ARCH7058: Design Agency (Design Research & Representation)
Welfare Carbon-Negative Fireplace for Elderly of Stone’s Alms house
19275874
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
First and foremost, we would like to express our thankfulness to the Lord for His mercy and grace in allowing us to complete this case study effectively. On this occasion, we would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to Sir Sebastian, the case study's supervisor, for his touch, patience, and direction. Furthermore, he has provided us with several excellent courses and explanations and has not stopped sharing material since this job was assigned. The results of this research will be useful in the future.
The Chimney represents one of the items that reflect Britain's architectural character in housing. Chimneys were also the first component of houses throughout the Middle Ages and the Reformation era throughout the United Kingdom. The relationship between chimneys along fireplaces has a fascinating history. This monograph will go deeper into the details of Stone's Alms-house type, documenting its history and identifying its architectural evolution. Aside from that, this book will extend and explore Stone's Alms-house's development, architectural style, space planning, and technological features. A vital visual with a sense of space and openness that provides a high-value viewpoint of giving visual coherence and organization to the cities. It is how we shape individuals by creating the city they require. Cities are numerous because we witness their complexity, diversity, and continuous transformation. However, urban plots may contribute to societal activity. Taking into consideration Urban Design philosophy, good urban design should guarantee that plot sizes and architectural forms are not overly confusing and that there is an obvious hierarchy of streets, locations, usage, and scale. Street design and arrangement must meet the needs of the community daily, with clear points of reference and markers of every entity for architectural language. Activities, people and even places for staying can be plotted as part of mapping the environment of urban. In terms of architectural living experience, the morphological layers begin by establishing a natural blue and green framework that serves as the spine for the city's future development. Building plots indicate how we govern the art of growing enjoyment in our urban environment. The urban art profession is defined by shadow, screen, line, geometry, transparency, and sculpture. All of this, though, is an intriguing point of view. The context, history, architecture, building materials and methods, theory, and critique of the two chosen case studies on chimneys, particularly the fireplace, and social environment will also be discussed. This study's approach is based on desk research from secondary sources such as books, websites, papers, and journals. Finally, information obtained by studying the architecture of Britain Alms-houses in Oxford should be kept and passed on to the next generation to instil a sense of love and enthusiasm for British legacy to raise awareness and safeguard heritage.
Not to be forgotten are all the professors who contributed to their expertise throughout their coursework. Sir Toby Shew serves as the head coordinator of the ARCH 7058 Design Agency (Design Research & Representation) along with the School of Architecture Spine Lecture Series, which began in weeks 4, 7, and 10. Thank you also to Oxford Brookes University and the Oxford Historical Centre for assisting us in conducting this study and gathering data for the selected case studies. I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to everyone who was directly or indirectly involved in giving support and assistance in the preparation of this assignment. I hope that all of the tasks I have created will contribute to our expertise as well as the readers' knowledge, allowing them to be accountable for the production of great human capital.
Keywords: Alms-house, Fireplace, Legislation, Smoke, Welfare
CONTENTS
6.0 THE DESIGNED RESPONSE 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT
THE TWO GLASS BLOCK THE LOG FACADE THE BIRD HOUSE THE CARBON-NEGATIVE FIREPLACE
23 24 25 26
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
THE FIREPLACE THE ALMSHOUSE THE STONE’S HOSPITAL SOCIAL STATUS OF FIREPLACE
1 3 7 9
2.0 BACKGROUND TO THE RESEARCH 2.1 2.2 2.3
LEGISLATION TO CONTROL SMOKE SMOKE CONTROL AREA IN OXFORD LOCAL AUTHORITIES ACTION PLAN
3.0 THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS
12 12 14 15
4.0 THE RESEARCH APPROACH 4.1 THE NUMBER OF ALMS HOUSE OWNER 4.2 SOCIAL MOVEMENT OF ELDERLY
16 17
5.0 THE FINDINGS 5.1 5.2
THE SOUNDS OF A BIRD AND FIREWOOD BURST, AND CRACKLE IS SIMILAR. HEATING TECHNOLOGIES FOR WORLDWIDE GREEN HOUSE APPLICATIONS
20 21
7.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY 8.0 APPENDICES
29 30
1.0 INTRODUCTION The welfare state is an important part in shaping society because it provides critical services and addresses social disparities. The goal of this project is to investigate the dynamic spatial manifestation of the welfare state through an architectural product, emphasising the dynamic interaction between society, infrastructure, and assistance. Following this chapter, an introduction to a study of legislation to control the smoke of Stone’s Alms-house in St Clements, Oxford will be outlined. This chapter is divided into four sections that are supported by primary research. The first section will provide background information and a description of chimney law. The second section is about background research. The third section then discusses research issues as well as research techniques. 1.1
THE FIREPLACE
The definition of the chimney, the way we acknowledge it in England, began in the 12th century with fireplaces discovered in several early Norman castles. The fireplace had evolved into more than a hazy position during a hut at this point, and it additionally needed a more direct connection to the outside atmosphere than the earlier opening through the roof (Richards, 1961). The atmosphere of the subjects in art went from a man sitting by a fire heating a pot to a person sitting next to a fireplace with a pot. The fireplace has a lid from which a fine draws smoke and a chimney made of smaller parts as they grow higher, each with a distinct ornate pattern (Dresbeck, 2014). Comfort being one of the most basic demands of human existence, the extension of early civilization towards more moderate regions necessitated the invention of the fireplace surpassing what had previously been necessary in warmer locations. As nomadic tribes moved across the Mediterranean regions, into southern along with central Europe, and even more northward, the fire as a fireplace became increasingly important. (Richards, 1961) This fireplace, like in Victorian times, is the centre point of the British dwellings. Chris de Campo, an architect, is enthusiastic about the fireplace. "It means, among other things, home, heart, warmth, and survival." It served as one of the first linkages to the creation of shelter." The fireplace was the central focus of the Victorian house while the fireplace was low towards the ground. It is raised slightly onto a concrete plinth that frames the living room. "You can use the plinth for displaying objects or keep it quite simple," Gong goes on to suggest. (Crafti, 2007) The first step in producing heat from a fireplace is to get the coal into the houseowner. The unique characteristics of coal distribution creates the environment of utilising a fireplace in a residence. The coal produced by mining in the designated resources. However, the coal was discovered in Abingdon and transported by steam engine and coal train as well as coal yards were located at or close to railway stations. The coal was kept in the yard until the coalman arrived with his horse and cart. The cart featured a flat platform with retractable metal rails that held the coal bags in place. The coalman then delivered the sack of coal into the bunker as well as the coal hole. On Victorian and Edwardian house developments, there was no place to store coal outside. Every home had a 'coal hole,' which was a cupboard that ran under the stairs and appeared like a wooden wall from the outside. This was built of tongued and grooved boards, so no coal dust got into the chamber. The entrance door was in the scullery
Coal Distribution and Transportation
Residential nts
Rail was used to convey practically all items by coal train and steam engine.
Outside the home, coal was transported into coal bunkers.
A horse-drawn coal delivery vehicle carrying open sides filled with coal bags
The coalman had to enter through the passage, then the kitchen , and last into the scullery. The noise made by the coal hitting the wooden wall was incredible as he fired it into the coal pit.
A chimney is an essential component of shelter and fire, emitting smoke and heat. The height of the chimney is critical, particularly for central heating systems. Masonry chimneys are perfect for this function since they are two feet taller than nearby roof ridges and three feet higher than flat roofs. The height of the chimney in respect to surrounding objects is critical for maintaining the balance of heat and smoke. A smoke shelf effectively prevents cold air and smoke from entering a room by causing movement within the chimney, mixing cold air from the downdraft with warm air from the fire and sustaining heat (Harrington, 1977) 1.2 THE ALMS HOUSE Alms houses, in different incarnations, have existed for over 1,000 years. Alms were frequently dispensed beyond the monastery gates, apart from eventually the practice of providing board and lodging for tourists grew more prevalent, and ageing (Nigel Goose, 2009). The present-day hospital is the specialist successor of an institution the fact that played a larger and more prominent part in Middle Ages social life. A previous name is a free guesthouse for all comers, such as impoverished tourists, the sick, the infirm, and the elderly. The hospital's general name was currently in use, occasionally reduced simply to Spital or Spittle House, then to Maison's-Dieu, then to Bede House, and finally to Alms-house. The alms-house can probably be encountered in all of Europe's major cities as well as smaller villages. (Godfrey, 1955). The corporation administered many charities, the majority of which were given for the benefit of freemen or their families; some had shares in the corporate body and were administered with the council. Before the Reformation, they devised the concept of an alms-house. (Crossley, 1979). Although alms-houses are rarely discussed in welfare history, it appears that their perception was influenced by the idealistic goals of those who founded them, and 19th-century views of their role (Tomkins, 2015)
2
3
1
7
1
The labourers begin excavating to exploit the coal deposit.
2
Coal began to be distributed to the region using steam and coal train.
3
A bag of coal was being transported by horse and cart to be sold to a homeowner.
4
The coal been stored and sheltered inside the coal bunker
5
The coalman with the horse and cart was in charge of selling and delivering the coal.
Alms house
6
The scullery is a place to keep the coal underneath the table in the kitchen.
nts
7
The smoke from the chimney dispersed in a given radius, providing positive carbon area.
5 6 4
Coal Distribution and Transportation
13
12
11
10
9
7
8
5
4
6
3 2 1
Fireplace and Chimney Sectional
Detail Scale 1:20
1
Clean-out door
4
Outer Hearth
7
Damper
2
Ash dump Inner Hearth
5
Lintel Firebrick
8
11 Flue liner tiles Smoke-shelf Smoke chamber 12 Flue
3
6
9
10 Mantel
13 Chimeny cap
Households that are socially rented
Population of elderly in
United Kingdom Scale 1:3000000
0%-10%
20%-25%
30%-40%
0
40km
United Kingdom Scale 1:3000000
0%
10.1%-15.0%
20.1%-25.0%
0
40km
Present Data
2023
Leeds- 0%-10%
Leeds- 20.1%-25.0%
Cardiff- 0%-10%
Cardiff- 10.1%-15.0%
Glasglow - 0%-10%
Glasglow - 20.1%-25.0%
Manchester - 0%-10% Manchester - 10.1%-15.0% Liverpool - 0%-10%
Liverpool - 10.1%-15.0%
Wales - 30%-40% Oxford - 0%-10%
Wales - 0% Oxford - 20.1%-25.0%
London - 0%-10%
London - 20.1%-25.0%
Presence of
Population of elderly with Social Household rented in England Population of elderly
Households that are socially rented
1.3
THE STONE’S HOSPITAL
Following the story, the alms-house was named after William Stone. He was the principal of New Inn Hall when he died in 1685, at the age of 70. The Stone's Hospital was founded by two people: Obadiah Walker, Master of University College, who was charged with overseeing the hospital, and Dr Stephen Fry, a professor at Trinity College, who was authorised to carry out Stone's instructions. Walker followed by Fry researched a location close to Gloucester Green, nevertheless, Walker was sent into the Tower of London due to his Romanist obsessive ritualistic behavioural patterns, preventing them from carrying out their plan. Within two years, Walker was freed from the Tower of London as well as outsourced the alms-house programme to partners such as Dr Timothy Halton. (Jenkins, 2023). Most importantly he outlines Stone’s vision: Alms-house for the sick and poor, open to all, regardless of privilege or profession. The site was acquired in 1697, and the alms-house was built with the front-facing St. Clement's Street. Meanwhile, Oxford mason Bartholomew Peisley was paid £250, while Headington carpenter George Smith was given £180 for woodwork (Jenkins, 2023). The alms-house is in Stone’s Court, Oxford which is one of the oldest listed buildings (Charity, 2022).
Stone’s Alms house St Clements
Location Plan
Stone’s Alms house Scale 1:5000
Stone’s Alms house
Artefact Walking Route
The smoke penetration is determined by the wind flow. 1 5
To Garden 3
2
Front Elevation Make a contribution to the carbon-positive movement. Main Entrance
To Garden
Welcoming with vegetation
4
To Garden
Rear Elevation
major social gathering spot
Ground Floor
Floor plan and Elevations
Stone’s Alms house nts
Upper Floor
In 1701 the 'Brethren and Sisters of Mr. Stone's Hospital' incorporated Oxford's hospital, which was founded in 1700. Visitors such as college presidents and professors directed, visited, and discharged almsmen and women. Furthermore, an architect, Thomas Rayson, was involved in the 1960s extension, which erected Parson's alms-house on the left and Duncan's alms-house on the right inside the territory of Stone's Alms-house (Jenkins, 2023). Since 1958, Stone's Hospital has been managed by trustees of municipal charities as the building was sold to University College because the house of eight is not enough to fulfil the needy which paid for eight more for new Parson’s alms-house on land acquired from and next to Stone’s Hospital in St Clement’s, and in 1964, an anonymous contribution was utilised to construct eight flats known as Mary Duncan (Crossley, 1979). The hospital was unique in that it was a hospital for the destitute and ill, and it accepted all residents no matter their privilege or profession (Charity, 2022). They did, however, install the inscription on the Stone's alms-house, which faced directly into St Clement's Street. In the intervening time, the inscription uses the term "hospital" in its ancient definition to refer to a benevolent facility that houses the poor. Stone's hospital alms-house layout contains indigent, infirm, or elderly people (Jenkins, 2023)
2
4
1.4
SOCIAL STATUS OF FIREPLACE
According to the mediaeval period of social status, the link between fireplace and chimney has a great impact on how people change or simply adapt to a new environment as the changing way of life applies to socialising as well as meeting together. To avert fires in early mediaeval buildings with central hearths, high ceilings were required. Louvres were employed to evacuate smoke therefore, but they also allowed heat to escape. In the 12th century, the introduction of fireplaces, particularly chimneys, reduced the number of people sitting near the fire, resulting in smaller rooms with lower ceilings and improved heat dispersion. This allowed for fewer people to be heated while simultaneously improving heat dispersion. The emergence of the chimney with fireplace in mediaeval England demonstrates the connection between the human and natural worlds throughout history. However, the impact of new heating technology on society and mediaeval life is not well understood (Dresbeck, 2014).
3
1
5
Office City of Oxford Charity
4
Residential Area
Residential Area
Rear Entrance
mini office 1 5
Parking
Residential Area
Parson’s Alms-house
Duncan's Alms-house
2
2
3
Stone’s Almshouse
1
4
Garden
Layout of outdoor spaces
3
Stone’s Alms house Scale 1:250
5
Main Entrance Latest Extention
Walking Routes
Commercial Area
Fire and humans have a strong bond since fire is closely related to human existence. Furthermore, seeing the fireplace appears to have resulted in relaxation, as seen by enhanced alpha power. Real fire, being a natural element, may have calming benefits. People frequently seek the calming benefits of natural elements to escape from a hectic culture. They also enjoy incorporating natural elements into interior areas. Fire is inextricably linked to human life. In addition to being lovely interior additions, enjoying fire appears to be one motivation to have a fireplace (Manago, 2004). The psychological impacts of a fire may lead to a higher quality of life. However, there have been few cognitive experiments in which a real-world substance, such as fire, has been employed as an experimental stimulus (TamakoshiI, et al., 2011)
According to (Matsunami, 2005) a gas fireplace can help in human communication. When sitting next to a functional fireplace, the space between two strangers was lower than when there was no fireplace. on the mere existence of a fireplace, responses on a subjective scale on surveys evaluating relaxation, healing, as well as familiarity were also higher. There are several elements that influence the impact of a fireplace within real life. Exterior looks, warming radiation, and the visual surroundings, including a fireplace, are all important aspects. Visual stimulation and warmth may be the most essential aspects. Those coherence or consistency will also be crucial to stay in touch with reality (TamakoshiI, et al., 2011)
5
980mm
R1 00 0m
m
4
3
Layout of Bedroom
Stone’s Alms house Scale 1:200
R1 00 0m
2
1
2215mm
m
300mm
1
Seating sofa as part of gathering furniture for social value.
4
2
The usage of fireplace equipment is critical since they serve as an eye-catching and suitable asset. The bed should be located in a corner and next to a wall to guarantee thermal comfort from natural sunshine.
By interacting with other users, the goal is to improve social interaction among the Alms home community.
5
The facility features a single door for easy access to outdoor spaces, providing users with a fresh air experience.
3
2.0 BACKGROUND TO THE RESEARCH 2.1
LEGISLATION TO CONTROL SMOKE
Thick smoke-filled winter fog has badly affected life and trade in Britain's metropolitan environment. Francis Albert Rollo Russell, son of former Prime Minister Lord John Russell, stated that house smoke was primarily responsible for defacing the city's historic architecture, blocking sunlight, destroying vegetation and, most importantly, endangering people's health between 1837 and 1910. Furthermore, due to the deterioration of the pre-existing lung illness, there was a lack of vigilance in preventing smoking during the extended fogs of late January and early February (Mosley, 2003). Households generally utilise energy for space heating, water heating, air conditioning, lighting, refrigeration, cooking, and clothing drying. In the 1940s, 19,056,00 dwelling units with 700,00 households used coal as a primary heating fuel (Leibson, 1988). In Victorian and Edwardian Britain, smoke pollution from household fireplaces was acknowledged as a severe urban environmental issue. Sulphurous household smoke emissions, for example, have been linked to an increase in respiratory disease deaths. Emissions of coal from more than a million chimneys coupled with dense fog may have greater lethal repercussions than animal slaughter (Mosley, 2003). 2.2
SMOKE CONTROL AREA IN OXFORD
The free-standing coal fire of both the nineteenth and twentieth centuries was a focal point concerning family life, and the authorities dreaded it. The ramifications of enacting legislation are the fact that obstructed a citizen's ability to enjoy the very widespread institution of having an open coal fire. The authorities are still reluctant to take serious action against domestic smoking (Mosley, 2003). The local government-designated smoke control area in Oxford, on the other hand, has implemented a Clean Air Act. Its purpose is to prevent considerable smoke emissions from chimneys, furnaces, and boilers. Furthermore, unless in "exempt" appliances, unlawful fuel usage within Smoke Control Areas (SCAs). 2019 Council. According to British Coal Cooperation Coal Research Development, British household coal-fire appliances for the smoke control region and emissions from these comply with United Kingdom regulations. As a result, there is a lack of public knowledge about the use of coal in the home, as well as difficulties in handling and storing coal, cleaning ashes, and delivering coal in urban areas (Leibson, 1988)
Smoke Control Area of
Oxfordshire Scale 1 : 50000
Smoke Control Area
Outer Smoke Control Area
0
400km
Land Use
Building Age
St Clements,OX Scale 1:5000
St Clements,OX Alms house
High Density Commercial area
Education zone
Education zone
Scale 1:5000
Alms house
Modern Building
Histical Building
2.4
LOCAL AUTHORITIES ACTION PLAN
Oxford's central business district has been designated as an Air Quality Management Area (AQMA) considering 2001, with amendments in 2003. In 2006, an Air Quality Action Plan was prepared in collaboration with Oxfordshire County Council and incorporated into the Local Transport Plan. Following the discovery of eight air pollution hot sites in 2008, a city-wide AQMA was issued in 2010. As a result, in 2013, the city created a city-wide Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP), which attempts to take an integrated approach to examining steps to decrease carbon and air pollution emissions. This is consistent with the strategy used under the city-wide Low Emission Strategy (LES) to investigate additional alternatives for integrating local policy. (Pitman, 2014) St. Clement's has historically had the highest NO2 levels. This road connector is in the city's business district and is managed by Oxford City Council. The road is a vital city centre thoroughfare that connects east and west Oxford via The Plain Roundabout. St Clement's St is the most direct route from the east to the city centre. Anual Mean Concetrations (ug/m3)
100
80 3
60 4 2 5
40
1 6
20
2011 Oxford’s Air Pollution Hotspot
St Clements,OX Scale 1:5000
2012
2013
1 Queen St
4 St Aldate’s
2 High St
5 Longwall St
3 St Clements
6 Bonn Sq
3.0 THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS
4.0 THE RESEARCH APPROACH
1. How encounters the provision for and upkeep regarding the fireplace including any associated services evolved over time?
This research focuses on the social status of old people as well as the fireplace at Stone's Alms House in St Clements, Oxford. The research is based on a mixed methods approach that analysed 53 years of administrative data from social housing-related support agencies in England, as well as interviews with one of the house's users.
2. Fireplace in the modern period usage should be sustainable and carbon-negative to maintain a social environment and cultural elements without causing pollution?
The administrative data are from Oxford City Council has set a new Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) for the 2021-2025 period, aiming to reduce air pollution. This is the first time any UK local authority has set a city-wide air pollution reduction target through its AQAP. The plan, which is based on the 2014 Air Quality Progress Report, identifies eight air pollution hot spots identified in the 2008 Detailed Assessment Report. The AQAP aims to promote clean air, public health, and social justice, making it a significant step towards achieving these goals (Council, 2021). The social status of the fireplace in each room, occupied by a single user, is critical for sustaining mental health and resolving various difficulties among the twenty-two Alms home users. The monitoring result of the Nitrogen Dioxide diffusion tube was analysed using various data sources to align with air quality objectives. This analysis highlighted legislative and service issues, such as wind direction during winter and chimney smoke in Oxford. The range of data sources was brought together in analysis to explore the usage and environment of the fireplace after the chimney’s smoke legislation in the UK. The following sections will discuss aspects of these journeys which raise the design of the intervention of the fireplace in connection with Stone’s Alms house.
4.1
THE NUMBER OF ALMS HOUSE OWNER
Stone's Building, the original foundation, comprises four one-bedroom flats and one double unit for a couple, grouped in three blocks around a central lawn.
in total of 22 occupant
The accommodation in two other blocks, refurbished in 2019, includes eight flats arranged around two staircases, with an additional one-bedroom flat adapted for ambulant disabled individuals or couples. Each flat features a living room, separate kitchen, bedroom, and en-suite bathroom, designed for independent living. Stone's Court is a vibrant space with residents from diverse backgrounds and histories, fostering a sense of community and activity.
ground floor (single room)
social connection
The Alms house, designed within Smoke Control Areas (SCAs), features a fireplace that is non-functional due to its placement within the house. This lack of social connection hinders the enjoyment of the fireplace, as it is often removed during the day and night.
social connection
upper floor (couple room)
4.2
SOCIAL MOVEMENT OF ELDERLY Seeking for nature sound and vision
going out for grocery
visiting garden
going out for grocery
Visiting neighbourhood
Elderly activity during winter
Elderly activity during winter in
1970s
Day movement
Night movement
Day movement
Night movement
Present
5.0 THE FINDINGS The fireplace of the Alms house is not as unique as the previous year starting 1970s but it is gathered as part of the social attributes for the needy and most importantly elderly who lost their family.
NO 2
NO2 2
NO
History of Alms house Usage Coal Delivery
Activity Movement Wood and Coal
The impact of societal health and social conditions, particularly those affecting pragnant women, is significant.
2
According to the study, the fireplace stays shut down but its focal point would be lost without social interaction from elders or Alms home users, and the name and function of the fireplace remain significant to British cultural features.
2
NO
Smoke control Area Clean Air Act Air Quality Management area
NO
After retirement, many elderly individuals face numerous challenges in their lives, including a shift from their traditional jobs to a more sedentary lifestyle. This inactivity often stems from the belief that they are not fit for any new job, causing physical, mental, and financial issues. Many elderly individuals spend most of their time in their home environment, unable to engage in any other work, resulting in a lack of fulfilment and fulfilment in their lives. Some older people have higher degrees of despair, feel more unsafe, and are burdened.
2
Loneliness is a significant issue experienced by the elderly, who often feel isolated due to their family members' busy schedules, studies, and social activities. This lack of company can lead to depression and a decrease in mobility. The loss of friends, family, and income further contributes to the feeling of loneliness among the elderly.
NO
The research reveals that while the fireplace, used for heating purposes, can cause pollution in St Clements, the elderly can still maintain social connections through its function, despite the serious mental issues and loneliness experienced by the elderly.
Wind Direction
Focal Area with Fireplace running
Turning to Non-Focal Area with removed Fireplace
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5
1
4
2
6
Inhabited Sectional of Fireplace
Stone’s Alms house Scale 1:250
1
The gathering area is designed to provide a warm and tranquil atmosphere.
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The fireplace was removed due to a non-running fire, as per the Smoke Legislation.
2
The use of fireplace equipment is intended to create a lively focal point area.
5
The lack of decoration in the focal point does not attract users to stop by.
3
The fireplace serves as a central focal point and hearth.
6
The facility is empty, and there is no specific location for lively gatherings.
5.1 THE SOUNDS OF A BIRD AND FIREWOOD BURST, AND CRACKLE IS SIMILAR. The statement is indicating a lack of usage.
Birds have a distinct auditory world, characterised by sound waves regarding a wavelength of Hz. This feeling is a temporal phenomenon that necessitates the use of a biological, mechanical, or electrical transmitter and receiver. Birds communicate via a variety of noises, including clicks, hammering, wing noise, calls, and songs. Biological communication includes the exchange of information, recognition, and memory. The richness of an audio experience in the open air cannot be replicated in recorded performances (Cox, 2008). On the other hand, were based on earlier findings from research that employed self-evaluations to suggest that bird songs relieve stress more than other disturbances such as traffic noise. Bird melodies and flowing or running water are common natural noise makers. Although not statistically significant, there appears to be a trend according to our prediction that "traffic noise" would have the least stress reduction and "bird song" would have the largest stress reduction. Noises from birds, provided at an ecologically realistic sound level, may alleviate physical stress by masking noise from urban traffic (Hedblom, et al., 2019)
Birds' sound is transmitted to the fireplace via the chimney. The proposed solution is to transform birds' habitats into nested spaces.
Skin Conductance levels(SCL) (µS) 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 -0.5 -1.0 -1.5 Birds song + traffic noice
-2.0
Birds song
-2.5 -3.0 0
100 Stress
200
300
400
500 Recovery
600
700
800 Time (s)
5.2 HEATING TECHNOLOGIES FOR WORLD WIDE GREENHOUSE APPLICATIONS
Passive Solar Greenhouse
A greenhouse heating system is crucial for enhancing thermal energy storage and transferring excess heat to the heat storage area. This heat is then recovered at night to meet the greenhouse's heating needs. A composite system uses the same system for heating and cooling in winter. The overall performance of a greenhouse coupled with a heating system is influenced by factors such as the size of the greenhouse, cover material, heat storage method, cultivation type, desired indoor air temperature, greenhouse location, and external ambient conditions.
Heat gain during the day Solar Radiation
Water tanks of various sizes and temperatures have been used to store water in greenhouses. In a 30 m2 polyethylene-covered greenhouse, the north side was insulated to prevent heat loss. Solar radiation flow on tanks was enhanced by reflecting from the north wall with 0.7-0.8 reflectivity (mylar) reflector sheets. In a 40 m2 glass house, the interior air temperature was kept 4-5 degrees Celsius higher than the lowest outside temperature. In a 95 m2 glasshouse, a reflecting north wall kept the indoor air temperature 3-4°C warmer.
Heat return during the night
Convection
Interior (living) exterior (planting)
A greenhouse's north wall is insulated and painted black on the inside to store thermal energy, especially in cold climates. This design collects solar energy and decreases heat losses, increasing greenhouse air temperature by 1-10°C and meeting 35-82% of heating requirements. Although building raises greenhouse gas emissions, it reduces the need for pipelines, air pumps, and power. Water tanks/barrels are cost-effective and efficient due to their reduced space utilization, reducing annual temperature fluctuations.
water tank
north wall
6.0 THE DESIGNED RESPONSE Chimneys, an initial component of dwellings throughout the Middle Ages and Reformation era in the United Kingdom, reflect Britain's architectural identity and offer an intriguing history of the connection between chimneys and fireplaces. The design solution attempts to create a sociable gathering atmosphere for Stone's Court Alms house's elderly and needy residents. In the present globalisation period, the design solution addresses the issue of smoke and carbon-positive emissions from fireplace use, which contribute to pollution and harm to nature and people. The municipal has cleared the smoke control area. In the light of the design response aims to reintroduce social gathering and cultural appreciation in the fireplace area of Stone's Alms house, reflecting the surrounding context and considering the garden area as a crucial consideration element.
6.1
THE TWO GLASS BLOCK
The Greenhouse design was applied to Stone's Alms house, focusing on space layout and incorporating a variety of occupied spaces. The original design style and sense of identity were maintained, with a glass block design in the focal point and a covered chimney tower. The Social Housing architectural elements were modernized with glass walls and aluminium framing. Two glass blocks were designed on the east and west sides of Stone's Almshouse, accommodating four single and couple rooms. The original building's rooms were kept secure to maintain its form and covered area, while the space was extended for elderly gathering and activity.
6.2
THE LOG FACADE
The outdoor connection to nature is maintained through the use of logs, which provide a vibrant and calm living environment. This connection is particularly beneficial for elderly individuals, who can connect emotionally and physically with the woods. The log also brings the fragrance of nature to the living room.
6.3
THE BIRD HOUSE
Birds naturally flock to the chimney as part of the bird nest in order to produce a bird sound and make the room more peaceful for the living area. The design does not include a bird nest, but the chimney has been adjusted to accommodate the nest for the bird to make their home. To invite the bird to build their nest within the chimney, clear up the inside of the chimney tower and give a ledge for the bird to safely install the nest. The chimney tower's narrow and hollow design allows sound transmission from the chimney to the fireplace. A small ledge allows birds to nest near the fireplace, but the space must be secure to prevent animals from entering the living area. The design addresses the issue with the glass box panel's approach, allowing the fireplace to project to the living area.
garden car park
New Design of Stone’s
main entrance
6.4
THE CARBON-NEGATIVE FIREPLACE
The Alms house features a fireplace design that provides heating and calmness, promoting social interaction, especially among the elderly. The design incorporates carbon-negative features, enhancing the living area's environment through the interaction of heating and bird sounds.
7.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY Charity, O. C., 2022. About of City Oxford Charity. [Online] Available at: https://oxfordcitycharity.org.uk/about-city-of-oxford-charity/ [Accessed 6 November 2023]. Council, O. C., 2019. Smoke Control Order. [Online] Available at: https://www.oxford.gov.uk/info/20216/air_quality_management/216/domestic_smoke_control_areas [Accessed 3 November 2013]. Council, O. C., 2021. Oxford City Council Air Quality Action Plan 2021-2025, Oxford: s.n. Cox, B. L., 2008. Becoming-Bird: Sound, Image, Movement, Santa Cruz: Digital Art & New Media Program, University of California. Crafti, S., 2007. The Fireplaces. In: R. Beaver, ed. Details for Living. Australia: The images Publishing Group, pp. 167-181. Crossley, A., 1979. Charities for Poor. In: C. Elrington, ed. The Victoria history of the county of Oxford. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 462. Crossley, A., 1979. Other Municiple Charities. In: C. R. Elrington, ed. The Victoria history of the county of Oxford. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 468. Dresbeck, L., 2014. The Chimney and Social Change In Medieval England. Albion, 3(1), pp. 21-32. Godfrey, W. H., 1955. The English Alms-House. London: Faber and Faber Limited. Harrington, G., 1977. The wood-burning stove book. New York: Collier Books. Hedblom, M. et al., 2019. Sounds of Nature in the City: No Evidence of Bird Song Improving Stress Recovery. Promoting Healthy and Supportive Acoustic Environments: Going beyond the Quietness, 16(8), p. 1390. Jenkins, S., 2023. OxfordHistory.org.uk. [Online] Available at: https://www.oxfordhistory.org.uk/streets/inscriptions/east/stones_almshouses.html [Accessed 6 November 2023]. Kevin N. Laland, G. R. B., 2011. A history of evolution and human behaviour. In: Sense and Nonsense: Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Behaviour. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 14-15. Leibson, I., 1988. Residential Sector. In: The Use of Coal in the Industrial, Commercial, Residential, and Transportation Sectors. Washington DC: Transportation Sectors, pp. 21-23.
Manago, A., 2004. Future directions of life with fire -from Japanese -American studies of fire places and open hearths. In: American studies of fire places and openhearths. 71 ed. s.l.:Quarterly Journal CEL, pp. 83-85. Matsunami, H., 2005. Whether increased familiarity are caused byfire places. In: A research for effects of life with fire.. s.l.:Quarterly Journal CEL, pp. 49-51. Mosley, S., 2003. Fresh air and foul: the role of the open fireplace in ventilating the British home, 1837–1910. Planning Perspectives, 18(1), pp. 1-21. Nigel Goose, S. B., 2009. ALMSHOUSE RESIDENCY IN NINETEENTH CENTURY ENGLAND: AN INTERIM REPORT. Almshouse Residency in Nineteenth Century England: An Interim Report, 12(1), pp. 65-75. Pitman, R., 2014. 2014 Air Quality Progress Report, Oxford: Oxford City Council. Richards, D. H., 1961. The Chimney. Journal of the British Archaeological Association , 24(1), pp. 67-79. TamakoshiI, S., SHIMAI, S., SOGO, S. & YAGI, A., 2011. The Psychophysiological Effects of the Fireplace. PSYCHOLOGIA, Volume 54, pp. 68-79. Tomkins, A., 2015. ALMSHOUSE VERSUS WORKHOUSE: RESIDENTIAL WELFARE IN 18TH-CENTURY OXFORD. Family & Community History, 7(1), p. 46.
8.0 APPENDICES 8.1 APPENDIX 1 This idea is crucial in understanding past student work and showcasing the power of art in demonstrating ideas. The weekly lecture opened my eyes motivated my architectural journey and made it more powerful idea generate design ideas and solutions. The note-taking process was beneficial in ensuring careful listening and decoding of information, forming an overview on re-reading and ensuring not all recorded information was relevant. Design activities are a creative and effort-driven approach that can transform even the simplest things into amazing creations. The sketch with scale is the most interesting part as I could imagine the technicality of human size as I can overlay it to my research design. As far as I am concerned, each week of lecture is a week of providing the concept to the professor. This is the most effective approach to gaining information by developing and researching the artefact. Furthermore, the split tutorial is a great technique to get a creative and rigorous design solution and intervention.In terms of research tutorials, I believe it is beneficial to solicit feedback from colleagues. It has taken me a long time to broaden my thinking to achieve and overcome problems. Dealing with and being open to public design feedback is commonly accepted since it allows me to approach my design and research more honestly and encourages critical thinking. Overall, this course should be implemented for future architecture students to continue the high-value education, and I find it entertaining and creative with a wide range of exposure and understanding in architectural, welfare, political, cultural, and social fields.
8.2 APPENDIX 2
