cover design by Bryre Aish
issue #3: change
last of the trilogy...
F inal v
Message from the Editor
A
Ever since I was a little girl I had a profound enthusiasm for creative storytelling. In the words of human rights activist Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie “Many stories matter. Stories have been used to dispossess and to malign. But stories can also be used to empower, and to humanize.” As a people, I believe we are best connected through our stories, art, and culture. This connection is powerful and something to be fostered and cherished. At school when I looked around I saw before me many bright, talented and passionate young woman who had opinions of their own to share. It was then in a whirlwind moment of epiphany that I decided I would create a platform which would enable the expression of this creative storytelling. Thus began my journey of creating Lionheart Magazine. Truthfully, this year has gone by so quickly. It seems like yesterday that the first article was sent in. More articles, late night editing, planning, illustrating and publishing. Voilà. Lionheart is the first-ever student-run magazine at Hamilton Girls’ High School. It is run by the students for the students. Its purpose is to provide a platform for students to express themselves freely, and as a result, generate constructive discussion and encourage critical thinking. To date, we have published and are still publishing student voice whether it be through opinion pieces, poetry, short stories or critical reviews. Beautiful, wacky and wonderful Lionheart Magazine is a collaborative mix of art and literature. Every page of our magazine is ornate by the passionate and unique voice of a different student, accompanied by the equally brilliant and thought-provoking student illustrations. We’ve had many pieces on topical issues such as the importance of female leadership, climate change, and wage equality. It has been humbling and a true privilege to be able to provide the girls with a platform in which they may express themselves and in turn be empowered to share their stories and views.
I can say with utter confidence that there are many budding journalists, entrepreneurs and CEOs in the making which helped to pioneer Lionheart Magazine this year. Visionary women who undoubtedly will go on to shape their own destinies with the prowess of a lioness. Speaking of such women I’d like to kick of my acknowledgements by thanking Arts Council Captain Bryre Aish for the incredible leadership she has shown on the creative end of the magazine production. Secondly, I wanted to give special mention to two of our most prominent and active journalists. Brenna Mathews has written the most articles thus far for the Lionheart. Brenna has written brilliantly on many topics including history, politics, law and human rights. She writes with passion, curiosity and creativity and has been an exemplary journalist this year. Thanks to Maria Sartin who has selflessly given her time to pick up prompts when we were short on writers. Her particular interest in the athletic realm has given our magazine an authentic and brilliant insight into what it means to be a sportswoman in 2019. To my council Nicola Wills, Mashhurakhon Askarova, Sarah Bowyer, Krysten Stevens, Puhirere Akuhata, Zara Davies, Morgan Clayton, Jordan Crow, Kashika Khanna, and Alyssa Vercoe it has been a pleasure serving through the Academic Council by your side. Together we have created such fantastic memories and a legacy to be proud of. I’d like to acknowledge my good friends Elyse McArthur, Ana Teokotai, and Maanya Thanki for constantly encouraging me and simply being amazing friends. Last but certainly not least, I would like to thank my parents. Thank you for your unconditional support, wisdom and aroha. I would not be half the woman I am today without you. I love and respect you both endlessly. With that being said this chapter comes to an end, but remember….
“Sti around the corner there may wait, a new road or a secret gate.” J.R.R. T olkien Happy Reading! Melika Lolaki Academic Council Captain Deputy Head Girl
MA R
D RL
THE W T A L E O V
Annie Walker - Year 12
Marvel at the wonders of the world and the act of being alive, Respect those around you, only then will you truly thrive. Speak your truth and dive into the unknown, put forward your best self and then watch as you prosper. Change is something that we all long to see, a desire, a wish, a desperate dream. Really, from this we gain a sense of curiosity, the feeling of wanting more, questioning the purpose of every law! Imagine a world where each being is in awe? No longer trapped behind an unforgiving door, able to see the beauty a little more. Mimicking the mindset of those who put themselves forward, not to estrange others but to push for change, a positive alteration to a world that humanity is hopelessly failing. Grasping at hope is what we always do, campaigning to improve, yet unwilling to move, stuck- falling short of progress and lamenting over an ideal that will never be acted upon. Exerting our efforts in the words that we speak, falling short of simple actions, yet enforcing astronomically righteous beliefs, Our world requires help and we cannot turn to humankind to act and not continue to talk about the cliches, Unveiling around us is the wonder in all, so why not turn the movement of change from a crawl, to a run! Racing to take action, spreading equality one by one, and showing that our world is a cause worth fighting for, not an ideal that many chose to ignore.
Textbooks are Obsolete
Save the planet, ban physical textbooks. Textbooks are fighting an unnecessary battle in today’s modern age. We no longer need nor want the weight these books have. This system needs to be updated. There are multiple reasons why we should switch to online textbooks; they are too heavy, there are too many to carry, and getting rid of them could benefit our school. Textbooks are fighting a pointless battle in today’s modern age. We no longer need nor want the weight these books have. This system needs to be updated. Technological advancements amaze us every day, yet we still remain in the last century. What is the point in carrying a 700-page textbook when we could get the same thing online? Schools around the nation have amazing access to the internet, yet they persist in sentencing their students to years of back pain. Lockers don’t cut it. We've all heaved around a maths textbook, lamenting over its excessive size. Using only two pages of it every day, we are yet forced to carry it for hours on end. The weight of that book with all your other textbooks and exercise books ends up being a pretty heavy load to lug around all day. We have all experienced the back pain after carrying everything around all day. So, why not switch to online textbooks? Everyone has a device of some kind and it makes the learning and knowledge more accessible to us and makes our load a little bit lighter. Also, have you seen the inside of an old textbook? They are defiled and defaced with pages missing. Can’t do that with an electronic textbook. At the end of the year, when we hand in all our textbooks to the library, the librarian has to check to see how many are returned, and how many need an upgrade. Imagine the time and money our school could save if everyone had their own electronic textbooks that won’t ever need to be replaced or given back. The money spent replacing the books instead can be spent on things that better benefit the student population. We are a BYOD school, so students should be bringing devices anyway. What better way to be BYOD than to switch our source of knowledge from physical to virtual? And, thus, we can save trees by switching to a more eco-friendly option. We live in an age of innovation and technology. Everything is online; easy and accessible. If we live in the 21st century, why are we still lugging around textbooks when we could access everything online? We proudly proclaim the title of being a BYOD school, yet here we are. It’s a bit of a lie really. Elizabeth Smith Year 12
The Face
of ofour our
Change Change
Resilience is the ability to quickly recover from a difficulty - to always get back up when you fall. You don’t always succeed the first time. You don’t always get heard the first time. You don’t always get your own way the first time. But if you keep on trying, there is always a chance that you will make a difference. Whether it be to yourself, the people around you or to the whole world. Below are a few of the many people who dared to stay resilient until the very end. Kate Sheppard was a big influence in New Zealand. She was a major activist, helping women gain the right to vote in 1893, changing New Zealand for the better. She was involved in temperance activities. In 1885, she became a founding member of the New Zealand Women’s Christian Temperance Union. Their petition was concerned with two main issues: equal political rights for women and social reform, dealing with the abuse of alcohol and its consequences for women and children. Kate Sheppard co-ordinated and encouraged the work of local unions. She organised petitions to Parliament asking for women to have the right to vote. Despite the defeat of the suffrage bills in Parliament in 1888, 1891 and 1892, she stayed determined and resilient as she continued the campaign for women’s votes. Her last petition was the largest ever presented to Parliament. The Women’s Christian Temperance Union had 600 members throughout the country and Parliament could no longer ignore their demands, with their petition gaining nearly 32,000 signatures. Kate Sheppard is one of New Zealand’s most celebrated activists. She changed the future of women in New Zealand through her resilience and persistence. Katherine Johnson was one of the three main African-American women to work with NASA during their project of launching men to the moon and getting them back safely. They were more commonly known throughout the industry as “Human calculators.” She was among the small group of people who were part of the first female black engineers. Wrongfully, this also meant they got a lot of unfair racial, and sexist discrimination. The majority of this racial discrimination was within the industry itself. One such thing is that white people and black people had separate bathrooms, and it was known that the white bathrooms were much cleaner and nicer whereas the black bathrooms were rundown. These women fought to provide equity within the racist patriarchal society dominated by white men. They were eager to prove themselves equal not only in gender but also in the colour of their skin. Another major influence on society and a representative of resilience is Rosa Parks. Rosa worked as a seamstress and was a part of Montgomery’s large African-American community. The city of Tuskegee, Alabama, governed by “Jim Crow” (segregation) laws. Black people, including Rosa, were faced with daily frustrations. They were only allowed to drink from specified drinking fountains, attend poor and inferior schools, and borrow books from the “black” library. These were only some of the restrictions these people had to abide by or else unspeakable harm would be brought upon them or their family. One day in 1955, Rosa had been sitting on the bus when a white man came onto the bus and there were no more seats. Regulations were that “blacks” had to sit at the back of the bus and offer seats to white people if there weren’t any more seats. Rosa was active in politics, so when the white man approached her, Rosa changed civil rights for African-Americans forever. She refused to move from her seat. She had been arrested, but, she continued to fight segregation laws and fought for equal rights. Rosa Parks proved to the world that we are all humans and that doesn’t change because of the colour of our skin. All of these women have shown incredible resilience, whether it be from racial, sexist, or any other form of discrimination. They have pushed through relentlessly to fight for what they believe in. Because of these women’s persistence, we live in a much better society, and we continue to strive and learn from it.
Grace Chapman, Sarah Collins, Katelyn Graham, Maryam Habib Year 9
THE PRESENCE
OF
IN
Illustration by Bryre Aish, Year 13
SPORT
Gia King Mya Ruediger Year 10 Imagine if you were a woman wanting to compete or even go and watch the Olympics, but you weren’t allowed. How would you feel? Well, we are glad to live in a time where women are able to compete in the Olympic Games. Over the years, more and more women are getting involved in sports. Many sports fans believe women's sports are boring. They are also hardly broadcasted in the media. Women who play sports have higher levels of self-esteem, confidence and lower levels of depression. For the first time in the 1900 Olympic Games in Paris, France, twenty-two women athletes competed in five sports: tennis, sailing, croquet, equestrian, and golf. The first female Olympian to compete in the 1900 games was Hélène de Pourtalès from Switzerland. She and her team won first in the 1-2 ton sailing event on May 22, 1900. Sophie Pascoe is another great example of women getting involved in sport. This is because she never gives up and keeps doing the sport she loves despite her disability. At seven years old she won her first swimming race and carried on swimming ever since. Sophie Pascoe was always determined to push herself and try harder. Now the amount of women competing in sports has drastically changed. The 2016 Rio Olympics had the highest ever number of women participants. Women made up about 45% of the total participants. Carly Patterson is another great inspiration. She believes that “setbacks are opportunities for us to create strength where there wasn’t that strength before.” Having this positive attitude she has achieved many things in her life. An example of this is when Carly Patterson was just sixteen years of age. She became the first Olympic gymnast in 20 years to win the all-around Olympic gold medal and first American to win the all-around gold medal in a non-boycotted Olympic game. This shows that if you put in the hard work and determination you will be able to achieve great things too. This has shown the significant increase of women involved in sports. This is just an example of how far equality for women has come over the last 100 years. However, the fight for equality is ongoing. The future of women's sport is bright with young girls getting more involved and more competitive. Women are constantly proving themselves and doing incredible things that people from years and years ago thought would never be possible.
iMPROVE WHANAU TUTOR
Eva Ah Mu Year 9
As you should know, Whānau is a group of three tutors that have come together as Māori girls to help each other express their culture and become more involved in Te Ao Māori. This year I got to see how Whānau worked and what I needed to contribute as being apart of the group. Being surrounded by the type of atmosphere where I don’t need to worry about trying to show my culture is very reassuring. But there are a few things that could upgrade the Whānau experience at HGHS. The first being to include non-Whānau members in activities that we hold. It would easily introduce what’s happening in Whānau to non-members, encourage more girls to join, and help them learn about Māori custom in this generation. We should all agree that anyone who lives in New Zealand has the right to be curious about our Māori culture. So involving more girls in Whānau activities, even those who aren’t descended from Māori, would let off a positive introduction to those who would like to join the Whānau community. The Whānau tutor teachers have been reminding us that there are many other Māori girls in mainstream tutors around the school that could replace our position as being apart of whānau, that is if we do not behave and take part in the extra activities that are available in whānau. But the majority of the girls who started the year in whanau have stayed, and the teachers have been spreading Whānau newbies into the three tutors anyways. So, it would be appropriate to welcome a tutor from MacDiarmid, and Wilson into the Whānau group and make it easier for each tutor to keep track of each girl. Plus, the addition of more girls who are interested in the privilege of being in Whānau would definitely display the HGHS Māori department’s inclusivism. Another possibility that could be beneficial would be to teach all the Whānau girls some more waiata to sing in the whare. I believe that teaching the Whānau students more hīmene, or waiata ā-ringa would make sense. Because as Māori youth, I feel we should be frequently learning, and practising our Māori traditions.
Whakawhanaungatanga
UNITY
Illustration by Bryre Aish Year 13
He rawe ngā mahi o te tari Māori. He tino pukumahi nga kaiako Māreikura mā mātou ngā kotiro kātoa. Ka whakapou wā rātou mā ngā kōtiro ki roto i a Whānau, Te maurea Whiritoi me nga karaehe e ako ana i te Reo Māori ā kura nei. Ko ngā mahi ā Whānau ki ahau nei, he mea ka whakakotahi ai ia mātou nga kōtiro,ā mihi nei, ā waiata nei, ā kēmu nei. Engari, ko te mea papai rawa ki a mātou ngā kōtiro, ko ngā wānanga i te kura. E kore e nui ake te mihi kia rātou mō to rātou mahi. Mō ngā tau e whai ake nei, e pīrangi ana ahau ki te kite i ngā karaehe XWS, XMU, XTN, e whakahono hei kotahi te karaehe/ Tutor Class. Ahakoa kua mahi kē tēra, e pirangi ana ētehi o mātou ngā kōtiro ki te whakanui i ngā mahi whakataetae katoa o te kura ā Whānau nei. Pēnei i te topenga pārae- Cross country, Kaipara- Athletics, Ngā momo hākinakina kaukau- Swimming sports. Ēngari, tuatu i ēra, he aroha nui ngā kaiako kia mātou ā, he aroha nui hoki tā mātou kia rātou katoa!! Milana Mariu-Reade Year 9
Go ask Alice This book comes from the real diary of a teenage girl, who wouldn't have been too different from many of us. She is raised by two caring parents and an older sister, she has crushes on boys, and she has moments where she feels alone. After shifting to a new town she feels very alone until a new friend invites her to a party, but when drugs are slipped into her drink, everything changes as she begins a life that she nor her parents would have ever wanted for her. What follows is a sad tale of a teenage girl who ends up a runaway, on drugs, taken advantage of by adults, living in a very desperate situation, journeying to kick this terrible addiction which rips into her soul. It takes amazing courage to publish a diary of such raw and specific personal emotions, and details, in the hope of others learning from her experiences rather than living them. Please note some of her entries into the diary whilst she is under the influence are scary and hard to read, but every word is what Alice was thinking or feeling at that moment.
Piper Vercoe Year 11
If you’ve ever wanted to read someone else's diary, the book “Go Ask Alice” is your chance!
Escaping from her past, good girl Abby Abernathy is in need of a change. Accompanied by her best friend, America, Abby starts at a new school where she meets bad boy Travis Maddox. Unlike any other girl Travis has met, Abby only wants to be friends. What follows next is a whirlwind of a friendship that unfolds who these two characters are and what they both yearn for - each other. As they face their feelings for one another, Abby and Travis encounter many problems that could extinguish what they have. The question is, will they sort it all out before it is too late? In search of a thrilling, spine-tingling romance? Then Beautiful Disaster is the book to read. Filled with possibilities, change, and unforgiving love, this novel leaves you wanting for more. This is a captivating read that draws you further into the story at the turn of each page and I highly recommend it to anyone who likes to get lost in a story. Emily Munro Year 12
Using Your
Detecting Cancer
Phone.
Written by Annie Walker Year 12
Technology. It is one of the most frightening, yet intriguing, developments that humanity is progressing to explore. Throughout the entirety of the human race, there have been infinite fascinations, yet none have posed such a large interest as technology. The discovery brought such promise in advancing known research, however many question if humanity is placing too much trust in devices. The first sign of electronic technology in our world was during the 1800’s and since then there has been a continuous growth in the field, and the use of devices has become profoundly more prominent. Our society has progressed largely because of this introduction. It is apart of our human nature to find an easy alternative to any problem, and technology has posed as the solution. This now leads many people to wonder whether the use of technology is aiding world growth for the better, or if it is preventing humans from progressing forward through intellect and self-discovery, rather than the discoveries of devices.
During the past few years technology has replaced many medical professions. There is profound speculation around the accuracy and righteousness of these developments. An example is a recent app that claims to be able to aid in detecting cancer in the comfort of your home. Whilst this app has proved correct in a few cases, there are just as many incorrect diagnoses, yet some hospitals still recommend it. Another example is the increase in solely robotic surgeries. The world has seen a significant advancement in robotics, however, there are now surgeries completed by robots alone. While many of these operations have been successful, there have also been fatal incidents, with robots being unable to adapt to complications such as ruptured arteries, which contradicts the accuracy of these procedures. It all reciprocates back to the question of whether the advancements of technology should be valued over the advancements of humanity in particular fields of interest. The trust that is put into devices is unfathomable to some, yet highly supported by others. By using technology so frequently are we disregarding human progress, or are we hindering the development of our race by not pushing technology advancements?
a future
Maya Sosa Year 12 Imagine a world where you can change anything about yourself. A world where we can change our genomes to prevent and possibly get rid of harmful mutations in future generations completely. Where DNA is not random. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly-Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) is the latest piece of technology which can do just that. It finds the gene with the mutation, ‘cuts it out’ and either scientists or enzymes fill in the bases correctly. Mutations such as cystic fibrosis, Huntington's disease, HIV, and cancer would no longer exist. But, in a world without harmful mutations, would that help us or hurt us? There would be no such thing as natural selection. So, as our environment is rapidly changing, we can change with it. Plants too can have their DNA improved. Asexual plants and animals could have their genes changed to prevent diseases wiping them out. What are the limits for “editing’ genes? I mean, once CRISPR is being used for diseases, can it too be used for modifying children? When does it go too far? Children have already started to be modified. However, some people believe that this shouldn’t happen because some children in future generations may not want to be CRISPRed. CRISPR could be used to potentially save millions. However, does this also mean that it's okay for parents to use it too, but instead, to make their children have different genes? Would New Zealand's laws allow this to happen? Will Kiwis even want it? For future generations, there would be two types of people: CRISPR modified and natural. CRISPR would mean that fewer people in the world would die from preventable mutations. However, the world is already beginning to overpopulate. Would using CRISPR be a solution to a problem who would it just create many more? The problems it would create would divide many countries. It would start to create more division in the world, depending on who has access to it. People would begin to get foods that have been modified with CRISPR instead of being sprayed with pesticides. Asexual (with the exact same DNA as their parent) plants such as bananas are easy prey for diseases or fungi. This doesn’t mean just one country would be affected, the whole world would. One disease could wipe out an entire supply of food. Bananas are the number one fruit bought from supermarkets, so if they were gone, money is lost. However, CRISPER can prevent these plants from disappearing in our supermarkets. With a little bit of time and technology, these plants can be replanted and protected from the disease. But would a future with CRISPR be crisper? It would mean less variation, improved lifestyles for those who get the mutations unmutated. Could this potentially lead to no harmful mutations at all? All we can do is ask questions, and make theories about how this will change the 21st century.
Nuclear weapons. They were demonstrated to be the deadliest weapon known to man during the attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki during the Second World War. But despite their potential for death and destruction, is their very presence causing the exact opposite to happen? In the 74 years since World War Two ended, we have not seen any global conflict since - and the chances that we ever will are slim to none. So is it the existence of nuclear weapons keeping ‘World War Three’ at bay? Or have we all suddenly learned to get along after hundreds - if not thousands - of years of brutal conflict? World War Two was - and still is today - the deadliest conflict known to man. Around 75 to 80 million people were killed, which was about 3% of the world's population at the time. For many, global conflict was becoming a regular occurrence, with World War One ending just over 20 years before - which claimed around 37 million lives. As much as 117 million people died in global conflict over a period of roughly 30 years. It was a time of global instability and a time which consequently gave birth to nuclear weapons. The United States was the first country to use these nuclear weapons in warfare, on behalf of the Allies and it had devastating consequences. Sure, it ended World War Two, but it killed approximately 160,000 people between the cities of Nagasaki and Hiroshima. It was a weapon that created utter destruction and therefore was the perfect weapon for a potential tyrant. In fact, Albert Einstein warned President Roosevelt at the time that Hitler was also developing nuclear weapons. Could you imagine how World War Two would have ended if Hitler had made nuclear weapons first? But why is it that 74 years since the end of World War Two, no one has used nuclear weapons in a successful ploy for world domination? The answer is Melita Norwood. She was a spy for the Soviet Union, who gave the Russians the information they needed to build their own nuclear weapons. Her intentions may not have been pure - in fact, she may have been trying to help the Soviet Union on the path to world domination - but she inadvertently created a global stalemate between the two most powerful countries in the world. Melita Norwood had said that her purpose had been to ‘keep Russia abreast’ rather than maliciously spy on her own country. Since the biggest deterrent of conflict was - and still is fear of retaliation, the fact that numerous countries suddenly had their own nuclear weapons became utterly useless as not one country had an edge over the other.
W H AT W O U L D T H E W O
Now it is possible that other consequences of World War Two, such as the founding of the United Nations, has brought our civilisation into a time of never-ending global peace. But I ask you this; If you are a Nazi looking for world domination, are you going to be afraid of the United Nations or nuclear retaliation? In modern times, the UN has failed in with equally dire stakes concerning the Rwandan Genocide in 1994. In the face of human rights violations and mounting tensions which were showing the signs of impending genocide in 1993, the UN declined to appropriately intervene and diffuse the situation. Furthermore, when the genocide took place, killing approximately 800,000 Tutsis, the UN showed little political will to act on the situation, actually removing its peacekeepers from the region when civilians needed them most. So can we really trust the UN to intervene in a conflict involving nuclear weapons when they were so hesitant to intervene in a genocide? Following World War One, there was an international organisation called the League of Nations, whose primary goal was to ‘resolve international disputes’ - yet World War Two happened anyway. This idea can even be extended to the world we live in today. In 2018, Trump threatened various countries with nuclear attack nine times. On average that’s a threat of nuclear attack every one month and ten days. Yet has Trump actually followed through on any of these threats? Of course not, because there’s no way he could order a nuclear strike on a country without getting one in return. The same goes for Kim Jong Un, who despite amassing a treasure trove of nuclear weapons, is probably never going to use them due to the fact that everyone else has them too. This stalemate of global proportions is the most likely reason that we have not seen ‘World War Three’ yet, despite having two in the 30 years leading up to the invention of nuclear weapons. Global tensions and unprofessional leaders may not have gone away, but militaristic inequality has. People tend to think of nuclear weapons with a negative mindset, but ask yourself; what would the world really be like today if nuclear weapons had never been invented?
Words by Zara Davies Year 13
Illustration by Bryre Aish Year 13
ORLD BE LIKE WITHOUT
TEA? SPILLED
a L
EA Words by Brenna Matthews Year 12
Statement of intention: This piece analyses the Boston tea party whilst also reflecting on the socio-historical elements which lead to the occurrence of the event.
The Tea Party: In protest to the British imposing taxes on the colonies, especially the Tea Act, the colonists refused to purchase British tea. The Dartmouth arrived in Boston harbour and was unable to leave until the Bostonians purchased the tea due to The Dartmouth needing to pay duty. The Dartmouth remained in Boston Harbour until the Bostonians reacted by causing The Boston Tea Party to take place. On the 16th December 1773, Bostonians snuck aboard The Dartmouth dressed as Mohawks, a Native American tribe, and threw 342 chests of tea overboard into the Boston Harbour. This caused significant financial damage to the British as the cost for the tea lost would equate to around $1,000,000 in today's society.
Tension caused by the navigation act and the 7 years war with France: The Boston Tea Party occurred on the 16th December 1773 when Bostonians snuck aboard the Dartmouth and threw 342 crates of British tea overboard into the harbour. This occurred due to the tension between the colonies and Britain. This tension was caused by the navigation act and the 7 years war between France. The Navigation Act caused tension because Britain was forcing the colonies to trade products only with Britain, no other countries. Colonists were displeased with this because the colonies were made up of people from a variety of different European countries. They were no longer allowed to trade with businesses or people from back in their homeland. They were also forced to pay for the 7 Years War with taxes that Britain forced on them. The 7 Years War caused a large military debt for Britain and the expanding empire became more expensive to run. This led to Britain enforcing taxes. The colonies detested this due to the fact that some of them fought in the war and felt like they didn’t owe British anything, or they felt like they didn’t owe Britain taxes as they didn’t identify as British. Their difference in their views matters because Britain identified the colonies as British and tried to control their trade and taxes, whereas the colonies didn’t identify as British, especially those who didn’t speak English as their first language or never came from Britain.
D. abc L Taxation without representation: Britain had a large military debt to pay as well as the extra cost of the expanding empire to pay for. To pay off these debts and to make more profit from the empire, Britain introduced taxes on the colonies in America. These taxes included the Sugar Act of 1764, and the Stamp Act 1765. These acts meant that the colonists had to pay taxes to Britain, even though the colonists had no representation in Parliament. These taxes on the colonies caused considerable resistance, especially the Stamp Act because the idea of no taxation without representation was raised. This is because the colonies made no profit off the taxes, they all went to Britain, and the colonists had no input into what control Britain had over them. These taxes caused financial strain on business' in the colonies. An example of this is from the Pennsylvania Journal in 1765, written by William Bradford “I must earnestly request every individual of my subscribers… that they would immediately discharge their respective arrears, that I may be able, not only to support myself during this interval but be better prepared to proceed again with this paper.” These taxes hugely impacted the working colonists which led to more tension to grow between the colonies and Britain. The rise of independence movements and the Boston massacre: Due to the taxation without representation and protests from the colonies, there was a rise in the independence movement The Sons of Liberty. The Sons of Liberty were made up of working-class colonists that came together to protest the Stamp Act. The group grew, protesting more and their first act was taken on 14th August 1765, when they threatened and harassed Andrew Oliver because he was a Stamp Distributor. This rioting and protesting of the colonies led to Britain passing the Billeting Act of 1765. The tension between the colonies and Britain built up over the next 5 years with an increase in British troops, control, and taxation without representation. This then caused the Boston Massacre to occur, killing 5 colonists from Boston. The Sons of Liberty used the tension and the massacre as propaganda to create more support from the colonists and more intolerance against Britain. A piece of propaganda that quickly spread throughout the colonies was the engraving made by Paul Revere. This engraving implies that the British troops are the aggressors and opened fire on an innocent crowd, it shows Bostonians bleeding out on the ground and being trapped in the line of fire. This propaganda further aggravated the colonies causing more resistance against Britain.
A
The Continental Congress and the Declaration of independence: A consequence of the Boston Tea Party, 1772, was the First Continental Congress in 1774 and the Declaration of Independence which was passed in 1776. The First Continental Congress was a consequence of the Boston Tea Party because the colonies were threatened by all the acts that Britain was enforcing, especially the Coercive Acts, due to the Tea Party. The Continental Congress was made up of delegates from each of the colonies, and they came together to discuss their next steps following the Boston Tea Party. Some delegates wanted to declare independence due to the way Britain was treating them, especially after the Boston Tea Party. After the Tea Party, King George III released a statement saying “the die is cast, the colonies must submit or triumph.” This then caused more resentment against Britain and most of the delegates wanted to declare independence because they were annoyed how Britain kept on enforcing acts and control. The colonies still proclaimed loyalty to King George III but he passed the Prohibitory Act making all Americans outlaws. This then led to the colonies declaring independence from the British empire in 1776 which was signed by the delegates and the declaration of independence was passed.
The Revolutionary War 1775-1781 and the Treaty of Paris 1783: Another consequence of the Boston Tea Party was the revolutionary war and the Treaty of Paris 1783 being signed. The revolutionary war was a consequence of the Boston Tea Party because this act of rebellion by the colonists cast resort to get Britain to remove the taxes or let the colonies gain independence was war. This is because the delegates would by committing treason against the British caused more tension and rebellion against the British. When the colonists declared they wanted independence from Britain, due to the way Britain reacted after the Boston Tea Party, the only way they would gain this independence was through war. The land could be executed if they lost the war. The revolutionary war began when the first shots were fired at Lexington and Concord. This is because the tension between the colonies and Britain grew tremendously, especially after the Boston Tea Party, and when the British soldiers marched to Lexington with their weapons, shots were fired starting the war. The war continued on, killing 35,800 colonists and 23,000 British in the process. The war ended when the Treaty of Paris was signed in 1783 which declared that Britain identified the 13 colonies as independent from Britain. It also allowed for western expansion for the colonies allowing them to spread out across America because they no longer had the Proclamation Act of 1763 forced on them by Britain.
How to Master your dissagreements
The biggest obstacle to constructive progress is disagreement. Disagreement can ruin friendships, cause divides in society and ensure that nothing is done about an issue. However, learning to disagree agreeably can combat this and ensure that you keep moving forward in whatever you’re doing. Here are a few tips to help you get over your disagreements: Be Respectful As a woman who has the ability to voice her own opinion, we have to be respectful of those who oppose us. We will always come across people who have different views and opinions and we just have to come to the agreement that we disagree. Occasionally we will come across debates where our opinion is not welcomed because of cultural and religious reasons. This is where you as a person need to consider whether it is worth a debate and it is of fundamental importance that you voice your view. If you struggle with the ability to just disagree with someone, try to advise them with another view - show them a new light to the situation. Be Understanding A simple step to use when debates get a little heated is to stop and try to see where the other person is coming from. Once you have voiced your opinion and listened to theirs respectfully, ask them why they might think this way. Has anything happened to them in the past that has caused them to think this way? Do they have different beliefs than you which may impact their opinion on the topic? Do they have access to different sources of information than you? Because you have more background information on why you don’t see eye to eye, it makes it easier to disagree agreeably. Be Beneficial in your Approach Be wise and thoughtful whilst considering which debates to participate in. It is right to have your individual beliefs, yet is not always righteous to enforce those opinions onto another. The point of somebody having a differing perspective to you does not necessarily have to be a reason for debate, this is particularly true on the internet because adding to heated discussions may just add fuel to the fire. Is your contribution going to benefit the situation? Occasionally, walking away and accepting that you agree to disagree is the right act. Be the Bigger Person When you experience a disagreement with someone, whether that’s online or in person, it can be hard to step back from your own opinion long enough to give respect to another person's different perspective. Disagreeing with someone isn’t the end of the world not everyone will always share the same view. Being able to take the time to understand a different point of view to your own is important and if you can do this effectively it allows new knowledge to be learned and you can also gain a greater understanding of the world around you. Be Patient When debating with someone, be patient. Wait in turn for them to finish their piece. Think about what you would like to say when it is your turn to speak. Be patient and allow them to have their argument, to reach their point in conclusion. This way, you can plan, with greater depth, what your argument would be. Through doing this, your argument would be stronger, more dominant. But all you have to do is be considerate. Wait your turn. Think of others. Then think of yourself. What would you want? Brenna Matthews, Emily Munro, Abigail Wallace, Lucy Thompson Year 12
from typewriters
to touch screens
Written By Hannah Laurent Year 11
Keyboards and typing technology have come a long way over the past couple of centuries and the advancement is only beginning. The first typing devices were designed and patented in the 1700s while the first manufactured typing devices came about in the 1870s. These machines featured “blind typing� technology, where characters were printed on upside-down pages that remained unseen until completion. Since then, we have seen several updates in design, layout, technology, and function that are more efficient and a lot easier to use. While typewriters were widely used throughout the 1950s to the 1970s, computers were starting to emerge as a consumer-friendly product, beginning the age of the computer keyboard as a primary input device. In 1946 the first computer was developed. Some keyboards were built into personal computers at the time. In the mid-1970s, Imsai and Altair created the first small PCs for consumer use, generally referred to as the S100 computer systems. In the late 1970s, Apple, Radio Shack and Commodore all had the foresight to see the large market in computer keyboards and started manufacturing keyboards for their computers, paving the way for the modern assumption that all computers come with a keyboard and that keyboards are the primary, standard input device. In the 1990s, membrane, switches began to replace the mechanical key switch, as it was quieter, weighed less, and suited the needs of the new laptop generation. This was also an advantage for the manufacturers because membrane keyboards were much cheaper to produce. Over the years there have been several other designs that verge on science fiction- like the laser keyboard and the fully-programmable, LCD-key display. It's mind-bending to see the evolution of keyboards in terms of where they started as teletype machines and typewriters to where they’ve evolved into all the options we have quite literally at our fingertips.
Johanna Vreede Year 10
build up to robocup
Why did the robot cross the road? Because he was programmed to do it. On Friday the 28th of June, the Waikato Robocup was held at Hillcrest High School. Hamilton Girls’ High School had a total of three teams entered in the competition, two teams in the premier and one in the senior rescue. The teams that compete in Robocup range from living within the Waikato region to across the country. This provides a great opportunity to meet others with an enthusiasm for robotics, hear tales of funny misbehaving robots and marvel in well deserved success. This was a highly anticipated event for the students involved, and the weeks prior to it were high impact with the workload that was required to get the robots finished. The robots were required to navigate a course full of obstacles, including a water tower, judder bars, and toxic swamp. While this may seem not too intense from an outsider's perspective, the robots all had to be put together from scratch with the equipment from the Digital department, and each one had to be programmed with its exact path so that it would properly complete its challenge. You see, the robots have these little sensors under them that look like little lights and these are used to distinguish between the colours white and black to keep it on the track. If the sensors detect black underneath them, they know that they have turned a little too far and shift until they only see white on either side and their sensors lie on either side of the black line. For this to go as smooth and fast as possible, the girls spent hours of hard work, concentration and energy creating and inserting the coding into the robot’s memory. Teams would regularly be found staying hours after school or even spending weekends working on their robots. The categories were split into two parts (Theatre and Rescue) and three divisions (Junior, Senior and Premier). Junior is for primary school aged competitors, and is used to introduce and engage young minds in the world of robotics. Senior division is for intermediate and high school students as it caters for the more adept problem solvers with extra challenge to engage the mind. Premier is for those who have previously placed or been awarded a medal in their division in past years and gives the chance for the best of the best to be put to the test. Although seemingly hard and stressful at times, the work of those involved was well rewarded, with the two premier teams claiming second and third in their division. Premier team Wall-e's robot SP claimed their title of second place for the second year in a row and made two of their members two time silver medalists. It must be noticed that the HGHS teams did amazing under the struggle for time and the passing of our school’s beloved Head of Technology, Ms Capil. Ms Capil was the teacher in charge of the Robotics club and she taught and guided the teams from day one. She will be dearly missed and we brought back the medals in her memory. Rest In Peace Ms Capil.