Mediatecture - ‘In and Out’ Mediatecture - ‘In and Out’ Interactive and Intelligent building skin
Interactive and Intelligent building skin
TU Delft _ AR3B420 - Future Facade Design
Shitole Harshad
Harshad Shitole_TU Delft _ AR3B420_Future Facade Design
Mediatecture - ‘In and Out’ Interactive and Intelligent building skin
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Mediatecture - ‘In and Out’
Harshad Shitole_TU Delft _ AR3B420_Future Facade Design
Interactive and Intelligent building skin
Contents 1. Introduction
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2. Initial concept
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3. Media Facade -Classification and current trends
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4. How far are we?
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5. I want to look out !!!
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6. OLED (organic light emitting diode)
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7. OLED Applications
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8. OLED - Advantages and Disadvantages
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9. OLED - Influance on facade
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10. Developement of unitized system
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11. Interactive transformation
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12. Integration of transparent Heating system
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13. Integration of transparent Photovoltiac
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14. Construction of Facade
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15. Advantages and disadvantages
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16. Conclusion
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Harshad Shitole_TU Delft _ AR3B420_Future Facade Design
Mediatecture - ‘In and Out’ Interactive and Intelligent building skin
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1. Introduction Media, by all means, is extending its active fields and is creating a convergence between physical and virtual spaces. Cities are in a rapid evolution age: façades are changing, architecture is developing more into the digital domain and social interaction of inhabitants is becoming much more mediated. How are all of these changes affecting our daily life? Media facades are becoming landmarks of virtual interaction one way or both ways, but can it do more? In this ‘Future Facade Studio’ I tried to explore the effects, possibilities and limitations of future media facades. I have tried to integrate all functional and aesthetical functions of a facade into a ‘Media Facade’ which can be interactive from outside to the public and also from inside to the user simultaneously. I have tried to explore possible options to make it duel interactive using present and upcoming technologies which will be commercially available in next couple of years. 1. The Port Authority Bus Terminal (PABT), located in midtown Manhattan between 40th and 42nd street, New York http://www.gkdmetalfabrics.com/press_releases/11.html
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Interactive and Intelligent building skin
mirror
Curtain/ Sunscreen
Operable window
Books Soft board
Radiator
Computer
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2. Initial concept
2. Interior Photo -311, Roland Holstlaan, Delft
There were two pints of departures for the concept, first one developed while questioning the very existence of the equipments and elements in my house around me. Fig. (2) shows interior of my room with many physical objects such as mirror, curtain, operable and transparent window, radiator, ventilator, computer, softboard, books, lighting fixtures etc. Most of them are not dependent of others existence in terms of its function. For example, if I am closing the curtains I really don’t care whats the view outside or if I am opening the window it doesn’t matter if my radiator is on or not or if I am working on my computer it doesn’t matter where my mirror is placed. I use the light fixtures only at night when there is no natural light, so during the day time these fixtures or equipments just occupy the physical space of my room. If I am sleeping on my bed, existence of all the things above has no meaning in the physical space of my room. How to get rid of the physical elements with no functional use at that point of time? This is possible in the virtual world but difficult in physical world. It could be possible if we could blur the boundaries between two worlds. 5
Harshad Shitole_TU Delft _ AR3B420_Future Facade Design
Mediatecture - ‘In and Out’ Interactive and Intelligent building skin
The second point of departure was the inspiration I got from online videos from Corning glass and Microsoft. Corning’s vision for the future includes a world in which myriad ordinary surfaces transform from one-dimensional utility into sophisticated electronic devices. Imagine organizing your daily schedule with a few touches on your bathroom mirror? Chatting with far-away relatives through interactive video on your kitchen counter? Reading a classic novel on a whisper-thin piece of flexible glass? Corning is not only imagining those scenarios – the company is engaged in research that could bring them alive in the not too distant future. You can get a glimpse of Corning’s vision in the new video, “A Day Made of Glass.”
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Glass is the essential enabling material of this new world. This is a visual world – so transparency is a must. Ubiquitous displays require materials that are flexible, durable, stable under the toughest of environmental conditions, and have a cool, touch-friendly aesthetic. This virtual world requires materials that are strong, yet thin and lightweight; that can enable complex electronic circuits and nano functionality; that can scale for very large applications, and that are also environmentally friendly.
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Combining both the points of departures, the concept of putting all the physical elements, which are functionally not important at that particular point of time, on the facade creating the mix of real and virtual world was developed. This will make it interactive and intelligent from inside. I also tried to find out solution for it to behave the same as a interactive and intelligent public communication platform from out side.
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3-6. Corning’s vision for Future Glass Technology http://www.corning.com/news_center/features/A_Day_Made_of_Glass.aspx
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Mediatecture - ‘In and Out’
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Interactive and Intelligent building skin
3. Media Facade -Classification and current trends
The Media facades developed so far cater to the outer part of the facade which interacts with public. Media facades created utterly new connections between digital space on the one hand and architecture and urban space on the other hand. Never before was there an interface between the physical and the digital world, which was public to such an extent, that it appeals not only to individual users, as in the case of a personal computer, but also to the whole group or even to a whole urban population and that furthermore also allows to interact with the facade or to design its content.
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Media facades elude a classification into mutually exclusive categories and therefore it is more meaningful to discuss their most important characteristics. As mentioned in the infosheet for Media facade festival by Dr. Gernot Tscherteu, a media facade will not only be classified concerning only one element, but it will take a place in relation to every single one of these characteristics. The so-called media facades are simply good examples for the relevant characteristic, but naturally they also exhibit other characteristics and would eventually also serve as good examples in those places. It is not the point to rigidly classify media facades and media architecture, but to have a set of terms at hand in order to be in a better position to compare and discuss them. They can be classified as Display technology, Image properties, Integration of the display into the building, Permanent / temporary, Dimensionality, Transparency / Translucency, Energy consumption – sustainability, Media content and the building, Interaction, Outlook.
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7. Start place, Taiwan 8. Nordwesthaus, Fußach 9. Blinkenlights, Berlin 10. Kunsthaus Graz, Austria 11. Allianz Arena, Munich 12. Yas Hotel, Abu Dhabi 13. Green Pix, Beijing 14. Chanel Tower, Tokyo 15. City of Dreams, Macau 16. Wind Tower. Yokohama 17. KPN tower, Rotterdam
From all above classification Interactive character of a media facade was a driving force in my concept development. It can be further classified as Auto-active: one-directional (Display of a predefined transformation) , Reactive: two-directional (Transformation within a prede fined cause and effect relation), Interactive: multi-directional (Multiple transformations based on human-computer interaction)
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Mind map from - Media Facades: Fundamental terms and concepts Author: Dr. Gernot Tscherteu Research: DI Wolfgang Leeb http://www.mediaarchitecture.org/mediafacades2008/exhibition/basics-eng/
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By far the biggest potential for the identification of occupants with media architecture consists in an interactive media concept. The projection of Blinkenlights in Berlin, for example, is well documented. Here, the “users” were given different possibilities to communicate with the building itself, or with other inhabitants of Berlin. On the one hand, clips containing simple animations or text messages of the user could be sent to the façade – love messages were very popular in this case. On the other hand, one could even play “Pong” via cell phone interfaces. During “normal operation”, Blinkenlights automatically performed a predefined playlist of user-generated animations. One could discontinue the programme via cellphone, in order to play Pong either alone or together.
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Another interesting interactive idea was a projection on facade and slingshot as interactive tool in Vienna. The SMSlingshot is an autonom working device, equipped with an ultra-high frequency radio, hacked arduino board, laser and batteries. Text messages can be typed on a phone-sized wooden keypad which is integrated in the also wooden slingshot. After the message is finished, the user can aim on a media facade and send/shoot the message straight to the targeted point. It will then appear as a colored splash with the message written within. The text message will also be real-time twittered - just in case.
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MultiTouch and uma collaborated to create the world’s largest public multitouch display at Siemens City in Vienna. This huge, content-rich display showcases the innovations of Siemens on the most advanced multitouch platform available today. Employees and potential customers who enter Siemens’ lobby are immediately drawn to the captivating, interactive display that tracks their movements and allows them to display corporate and product information at their fingertips.
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22 18. Blinkenlights in Berlin 19. SMS slingshot projection facade, Vienna 20. SMS slingshot working 21. Multitouch surface, Siemens, Vienna 22. Graffity wall
Most of the interactive facades are driven by the third party equipment. Facade alone is not interactive, it just serves the functional purpose for the building. In this context the invention of the multitouch surface is significant. Just imagine, if installed outside of the building or under the flyover, it will give the whole new dimension to graffiti wall by making it interactive. 9
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Mediatecture - ‘In and Out’ Interactive and Intelligent building skin
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4. How far are we? Steven Spielberg’s vision in the movie ‘Minority Report’ of a gesture control interactive media is partly realised in the form of MultiTouch at Siemens at a bigger scale. It might have replaced the coffee table books in the Siemens lobby but if the same technology placed on the facade will give a whole new dimension to media architecture. Just imagine the whole facade made out of MultiTouch surfaces will be availabe to the passerby as an interactive media which can be used to stay connected, place a message, to scribble their thoughts on it or it can become ‘Blackboard’ for the ‘Public’ school.
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But how far are we to place this technology on facade? Can we put it on facade in such a way that it will be interactive from outside as well as from the inside? so that it can be an interactive media between the actual building users and the public. An alternative to the expensive touch surfaces is an open source invention ‘Sixth Sense’ by Pranav Mistry, a Phd student at MIT. ‘SixthSense’ is a wearable gestural interface that augments the physical world around us with digital information and lets us use natural hand gestures to interact with that information.
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23 - Still from the movie Minority Report 24 - Sixth sence technology by Pranav Mistry. He is a PhD student in the Fluid Interfaces Group at MIT’s Media Lab. 25 - Touch surface technology
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5. I want to look out !!! In general practice, like in Times square NewYork, media facades are an addition to existing facade. They are just mounted on existing facade externally compromising with facades transparency, which is one of the most important functional characteristic of any facade as it directly affects the natural light coming inside and also ventilation in some cases. There are few examples like NYC Port Authority Bus Terminal with worlds largest transparent (60%) LED media facade with Mediamesh®. Mediamesh, a transparent advertising and communication platform made of stainless steel fabric with integrated LED profiles. Compared to conventional systems for the medialization of architecture, PC-Mediamesh offers the advantages of a weatherproof combination of maximum transparency and daylight-capability of the media display function. One of the disadvantage is the lower image graphic resolution. The other product from the same company GKD, Illumesh® is better in resolution but not as good as Mediamesh® in transparency.
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So there isnt a good combination of performance, resolution and transparency available in commercial market today. If we look into the near future, the next step to LED technology which is OLED(organic light emitting diode) looks promising to combine performance, resolution and transparency.
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26. The Port Authority Bus Terminal (PABT), located in midtown Manhattan between 40th and 42nd street, New York 27. MAGIC WEAVE®, a combination of Haver & Boecker Architectural Wire Mesh and state-of-the-art LED technology of Traxon Technologies an Osram company. 28. MediaMesh® 29. Illiumesh®
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6. OLED (organic light emitting diode) An organic light-emitting diode (OLED) is a lightemitting diode (LED) in which the emissive electroluminescent layer is a film of organic compounds which emit light in response to an electric current. This layer of organic semiconductor material is situated between two electrodes. Generally, at least one or both of these electrodes are transparent. Working principle - A typical OLED is composed of a layer of organic materials situated between two electrodes, the anode and cathode, all deposited on a substrate. The organic molecules are electrically conductive as a result of delocalization of pi electrons caused by conjugation over all or part of the molecule. These materials have conductivity levels ranging from insulators to conductors, and therefore are considered organic semiconductors. The highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (HOMO and LUMO) of organic semiconductors are analogous to the valence and conduction bands of inorganic semiconductors. 30
30. Image and references from Wikipedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OLED
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There are two main families of OLEDs: those based on small molecules and those employing polymers. Adding mobile ions to an OLED creates a Light-emitting Electrochemical Cell or LEC, which has a slightly different mode of operation. OLED displays can use either passive-matrix (PMOLED) or active-matrix addressing schemes. Active-matrix OLEDs (AMOLED) require a thin-film transistor backplane to switch each individual pixel on or off, but allow for higher resolution and larger display sizes.
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As this technology is not based on backlighting as its predecessors TFT and LCD, the substrate can be transparent and/or flexible. It opens the whole new world of possibilities. Transparent OLEDs use transparent or semi-transparent contacts on both sides of the device to create displays that can be made to be both top and bottom emitting (transparent). TOLEDs can greatly improve contrast, making it much easier to view displays in bright sunlight. This technology can be used in Head-up displays, smart windows or augmented reality applications. Novaled’s OLED panel presented in Finetech Japan 2010, boasts a transparency of 60–70%.
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OLED displays can be fabricated on flexible plastic substrates leading to the possibility of flexible organic light-emitting diodes being fabricated or other new applications such as roll-up displays embedded in fabrics or clothing. As the substrate used can be flexible such as PET, the displays may be produced inexpensively.
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31. Difference between AMOLED and PMOLED 32. Example of transparent and flexible OLED 33,34. Flexible OLED
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7. OLED Applications Various organisations are researching and applying this technology in various different fields, like Mobiles, TV, Computers, Lighting, Automobiles. Samsung,Sony,and LG applying it in TV and mobile applications, Apple computers along with samsung working on transparent screens for laptop, Philips and OSRAM using it for lighting applications. As OLEDs emit light, they can be used to make lighting panels - these will be thin, efficient, and potential transparent too. Your window can become a lamp at night, for example. Company are already developing this, and have shown several prototypes in the past couple of years. Philips Research has shown off a new transparent OLED concept that is totally clear when turned off and then can be fully illuminated. The theory of having a window that illuminates at night has been a long standing possibility with OLED technology, but only now are we seeing prototypes of the technology that could actually work, one of which was exhibited in OLED Lighting Displayed at Lighting Fair 2009 in Frankfurt, Germany.
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8. OLED - Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages 1. Lower cost in future 2. Light weight & flexible plastic substrates 3. Wider viewing angles & improved brightness 4. Better power efficiency than LCD 5. Faster Response time Disadvantages 1. High Current costs 2. Shorter life span 3. Colour balance and lower efficiency of blue OLED 4. UV sensitive 5. Water damage 6. Uses more power than LCD to display white.
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35. 32” OLED TV by AVO, Samsung, LG, Sony also have there own 32” OLED TV 36. Samsung’s Galaxy Skin, a flexible phone will be launched early next year 37. Table lamp application by Philips 38. Transparent Laptop screen prototype by Samgsung 39. Transparent Lighting product by Philips 40. OLED Dashboard prototype 41. OSRAM’s glass/mirror integrated OLED light. 42. OLED Window lighting prototype displayed in light+building event in Frankfurt
I assume in near future even these disadvantages will be dealt with.
Images and references from - http://www.oled-info.com and http://www.oled-display.net
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9. OLED - Influence on facade In terms of dimensionality OLED products available in market are very different than the scale of the facade but in principle if it is used for facade, it will have a significant influence on it. As it is a transparent digital media, transparency of the facade can be controlled by displaying some image or patterns on it, which in turn will also be helpful to control the sun radiation and will act as digital sunscreening. It can be interactive from inside as well as from outside. With the possibility of use of flexible substrate it can also be used for single/double curved facades.
Initial idea of full OLED facade
Major constraints to use it for facade are the size and the cost. Assuming its cost will get reduced in near future, considering the digital trends. The product with maximum size which will be availabe in commercial market by next year is 55” OLED TV by Samsung.
10. Development of unitized system Considering the size constraint, the initial idea of having a full height OLED facade was modified to smaller units. As 55” OLED will be available in market, the size of a facade unit can be 600x600mm to 1000x1000mm.
Division due to size constraint of OLED
While developing an unitized system the integration of functional characteristics like Heating, cooling,ventilation, Photovoltiac, sunscreening and sufficient amount of insulation need to be considered. To incorporate ventilation, simple mechanism like sliding or opening the OLED can be considered. It becomes tricky when it comes to integration of photovoltiacs. Usually sun light falling on the facade is never perpendicular but at some angle, vertically and also horizontally (in plan and section). One of the ways to make utilize the maximum sunlight falling on the facade is to making the part of the facade face upwards and sidewards as shown in fig 42. Geometrically combining both plan and section we get a surface made out of 4 rhombus geometries. So depending on the geographical location and sun path diagram photovoltiac panels can be mounted on one or three rhombus faces.
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30. Image and references from Wikipedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OLED
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Initial concept
Result of size constraint + Ventilation
Option 1
Option 2
+ PV
Option 3
PLAN
PV
PV
PV
SECTION
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OL
ED
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11. Interactive transformation After combining and repeating the rhombus geometry we get a 3 dimensional Tessellated surface. To make a unitized system, it was divided in square grid, which in turn gave 11 faced geometry as shown in the figure above. Considering the back square part as OLED panes and the front rhombus faces made out of photovoltiacs it perfectly serves the purpose of interaction from inside but is only left with photovoltiac panels outside. So to make it interactive also from outside the same geometry can be inverted and rotated along the side vertical axis to form a perfect cube, exposing one of the two OLED panels outside. By doing this, during the day time, it can be fully interactive surface from inside which generates energy by means of photovoltiacs on outer side. But during the night time as there is no sun, so the photovoltiacs have no function. When the geometry is rotated, in totality, is will be a interactive media facade from outside. In Fig. 45 left hand side is when the units are rotated during the night time and on right hand side, when in default open position. It also shows architectural impressions to different lighting conditions. 18
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12. Integration of transparent Heating system Integration of heating system in facade in conventional conception means to compromise with the transparency. So I tried finding out some heating product which is transparent. I came across a company called Thermoglance which produces transparent heaters. Thermoglance is an electric radiator made of transparent glass which works by irradiation. It consists of two glass sheets that are stratified and thermally treated. A special Laser technology provides the transparent resistance which heats up with the electricity supply.
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Difference between convection and radiation heating - When radiators heat the air of a room we achieve convection heating, this generates a convective stream that rises and touches the objects to which it gives heat, as it cools down it falls back down to the ground and the cycle starts again. Convection system produces hot air at the top and cooler air at the bottom. Like the sun, irradiation heating is multi directional and functions using infra-red rays which predominantly heat objects and opaque surfaces without interfering with the atmosphere.This permits homogeneous distribution of heat, therefore absolute comfort for the human body avoiding the unpleasant sensation of a hot head and cold feet.
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If installed along with transparent OLED facade it will not compromise the transparency. But what about the size? Is it sufficient for regular requirements? To find that out I did some simple calculation referring to the standards mentioned on the Thermoglance website. Size calculation: A room 3 x 3 metres = 9 m2 x 100 watt = 900 watt of energy requirement. In this case Thermoglance 600 x 1500 of 900 watt is enough.The size do not differ much comparing with the conventional convection heaters.
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46, 47 - Thermoglance transparent heating system 48 - Convection heating principle 49 - Radiation heating principle
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13. Integration of transparent Photovoltiac
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The conventional translucent PV belongs to the thin film PV family which are not as efficient as Crystalline silicon family. I tried to analyse the products of the companies which makes or tried to make transparent/ translucent PV like Pythagoras solar, Konark, Brite. etc. Out of which for my requirements majorly the transparency and the efficiency I decided to go ahead with the technology used by Brite solar system, which uses Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC, DSC or DYSC) It is a relatively new class of low-cost solar cells, that belong to the group of thin film solar cells. It is based on a semiconductor formed between a photo-sensitized anode and an electrolyte, a photoelectrochemical system. This technology may produce the targeted efficiency under the radiation of both the sunlight and artificial light and at the same time can be 50% transparent.
50, 53 - 50% transparent PV from Brite 51 - PV Product of Pythagoras solar 52 - PV Product of Konark 54 - Working principle of DSSC
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In the context of Netherlands where the sun is always more towards the southern side the angle for the inclined rhombus is determined by the average of the maximum and minimum angle which is average of 14 and 62 degrees, 38 degrees. In other geographical locations the geometry of the unitized system can be altered depending on the sun path diagram. The limitation of this system is you cannot exceed the angle of 45degrees otherwise PVs shadowed by the upper surface. So in the context of Europe it is more efficient in northern Europe than southern.
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PLAN
14. Construction of Facade Figure above is the schematic representation of the construction of the unitized system. Due to the obstruction in rotation the geometry need to be chamfered at the side edges as shown in the plan. Blue lines represents the glass construction while Green represents OLED panels, red are transparent heaters and the brown hatch represents the transparent photovoltiac. The segments of the heating panels are also openable windows to allow ventilation as shown in inside elevation. The exterior elevation shows the placement of PV. The surface area of PV is 40% of elevation area but occupies only 25% of elevation because of the geometry giving 75% complete transparent facade and 25% of 50% transparent facade.
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57 55- Typical mass housing building in Delft at day time 56- Same building at night 57- Same building with OLED facade units
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This system can also be used for the refurbishment projects. For example fig 55 shows typical mass housing building in Delft, Netherlands during day time but in night time (fig 56) it uses a lot of energy in lighting the corridors displaying boring grid of lighting dots. The same energy with the support of solar energy generated during the day time can be used to make OLED interactive facade which in turn also lightup the corridors because of its transparent nature. Next few pages give architectural impression from outside and inside of the building.
15. Advantages and disadvantages Advantages 1. Interactive Façade from inside and outside 2. Structurally stronger because of the geometry 3. Suitable for non orthogonal / Double curved construction , OLED can have flexible substrate 4. Integrated heating , ventilation, photovoltaic 5. No need of separate sun screening 6. Can be manufactured as Unitized system 7. Better power efficiency compared to other similar media facades Disadvantages 1. High material requirement 2. High on cost 3. High maintenance 4. UV sensitivity of OLED demands for special coating 5. Life span of OLED (5-6 years) 6. Color balance issues of OLED 7. Vibrancy of colors is reduced in harsh daylight
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OLED facade during day time with transparent PV
OLED facade during day tme when transparent PV not in use or when units rotated
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OLED facade during night time when OLEDs are not in use
OLED facade during night time when OLEDs are in use it acts as media facade
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OLED facade from inside during day time with units closed
OLED facade during day time when units open
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Instead of seperate sunscreening system can just display coloured dots to block the sun radiation
or can display any pattern depending on which area you want more or less light.
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When in closed position it can be used to browse the internet
Or to read a book
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Some of the OLED panels can be used as artificial lighting source replacing the conventional lighting units
And of-course to watch your favourite movie
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16. Conclusion Based on the research done following conclusions can be made 1. By using OLED technology in facade the two sided interactive media facade can be achieved. 2. By using commercial products like Thermoglance transparent heating system and transparent Brite PV, the very nature of the facade can be transparent. 3. Unitized system with integration of functions like heating, sunscreening, PV etc. is possible.
Topics for further investigation 1.Effects of radiation from Thermoglance panels to out side environment 2. Technical details,profile sizes, connection details, air tightness, water tightness 3. Ventilation of cavity 4. Costing 5. Calculation of Photovoltaic efficiency
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