WEEK THREE: Studio Activity   Lot 6 Cafe:
This cafe has a column and beam structure. It has been mass constructed from concrete and has a central steel beam running through the inside to the outside that supports the first floor but is used also for aesthetic qualities. Glass windows glad the outside and there are fixed joints between the columns. The steel beam is connected by bolts or pin joints. Most likely the footings could be pad or strip footings, depending on the soil below.
Underground Car Park and South Lawn:
A volt system was used in this underground car park. The structure has been mass constructed using monolithic materials such as concrete. Steel rods would be used in the concrete to reinforce it and ensure efficient support. The columns in the underground car park support the trees and roots system from the above south lawn which was only constructed due to the car park. Most likely the concrete joins would be fixed. Where the columns meet the ground there is a clear example of par footings.
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WEEK THREE: Studio Arts West Student Centre:
 
The design is purely for aesthetic reasons and to create a dramatic entrance to the building. The large steel truss framework is usually used a support system in a building and is very strong. This truss may have strip or pad footings underneath it depending on the soil and ground underneath the structure. Sections of the steel truss have been cladded in steel sheets, again for aesthetic reasons.
Stairs on West End of Union House:
This light weight steel frame structure has most of its weight carried by cables and sideway bracing. Most of the actual structure is a cantilever. The connections are a mixture of bolts and welding metal, meaning they are pins and fixed connections. The whole structure is steel including the cables and the platform steps. There would be pad footing underneath the four main columns that support the structure at the bottom of the steps.
WEEK THREE: Studio   North Court Union House: The structure built is for protecting the North Court, is a membrane system. The cables and tiers of the structure are connected by bolts or pin joints at the ground level and to steel poles. The membrane structure works in tensions as the canvas is pulled by the cables, however the columns and struts work in compression in this situation. The seams between the canvas is a fixed joint and the canvas has a plastic coating to it. The central cable structure has loose wires, showing it ins’t providing any support for the structure, it may be used to prevent uplift or to catch water as there is a drain underneath.
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Beaurepaire Centre Pool: This structure is a very simple column and beam structure. It is constructed like a shed the cladded with glass panels and brickwork. The columns and beams are constructed from steel and contain both welded joints and bolt joints, therefore both fixed and pin joints. The columns run into the ground therefore the footings are most likely strip or pad footings depending on the soil supporting the structure. The windows are doubled glazed and the thickness of the concrete would have been limited during the era it and constructed it. Also the window frames are stainless steel which was a typical representation of the era (1970s).
The Framework of the building, substructure and load path
WEEK THREE: Studio   Oval Pavilion: This structure was built from timber columns with steel embedded in them to reinforce it. The Building is lined and cladded in timber and the structure sits on a concrete slab. The windows are encased with steel columns and beams, therefore making them a part of the structure. The inside walls are also constructed out of a steel frame. There is a number of cantilevers in this structure, these are created for aesthetic reason, they are a steel frame then cladded in timber to match the main structure.The cladding at the back of the building changes to brickwork, this is to hide components of the building and has being done for looks and due to cost as it is cheaper and more durable. The old heritage structure had to be re stump and most of the support structure rebuilt.
New Melbourne School of Design: This structure again has been constructed from a columns and beam systems. It has concrete floor plates and the facade has been created from precast concrete panels. Steel framework has been used to create the windows and also the shutter facade to help restrict the light. The exterior steps have been mass contrasted from monolithic material of concrete. There is a large cantilever that juts out 12m from the main structure. This structure shows a change from concrete columns in the main structure to steel ones used in the cantilever structure. The building was created with deep foundations due to building down I the basement area.
The cantilever
The cantilever load path
Typical column and beam load path
The substructure The substructure
WEEK THREE: Studio   Old Geology South Lecture Theatre Entry Structure: The construction system used was column and post. The entrance has a semi- circular steel cantilever with has been connected through both welding and bolts. The floor is a concrete slab which would be around 100mm in thickness. The foundations have been created through strip footing. The inside walls are constructed from glass panels and plasterboard. The exterior of the structure is a brick venire. The window framework has been built using aluminium.
Frank Tate Pavilion: The system used was column and beam, featuring a large cantilever. The structure has been created using a lightweight steel frame with timber frames as well. The central beam in the middle collects and holds most of the weight of the structure. All the roof and aspects jutting off the main beam all go back to it as it acts as a spine for the structure. The structure has been cladded in timber and zinc sheets. Steel hasn't been used everywhere only for the primary structure of the building, timber has been used as the secondary structure. The foundations have been created from a combination of pad and strip footings. The floor system has been created using timber, connected to the structure through pin joints.
WEEK THREE: Learning Loop  FOOTINGS & FOUNDATIONS (YouTube, 2014)(Ching, 1975)
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INTRODUCTION TO MASS CONSTRUCTION (YouTube, 2014) - monolithic materials: stone, earth, clay, concrete, hard, - main properties: strong in compression but weak in compression - modular: clay brick, mud brick, concrete blocks, ashlar stone (YouTube, 2014) Brick
Stone
Definitions
a standard size masonry unit made of clay, proportion will vary slightly depending on types and countries
stone varies depending on location and construction technique varies
Types
clay bricks:extruded and wire cut, machine moulded (pressed), handmade (convict made)
Sedimentary, Igneous and metamorphic
Other
advantages: joined with water based mortar, adequately ventilated so that any wetness can escape disadvantages: absorb moisture and expand overtime, salts and limes can be drawn up through the bricks, this may cause efflorescene
uses: very old material used for walls, cladding and design feature (both structural and non structural monolithic: difficulty to transfer and transport ashlar: stone carved into smaller modular elements rubble: stone used as its found or worked a little bit, quiet common, require skilled labour to sort and place
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS (YouTube, 2014)
INTRODUCTION TO MASONRY: (YouTube, 2014) - materials: stone, clay, concrete - masonry properties: the properties of the unit (part) are to a degree applicable to the built element (whole), the units together act as a monolithic whole - vertical elements: walls. columns/piers - horizontal and curved spanning elements: beams/ lintels, arches - spanning and enclosing elements: vaults, domes
Lecture: New Melbourne school of design (Cox Architects, 2014) - Project completed ahead of schedules - total cost $129 Million - Many different construction systems and materials were STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS: used in the construction geometry & equilibrium process
(Ching, 1975)
WEEK THREE: References and Glossary References • Ching, F. (1975). Building construction illustrated (5th ed., pp. p 3.02). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.! • Cox Architects,. (2014). Melbourne University Sports Pavilion. Lecture, The University of Melbourne.! • YouTube,. (2014). Bricks. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=4lYlQhkMYmE&feature=youtu.be! • YouTube,. (2014). Concrete Blocks. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=geJv5wZQtRQ&feature=youtu.be! • YouTube,. (2014). Footings & Foundations. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=PAcuwrecIz8&feature=youtu.be! • YouTube,. (2014). Introduction to Masonry. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=8Au2upE9JN8&feature=youtu.be! • YouTube,. (2014). Introduction To Mass Construction. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=8Au2upE9JN8&feature=youtu.be! • YouTube,. (2014). Stone. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=2Vn5_dk4RtQ&feature=youtu.be! • YouTube,. (2014). Structural Elements. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=wQIa1O6fp98&feature=youtu.be
Glossary - Strut: a slight element created to carry a parallel load, it results in compression - Ties: a slight element created to carry parallel load, results in tension - Beams: Due to two forces, tend to curve, usually run horizontal and are created to carry vertical load using it’s bending resistance - Plates/slabs: a large horizontal element created to carry vertical loads, usually supported by beams - panel: a vertical element created to carry both types of loads - Shallow footings: used when soil is stable to carry loads and the bearings are created close to the surface, load is carried down the ground - Deep foundations: used when soil conditions are unstable, load is transferred through the ground until it hits table foundations such as rock or gravel
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Glossary (Ching, 1975) (YouTube, 2014) - Moment: tendency to make a object or point rotate - Retaining wall: structure designed to restrain soil and unstable ground - Pad footings: isolated footings that spread the load over large area of the ground - Strip footings: used when wall and or columns are used and the load is oread over a linear structure - Raft footing: (raft slab) this foundation provides stability by joining singe strips together - Brick: a standard size masonry unit made of clay, size and material may vary slightly depending on place - Slab on ground: span horizontally between columns or supports that covers a large area - substructure: the structure underneath the building created from footings and foundations - Centre of Mass: “The centre of mass is the point about which an object is balanced. It can also be thought of as the point where the entire weight of the object is concentrated. The location of the centre of mass depends on the object’s geometry. This concept is also sometimes referred to as Centre of Gravity.” - Equilibrium: “is a state of balance or rest resulting from the equal action of opposing forces. In other words, as each structural element is loaded, it’s supporting elements must react with equal but opposite forces.” - Masonry: building with units of various natural or manufactured products to create a modular pattern/ structure - Course: the pattern or arrangement of the units - Joint: the way units are connected together - Mortar: mixture of cement or lime, sand and water used to connected units
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