holy Grail of UAS operations." ms&t
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Technology Application
Enhancement and Expansion New capabilities and training devices are enhancing the U.S. Air Force’s C-17 Training System. Group Editor Marty Kauchak reports that at the same time, training programs are rapidly taking shape for the growing list of C-17 international customers.
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he Pentagon’s platform of choice for providing rapid, global mobility and sustainment for America's armed forces in Afghanistan and elsewhere is the U.S. Air Force’s fleet of 212 C-17 Globemaster IIIs. And, coincidentally, the fleet enables crucial humanitarian support at home and around the world. The C-17 has flown more than 2 million hours in its 20-year history. In service throughout the Active Air Force component, Air Force Reserve and Air National Guard, the aircraft is an asset of Air Mobility Command (AMC); insights into near and long term Globemaster III training system plans were provided from the perspective of that command’s staff. An impressive amount of training tasks can be accomplished in the training system’s simulators and devices. AMC Globemaster III flight crews can accomplish “well over 70 and into the high 80th percent of their annual or
semi-annual training requirements” in program simulators, according to Steve Sullivan, C-17 Aircrew Training System Manager at the command. In a sign the Air Force is getting serious about further reducing funding for flight training missions and making more platforms available for operational missions, the command is seeking to further increase the amount of onboard training tasks completed in the C-17’s weapons system trainer (WST). Indeed, Sullivan noted that General Raymond Johns, AMC’s commander, directed an increase in aircrew continuation training time in the simulator. “In 2012 we’ll be adding to our contract with the program office, additional simulator training time, either quarterly or semiannually, based on the pilot’s proficiency level.”
Upgrades and New Devices Enhancements to heritage simulators and the receipt of new training devices will allow the C-17 community to shift
Above Each year, thousands of new student pilots and active, reserve and Air National Guard aircrew make use of Boeing's C-17 Aircrew Training System. Image credit: Boeing.
additional onboard tasks into the systems. Lt. Col. Dan Olson, HQ AMC A3T Detachment 2 Commander, noted that in 2012, the service will start to upgrade its C-17 legacy simulators’ visual systems to remain current with the rapid pace of technology developments, and more effectively train its crews in virtual air refueling missions. “The next big step forward is virtual air refueling. To do that we’ll have to have a number of upgrades to the simulator to include some aerodynamic modeling and some visual improvements.” The simulator’s current field-of-view is not large enough to get in that last bit
sites and the MAFB delivery will enhance the capacity of the existing MAFB training operation,” Mead said.
Industry Team
Image credit: Link Simulation and Training.
of training, where you go from pre-contact to contact with the tanker, added Rod Shrader, Director of Training Services at L-3 Communications’ Link Simulation and Training. Link is the service’s C-17 Training System operator. Shrader continued, “Additionally, you need more visual fidelity for the tanker model and higher resolution for the visual scene.” And part-and-parcel with upgrading the visual system, will be updating the aerodynamic model for the C-17 while in close proximity to tankers. Shrader explained that this effort would permit aircrews to download some of the training tasks off the aircraft into the flight simulators, and allow them to achieve new service standards for refueling. Upgrading the C-17 WSTs capabilities will have a cascading effect, creating a demand to upgrade simulators for the service’s tanker fleets and to include all members of a refueling mission in scenarios. Olson explained that future virtual air refueling training will integrate a tanker simulator, a boom operator simulator and a C-17 receiver simulator, “as well as for other receiver simulators we’re looking at as well – KC-10s and all the other MAF [Mobility Air Forces] receivers.” He continued, “To try to get all those three talking together and aero models working together and so forth, is a bit of a challenge but we have a lot of taxpayer money to save if we can get that to work.” AMC’s Sullivan confirmed the service’s current plan is to network the simulators for the embryonic KC-46 tanker with training devices for the C-17 and other service aircraft. C-17 training audiences will also receive new training systems. In December 2010, Boeing, another Air Force C-17 industry team member, announced that it received a contract from the service to deliver Globemaster III training devices to three sites. The first two of these systems are in production now and will deliver to Wright Patterson AFB (WPAFB) (an integrated training center) and McChord AFB (MAFB) (a weapon systems trainer) in 2012, Tracy Mead, Boeing’s manager for C-17 Training Programs, told MS&T. The WPAFB system will ship to site in January and be ready for training operations in July, while the MAFB system will follow five months later. “The third of these systems [an integrated training center] is destined for Stewart AFB, NY (SAFB) and will begin production before the end of this year. The installations at WPAFB and SAFB are on new C-17 operational
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Link, as the C-17 Training System (TS) program operator, oversees the program management, training device modifications, courseware development, instruction and concurrency management between the training system and aircraft platform. Link’s major industry partner for this contract is AAI Corporation, which has operated the C-17 Maintenance Training System since 1997. AAI is responsible for maintenance training device production and modification, in addition to all C-17 TS contractor logistics support. AAI also manages the C-17 maintenance training operation, while the service’s Air Education and Training Command provides maintenance instruction. Other C-17 TS industry members include: C2 Technologies, which has oversight of courseware development and support at the Training System Support Center (TSSC), Altus AFB; Eagle Systems, which provides IT connectivity and other services throughout the program; DRG, which delivers logistics management support at the TSSC for Link and to AAI at other sites; and AVT Simulation which provides database management support. When MS&T spoke with Link program leadership this September, the industry team was transitioning from the contract phase-in period into full oversight. David Williams, Vice President for Training Services, noted the Link-led team has spent the previous several months completing a number of concurrent activities. In addition to becoming familiar with its customer leadership counterparts, and the program’s issues and processes, the Link industry team developed an ambitious set
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of goals and objectives to make certain the TS continues to operate smoothly. “So, the Link team has been busy familiarizing ourselves with the site PO/QARs [project officer/quality assurance representative] by communicating, coordinating and cooperating – all the ‘C-words’ – with each of them as an integral part of our primary mission as we move forward,” Williams added.
Downstream U.S. Air Force Developments In its role as prime contractor, Link has submitted several major proposals to its service customer to upgrade the TS, and has several more initiatives in staffing. As a result, the C-17 training audience may see a number of other significant enhancements to its systems into 2012 and through the remainder of the future budget out years. Shrader said the major focus and emphasis is on aligning the concurrency of the program’s training devices with the aircraft. “The first proposal sent to the government, at its request, was to upgrade all maintenance training devices to a Block 17 configuration. That is now in evaluation. The second piece is we are preparing a proposal for the update of the formation flight system. It’s a system that has been onboard the aircraft for a while now, however they have made a number of software changes so we have to update all the devices for that.” Another major proposal would upgrade all of the flight devices to include simulated avionics. Currently most of the devices use the black boxes off the aircraft. “There is a lot of aircraft hardware within the simulators. That is good as far as being concurrent, because you just need to get updates from the manufacturer. But it takes a lot of parts away from the aircraft line – and that’s what they’d like – they want their parts back,” Shrader explained. Boeing’s Mead also revealed that training systems being produced after the three mentioned earlier, will include enhancements to the visual system, expanded incorporation of simulated avionics and revisions to the host computer. These upgrades will enhance training fidelity and reduce costs for operating or maintaining the training system. “The major enhancement to the visual system will be replacement of the mylar mirror with a glass mirror system,”
the Boeing program official explained and added, “The glass mirror improves quality of the visual by eliminating image distortion, increasing brightness and useful field of view. Since the glass mirror is easy to clean and very robust, costly mylar replacements are eliminated thereby reducing life-cycle costs.” Additional items of simulated avionics will be incorporated in the training systems. This will allow aircraft avionics to be returned to the aircraft spares pool and reduce cost of on-going system operations and maintenance. Revisions to the host computer system move internal simulation communications off an expensive ARINC 1553 bus architecture onto an Ethernet network. A reduction of initial and life-cycle costs will result from this migration to a COTS communications architecture.
International Program Developments Boeing has delivered C-17 Globemaster IIIs to the UK; SAC/HAW (Strategic Airlift Consortium/Heavy Airlift Wing) in Pápa, Hungary; Australia; Canada; Qatar and the UAE. Industry members report a number of training system developments for the international C-17 fleet. This September, Link announced it assumed responsibility for the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) C-17 TS contract. As part of the U.S. Air Force’s C-17 TS contract, Link provides the same contract support for the RAAF’s Globemaster III TS at the service’s base at Amberley. “The RAAF is fully integrated with the U.S. training system. In fact, all of their courseware is the same as the U.S. training system,” Shrader remarked. Link’s major teammate on the RAAF C-17 program, AAI Corporation, is responsible for maintenance training device production and modification, in addition to all C-17 TS contractor logistics support. AAI Corporation is supported by its indirect, wholly-owned subsidiaries, Aerosonde Pty Ltd and ESL Defence Limited. In 2012, the RAAF C-17 fleet will receive a cargo compartment trainer (CCT). Boeing is in process of producing the trainer under a separate U.S. Air Force Foreign Military Sales (FMS) contract. A full-scale replica of the C-17 cargo compartment, this trainer will allow the RAAF to train loadmasters
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without impacting C-17 aircraft operational availability. Boeing’s Mead added, “Loadmaster students will practice preflight, vehicle loading/offloading, palletized cargo and emergency procedures and techniques. The CCT will also be used to train medical evacuation crews for C-17 aeromedical operations.” The RAAF will use the device in its embryonic cargo compartment training center. This June, Boeing announced the sale of 10 C-17 Globemaster IIIs to a new customer – India. Training for the initial cadre of Globemaster III personnel is being planned through the U.S. Air Force as FMS training. Continuation training will be delivered through an Indian C-17 training center operated in cooperation with an Indian company teammate. Mead added, “This training center will support and augment C-17 flight and maintenance training conducted by the Indian Air Force after initial fleet delivery.” As this issue was being published, the UAE Air Force was scheduled to take delivery of a C-17 training center temporarily located in St. Louis, Missouri. The temporary establishment of the training site provides continuation
training for crewmembers assigned to UAE’s C-17 fleet. As this fleet expands over the next year, Boeing will also support initial qualification training for the aircrews being added to operate additional Globemaster III aircraft. “Our four-year contract includes the effort to relocate the C-17 training system to a UAE location when the new training facility is available in early 2013,” Mead concluded. On the other hand, Canada has chosen to continue to take advantage of the proximity of the USAF training sys-
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Above As of September 2011, the RAAF has five C-17 aircraft and looking to add a sixth. Image credit: © Commonwealth of Australia.
tem. The RCAF does not currently have its own C17 training system, it uses the USAF model and USAF school house. An RCAF spokesperson sees little change in this strategy noting “Currently we are investigating into an RCAF CC177 simulator, but we will still largely use the US system to train our aircrew.” ms&t
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Human Performance
Flight Safety and Combat It is perilous to depart from basic principles, even in combat. Lieutenant-Colonel Larry McCurdy, RCAF, explains. Re-printed with permission of the RCAF Flight Safety journal Flight Comment issue 2-2011.
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war zone seems on the surface to be a funny place to preach flight safety. Sending men and women into combat to execute missions that are inherently dangerous appears to be at least a little counterintuitive, from a flight safety point of view. Nevertheless, we have an opportunity to learn from our experiences to date and perhaps project knowledge into the future, as it is unlikely in the modern context that Kandahar will be the last Canadian Combat Air Wing. Recent experience has highlighted what past experience had already observed; flight safety is probably more important in combat than it is in peacetime. Although hard facts are difficult to uncover when looking back as far as WWII, it is widely accepted that the ratio of losses due to accidents in combat zones outstripped losses due to enemy action by a factor of six. As far as aircraft damage and personnel injury are concerned, we are our own
worst enemy. In fact, this statistic was largely responsible for the acceptance and implementation of the modern CF Flight Safety program. Remember, flight safety is not about eliminating risk, but rather understanding and reducing risk to an acceptable level. In peacetime, risk is regulated, training missions are less urgent, and the perceived pressure to accomplish the mission is lower. In combat, the go-no-go decision may seriously impact the survivability of our troops in the field, and so the bar is set higher and the urgency of mission accomplishment is ever-present. Flight safety is an excellent tool with which to balance risk, and as a former Commander of KAF recently wrote, flight safety is an “indispensable element of operations in theatre”.1 So how are we doing and what have we learned? We essentially have two organic groups of aircraft operating full time out of Kandahar Air Field (KAF): Helicopters and Uninhabited Air Vehi-
Above In many cases, flight safety could have helped to avert the loss of aviation assets. Image credit: Canadian Department of National Defence.
cles (UAV). When we look at the Military Helicopter Fleets in KAF, the ratio of accidents to combat damage (Serious Damage or Injury) is 6:2. An improvement over anecdotal historical data, but we’re still doing a better job than the enemy at taking aircraft and aircrew out of action. The occurrences attributable to enemy action involved Chinook helicopters, the worst of which was a shoot down, but fortunately the passengers and crew escaped the fireball virtually unscathed. We were not so lucky with the Griffon that, while conducting a routine logistical mission, hit a HESCO barrier on takeoff from a Forward Operating Base (FOB). In that accident, two Canadians and an Allied Soldier were lost. Further, in the
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category of “there but for the grace of God”, we came a hair’s breadth from losing two Chinooks, each fully loaded with soldiers, in a near collision on takeoff. When we analyze the UAV fleets, every single occurrence is attributable to human or mechanical failure. This number is certainly tainted by the notoriously unreliable Sperwer, but despite a much lower occurrence rate with the new Heron, the enemy still has not damaged a single UAV in over seven years of operational service. By comparison, we have managed to damage or destroy 38 Sperwer and one Heron without the enemy lifting a finger. So on to what we have learned, which appears to be precious little. Listen to what a former Wing Commander said in a Flight Comment article published in 2009 (issue Jan 21, 2010): “Some within the Wing as well as those outside of it were initially suspicious that the RCAF’s Flight Safety program would not function effectively alongside the operational imperatives of a combat mission. Through increased understanding of the Flight Safety program and the concerted efforts of all those involved, I am confident that these concerns and doubts have been put aside…” Sixty-six years after the fact and under the influence of arguably the best flight safety culture in the western world, flight safety had to prove its utility to our own people. Peacetime is easy, but in combat the emotions of the day drive airmen and women to take chances that would not be considered in the training environment. It is certain that risk is necessary, commensurate with operational importance, but every mission does not merit the same risk level. War is not pretty, nor is it without sacrifices. However, our losses, to the maximum extent possible must be limited to the best efforts of our enemies. Let’s review some of the key occurrences as a litmus test for how well we have been assessing risk: • The Griffon that hit the HESCO barrier was about the 1100th takeoff in theatre that required more than maximum continuous power to clear all obstacles. Maximum continuous power is a limit set by the manufacturer, much like the red line on a car’s tachometer. The engines may be able to produce slightly more power, but it’s not necessarily good for the long term life of the engine and there is certainly no margin for error. The first 1100 takeoffs were successful, but one takeoff was not perfect and three people died. In short, we had 1100 chances to identify the risk and avert this tragic accident. We failed. • A Chinook mission almost killed a flight engineer (FE) who had wedged himself between the airframe and the open ramp, with his upper torso extending outside of the aircraft in an attempt to direct the pilot to touchdown on the side of a hill. The open ramp touched the ground and partially closed, almost cutting the FE in half. It is unclear how long this crew had been using this hybrid procedure, but risk identification through personnel injury is clearly not the most effective flight safety tool. • The Chinook that was shot down managed to crash land in a farmer’s field, but even in this case, flight safety could have helped to avert the loss of aviation resources. What caused the crash was small arms fire and the way to counter that threat is to fly high. In this case the planned transit was only a few miles and for the sake of speed and expediency, the formation chose to stay low and therefore within range of the threat. It is an easy choice to make, particularly when hundreds of flights had escaped any damage while flying similar profiles. It is human
Human Performance
nature to underestimate the risk when there are no immediate consequences. Just like the 1100 chances to identify the risk to the Griffon, we were blinded to the hazard until the odds caught up to us. For the sake of a few minutes in transit, we gave the enemy a chance for a strategic victory. Even if the probability of being hit by small arms was 1:500, bullets are cheap and Chinooks are expensive. What we do is inherently dangerous and there are those out there who are making a concerted effort to do us serious harm. It is therefore incumbent upon us to use every tool in our inven-
tory to force the enemy to risk their own lives, rather than doing their work for them. Flight safety is just one tool in that inventory. It is not there to stop airmen and women from taking risks; it’s just there to remind us all to think with our heads and not our hearts. We can’t save anyone if our aircraft are broken or destroyed, and neither can we disrupt the enemy’s strategic and operational objectives. Flight safety is an operational imperative designed to preserve a combat capable air force by preventing the unplanned loss of operational capability. Fight smart, work safe; “make the other poor bastard die for his country”.2
1
http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/dfsdsv/pub/nr-sp/index-eng.asp?id=9979 Views on Flight Safety, Colonel Christopher Coates, Commander 1 Wing. 2 George C. Scott on General George S. Patton. Patton: 1970. About the Author LCol McCurdy has completed four tours on the Sea King and two tours on the Jet Ranger. As DFS 2, he is currently the Directorate of Flight Safety’s Chief Investigator. This article is reproduced with permission and was originally published in the RCAF's Flight Comment, Issue 2, 2011.
We Only Delude Ourselves The following is a reprint from Flight Comment Sep/Oct 1974 and focuses on the relationship of combat and flight safety. As Alphonse Karr (1808-1890) wrote, “plus ça change, plus c’est la même chose” or often translated as “the more things change, the more they stay the same”. Even in this age of enlightenment some people involved with aviation still appear reluctant to accept the fact that a dynamic flight safety program is an integral part of the operation. Quite possibly this attitude stems from a lingering conviction that flight safety is for "peace time only" - something to be ignored or played down as soon as a real operational situation develops. While this may be overstating the case, such negative attitudes do exist and it is time we recognized that in any operation, hot or cold, it is essential to strike a balance between the risks taken and the objectives to be gained. The point at which a realistic and acceptable balance is achieved seldom remains static and certainly a change from a peace time to a combat situation will demand a drastic reconsideration of all factors. Then the need to assess risk versus gain is even more critical. Your accident prevention program must have been well thought out,
firmly established, and accepted by all the players "before the fact". You may not have time to develop "after the fact" measures to prevent the accidental loss of irreplaceable resources even though those resources have suddenly become infinitely more valuable. We are not alone in pressing for a critical examination and re-examination of everything we do in relation to accident potential. The need is recognized by most air operators and is illustrated in these recent words of Air Vice Marshal Lagesen, Deputy Commander of RAF Germany: "The time has come where we must begin to examine all that we do in the light of the fact that the prevention of accidents is becoming paramount. We must ensure that every task is operationally viable, within our known capabilities, and involves no unnecessary risks". - Col R. D. Schultz
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Training Technology
Instrumenting the Capstone MS&T’s Dim Jones continues examining the UK Army’s training trajectory to prepare units for deployment – this time the instrumented capstone FTX prior to deployment to Afghanistan.
Tactical Engagement Simulation The TES in use at DTE-SP since 2002 is a fixed-location system, run jointly by Cubic and Saab; there is a similar system in use at the British Army Training Unit Suffield (BATUS) in Canada. Cubic provide 5 elements: the Multiple Integrated Laser Engagement System (MILES)
Above Exercise Pashtun Dawn - establishing comms. Image credit: Cubic.
laser-based combat training system; the Direct Fire Weapons Effect Simulation (DFWES) system for dismounted players; the Area Weapons Effects Simulator (AWES), which provides exercise control, position tracking and indirect fire effects; the AWES for the vehicle instrumented systems; and, finally, training analysis, preparation and delivery of After-Action Review (AAR). Saab’s DFWES provides the direct fire element for the vehicle instrumentation systems on armoured and other vehicles, and also the DFWES surrogate weapon systems, such as NLAW, Javelin and RPG. Enhanced TES (following satisfaction of the UOR) will maintain this broad division of responsibilities, and double the
ISSUE 6.2011
exercise using laser-based Tactical Engagement Simulation (TES). DTE-SP is fully equipped for this, but its capacity has historically been limited to one BG. For some time, the UK MoD has recognised that this does not provide the best preparation for Afghanistan, and an Urgent Operational Requirement (UOR) was authorised in 2010 to increase this capacity to 2 BGs, operating in adjacent Areas of Operations (AO). This UOR, however, will not be fulfilled until early 2012, and a stopgap interim solution was required to cover training for the planned deployment at the end of 2011.
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or the last issue of MS&T, I visited the UK Army’s Combined Arms Tactical Trainer (CATT) at Warminster, on the Western edge of the Defence Training Estate Salisbury Plain (DTE-SP). There I saw how the CATT was used for individual, team and collective training up to Battlegroup (BG) level, as part of the preparation for operational deployments to Afghanistan. This training programme includes both Hybrid Foundation Training (HFT), which is generic, and MissionSpecific Training (MST) which, as its name implies, is tailored to theatre and scenario. The whole deployment rotation spans 30 months, including 6 months of operations and a 3-month recovery period. The penultimate element of training, prior to 3 months of immediate preparation for deployment, is the 12-month MST phase; the ‘Capstone Training Event’ is the final Field Training Exercise (FTX) at DTE-SP, a live
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Seeking Improvements MS&T’s Dim Jones attended the biennial industry organised, Swiss Army hosted, Levels of Fidelity VIII. Continuing the theme of seeking improvements to Tactical Engagements Systems, and refining those already in existence, the 8th in a biennial series of conferences and demonstrations entitled ‘Levels of Fidelity’ took place between the 5th and 7th September 2011 in Walenstadt, Switzerland, a small town set amid spectacular scenery on the shores of a lake about 80km south-east of Zurich. The organisers of the event are 4 companies involved in this area of training: Chemring Defence, Theissen Training Systems, Saab Training & Simulation and RUAG. Our hosts, for the 3rd time in the series, were the Swiss Army, specifically the Land Forces Training Centre, who also provided, for the 100-or-so participants from 17 countries, excellent weather; this was significant, since the programme was divided between auditorium sessions of presentation and discussion, and live demonstrations, by the organising companies, of current and new equipment on the 2 nearby Swiss Army ranges, Äuli and Luzisteig. The Swiss Army, operating as it does on a system of conscription/militia and regular forces, has a critical need to ensure that personnel receive the best possible training as early as possible in their military careers, in order to maximise overall capability levels. The theatre sessions included presentations on capabilities and training methods from the Swiss Army, USA, UK, Germany and Austria (this last highlighting the particular problems of training in winter and mountain conditions). Meggitt Training Systems gave a brief on their new SHOTT (Shoot House for Optimised Tactical Training), and there was emphasis on IED training, and on the interoperability of training systems, not least in a report from NATO on UCATT (Urban Combat Advanced Training Technology), outlining their accomplishments in this field thus far, and mapping a way ahead. Out on Äuli range, Saab demonstrated simulation of the effects of IEDs and roadside bombs; of particular interest was instrumentation fitted to a Counter-IED clearance device, alerting the operator to incorrect usage (for instance, sweep rate too fast or sweep height too great). I am told that there is no reason why this technology could not be fitted to the real equipment, but that no-one seems to be interested. Chemring demonstrated a range of pyrotechnic devices to simulate various ordnance, including a new vertical launch rocket (visible to aircraft, but hopefully with a low PK!) to replicate ManPAD fire, and Theissen showed a range of live fire infantry targets. The following morning, the Land Forces Training Centre demonstrated the range monitoring and debrief equipment at Luzisteig Range, and RUAG the latest equipment which they supply to the Swiss Army. Being relatively new to this area of simulation, I found all the presentations and demonstrations of great interest; however, I gained the impression that, while there was a constant quest for refinement and increased fidelity, there had been no recent ground-breaking developments in this field. Nevertheless, the conference was both enjoyable and informative, and a good networking opportunity. The organisation, hospitality and surroundings were excellent, and I have little doubt that, if Levels of Fidelity IX were to take place in Walenstadt in 2 years time, there would be few grumbles.
capacity of each system. The enhanced set-up will allow the 2 halves of the system to operate concurrently, or stand-alone. Saab also operates a Deployable Tactical Engagement Simulation (DTES) at the British Army Training Unit Kenya (BATUK). This fully-managed system is formally known as the Temporary Tactical Engagement Simulation in Kenya (TTESIK), has been fully operational since August 2010, and supports up to 7 Overseas Training Exercises (OTX) per year; a report on it appeared in MS&T Issue 4-2011. The interim UOR solution, and the challenge for this series of FTXs, was to deploy DTES to UK, and operate it alongside the existing set-up. However, MILES/ AWES and DTES, although working on similar principles, do not use the same operating systems. To assist Cubic and Saab with the integration issues, the UK MoD tasked QinetiQ, who have, over the past few years, done much work for MOD on integration, interoperability and standardisation of TES systems and procedures. With apologies to those who have forgotten more about laser instrumentation systems than I have yet learned, a few words of explanation might be in order. Laser engagement systems have been around since 1980; the basic principles have not changed much in that time, but refinement, increases in fidelity and system capability expansion have been ongoing. Today’s participant will wear a body harness and helmet ‘halo’ fitted with laser detectors, which register the effects of other instrumented equipment and ‘talk’ to a harness-mounted computer; this ensemble is called a Personnel Detection Device (PDD) by Saab, and AWES Instrumented Man-worn System (AIMS) by Cubic. The PDD/AIMS, in turn, communicates with the instrumentation network, and incorporates GPS, allowing tracking of personnel movement. The AIMS harness was originally developed to be worn instead of combat armour, but has now been modified to be worn in addition – close attention is paid to the weight and bulk of the ensemble to ensure that it is representative of what an individual would be carrying in Afghanistan. His personal weapon is fitted with a laser transmitter, which replicates the range, accuracy and lethality of the weapon; it will only transmit when a blank round is fired, is deactivated if a soldier becomes a casualty, and is tamper-proof. Direct-fire infantry weapons, such as heavy or light machine-guns, light or medium anti-tank weapons, and sniper rifles, are also fitted with laser kits, which represent their capabilities, as are armoured vehicles such as MBT, CVR(T) and AIFV. Opposing force weapons, including grenade-launchers such as RPG, are instrumented, as are IEDs, including simulated suicide vests. Indirect fire weapons, such as artillery, mortars and airdelivered weapons, can also be simulated, and their effects on ground forces registered.
Vehicles All vehicles (friendly and otherwise) are fitted with laser detection equipment, which identifies any successful engagement by a weapons system, and assesses the result of that engagement based on the type of munition used, the location of the hit, and the protection of the target. Furthermore, injuries to any individuals in the vehicle will also be assessed. In the case of AIFVs or other infantry transport, the individuals’ equipment communicates with the vehicle, registers that they are mounted, and applies the effects to the occupants of any hit on the vehicle accordingly. The man-mounted computer will assess injury to
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individuals, be it from direct or indirect fire, or damage to a vehicle, and apply limitations to their effectiveness on the battlefield – such as permanent or temporary indisposition - through their weapon-mounted kit. The computer will also indicate the scope of a casualty’s injuries to any personnel giving medical attention, and will respond to correct treatment by ameliorating the effects. All the personnel, vehicle and ancillary equipment is issued at DTE-SP to exercise participants, is maintained by the contractors under a Contractor Logistic Support arrangement, and has been designed to be very hard-wearing. So much for the instrumentation. Exercise Pashtun Dawn 15 was a series of 3 FTXs, designed as the final exercise for the task force about to deploy on Operation Herrick. Each FTX involved 2 BGs plus integrated force elements and partnering forces, operating sideby-side in the East and West areas of DTE-SP, and representing a Task Force (minus). The area of operations (AO) also included a ‘Brigade Ops’ area. The focus of the exercise was on counterinsurgency and the scenario population-centric. Interaction with partnering forces generated the ‘friction on the ground’ to be found in-theatre. Each BG
Above 'Partnered Forces' of the Jordanian Army on patrol. Image credit: Saab.
area included a district centre, a police station, a number of compounds and buildings, a village and some ‘contested space’. Although the terrain of Salisbury Plain cannot replicate Helmand Province particularly well, much work has been done over the years to create representative civilian infrastructures,
in order to make the exercise play as realistic as possible. Field systems have been created, replicating agricultural activity in Afghanistan, tending to channel movement and increase exposure to IEDs. Each BG AO contains 5 Forward Operating Bases (FOBs), occupied by a ‘Ground-Holding Sub-Unit’ (normally a company group). Each FOB is equipped with real-time Base ISTAR assets, as found in theatre, and the ops rooms are laid out and equipped according to the Afghanistan model.
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Six thousand exercising troops took part in the 3 phases of Pashtun Dawn 15, plus 1700 support personnel. Some 340 vehicles were deployed, including 262 from the Operational Training Equipment Pack (OTEP), which covers the UOR equipment procured to support ongoing operations. Each FTX lasted 9 days, comprising a one-day deployment, 3 days of Reception, Staging, Onward movement and Integration (RSOI) and 5 days of BG ops. Each tranche of exercising personnel used the same instrumentation equipment, requiring a ‘reset’ day for return and maintenance of man-worn kit between FTXs. Saab and Cubic each provided more than 1250 sets of manworn equipment, including for Corps troops, so that logistic activity between ‘Camp Bastion’ (in this case, the depot at Ludgershall) and the AOs could be monitored. As regards what is referred to as ‘Human Terrain’, ‘White Forces’ (representing the Contemporary Operating Environment Force (COEFOR)) numbered about 550 people, who played key local leaders, interpreters, Afghan Local Police and local nationals; of these, 300 were actually Afghan nationals, supplied by an organisation called Babylon Translations Ltd, a Salisbury-based
company. The remainder, 100 of whom represented Red Forces (insurgents), were provided by the Land Warfare Centre BG. Green Forces included 240 ‘partnered forces’, 60 simulated Afghan National Army, and 90 simulated Afghan Uniformed Police, personnel in the latter 2 categories being supplied by the security company G4S.
Full Spectrum This personnel support and environment allowed the BGs to exercise the full spectrum of operations they would expect to conduct in theatre, including: routine patrols; personnel and convoy movement; liaison with friendly forces; ‘shuras’ (meetings with local leaders); and detecting and dealing with insurgent activity, such as deployment of IEDs. The scenario emphasis is now very much on enabling partnering forces, rather than on kinetic action. The difficulties which have been encountered in working with, and developing the capabilities of, local forces are represented realistically by exercise injects involving the G4S personnel. DTES was deployed from Kenya in July 2011 for Pashtun Dawn 15, for which purpose it became temporarily known as ‘TTESIK on Salisbury Plain’ or
TOSP. Following the exercise, it redeployed immediately to support Exercise Askari Thunder in Kenya. The TOSPequipped BG was deployed in the Western area of DTE-SP, which presented some problems, in that this is the more difficult terrain in which to achieve full comms coverage, and the mobile equipment needed to be carefully sited. Furthermore, elements which needed to move between one AO and the other were required to be compatible with both systems. In order to accomplish this, DTES and AWES interfaced with separate elements of Exercise Control (EXCON), via QinetiQ’s AIME system, which provided the necessary ‘fixes’ to achieve interoperability. QinetiQ also provided inputs from simulated external players, such as attack helicopters, fixed-wing air and theatre ISTAR. This enabled, for instance, a BG HQ to receive a simulated picture from an ISTAR asset which would be available in theatre, such as a Hermes 450 UAV (which is not cleared to operate in the UK), thereby exercising the functions of those elements of the BG which would receive, react to and utilise this information. Higher Control (HICON), provided by elements of an independent Brigade
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HQ, and EXCON, run by the resident Field Training Unit (FTU) and including Cubic, Saab and QinetiQ staff, were located in adjacent rooms at Westdown Camp, in the middle of DTE-SP. The feedback from the exercise instrumentation allowed the exercise controllers to have a complete overview of what was taking place on the ground; however, although this information allowed precise timing of exercise injects and the monitoring of subsequent activity, its prime purpose was to afford a complete record of ‘who did what to whom’ for the periodic exercise AARs; a successful AAR should supply the ‘why’. AARs can take several forms, depending on the location and availability of the players, and their particular requirements. There is a fully-equipped theatre at Westdown Camp, with room for an audience of 100. There are also 2 truck-mounted ‘field theatres’, which can be taken to the customer; and lastly there are 10 very neat portable systems, packed up in suitcases, which can be set up in a tent or similar location in very short order. In this case, the company group AARs took place in the FOBs, and the BG AAR at Westdown Camp.
full flight mission simulation
Above Who did what to whom? The mobile AAR set up. Image credit: Cubic.
Exercise Pashtun Dawn 15 represented a demonstration of an interim 2-battlegroup instrumented FTX capability (IOC) in response to a UOR; Full Operational Capability (FOC) of Enhanced TES should be in place for Pashtun Dawn 16 in early 2012. Indications from the Land Warfare Centre are that the exercise met all of the train-
operational flight trainer
ing requirements for the participants; furthermore, in terms of co-operation between industry and the MoD to achieve a specific and temporary aim, it was a resounding success, as witnessed by the award of commendations from the Chief of Defence Materiel to the key contributors – Saab, Cubic, the FTU and MoD’s Joint & Battlefield Trainers, Simulations & Synthetic Environments (JBTSE) team. It is to be hoped that this achievement will be reflected in an effective and - as far as is possible – safe period of operations in Afghanistan. ms&t
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Technology Applications
Serious Games in NATO ACT seeks a solution to future training challenges in the virtual. LGen Karlheinz Viereck explains.
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he commercial sector continues to develop many key technologies and applications with the potential for cost-effective adaptation for defence exploitation and use in modelling and simulation (M&S) applications such as defence planning, training, operations and capability development. There is a need to identify those technologies having the greatest near term potential and understand the future trends and developments in those technologies that have potential to meet future defence requirements. Virtual worlds and serious games offer such potential. Nowhere is this application of commercial technologies more prevalent than in the domain of training and education. As warfighting equipment, logistics and computer systems evolve, so too must training systems evolve to best prepare operators for their challenges. As such, flexible and adaptive training standards and systems must be used that provide
the freedom to manipulate the training environment to meet the complex requirements of the modern battlefield. However, a note of practicality needs to be sounded here as it easy for the commercial sector to overwhelm the military planner with ‘potential’ solutions. Over the past two years Allied Command Transformation (ACT) has conducted a series of meetings, workshops, and demonstrations to explore the potential utility of virtual worlds technology to conduct capability development and enable advances in training and education systems. Specifically, the development and demonstration efforts have focused on the potential for virtual world technology to enable a leap to a more immersive, engaging, and effective training paradigm. During the campaign, ACT built three virtual worlds using Nexus from Engineering and Computer Simulations of Orlando, USA. One of the environments was requested by the NATO Centre of Excellence dealing
Above NATO Maritime Interdiction Operations environment “Boarders Ahoy!” Image credit: Engineering & Computer Simulations, Inc.
with maritime interdiction. This world was made into a prototype game called Boarders Ahoy!, the People’s Choice in the Serious Games Showcase and Challenge at I/ITSEC 2010. Serious gaming is finding a niche in the world of training in NATO. Traditional ‘live’ exercises will be still be required but serious games allow military personnel to train in new dimensions, or in unique mission specific areas (e.g. Cyber or Targeting) and at reduced cost. These new dimensions allow, for the first time in training, more realistic conditions to be introduced into the training regimes. Virtual artillery fires, naval gun fire, virtual ordnance, chemical weapons exposure and a variety of additional bat-
technologies such as with virtual worlds and serious games, ACT initiates activities to ensure that the community is consulted and that the international community is aware of the NATO interest. For example, now it is virtually impossible for an avatar to move freely between worlds or games and still retain intrinsic abilities and equipment. A NATO task group on NATO’s Interoperability Requirements for Immersive Environments was recently started to investigate and make recommendations to Nations and international bodies on these issues. It should be noted that training technology should never drive the training community (ie “gaming” the systems), but rather the technology community must meet the requirements of the training community. Trainer must be fore-sighted in identifying the training needs of the future and then provide the technology community with operational requirements and the expectation that they be met. Real success comes when the user and the developer are linked and a clear ‘owner’ of the way forward emerges. ACT has championed the idea of a holistic approach to training wherein training is viewed as a spectrum in which the component pieces (ADL, residential courses, serious games, computer assisted exercise and live exercises) are interwoven and success in each portion of the spectrum depends upon the success in other pieces. In all aspects, the lessons learned and quality feedback systems execute continuous improve-
ISSUE 6.2011
the foreseeable future JTLS, JCATS and VBS will remain the CAX simulations of choice for the NATO community. Within the personal education area the use of simulations and what those simulations should be is not so clear. ACT consults with all partners and goes to great effort to ensure that technologies adopted and promoted are in the best interest of all NATO nations and organisations. To make certain that all NATO interests have an opportunity to give input and to discuss the future policy directions decided by ACT, several information workshops are held each year before policy decisions are undertaken. Usually these workshops are held under the auspices of the NATO Modelling and Simulation Group. An especially relevant and successful series of conferences has been Exploiting Commercial Games and Technologies for Use in NATO. The last two of these conferences have been especially useful in directing M&S policy regarding games technology. In these workshops the government, academic and industry participants discuss, debate, contrast and compare characteristics of advancing technologies and how they may fit into NATO. Additionally, industry has an opportunity to interact and influence policy decisions during conferences such as MODSIM World, ITEC and I/ITSEC. Technology standards feature prominently in policy. ACT works closely with international standards bodies such as SISO and IEEE to ensure that M&S products are fully interoperable. When there are no standards to support emerging
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tlefield effects, heretofore too dangerous to be integrated effectively into training, can be quickly and easily applied. Whilst introducing these enhancements to the training environment, significant cost savings may also be realized. Virtual realities and serious games can replace the costs of very expensive live fire events as well as the expensive maintenance and operating costs of ships, tanks and aircraft. These virtual worlds can provide the ability to deploy forces globally into austere environments with unique missions, simply unaffordable in today’s fiscal environment. Serious games have been around for a long time. Long before video games and other electronics, there were games designed for a primary purpose other than pure entertainment. Typically these were board games that dealt with specific issues in the industries of defense, education, emergency management, politics and so on. For the past several years this clean definition has become somewhat muddied with virtual worlds or massive multiplayer online games, collaborative games, meeting and community environments, and immersive data visualisation. All of this technology seeks and keeps our attention. This has led ACT to conclude that in fact they are all a form of immersive environment. ACT continues to act as a catalyst for change in the NATO M&S community. In part, this is achieved through a technology watch program that investigates promising new technologies along with interoperability enforcement. For
Technology Applications
ment throughout the spectrum. Given this spectrum approach, training systems must be capable of supporting training in each portion of the spectrum across strategic, operational and tactical levels and provide quality feedback to enable improvement. ACT has recently partnered with the NATO M&S Centre of Excellence in Rome and the University of Genoa to investigate and make recommendations on the use of gaming technology for the NATO Defense College in Rome. The investigation, to be performed between now and summer 2012, will look at instruction modules and the senior course final exercise to see how games may enhance the education students receive. Through interviews and visits to final exercises the team will compare the NDC situation to case studies of universities doing similar work. If the results are positive, as expected, and the NDC decides to move ahead experimentation with serious games will begin in late 2012. The future of training in NATO is to find the most effective and efficient means of delivering training within the spectrum approach to a variety of command levels and do so in the most affordable way possible. This applies not only to the point of execution serious games, but also to training management systems and feedback/evaluation systems. The challenge is to find this solution within a flexible framework to adapt for future training challenges. ms&t
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About the Author LGen Karlheinz Viereck is Allied Command Transformation’s (ACT) Deputy Chief of Staff Joint Force Trainer. The article is based on contributions from the ACT Joint Force Trainer and Capability Engineering Divisions.
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A Workshop: Commercial Technology and Games for Use in NATO “This is not serious gaming, this is serious training.” That was the statement that started the workshop, a cooperative effort led by Allied Command Transformation and Great Britain within the framework of the NATO Modelling and Simulation Group (NMSG). Andy Fawkes, the UK representative to the NMSG, helped kick off the workshop and set the tone for a lively, invigorating and thoughtful workshop.
The workshop, held 25 to 27 October 2011 at QinetiQ, Cody Technology Park in Farnborough, UK, was the tenth in a series examining how games could be exploited within defence training and procurement institutions. Of the 40 in-person and eight remote attendees from 12 NATO and PfP nations, five were academics and the remainder were about evenly split between government and industry representatives. Robert Hayes, UK Microsoft Fellow, spoke of the potential impact of Microsoft technology. He gave an example of a mashup where Microsoft has teamed up with Twitter to provide a service in which geo-accurate tweets are displayed on Bing maps. This can be accessed for free on the Bing Maps site. Two other themes that emerged were the demand for military training to use the latest graphics and the impact of social and cultural aspects of gaming. The topic of graphics was addressed initially by Peter Morrison of Bohemia, who said that “photo-realistic graphics are one of the least important requirements for military training. However, glitz and graphics sizzle are what sell games for interactive entertainment.” Hilde Hafnor of FFI Norway has conducted several experiments on the cultural aspects of games. She believes that “The focus is to develop a new contract for network-based military training – the ability to collaborate.” The success of the workshop co-chaired by Stuart Armstrong from QinetiQ and Wayne Buck, Modelling & Simulation Analyst Allied Command Transformation can best be summed up by one attendee who said: “I must confess I hadn’t grasped how much of the focus was on out-reach from NATO to industry and the broader S&T community for solutions and also the strength inherent in the airing of sometimes divergent arguments for different ways of ‘skinning the cat’ in front of a highly informed audience. All in all a very powerful format and one that deserves maximum support.” – Walter F. Ullrich
Show Report
DSEi 2011 London’s ExCel hosted the show from 13 to 16 September 2011. MS&T’s Dim Jones reports.
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lthough the acronym has not changed, it now stands for Defence and Security Equipment International, reflecting the rise in importance of the security aspect, which was represented in the products on display. With nearly 1400 exhibitors on the floor from 46 countries, and national pavilions representing 30 of them, DSEi 2011 was certainly large and, on the surface at any rate, busy – by the end, an estimated 29,112 visitors had passed through the gates, an increase of 16% over the 2009 show. There were official delegations from 55 overseas countries, but my impression was of surprisingly few other military attendees in uniform – perhaps a reflection of tightening travel budgets or increased security-consciousness. Indeed, the event took place against a backdrop of shrinking defence budgets, nowhere more evident than in the UK, and highlighted by the subsequent announcement of significant job losses at BAE Systems. A recent report notes
Above There was plenty to see – with nearly 1,400 exhibitors. Left Dr. Liam Fox's keynote address. All images: Clarion Events.
that defence was worth £22.1bn to the UK economy in 2010, divided roughly 60/40 between domestic and export. However, analysis of the breakdown in each category between air, land and sea reveals a split of 40%/30%/30% in the domestic market as against 75%/17%/8% in exports – an indication of the strength of aerospace in the export market, and the relative lack of resilience to domestic land and sea equipment programme cancellations and delays.
In his keynote address, the Secretary of State for Defence, Dr Liam Fox, highlighted Britain’s status as the world’s 2nd largest defence exporter with the 4th largest defence budget. He emphasized the link between this and international influence, and praised British industry’s support and contribution, but observed that, in government, it was hard to be ‘a hawk on finance and a hawk on defence’, and also that it is ‘difficult to be secure when you are broke’. In referring to the defence industry’s relationship with the UK MoD, he noted that, while ‘profit’ was not a dirty word, neither was ‘competition’ or ‘value for money’. As its name implies, the show’s
Left Nearly 30,000 visitors attended this year's show – a significant increase over the 2009 event.
Visit us at
I/ITSEC Booth 1471
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of the ‘paperless cockpit’ provide instant references to an infinitely greater library of information than the seemingly hundredweights of documents with which
I stuffed my pockets during my flying career. Although not strictly training tools - yet - the potential for wider application is clear. In sum, DSEi 2011 was, certainly in terms of exhibitors and visitors, a success. How the evident enthusiasm of the participants weathers a prolonged period of belt-tightening in the defence sector will be apparent when we reconvene in the same location for DSEi 2013. ms&t
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accent was definitely on equipment and direct supporting elements, and seemed to me weighted towards land systems. Even where the major players have significant training interests, they were not generally very much on show, even though more efficient training – and particularly simulation – has a major part to play in making the front line affordable. One had to look quite hard for groundbreaking developments in training; nevertheless, there were some interesting items. ATOM, a company specialising in counter-terrorism training – and specifically C-IED and EOD – provides bespoke training solutions, and is seeking to take advantage of the emerging scope for outsourcing specialist training, which will be a likely result of uniformed manpower cutbacks in armed forces. Thales was displaying the Australian Light Armoured Vehicle (ASLAV) Desktop Collective Tactical Trainer (ADCTT), which provides technical and tactical gunnery training to LAV commanders, gunners and drivers. It can be modified to replicate a range of vehicles and, judging by the enthusiasm with which it was received by the ‘guest operators’ from the Warrior Gunnery School at Lulworth Cove, there is a place for such a device in their simulator suite. Cubic offered the Mission Rehearsal Planning System (MRPS), a deployable training tool which allows tactical leaders and teams to train for real-world missions in an integrated LVC environment, and can be expanded to include the MILES IWS laser engagement system. Meggitt Training Systems were displaying the latest version of their Indirect Fire Forward Air Control Trainer (IFACT), which can operate in both virtual and man-inthe-loop modes, and supports training for Forward Observers and Fire Support Teams as well as FACs. Lastly, Inzpire, a British company, provides a wide range of training and services for the UK MoD and other international armed forces. This includes Human Factors Training and their Synthetic Exercise Management (White Force) and instructional role at the Air Battlespace Training Centre, currently providing Distributed Synthetic Air-Land Training (DSALT) to personnel about to undertake operational deployments to Afghanistan. What caught my eye, however, was their range of tabletbased cockpit and kneepad mapping and reference devices which, in pursuit
Left
Conference Report
The Military Training & Simulation Asia (MTSA) 2011 conference attracted 120 attendees. Image credit: Clarion Events Asia.
Military Training and Simulation Gathers Pace There is growing interest in training and simulation in reaction to changing environments. Walter F. Ullrich reports on the conference.
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he Military Training & Simulation Asia (MTSA) 2011 conference, held in Singapore on 28 and 29 September 2011, clearly showed that attitudes to military training are changing in Asia. “With the increasing cultural acceptance of using digital technologies like simulation to train their personnel, Asian military forces are recognising it as an important tool to keep their war fighters prepared and proficient in carrying out operations,” said Amo Mostofi, General Manager, Asia at Clarion Events, the conference organisers. As defence budgets are increasing in several Asian countries, options are opening up for more equipment and technologies for the military. It is here that training and simulation come to the fore. Conference topics provided practical advice on how simulation and training can help drive modernisation by focusing on pre-deployment training, war gaming and data modelling.
Keynote speaker Dr Umut Durak, head of modelling simulation at TUBITAK SAGE, the Turkish Defence Industries Research and Development Institute, talked about modelling and simulation concept development, and utilising it for command and control applications. Colonel Francisco Espaillat, Project Manager Combined Arms Tactical Trainers (CATT), gave an overview of US Army pre-deployment simulation training systems. Two Thai experts, Captain Nanata Tantadsakul, and Group Captain Thanapant Raicharoen, informed the audience about the Royal Thai Armed Forces' plans and policies in regard to national simulation capabilities. There is a significant requirement in Thailand for realistic training in different operational environments. The Thai military is also looking at war gaming to simulate large-scale manoeuvres and is investigating cost-effective COTS simulation solutions. The two experts
were joined by speakers from around the region, including Singapore, Australia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Cambodia and Korea. These speakers gave updates on the current status, needs and plans in the S&T arena and spoke about technology issues. For instance, Dr Teo Yong Meng, Associate Professor, Department of Computer Science, National University of Singapore, gave a presentation on the Composable Discrete-Event Scalable Simulation (CODES) framework that will reduce the time and costs of developing complex simulations. Prof. Andreas Tolk, Department of Engineering Management and Systems Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, USA, addressed interoperability and composability matters within military training and simulation, and the path towards the net-centric integration of simulation command and control. Compared to simulation events elsewhere, MTSA was intimate, with 120 attendees. However, as is the case everywhere, it is not so much the quantity but the calibre of the participants that provides an indication of the value of a conference. There was a general consensus that the top speakers from government, industry and academia provided key insights into central modelling and simulation issues as well as specific regional aspects. Moreover, the high-quality audience was ideal for networking, enabling new partnerships and opportunities to be identified. “MTSA 2011 was generally perceived to have been a success and can become a regular event focusing on the needs and opportunities of this region,” the conference chairman, Andreas Tolk, said. In any case, this inaugural MTSA has made a small but valuable contribution towards simulation becoming more accepted by armed forces in Asia. The S&T industry at the MTSA 2011 conference: Boeing, CAT Simulators, Havok, Presagis, projectiondesign, TME Systems (VT MÄK and AGI distributor) and Yusung C&C. ms&t
H H
H H H H
RAISING THE BAR RAISING THE BAR RAISING THE BAR RAISING THE BAR FOR SIMULATION TRAINING FOR SIMULATION TRAINING FOR SIMULATION TRAINING FOR SIMULATION TRAINING
avok, an Intel owned company, provider of avok, isana leading Intel owned comsimulation and 3Dprovider visualizapany, is a leading of tion technologies highly simulationthat andinclude 3D visualizascalable physics, destruction, tion technologies that include procehighly dural character scripting, scalable physics,animation, destruction, procenavigational AI and rendering. Over dural character animation, scripting, the past 12 years, Havok has supportnavigational AI and rendering. Over ed most demanding thethe past 12 years, Havokrequirements has supportof themost commercial games industry ed the demanding requirements and has set the bar for gold standard of the commercial games industry technology andbar support, over and has set the for goldwith standard 500 Havok-powered titles and technology and support, withanothover er projects under development. 500150 Havok-powered titles and anothMost theunder company launched er 150recently, projects development. aMost dedicated & Simulation recently, Military the company launched business division following interest a dedicated Military & Simulation from several early adopters in the Debusiness division following interest fense market.early adopters in the Defrom several fense market. Today, Havok is collaborating with leading partners such as Presagis, Today, Havok is collaborating with TerraSim, and Calytrix, to enleading partners suchaiming as Presagis, sure existing TerraSim, andindustry Calytrix,standards, aiming toconentent, workflow and connectivity all sure existing industry standards, conintegrate seamlessly offer the most tent, workflow and to connectivity all effective, fidelityto3D visualization integrate high seamlessly offer the most and simulation capabilities available. effective, high fidelity 3D visualization Havok’s proven technology currentand simulation capabilities isavailable. ly beingproven used by leading integrators Havok’s technology is currentto develop simulation ly being usedhigh-fidelity by leading integrators for tactical training, MOUT, operator to develop high-fidelity simulation training, driver training, 3D operator mission for tactical training, MOUT, training, prototyping, vehicle simuladriver training, 3D mission tion, avatars and special effects.simulatraining, prototyping, vehicle tion, avatars and special effects. Havok will be demonstrating these at I/ITSEC Havok willsolutions be demonstrating November 28-December 1 these solutions at I/ITSEC Booth #2527 November 28-December 1 Havok™ is aBooth wholly #2527 owned subsidiary of™Intel® Corporation. Havok is a wholly owned subsidiary of Intel® Corporation.
““ CAT SIMULATORS
We have always understood the power of our technology and are excited see leading integrators take advantage of Havok’s We havetoalways understood the power of our technology andcapabilities are to buildto simulations that go abovetake andadvantage beyond customers’ expectations. excited see leading integrators of Havok’s capabilities David Coghlan, Managing Director of Havok to build simulations that-go above and beyond customers’ expectations. - David Coghlan, Managing Director of Havok
CAT SIMULATORS CATSIMULATORS SIMULATORS CAT
””
Simformotion LLC, a licensee for Cat® Simulators for Caterpillar Inc., designs and manufactures PC-based software simulated equipment The Inc., company is and using Havok’s 3D Simformotion LLC, aand licensee for Cat® Simulatorshardware. for Caterpillar designs manufactures Vision Engine to develop realistic operator training systems for their clients. Vision Engine PC-based software and simulated equipment hardware. The company is using Havok’s 3D enables them to todevelop simulaterealistic virtuallyoperator every detail of systems the real for environment such as terrain, Vision Engine training their clients. Vision Engine foliage, vehicles; allowing their clients gain familiarity of controls and master operating enablesand them to simulate virtually everytodetail of the real environment such as terrain, techniques before moving totheir the clients real thing. Havok Vision of Engine was chosen leading foliage, and vehicles; allowing to gain familiarity controls and masterfor operating rendering enhanced helping teams accelerate development of techniquesquality beforeand moving to theworkflow, real thing. Havoktheir Vision Engine was chosen for leading high-end systems. renderingsimulation quality and enhanced workflow, helping their teams accelerate development of high-end simulation systems.
DIGINEXT DIGINEXT DIGINEXT DIGINEXT
DIGINEXT is a leading provider of innovative products and integrated systems with unique expertise simulation, interactiveproducts visualization, and training. DIGINEXT using DIGINEXT in is amodeling, leading provider of innovative and integrated systems withisunique Havok AI to simulate intelligentinteractive agents as part of a military system, providing expertise inhelp modeling, simulation, visualization, andsimulation training. DIGINEXT is using realistic for next generation operational centers in charge of supervising Havok AIhuman to helpbehaviors simulate intelligent agents as part of a military simulation system, providing virtual/live exercises of urban training. DIGINEXT chose Havok because it provided realistic human behaviors forcombat next generation operational centers in AI charge of supervising them with exercises an intuitive and combat robust training. solution DIGINEXT for path chose planning and behavior virtual/live of urban Havok AI advanced because it provided programming virtuallyand populate environments. them with antointuitive robust solution for path planning and advanced behavior programming to virtually populate environments.
KMW KMW KMW KMW
Krauss-Maffei Wegmann (KMW), Europe’s top producer of highly protected combat vehicles and a world leader in simulation technology groundofsystems serves thecombat armed forces of Krauss-Maffei Wegmann (KMW), Europe’s topfor producer highly protected vehicles more nations worldwide.technology KMW turned Havok systems in an effort to enhance theforces quality and a than world30leader in simulation fortoground serves the armed of and their BatSIM®, KMW’s combat system military operations that is morerealism than 30ofnations worldwide. KMW turnedtraining to Havok in anfor effort to enhance the quality designed to of provide operators of their tracked or wheeled vehicles with flexible and realism their BatSIM®, KMW’s combat training system combat for military operations that is simulation-based training resources. Havok’s solutions were chosen following a rigorous designed to provide operators of their tracked or wheeled combat vehicles with flexible evaluation factoring in a combination of quality, performance workflow metrics to help simulation-based training resources. Havok’s solutions were and chosen following a rigorous KMW exceed very demanding customer evaluation factoring in a combination ofrequirements. quality, performance and workflow metrics to help KMW exceed very demanding customer requirements.
““
Effective simulation training requires a fully immersive experience. Our technologies will be training at the forefront developers create these Effective simulation requiresofa helping fully immersive experience. Our highly realisticwill experiences. Our aim of is to work with key partners technologies be at the forefront helping developers createto these raise bar forexperiences. the entire industry. highlythe realistic Our aim is to work with key partners to Cory Kumm, Director of Simulation at Havok raise the bar for the entire industry. - Cory Kumm, Director of Simulation at Havok
Learn More www.havoksimulation.com Learn More Havok©2011. All company names, marks, and brands arewww.havoksimulation.com the property of their respective owners (All Rights Reserved.) Havok©2011. All company names, marks, and brands are the property of their respective owners (All Rights Reserved.)
””
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WTSS Contract - Meggitt Training Systems has won an A$29m (US$30.8m) contract with the Australian Defence Force (ADF) to operate and maintain the primary small and supporting arms simulation training centres known as WTSS (weapon training simulation system) facilities. The operations and maintenance contract, runs from July 2011 to June 2016, following an original award in 1999. Meggitt Training Systems will provide operations and maintenance for 18 sites located at major troop locations in every state and territory throughout Australia. AGTS Upgrade - The US Army Program Executive Office of Simulation, Training and Instrumentation (PEO STRI) has awarded Lockheed Martin a $28.6 million contract to upgrade more than 60 advanced gunnery training systems (AGTS) for M1A1 and M1A2 main battle tanks. The company will also provide 11 new M1A2 training systems during the two-year effort. Additional upgrades include new graphic user interfaces, such as more pull-down menus for the instructor screens, making it even easier for instructors to monitor and control the training scenarios. Machine Gun Simulator - Saab has won a 40 MSEK contract from the German Federal Office of Defence Technology and Procurement (BWB) for development and serial deliveries of the BT46 simulator for the German AGDUS training concept (a dualsimulator training system). The simulator will be used for the Grenade machine gun with 40mm ammunition. Weapon Simulator - VirTra Systems has won a contract for a 180-degree shooting simulator from the United States Navy that will be used by Naval Support Activity South Potomac (NSASP). The VirTra 180 advances individual and collective military training. Three screens provide an immersive and versatile platform for engagement skills training that also reconfigures to support up to nine firing lanes for marksmanship training. The system includes recoil kits that use gas instead of ammunition to simulate recoil. Also ordered was VirTra's patented Threat-Fire device that further enhances training realism with an adjustable electric impulse that simulates return fire. Shooting Range Simulator - VirTra Systems has won a contract award for two shooting range simulators from the US Marine Corps. VirTra's patented Threat-Fire™ system is also included in the purchase. The VirTra Range includes a variety of military targets and allows an immediate shot-by-shot review of marksmanship accuracy.
Supporting Army Training Ranges - The US Army has selected Lockheed Martin to install and support live-fire training ranges around the world for its five-year Army Targetry Systems II (ATS II) program. Lockheed Martin will begin integration support at the US Army's training range at Fort Devens, Mass., under an initial $680,000 task order award. As one of five prime contractors selected for the program, the indefinite delivery/indefinite quantity contract has a ceiling value of $475 million over five years. Live-Fire Targetry Contract - Meggitt Training Systems has been selected as one of five suppliers to provide equipment for live-fire training ranges at US Army installations worldwide in a fixed price contract worth up to $475 million over the next five years.
ISSUE 6.2011
A compendium of current news from the military simulation and training industry, compiled and edited by news editor Fiona Greenyer and the MS&T editorial team. For the latest breaking news and in-depth reports go to www.halldale.com.
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HEMTT Virtual Trainer - The DiSTI Corporation has delivered a high fidelity and interactive training application for the HEMTT M978 Tanker to the Oshkosh Corporation. With this application, students are effectively trained on the fueling and de-fueling procedures of the Tanker virtually. DiSTI worked with Oshkosh to develop the advanced Fuel Module Lesson Framework, combining the implementation of interactive schematics for the hydraulics, electrical, and pneumatic systems with 3D graphics. The trainer has 15 interactive lessons which cover topics on component location, schematics, pre-operation steps, filling procedures, bulk loading, recirculation and fuel dispensing. Tactical Vehicle System - Cubic Defense Applications has received a task order of $16.8 million for Instrumentable Multiple Integrated Laser Engagement System Tactical Vehicle System (IMILES TVS) kits from the US Army's Program Executive Office for Simulation, Training and Instrumentation (PEO STRI). IMILES TVS, the vehicular version of Cubic's man-worn Multiple Integrated Laser Engagement System Individual Weapons System (MILES IWS), equips HMMWVs and other tactical vehicles with the lasers, sensors and electronics used during force-on-force combat training exercises.
Training Systems Immersive Training Platform - Quantum3D, Inc. is to provide its ExpeditionDI immersive training platform to Intelligent Decisions, Inc. for the Close Combat Tactical Training – Dismounted Soldier Training System (CCTT-DSTS) led by the Army's Program Executive Office for Simulation, Training and Instrumentation (PEO-STRI). As part of the Intelligent Decisions dismounted soldier training system, ExpeditionDI will allow soldiers to
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USAF C-130J Training Technology The US Air Force has awarded Lockheed Martin an $84.3 million contract to provide the first phase of the C-130J Maintenance and Aircrew Training System (MATS) II program. Under the award, Lockheed will deliver four weapons systems trainers for aircrew instruction and provide program management and engineering services.
exhibiting at I/ITSEC, Orlando, Florida from November 28 – December 1. Booth number 2919.
ISSUE 6.2011
Vehicle
simulate individual and squad-based close-combat exercises. ExpeditionDI is equipped with advanced technologies, including a high-resolution head mounted display (HMD) and a powerful battery-powered wearable computing pack, so infantry squads can move through and interact in a virtual environment while fighting and communicating. Virtual Training System - Raytheon Company has signed a contract with BCL Secure Premises Pvt. Ltd. to provide a virtual immersive training system to the New Delhi-based company, which serves as a re-seller of VIRTSIM in the region. This order makes VIRTSIM available for the first time to Indian and regional customers. Raytheon is teamed with Motion Reality, Inc. (MRI) in providing VIRTSIM, a fully-immersive, 3-D small unit tactical training simulation system that applies MRI's motion capture and Hollywood movie technology. A single system allows a full squad of up to 13 individuals to interactively train in customized mission scenarios with complete freedom of motion. Advanced Disaster Management Simulator - Environmental Tectonics Corporation's (ETC) Simulation Division has contracted with the Royal Netherlands Air Force (RNLAF) for the delivery of an ADMS-AIRBASE training system. The virtual reality simulation system will be installed at the RNLAF Fire Academy at Woendrecht Airbase in the Netherlands, and used for training and assessment of on-scene incident and vehicle commanders. ADMS will enhance the RNLAF's training of critical command and control skills needed when faced with a military airbase aircraft or helicopter incident. The system is portable and will allow both in-residence training and deployment to off-site locations.
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The indefinite delivery/indefinite quantity (IDIQ) contract is with TACOM, the US Army Contracting Command. Meggitt will manufacture and install stationary and moving infantry and armor target mechanisms and control systems and provide product support.
05/09/2011 15:02
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The Air Mobility Command, Air Combat Command and Air Force Special Operations Command will begin instruction on the weapons systems trainers in 2014. The training systems feature the latest simulation technology, including an electronic motion platform, an enhanced visual system and distributed mission operations networking that allows aircrews to train with remote and virtual participants.
Maintenance Training NVG Maintenance Training - Night Flight Concepts (NFC) has completed provision of night vision goggle (NVG) maintenance training to the National Research Council of Canada (NRC). The training will help to further NVG lifecycle support and capability development in the evolving Canadian NVG market. NRC has provided critical inputs to an industry-wide consultation process in the last year led by Transport Canada aimed to help frame the formal provisions within the Canadian Aviation Regulations (CARs) that will soon give the Canadian aviation community – both fixed and rotary-wing – comprehensive oversight on the training and use of night vision goggles and related imaging systems. Super Hornet Maintenance Trainer - The DiSTI Corporation and the Boeing Company have delivered two F/A-18E integrated visual environment maintenance trainers (IVEMT) ahead of schedule and within budget. Delivery of the IVEMTs by the Naval Aviation Training Systems program office to the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) will provide simulation-based maintenance training support for the Australian Super Hornet F/A-18E/F jet aircraft. The IVEMT is a 3D, fully interactive virtual maintenance trainer that allows military personnel to navigate within an immersive virtual environment and perform over 400 simulated aircraft maintenance procedures. Royal Canadian Navy Using NGRAIN Simulation - The Royal Canadian Navy has selected NGRAIN's virtual task trainer (VTT) solution to provide maintenance training for the Royal Canadian Naval Operations School (CFNOS). Supporting the maintenance of the Air and Hydraulics Systems on Canada's four Victoria-class submarines, the sim-
ulation-based training will be blended with instructor-led and hands-on training to deliver parts familiarization, enable skill acquisition, and facilitate the application of system knowledge. F-35 Weapons Load Training System - Lockheed Martin has delivered and installed the first weapons load training device at the F-35 integrated pilotand-maintenance training center (ITC) at Eglin Air Force Base's 33rd Fighter Wing. Configured in all three variants of the F-35 Lightning II, the system allows maintenance students to hone their skills loading munitions, fuel tanks and missile systems onto the aircraft. The system is the first of up to five possible weapons load trainers to be delivered to the ITC.
ATC Training ATC Sims Accredited - The UFA ATCoach® and ATTower® simulators being used by the 2nd/130th Army National Guard Airfield Operations Battalion (ARNG AOB) at Ft. Bragg have received formal accreditation by the US Army Directorate of Simulation for ATC Tower and Radar training. With the accreditation of these simulators, Air Traffic Controllers will be able to count simulation hours towards their qualifications. US Navy Selects Tower Simulator The US Navy’s Naval Air Warfare Center Training Systems Division has selected the ATTower Tower simulator for the 4th Marine Air Wing (MAW) Aviation Training Systems at Naval Air Station JRB Fort Worth. The product suite offers state-of-theart ATView® 3D Graphics with simulated weather information, integrated radar
Above Integrated Visual Environment Maintenance Trainers (IVEMT) Image credit: DiSTI Corporation.
displays, ATRadio® ETVS simulated VCS, and simulation of other key tower systems to provide the highest fidelity training capability. UFA will deliver a photorealistic airport database of the base airport and moving models for the wide variety of military aircraft operating at this airfield. The Navy also selected the ATVoice® Voice Recognition and Response product that allows training of Controllers without the need for additional support staff. This installation will be the 20th ATTower Tower Simulation System deployed across various US Military facilities.
Helicopter Training Developing Aircrew Skills - The Royal Australian Navy has signed a new contract with Raytheon Australia to provide three Bell 429 helicopters aimed to maintain and develop the skills of junior naval helicopter aircrew. The helicopters will be operated by the Navy’s 723 Squadron in Nowra. “This is one way the Navy is making sure that pilots and aircrew are ready for the new Romeo combat helicopters which will start arriving in 2014,” said Minister for Defence Materiel Jason Clare. The contract is worth around $26 million over four years and includes support and maintenance.
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World News & Analysis
The new helicopters will operate for four years from 2012 and are expected to fly around 1500 hours per year. Chinook Maintenance Training - The Boeing Company is teaming with the Rotary Wing Training Center (RWTC), a subsidiary of the Netherlands' World Class Aviation Academy (WCAA), to establish a CH-47 Chinook helicopter maintenance training facility near the Dutch Gilze-Rijen Airbase. The training center will help address the needs of international Chinook operators. The training is set to begin in the first quarter of 2012, and will include current technical information and courseware tailored for CH-47 mechanics, technicians, pilots and crewmembers. The program will cover theory, troubleshooting and fault isolation, as well as maintenance and servicing. Students will receive practical training on a retired Chinook airframe.
Above Transas navigational simulator at Uruguay Naval Academy. Image credit: Transas.
Aircrew Training Fifth USAF F-16 Mission Training Center - L-3 Link Simulation & Training (L-3 Link) has received a contract option from the US Air Force to build a fifth F-16 Mission Training Center (MTC). The new facility will help maximize pilot operational readiness while reducing overall training costs. Pilots will be able to practice air-to-air and air-to-ground missions under any condition that might be encountered during actual flight. Each F-16 MTC consists of four simulators, incorporates high-definition displays, image generation, databases and dynamic environments.
ISSUE 6.2011
Naval Training
MS&T MAGAZINE
56
LHD Training - BAE Systems has won a contract to develop and deliver training for the Royal Australian Navy's (RAN) Landing Helicopter Dock (LHD) ships. Computer simulation technology will allow BAE to recreate, and for the crew to interact, with the LHD environment, before the delivery of the first ship. Once created, the simulator programs can be easily migrated to AWDs, ANZACs and FFGs, which could benefit the navy for all future training programs. Work is underway on the development of some of the simulated training through KBR, which developed the
avatar technology used in the Virtual Ship Training and Information System (ViSTIS), to be used for the LHD. BAE Systems also awarded a contract to Kongsberg Maritime to provide a custom engine room simulator for the engineers who will serve aboard the LHDs. Transas Simulators for Uruguay Navy - The Naval Academy of the Uruguay Navy has completed the acquisition and installation of a simulator complex by Transas including the navigation and manoeuvring simulator NTPRO 5000, GMDSS communications simulator TGS 5000 and engine room simulator ERS 5000 SOLO. The navigation simulator consists of a full mission bridge with seven visual channels on 50" plasma displays, and consoles equipped with the necessary hardware for maximum navigation realism in addition to radars, ECDIS, manoeuvring and steering consoles, dedicated panels, VHF equipment, Aids to Navigation, dual and single telegraph for machinery control, bow thrusters, Z-Drive propulsion control, and a full GMDSS communications station, interconnected to GMDSS simulator TGS 5000. Two part-task mission bridges with three visual channels each on 42" plasma displays provide additional training capabilities.
Submarine Sonar Tactical Trainer - DSIT Solutions Ltd., a subsidiary of Acorn Energy Inc. has received multiple awards for its recently delivered Submarine Tactical Trainer (STT). The STT provides a full representation of the spectrum of submarine weapon systems, sonar sensors, and Command and Control application as they are on the Israeli Navy's Dolphin submarines. Australian Destroyer Program Simulator Contract - Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace has been awarded a Command Team Trainer Simulation Infrastructure contract in the order of 50 MNOK, under which Kongsberg will support Raytheon Australia Pty Ltd (the Australian Air Warfare Destroyer Combat System Systems Engineer) in the delivery of this central component of the Hobart Class Air Warfare Destroyers Command Team Trainer. The Simulation Infrastructure is based on Kongsberg's PROTEUS Naval Training Technology and will provide the Hobart Class Command Team Trainer (CTT) with exercise control and a common synthetic environment for integration of the Aegis Weapon System and other Hobart class sensors and effectors. The Simulation Infrastructure also provides Link 11/16 and DIS interfaces for external joint collaborative training. Naval Task Force Simulator Classroom - VSTEP, in cooperation with its Korean partner Dongkang M-Tech have successfully delivered and installed a full NAUTIS Naval Task Force maritime simulator classroom at The Korean Naval College in South Korea.
n aT i o n a l T r a i n i n g a n d s i m u l aT i o n a s s o c i aT i o n T H e w o r l d ’ s l a r g e s T m o d e l i n g & s i m u l aT i o n e v e n T
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World News & Analysis ISSUE 6.2011 MS&T MAGAZINE
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The classroom consists of 20 NAUTIS Naval Task Force trainee stations and an instructor station. The Korean Naval College has selected NAUTIS for efficient maritime training and preparation of cadets and naval personnel in ship handling and navigation. Warfare Training Facility - The UK Royal Navy has unveiled its new stateof-the-art warfare training facility which will ensure its next generation of sailors are among the best prepared in the world. Representing the most radical change to its training for over 40 years, the Maritime Composite Training System (MCTS) provides shore-based training for Warfare teams. It allows crews to prepare for service on the latest Type 45 Destroyers, as well as Type 23 frigates, Type 42 Destroyers, Assault ships and Carriers. Based across two sites at Fareham and Plymouth, the MCTS features banks of flat panel LCD screens faithfully replicating equipment used at sea. The system will be used by around 1,000 new trainees a year and will allow existing personnel to maintain their warfare skills. The two MCTS sites are nearly 200 miles apart but are connected by a fibre optic link. At HMS Collingwood in Fareham, Hampshire there are three reconfigurable Warfare Team Trainers (WTT) and eight Electronic Classroom Trainers (ECT) with a similar facility at Devonport in Plymouth consisting of two WTTs and one ECT. $42 M US Navy Training Contract - Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) has been awarded a prime contract by the United States Navy to provide operational and tactical training support to United States Fleet Forces Command (USFF). The singleaward contract has a six-month period of performance, four one-month options, and a contract value of more than $42 million if all options are exercised. Under the contract, SAIC will provide operational and tactical support to USFF and associated fleet commands, assisting them with fleet training policy and curriculum development and implementation. SAIC will also assist with development, execution, assessment, and reconstruction of simulation-driven training events and exercises.
Above The Maritime Composite Training System (MCTS). Image credit: BAE Systems.
Combat Training Laser Engagement Training Systems - Cubic Defense Applications has won a US$49 million indefinite delivery type contract from the US Marine Corps Systems Command to supply an advanced Instrumented-Tactical Engagement Simulation System (I-TESS II). This system will be used in Marine force-on-force and force-on-target training exercises, including indoor and outdoor military operations in urban terrain (MOUT) training, at multiple locations in the US and abroad. I-TESS II is a fully integrated ground combat training system based on the company's latest laser-based wireless instrumentation products. This system includes small arms laser transmitters, rocket-propelled grenade and AT-4 antiarmor simulators, man-worn and wireless vehicle laser detection, and mobile and portable command and control systems that capture and display real-time participant position/status and creates objective data based after-action reviews. Cubic Defense Applications has also won a competitive contract worth at least $19 million for the Instrumentable
Multiple Integrated Laser Engagement System Individual Weapons System (I-MILES IWS). The initial order is for the base year of a contract with four option years and a potential value of more than $200 million. The award is for an upgraded Performance Specifications of I-MILES IWS 2010, the Army’s latest-generation tactical engagement simulation system. It uses laser emitters mounted on actual weapons and on-body sensors to realistically replicate combat and record what happened for later review. Support Contract Extension - Saab has signed an extension to a support contract with the British Army. The order sum is MSEK 150 and covers the maintenance and support of delivered training systems used by British Army and implementation of the OSAG 2.0 laser code. The contract is an extension of an existing support contract which enables the British Army to conduct realistic combined arms training on the training arenas in UK, Canada and Germany. Saab will provide the service for a period of two years. The extended contract also includes the implementation of OSAG 2.0, a new international standard for optical laser codes, that will enable the British Army to be interoperable with other nation's laser based Tactical Engagement Simulator Systems during joint exercises around the world.
U
INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION
2012
LAND SECURITY & DEFENCE SHOWCASING TRAINING & SIMULATION FOR FORCES AND DECISION MAKERS - 180 exhibiting companies involved in Training & Simulation - Dedicated Training and Simulation cluster in a marked area - Close to 10,000 visitors among 54,000 declared interest in T&S products and systems - From high ranking government and military/security authorities to operational users All figures refer to 2010 exhibition
Under the patronage of
11 - 15 JUNE 2012 / PARIS www.eurosatory.com
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US Army Training in Europe - Boeing’s wholly owned subsidiary Tapestry Solutions has been selected by the Department of Defense (DOD) to conduct training exercises for the US Army in Europe under the Joint Multinational Simulation Center's Battle Staff Training contract. Tapestry was awarded a five-year, $59 million contract to design, plan and conduct exercises ranging from Army unit-level activities to large-scale events involving multinational forces, such as the European Command's annual Austere Challenge. The contract calls for the Tapestry team to provide support to the Joint Multinational Simulation Center in Grafenwohr, Germany, and to its satellites in Kaiserslautern, Germany, and Vicenza, Italy. Tapestry will also support the Joint Multinational Readiness Center in Hohenfels, Germany, as that center prepares US and multinational brigade combat teams for missions under the US Army's Combat Training Center program. In addition, Tapestry will supply and coordinate training capability for the Joint Multinational Training Command's Multinational Mission Command Training program as part of United States European Command's (USEUCOM) engagement plan with countries across the European Area of Operational Responsibility.
ISSUE 6.2011
Software
MS&T MAGAZINE
60
Scenario Design Tool - Aptima and BGI LLC have developed CROSSTAFF, a software suite for re-creating flyable scenarios directly from flight log data. CROSSTAFF enables pilots to gain valuable experience by re-flying actual mishap conditions in the safety of an immersive simulator environment. CROSSTAFF (Creating Requirements for Operational Safety Support Through Assessment of Flight simulation Fidelity) is being developed for the Naval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division (NAWCAD) as an initiative to improve safety training. It will help instructors easily script and reproduce mishap scenarios based on the conditions and events logged by flight data recorders. It builds on the DoD's Military Flight Operations Quality Assurance (MFOQA) program, which aims to collect meaningful flight data
Left A Frasca FTD housed in its own portable trailer complete with visual systems. Image credit: Frasca International.
from across the services, leveraging it to improve training and avert mishaps. RDECOM Contract - Adapx has won a contract with the US Army Research Laboratory's Simulation and Training Technology Center (STTC) to build advanced speech and sketch interfaces for course-of-action simulators with Capturx. The Capturx natural interfaces enable commanders of small units to model outcomes faster and improve decision making without the distractions and data-capture obstacles of today's complex C2 and C4ISR interfaces. Commanders will be able to enter data into computer simulators by using their standard operating procedures speaking in natural military jargon and sketching plans and military symbols on maps. With the click of a button, the spoken and sketched commands become digital courses of action for immediate simulation. Capturx Command and Control Solutions enable warfighters to quickly capture Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) data or create digital courses of action using speech and sketch with touch-screen computers in vehicles or Android handhelds when dismounted.
Flight Simulators & Training Devices Hercules FFMS Upgrade - CAE Australia has upgraded the Royal Australian Air Force's C-130J Hercules full flight
and mission simulator (FFMS) to provide additional tactical training capabilities. CAE Australia upgraded the simulator with a new radar warning receiver simulation, which will be used to provide C-130J aircrews with early warning and threat detection alerts during training. Instructors will also be able to insert various radar threats into the training sessions. Frasca Simulators in Afghanistan Six Frasca flight simulators installed in portable trailers have been delivered to the Shindand Air Force Base in Afghanistan for use by the Afghanistan National Army Air Corps for training. As part of a contract with Cessna Aircraft, Frasca completed and delivered the simulators to the USAF/Afghan Air Force. The simulators include two Cessna 208B Caravan Level 5 FTDs, two Cessna T182T Skylane Level 5 FTDs and two Cessna T182T Skylane BATDs, each housed in its own portable trainer complete with TruVision™ visual systems with customized databases including several areas of Afghanistan as well as instructor operator and debriefing stations. Black Hawk Sims - Rockwell Collins has received a $35.8 million US Army contract extension to produce more Black Hawk helicopter simulators. Rockwell will build four more transportable Black Hawk operations simulator (T-BOS) devices for the Army, in addition to the ten Black Hawk simulators already produced as part of the original contract. The simulator is inside a transportable container, so the Army can take the device wherever it is needed, including battle locations. The new contract is expected to be completed by Sept. 29, 2015. CAE Awarded Military Contracts from Seven Countries - CAE has been awarded a series of military contracts from the defence forces of seven countries valued at more than C$125 million. CAE USA has won a competitive contract to develop two Undergraduate Military Flight Officer (UMFO) multicrew simulators (MCS) for the US Navy.
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These simulators, which will be based on CAE's existing mission crew trainer and tactical mission trainer products, will be used by the Navy to provide student flight officers with the knowledge and skills required to function in a joint, network-centric warfare environment. The training devices will be delivered to Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida, USA, in 2013. The US Air Force has awarded CAE USA a contract modification to provide a range of upgrades to KC-135 operational flight trainers (OFTs). CAE will update a total of 11 KC-135 OFTs to enhance simulator reliability and maintainability, as well as ensure concurrency with the actual aircraft. In addition, the US Air Force has exercised the option for the second year of aircrew training services provided by CAE USA as the prime contractor on the KC-135 ATS program. In addition, CAE has been awarded two contracts from undisclosed customers in the US and the Middle East to design and manufacture a total of seven operational flight trainers.
ISSUE 6.2011
Medical Training
MS&T MAGAZINE
62
Medical Combat Training - The University of Missouri (MU) has received a $5.3 million federal grant to evaluate and refine how combat medics, emergency responders on the battlefield, will be trained in the future using simulation. With the US Department of Defense funding, MU established the Combat Casualty Training Consortium (MU CCTC), to analyze the effectiveness of existing training and make recommendations for how combat trauma care should be performed in the future. "Funding will support our researchers in evaluating the effectiveness of existing combat medic training methods in three critical research areas: haemorrhage control, airway management and emergency medicine skills," said Stephen Barnes, principal investigator of the consortium. The program will assess the effectiveness of current methods and recommend how the US Department of Defense will train combat medics, said Barnes, and this grant can help improve the care of wounded soldiers and standardize the way medics are trained. Simulation models can be used to simulate various
Above CAE is the prime contractor on the KC-135 ATS programme. Image credit: US Air Force.
medical scenarios while giving feedback to participants in real time. Barnes and his colleagues at MU will lead a team of more than 30 civilian and military experts across the country on the research project. The primary grant partners include the University of Alabama-Birmingham, University of South Florida, University of Central Florida and Information Visualization And Innovative Research, a program and systems management firm in Florida.
Business to Business Training Optimisation in Defence - LINE Communications have signed a teaming agreement with US based Turtle Rattle Learning (TRL) who are leaders in technology driven learning paradigm shifts that combine innovation and the best aspects of traditional education and training. Commenting, Keith Downes, Director and Defence Lead said, "LINE and TRL have been working together informally now for several years to pragmatically apply the MoD's training transformation and optimisation agenda. With LINE's capability in designing and implementing learning architectures, blended content development and in particular Consulting in Training Transformation under DTR P2 for DCLPA coupled with TRL's work in developing an Active Learning
Instructional Methodology ALIM) welding pilot project with Holdfast at RSME, we are well placed under this Teaming Agreement to address some key Defence training optimisation issues." The ALIM methodology encourages independent problem solving and team working to solve organisational challenges under instructor direction as appropriate. The methodology is mature and in play at key innovation leaders like the Royal School of Military Engineering (RSME), Chatham.
Products DiSTI Unveils Replic8 - The DiSTI Corporation will introduce Replic8™ at I/ITSEC 2011. Replic8 is a new software tool to create interactive virtual training content from Autodesk’s 3D Studio Max. It allows users to easily produce compelling 3D interactive training content through a simplified development process. Replic8 introduces a “Design by Doing” concept, giving modelers the ability to configure and design the training application by interacting with the 3D objects instead of the traditional method that requires the manual manipulation of data. Modelers create feature rich 3D objects complete with multiple texture layers and animations knowing that Replic8 will retain those details for use in the lesson materials. Mechdyne Advances Conduit Software - Mechdyne Corporation has advanced its Conduit™ software to allow multiple users wearing motion capture suits to “step inside” a virtual human, or avatar, and interact directly
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with data from a more realistic simulation perspective. Mechdyne’s newly refined technology is comprised of the Multi-User option and Mannequin Tracker Module of their Conduit for V5 software. When paired with the IPSI Server and RTI-Delmia software from Haption, users can collaborate and interact with their V5 designs for many business and research possibilities.
Shows & Events Sixth NATO CAX Forum - The sixth NATO Joint Computer Assisted Exercise Forum (CAX ’11) was held in Rome, Italy from September 12 to 15, 2011. Its primary goal was to promote the exchange of information and ‘best practices’ among the staffs of NATO and national simulation/training centres. The planning and execution of the CAX Forum is now the responsibility of the NATO Modelling and Simulation (M&S) Centre of Excellence (COE). With 220 attendees the conference almost doubled in size compared to last year. Part of the brilliance of this year’s conference was that it teamed up with the I3M:
The 8th International Mediterranean & Latin American Modelling Multiconference, with its own 300 mostly academic attendees. With 18 industry partners also in attendance, the resulting mélange was a true success and demonstrated well the COE’s mantra of working within the triangle of government, academia and industry whenever possible. A number of special topics were also presented and discussed, including the comprehensive approach, medical and pandemics, cyber defence, reconstruction and stability, and refugees. Col Francesco Mastrorosa, Director of the NATO M&S COE, said at the closing event: “Due to the spectacular success of this year’s CAX Forum, I invite you to come back again next year to this same venue where the COE will again be pleased to host this event.”
Arrivals & Departures projectiondesign - As the latest step in their global growth strategy to provide support for local partners, projectiondesign has opened an office in the heart of Russia's capital. To coincide with the increased local presence, industry vet-
eran Stein Ramsli has taken on the role of regional director, Russia and CIS. Ramsli previously held the position of managing director at Cisco/TANDBERG Russia and PLC and has extensive experience in working in the region. At the same time, several new staff appointments have been made to support local business with partners and customers, as well as building a strong business foundation in the region. Andrey Mankos has joined projectiondesign as business development manager, Russia and CIS and brings strong experience in distribution and systems integration in Russia. Ludmila Limanskaya, executive assistant will provide local marketing and business activity support. Lastly, Grigory Eryomin is appointed to the position of field applications engineer to support partners with any technical and service enquiries. projectiondesign has also named Rik Coder to fill the newly created position of vice president of Government Sales. VirTra Systems - John Hinnant has been appointed as vice president of Business Development for VirTra Systems. Hinnant’s career positions include being an Intelligence Analyst in the US Army,
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Adjacent to the new VA Medical Center in tranquil Lake Nona, Central Adjacent to the new VA Medical Center in tranquil Lake Nona, Central Florida Veterans’ Memorial Park will be a place of remembering our heroes, Florida Veterans’ Memorial Park willcountry be a place of remembering heroes, honoring their contributions to our and healing of brokenour hearts. honoring their contributions to our country and healing of broken hearts. Your contributions are an essential element of this great endeavor. Your contributions are an essential element of this great endeavor. Donations accepted at www.CFVMPF.org or Donations accepted at www.CFVMPF.org P.O. Box 4303, Winter Park, FL 32793-4303 or P.O. Box 4303, Winter Park, FL 32793-4303 Pledges accepted at www.CFVMPF.org Pledges accepted at www.CFVMPF.org Visit us at I/ITSEC – Booth 3063 or permit us an Visit us at I/ITSEC – Booth 3063 of or your permit us an opportunity to brief members organization opportunity to brief members of your organization Naming Opportunities include: Naming Opportunities include: Amphitheater Amphitheater Granite monuments monuments Granite Water feature Water feature Open pavilion pavilion Open Benches Benches Walkway Walkway Gateway pillars pillars Gateway Trees Trees
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Hultin is appointed managing director. Prior to this Hultin has been senior director Business Development for several Saab units since 2007. NGRAIN - announced that Gabe Batstone has been appointed as the company’s Chief Executive Officer. Batstone forecasts an “… unprecedented period of growth” and states “NGRAIN plans to be the undisputed 3D simulation software leader of this transformation.” ms&t
a Program Lead at PEO STRI, and a Program Manager at the FBI. Most recently he was a Managing Director at Intelligent Decisions. Saab - Saab AB has officially opened its UK headquarters and appointed the senior management team who will expand the company's reach into the British defence market. Rustan Nicander is appointed chairman of the new UK business. Nicander is vice president and Head of Region Europe at Saab AB. Peter
Index of Ads International Armoured Vehicles 2012
AgustaWestland www.agustawestland.com
6
www.antycipsimulation.com
25
Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace
www.bisimulations.com 13
www.kongsberg.com
Booz Allen Hamilton
L-3 Link Simulation & Training
www.boozallen.com/rfwn 17
www.L-3com.com
CAE
Lockheed Martin
www.cae.com OBC
www.lockheedmartin.com/how
CATI Training Systems
MetaVR 19
Northrup Grumman
www.cfvmpf.org 65
www.northropgrumman.com/training
Christie Digital
Military Flight Training 2012 9
Concurrent Computer Corporation 10
Creative Technologies 12
www.projectiondesign.com
Cubic Defense
Raytheon 37
47
IFC
www.rgb.com 15 Rheinmetall Defence
www.diguy.com 51
www.rheinmetall-defence.com
DSA 2012
Saab 64
www.saabgroup.com
38 & 39 3
22
www.saic.com IBC Servo Kinetics
www.eurosatory.com 59
www.servokinetics.com 20
FlightSafety International
SMI Group 27
Forth Dimension Displays
www.jointforcestraining.com
www.teal.com 31 VT MÄK
21 & 49
www.mak.com
I/ITSEC 2012
VT Miltope
www.iitsec.org 57
www.miltope.com
IAI – MLM
WATS 2012 Conference 11
Indra Systems www.indra-systems.com
24-25 January 2012 Joint Forces Simulation & Training 2012 London, UK www.jointforcestraining.com 20-23 February 2012 International Armoured Vehicles Farnborough, UK www.internationalarmouredvehicles.com 13-15 March 2012 Military Flight Training London, UK www.MilitaryFlightTraining.com 28 March-1 April 2012 Laval Virtual Laval, France www.laval-virtual.org 16-19 April 2012 DSA 2012 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia www.dsaexhibition.com
61
Havok
www.mlm-iai.com
Simulation and Training Events MS&T Magazine: Supporting Media
TEAL Electronics
www.forthdd.com 53 www.havok.com/simulation
6-7 November 2012 EATS 2012 – European Airline Training Symposium Andel’s Hotel Berlin, Germany www.halldale.com/EATS
SAIC
Eurosatory 2012
www.flightsafety.com
28-29 August 2012 APATS 2012 – Asia Pacific Airline Training Symposium Fairmont Hotel Singapore www.halldale.com/APATS
41
RGB Spectrum 44
Equipe Simulation
ISSUE 6.2011
www.raytheon.com
DI-Guy
www.equipe-simulation.com
33
www.presagis.com 4
www.ctc.com 55
Cursive
MS&T MAGAZINE
www.opinicus.com
projectiondesign
www.dsaexhibition.com
34
www.militaryflighttraining.com 63
Concurrent Technologies Corporation
www.cursive-simulation.com/warp
29
Presagis
www.cretecinc.com
www.cubic.com
16
Opinicus
www.real-time.ccur.com
17-19 April 2012 WATS 2012 – World Aviation Training Conference & Tradeshow Rosen Shingle Creek Resort Orlando, Florida, USA www.halldale.com/WATS
www.metavr.com 23
Central Florida Veterans Memorial Park Foundation
www.christiedigital.com/mst
Simulation & Training Events Organised by Halldale Media
52
www.itec.co.uk 40
Bohemia Interactive Simulations
www.catinet.com
66
www.internationalarmouredvehicles.com ITEC 2012
Antycip Simulation
Calendar
26 50
www.halldale.com/wats 32 Wittenstein Aerospace & Simulation
45
www.wittenstein-us.com
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d Helping the military save lives an strengthen mission execution.
SAIC trains soldiers for the execution of battlefield command and operations against a decentralized, networked, and adaptive enemy. Our training services programs provide endto-end solutions from mission support activities to live, virtual, constructive training. Smart people solving hard problems.
For more information, visit saic.com/products/simulation
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innovation It’s true… as a global leader in modeling and simulation and integrated training solutions, CAE is applying its expertise and experience to support unmanned aerial systems (UAS) mission training. As UASs take on a growing role, military forces are re-evaluating the requirements for UAS operators, and there is an increasing need for more robust and capable mission training solutions. We are focusing on the training required by the mission team – including the pilot, payload specialist and mission commander. Our solutions are non-proprietary, flexible, adaptable and interoperable to enable distributed mission operations. Our simulation technology leadership in areas such a sensor simulation, weapons effects, computer-generated forces, artificial intelligence, common databases and true fidelity modeling – combined with our training systems integration expertise – come together to help our customers stay one step ahead and prepare the UAS mission team for mission success. Come visit CAE’s booth at I/ITSEC (booth #1735) in Orlando, FL from Nov. 28 - Dec. 1 to learn more about our comprehensive UAS mission training solutions.
CAE’s UAS mission training solutions feature a fully immersive synthetic environment, state-of-the-art sensor simulations, and additional simulation technologies to support complete mission crew training and rehearsal requirements.
one step ahead
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