Research Institute

south elevation_1/500

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SITE

site plan_1/500

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GROUP D__Diana Roitman / 41120213 __ Prashanth Raghunath / 4129253 __ Harshad Shitole / 4121570 __ Mar Mu単oz Catalina / 4116194

CONCEPT EXHIBITION

Performance driven design: daylight and orientation The daylight has been the main driver in the design of our building. Our initial approach was done from the point of view of daylight and energy saving which was developed in a performance-driven design.

Daylight does not only provide buildings of a more comfortable environment but it also reduces the energy consumption. This is particulary relevant in winter, when buildings of this type spend 20% of their energy in heating and 30% in lighting. The illuminance values in winter are around five times lower than in the summer and that is why we will focus our approach on the winter scenario.

PUBLIC PLAZA

small exhibition

EXHIBITION

restaurant offices and labs dep. D offices dep. A/B/C labs dep. A/B/C lecture hall

archive meeting rooms

cafe

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small exhibition

Ground floor illuminance analysis:

PUBLIC PLAZA

workshop

parking parking

We can see how the second option: south to north orientation, is the one in which the light reaches further into the building.

An important conclusion reached with this analysis with overkast sky, is that despite the sun is covered providing diffuse light, there is still a direction in the light which proves not to be negligible.

That is why it makes sense to study the orientation even in countries like The Netherlands where 85 days per year the sun is not seen at all and the rest of the days it is usually partially cloudy.

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21st December_South to North orientation at 14:00 with overkast sky.

diagonal section

21st June_ East to West orientation at 14:00. with overkast sky

21st December_North to South orientation at 14:00. with overkast sky

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N

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Section illuminance analysis: winter summer

interior spaces transitional spaces

21st June_ North to South orientation at 14:00. with overkast sky

21st June_ South to North orientation at 14:00. with overkast sky

21st June_ West to East orientation at 14:00. with overkast sky

21st June_ straight atrium at 14:00. with overkast sky

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21st December_North to South orientation at 14:00. with overkast sky

21st December_South to North orientation at 14:00. with overkast sky

In the top south to bottom north atrium, there is more light going through. By reaching deeper into the building, the bright area of the atrium gets connected to the bright area which gets the light from the slab cuts. By doing this, the atrium transfers the light both downwards and upwards directly or through reflection, behaving as a light pipe which connects two light sources.

Comparisson: south to north light tube Vs. conventional atrium_winter with an overkast sky We can observe how the illuminance values in the lower floors are considerably higher in the light tube than in the conventional atrium. Up to 4 times more with an illuminance of 400 lux which is enough to substitute artificial light in the spaces surrounding this atrium and in the plaza underneath.

This proves that our hypothesis was correct.

Illuminance analysis with camera

conventional atrium_section_21st december_15:00

overkast sky_section_21st june_13:00

south to north tube section_21st december_15:00

overkast sky_+5m_floor plan_21st december_15:00 The darkest spaces in winter reach 200 lux which is sufficient for circulation areas.

Clear sky_+5m_floor plan_21st december_15:00 We can see how the inclination of the atrium is really helping to bring the light till the plaza level With this we achieve a bright space through daylight which encourages its public use.

clear sky_section_21st december_15:00 With a clear sky, even in the winter scenario, daylight reaches all spaces increasing the energy saving. In any case, when the spaces get direct radiation, there is a glare problem,which will be solved by using printed glass being able to scatter and avoid glare as well as possible overheating.

clear sky_section_21st june_13:00 In the summer scenario with a clear sky, the illuminance levels are way too high in the whole building, so by putting a light filter we do not only keep the glare and the heat away, but we also provide higher light comfort.

GROUP D__Diana Roitman / 41120213 __ Prashanth Raghunath / 4129253 __ Harshad Shitole / 4121570 __ Mar Mu単oz Catalina / 4116194

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

-6 and -3_1/200

-0_1/200

+3_1/200

+10_1/200

+14.5_1/200

+19_1/200

GROUP D__Diana Roitman / 41120213 __ Prashanth Raghunath / 4129253 __ Harshad Shitole / 4121570 __ Mar Mu単oz Catalina / 4116194

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

+22.5_1/200

+29.5_1/200

+26_1/200

+33_1/200

GROUP D__Diana Roitman / 41120213 __ Prashanth Raghunath / 4129253 __ Harshad Shitole / 4121570 __ Mar Mu単oz Catalina / 4116194

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ELEVATIONS

east facade_1/300

north facade_1/300

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west facade_1/300

south facade_1/100

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GROUP D__Diana Roitman / 41120213 __ Prashanth Raghunath / 4129253 __ Harshad Shitole / 4121570 __ Mar Mu単oz Catalina / 4116194

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN south-north section_1/200

diagonal section_1/100

GROUP D__Diana Roitman / 41120213 __ Prashanth Raghunath / 4129253 __ Harshad Shitole / 4121570 __ Mar Mu単oz Catalina / 4116194

STRUCTURE GSA calculations

Structural concept

Reaction forces

Deformation roof truss

Core deformation without wind

Hyperboloid axial stress

Hyperboloid translation

Axial forces

Core deformation with wind

Overall deformation

BUILDING SEQUENCE

slim deck floor detail

integration of building services

connection detail atrium structure - floor ring beam

column - beam connection

GROUP D__Diana Roitman / 41120213 __ Prashanth Raghunath / 4129253 __ Harshad Shitole / 4121570 __ Mar Mu単oz Catalina / 4116194

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NORTH FACADE

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AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

glass

sun shading

glass

sun shading

glass

glass

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BY AN AUTODESK PRODUCT EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

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GROUP D__Diana Roitman / 41120213 __ Prashanth Raghunath / 4129253 __ Harshad Shitole / 4121570 __ Mar Mu単oz Catalina / 4116194 ligh

t

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PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIO

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performance performance when open when open

ventilation

performance performance when closed when closed

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BY AN AUTODESK PRODUCT EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

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north facade typical floor plan_1/20

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PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

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PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

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light natural ventilation natural ventilation

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NORTH FACADE DETAILS A

wooden plank

A' coronation plate

A

aluminum frame

A'

perforated aluminum sheet (wrapped around frame)

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

fixed connection insulation

damp proof layer

top I profile of inverted truss (to increase exhibition space floor height)

mortar layer for slope (3%)

tube profile interior welding

north facade reference drawing

U profile to embrace mullion window mullion sandwich panel

gravel

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additional connection to reduce span

suspended ceiling

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bottom I profile of inverted truss

decking sheet

north facade roof detail_1/5

engineered wood bamboo (floor finish)

insulation

leveling layer

edge box steel profile

capilary floor heating

ventilation box using radiant heat through plates to treat air in winter

damp proof layer

steel H beam

decking sheet and poured contrete

edge I steel profile aluminum frame perforated aluminum sheet (wrapped around frame) connection with horizontal and vertical tolerance

fixed connection thermal break

sandwich panel

tube profile interior welding U profile to embrace mullion

window mullion

suspended ceiling_acoustical gypsum panel

north facade typical detail_1/5 PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

suspended luminaire

GROUP D__Diana Roitman / 41120213 __ Prashanth Raghunath / 4129253 __ Harshad Shitole / 4121570 __ Mar Mu単oz Catalina / 4116194

SOUTH FACADE

aluminum lid

sandwich panel prefab. ventilation box with heat exchange

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support for ventilation box

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PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

section perpendicular to the facade_1/20

elevation_1/20

floor plan_1/20 GROUP D__Diana Roitman / 41120213 __ Prashanth Raghunath / 4129253 __ Harshad Shitole / 4121570 __ Mar Mu単oz Catalina / 4116194 PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

section parallel to the facade_1/20

SOUTH FACADE DETAILS

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wooden plank plank wooden

A A'

coronation plate plate coronation sandwich panel panel (1side (1side cladded) cladded) sandwich PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

insulation insulation fixed connection connection for for cladding cladding fixed damp damp proof proof layer layer fixed perforated perforated aluminum aluminum panel panel on on aluminum aluminum frame frame fixed top top II profile profile of of inverted inverted truss truss (to (to increase increase exhibition space space floor floor height) height) exhibition

mortar mortar layer layer for for slope slope (3%) (3%)

bottom bottom II profile profile of of inverted inverted truss truss

UCATIONAL PRODUCT

suspended suspended ceiling ceiling

additional additional connection connection to to avoid avoid buckling buckling

window window mullion mullion

decking decking sheet sheet

south facade roof detail_1/5

ventilation ventilation box box support support

plate plate connected connected to to the the II profile profile web (tolerance connection) web (tolerance connection)

insulation insulation

engineered engineered wood wood bamboo bamboo (floor (floor finish) finish)

ventilation ventilation box box using using radiant radiant heat heat through through plates to treat air in plates to treat air in winter winter

leveling leveling layer layer capilary floor floor heating heating capilary

steel steel H H beam beam

damp damp proof proof layer layer

edge edge II steel steel profile profile

decking sheet sheet and and poured poured contrete contrete decking

grille grille

fixed fixed connection connection through through steel steel profile profile aluminum tube tube profile profile (5mm) (5mm) aluminum

aluminum aluminum C C profile profile (5mm) (5mm)

perforated aluminum aluminum sheet sheet perforated

sandwich panel panel sandwich thermal thermal break break sliding panel panel sliding

sandwich sandwich panel panel tube tube profile profile interior welding welding interior U U profile profile to to embrace embrace mullion mullion

steel plate plate welded welded to to main main beam beam steel

opening window window with with opening aluminum frame frame aluminum

suspended suspended ceiling_acoustical ceiling_acoustical gypsum gypsum panel panel

suspended luminaire luminaire suspended

steel steel strip strip to to avoid avoid deflection deflection of of cantilever cantilever beam beam

sliding mechanism mechanism sliding

aluminum aluminum mullion mullion

fixed fixed panel panel

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BY AN AN AUTODESK AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT PRODUCT

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BY AN AN AUTODESK AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT PRODUCT

gravel gravel

south facade reference drawing

south facade typical floor detail_1/5 PRODUCED BY

BY AN AN AUTODESK AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT PRODUCT PRODUCED

GROUP D__Diana Roitman / 41120213 __ Prashanth Raghunath / 4129253 __ Harshad Shitole / 4121570 __ Mar Mu単oz Catalina / 4116194

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TODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

atrium roof detail_1/5

atrium typical detail_1/5 GROUP D__Diana Roitman / 41120213 __ Prashanth Raghunath / 4129253 __ Harshad Shitole / 4121570 __ Mar Mu単oz Catalina / 4116194

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ATRIUM DETAILS

ATRIUM

floor +19 atrium typical section_1/20

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atrium elevation_1/20

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GROUP D__Diana Roitman / 41120213 __ Prashanth Raghunath / 4129253 __ Harshad Shitole / 4121570 __ Mar Mu単oz Catalina / 4116194

C

A

D

B

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NAL PRODUCT

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PODIUM DETAILS

blind walls

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windows

reinforcement strip

aluminum perforated sheet (4mm) reinforcement strip

aluminum perforated sheet (4mm)

panel floor plan _1/5

rubber to solve the incompatibility of steel and aluminum

rubber to solve the incompatibility of steel and aluminum

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PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

aluminum profile 120 x 200 x 10

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aluminum profile 120 x 200 x 10

thermal break aluminum panel (2mm)

corner sandwich panel

transition profile to save height differences sheet beam cladding_aluminum steel C profile with incorporated rail (4mm) welded to I beam

steel C profile with incorporated rail welded to I beam

sliding system integrated in the panel

sliding system integrated in the panel

transition profile to save height differences steel C profile with incorporated rail welded to I beam aluminum perforated sheet (4mm)in the panel sliding system integrated

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on

beam cladding_aluminum sheet (4mm)

aluminum perforated sheet (4mm)

ceiling finishing_ perforated aluminum

projected insulation

aluminum perforated sheet (4mm)

insulation

reinforcement strip

reinforcement strip

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT reinforcement strip

UCT steel rail

steel rail

ED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

steel rail

PRODUC

section podium C-D _1/5

section podium A-B_1/5

GROUP D__Diana Roitman / 41120213 __ Prashanth Raghunath / 4129253 __ Harshad Shitole / 4121570 __ Mar Mu単oz Catalina / 4116194 PRODUCED BY

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PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

small exhibition PUBLIC PLAZA

CLIMATE DESIGN

workshop

parking parking

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Kitchen Emission Systems

A.H.U

22 °C

18 °C

-5 °C

interior spaces transitional spaces

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Kitchen

Lecture Hall

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interior spaces transitional spaces

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fire escape route

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Pha

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smoke exhaust

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Pha

Heat exchanger (for Atrium exhaust)

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Ventilation systems

ng azi

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Heat exchanger (for Atrium exhaust)

Floor solar collector

Floor solar collector

Solar shading

Heat exchanger (for Solar collector)

Heat exchanger (for Solar collector)

18 °C

22 °C

Solar shading

-5 °C

24 °C

28 °C

25 °C

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Heat Pump

Heat Pump Heat exchanger

Heat exchanger

WINTER

SUMMER

Aquifer

Aquifer

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winter_1 week

winter_3 months

summer_from 15th july_7 days

summer_from 11th june_1week

climate performance in an office space_1/50 GROUP D__Diana Roitman / 41120213 __ Prashanth Raghunath / 4129253 __ Harshad Shitole / 4121570 __ Mar Muñoz Catalina / 4116194 PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

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winter_3 days

DAYLIGHT AND ARTIFICIAL LIGHT REPORT Building Physics_2AE045-D1_MSc2

GROUP D__Diana Roitman / 4120213__Prashanth Raghunath / 4129253__Harshad Shitole / 4121570__Mar Mu単oz Catalina / 4116194

Table of contents

Atrium daylight analysis_Our approach

Atrium daylight analysis

The daylight has been the main driver in the design of our building.

Our initial approach was done from the point of view of daylight and energy saving which was developed in a performance-driven design.

_Our approach _Parametric analysis for performance driven design of the atrium _Dialux analysis

_Comparisson: conventional atrium Vs. inclined light tube

_Overkast sky_winter/summer

_Clear sky_winter/summer

Daylight does not only provide buildings of a more comfortable environment but it also reduces the energy consumption. This is particulary relevant in winter, when buildings of this type spend 20% of their energy in heating and 30% in lighting. The illuminance values in winter are around five times lower than in the summer and that is why we will focus our approach on the winter scenario.

We considered more relevant to use the “Dialux” software as a design tool from the begining of the design process. This means that the geometry analyzed is from the earliest stages and not precisely the final one.

The results obtained were the ones which lead us to refine the final geometry of the design.

_Design solutions _Physical model illuminance analysis with camera _Physical model analysis with illuminance sensors

Room artificial lighting and daylight analysis _Room information _Artificial lighting

_luminaires data sheets _Calculations

_Dialux analysis

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The analysis was done in three main phases.

The first one was a parametric dynamic analysis carried out with “Ecotect” which through the plug-in “Geco” for “Grasshopper” allowed us to go back and forth between the analysis and the design in the search for an optimal solution.

We found this software of great help for our purpose. It not only allowed us to efficiently optimize the atrium, but also by remaining a tool throughout the whole design process when the optimal atrium comes in conflict with the spatial distribution of the spaces. With this tool we could rapidly make changes and evaluate the influence they have in the daylight analysis.

The second phase consisted on the comparisson of the “optimized solution” with an standard straight atrium in order to see the advantages and disadvantages of our approach.

The third phase consisted on obtaining and evaluating the illuminance values of the different areas, determine the light and the dark zones in the building and detect the problems.

_Daylight analysis _Combination of daylight and artificial lighting analysis

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1) vertical section (cutting through the atrium and the two load bearing walls) 2) Horizontal plane at 5 meters high which correspond to the public plaza level.

3) Horizontal plane at 11 meters high where the café is placed.

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The three surfaces analyzed in dialux in each daylight scenario are:

+11 +5 +5

The first surface will show a general overview of the light behavior in the building, while the other two are a closer study of specific floors. Those floors which are at the bottom of the atrium and therefore get less daylight through that source and need of an additional daylight source which is provided by a cutting in the south facade bottom slabs.

N section

Parametric analysis for performance driven design of the atrium

Parametric modelling of the atrium in order to rapidly be able to study different orientations aiming for the optimal one.

Daylight analysis at the ground floor

21st December_North to South orientation at 14:00. with overkast sky

21st December_South to North orientation at 14:00 with overkast sky.

We can see how the second option: south to north orientation, is the one in which the light reaches further into the building.

An important conclusion reached with this analysis with overkast sky, is that despite the sun is covered providing diffuse light, there is still a direction in the light which proves not to be negligible.

That is why it makes sense to study the orientation even in countries like The Netherlands where 85 days per year the sun is not seen at all and the rest of the days it is usually partially cloudy.

Parametric analysis for performance driven design of the atrium PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

Summer analysis:

The following analysis include the cutting in the floor slabs of the south east facade in order to bring more light to the spaces in the bottom of the building. That is the reason why there is a brighter area in the bottom not PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT related to the atrium geometry.

We must realise that in summer, the light penetration is positive in terms of avoiding artificial lighting but is negative in terms of glare problems and overheating.

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+5m floor plan

N

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diagonal section Winter analysis:

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N

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In the top south to bottom north atrium, there is more light going through. By reaching deeper into the building, the bright area of the atrium gets connected to the bright area which gets the light from the slab cuts. By doing this, the atrium transfers the light both downwards and upwards directly or through reflection, behaving as a light pipe which connects two light sources.

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The orientation with which more light penetrates is again the south to north.

With these results we could conclude that in summer, the southnorth orientation is the worst one.

But once solving the problems of overheating and glare by covering the top of the atrium with a filtering material, the orientation is again the best to reach all the spaces in the building.

21st June_East to West orientation at 14:00. with overkast sky

21st June_West to East orientation at 14:00. with overkast sky

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21st June_North to South orientation at 14:00. with overkast sky PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

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21st December_North to South orientation at 14:00. with overkast sky

21st June_South to North orientation at 14:00. with overkast sky

21st December_South to North orientation at 14:00 with overkast sky.

21st June_straight atrium at 14:00. with overkast sky

Comparisson: conventional atrium Vs. inclined light tube

Here we can see the comparisson between a conventional atrium and our “light tube� proposal. Both analysis have been done for the same scenario: 21st of december at 15:00 with an overkast sky.

We can observe how the illuminance values in the lower floors are considerably higher in the light tube than in the conventional atrium. Up to 4 times more with an illuminance of 400 lux which is enough to substitute artificial light in the spaces surrounding this atrium and in the plaza underneath.

This proves that our hypothesis was correct.

When having such a tall building (40m high) with a conventional atrium in its middle, the illuminance decreases very fast.

In this example we can see how only until the middle of the atrium height, the illuminance levels are acceptable (300 lux) for the spaces surrounding the atrium.

The optimal illuminance for office spaces and similar uses (500 lux) is only reached in the top 2 or 3 floors.

This means that the atrium is only reducing the artificial light in a considerable way in the top 2 floors, is partially reducing the artificial light in the 3 floors underneath the mentioned ones; and does not reduce the artificial lighting at all in the bottom half of the building.

By doing an inclined atrium from south (top) to north (bottom), we are able to drive the daylight until the bottom of the building. Here we have the analysis of the optimized orientation and can demonstrate how in the worst case scenario (21st of December at 15:00 with overkast sky) has acceptable light levels reaching the bottom of the building. (around 400lux in the ground floor).

This shows that by having the optimal orientation, even when the angle of the sun is different from the inclination of the atrium, there is still a great improvement in the daylight penetration because of making the reflection easier. By having a stronger light, the depth reached by the daylight also increases.

section_21st december_15:00

conventional atrium_section_21st december_15:00

Overkast sky_winter / summer

Overkast sky_winter / summer_section through atrium

In these sections we can see how the situation in winter is favourable (as explained in the comparisson with a conventional atrium) but in the case of the summer, the direct radiation will cause glare problems as well as overheating in the spaces surrounding this atrium.

This is caused by the stronger summer sun from which the spaces need to hide.

The percentage of the light needed from such a strong source is very small. That is why we will do the sun shading intervention in the roof of the atrium in order to filter the light and keep the heat away.

21st december_15:00

21st june_13:00

In winter, artificial light will be necessary in the darkest spots of the building, while in summer the whole building gets enough daylight.

section_21st december_15:00

section_21st june_13:00

Overkast sky_winter / summer_+5m floor plan

Overkast sky_winter / summer_+11m floor plan

At the plaza level we can see how the influence of the atrium is irrelevant when comparing to the illuminance levels achieved through the cutting in the slab in order to bring daylight from the south.

We can see how at this height both the atrium and the cutting in the slab have a really positive influence on the light levels of the floor in winter The two cuttings in the ceiling help to achieve a more homogeneous distribution of the daylight .

+11m_floor plan_21st december_15:00

Despite this, the darkest spaces in winter reach 200 lux which is sufficient for circulation areas.

+5m_floor plan_21st december_15:00

In the summer situation, the illuminance values are much higher but still in a comfortable range since this floor is not dedicated to working spaces.

The spaces are very bright but the contrast is not high which means that it is a comfortable space without glare problems.

+11m_floor plan_21st june_13:00

In summer it happens something very similar as in the upper floor analyzed in the left.

A difference which can be seen is that the isolines of the floor cutting are not connected to the atrium ones anymore. This is because the light coming from the atrium is decreasing while the light from the south remains almost constant. +5m_floor plan_21st june_13:00

Clear sky_winter / summer_section through atrium

section_21st december_15:00

Clear sky_winter / summer_+11m floor plan

With a clear sky, even in the winter scenario, daylight reaches all spaces so that means an increase on energy saving. .

But in any case, when the spaces get direct radiation, there is a glare problem, not only in summer, but also in winter. To solve that glare, the atrium will consist of printed glass being able to scatter and avoid glare as well as possible overheating.

In this case,we can see how now the illuminance levels around the atrium are around 500 lux in winter, which means that the daylight is not only sufficient as it happens in a cloudy day, but creating a bright space which can be very nice in this season.

+11m_floor plan_21st december_15:00

As it was expected, in the summer scenario we again see the clear need of a cover in the atrium to filter the direct light.

In the summer scenario with a clear sky, the illuminance levels are way too high in the whole building, so by putting a light filter we do not only keep the glare and the heat away, but we also provide higher light comfort.

section_21st june_13:00

+11m_floor plan_21st june_13:00

Clear sky_winter / summer_+5m floor plan

We consider this result of great importance (same as in the previous winter case).

We can see how the inclination of the atrium is really helping to bring the light till the plaza level With this we achieve a bright space through daylight which encourages its public use.

+5m_floor plan_21st december_15:00

+5m_floor plan_21st june_13:00

In the plaza, the direct radiation is not a problem since the functions there do not have specific requirements.

Overheating is not a problem either because of being an open and therefore ventilated floor.

The direct radiation only affects the working spaces surrounding the atrium.

Alterations in the design

Facades: Once we have optimized the shape of the building to obtain the maximum of daylight, we need to filter that light to achieve comfort.

As it is shown in the floor plan below, different orientations will have different solutions although the use of perforated aluminum panels gets repeated in different forms.

This general solution was chosen with the idea of getting a maximum of daylight under any conditions, which is really possible with this kind of perforated sheet (50% perforated). Direct radiation will be filtered so that the problems of glare and overheating are solved. It will also help for wind protection, allowing to open windows in windy days without problems allowing ventilation through the facades if desired by the user.

The perforations also help for sound insulation creating a more comfortable working atmosphere.

As we stated in the begining of this report, the dialux calculations gave us feedback on our more rough preliminary design which already included de optimal atrium orientation.

With those results and the program requiremets we worked towards the best combination of functions, daylight and shape of the building.

Geometry alterations: 1_Change of floor heights Except at the plaza level, all the floors were introduced in the calculations with an equal floor height.

We could then analyze which are the darker zones and act consequently.

We can see how the darker zones are located in the central part of each floor next to the blind load bearing walls. This happens because of the increased distance from both of the light sources: facades and atrium.

Because of this, we decided to increase the height of those floors which happen to have more public functions such as the exhibition floor, the restaurant, etc... By doing this, we are able to drive the daylight deeper into the building, reducing the darkness considerably.

building analyzed with dialux

final building analyzed with illuminance camera and sensors

Atrium surfaces: As we saw in the dialux output, glare and overheating are assured problems because of having a similar orientation to the solar radiation. To solve that we will place a phase changing material cover in the top of the atrium which would be used in the summer and removed in winter to get the maximum of daylight through which was the main aim of this performance-driven design.

This phase changing material will be able to collect the heat and prevent it from reaching the interior of the atrium.

Extra glare protection will be placed in the atrium facades by using printed glass.

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

2_Reduce depth After changing the heights, the floors dedicated to offices and laboratories end up with a smaller floor height.

To combat this problem we decided to cut the corners of those floors in order to allow more daylight.

The reduced darker spaces will coincide with circulation areas in which the required illuminance is lower so that often not even artificial light would be needed. This cuttings respond to the position of the atrium in order to get a better daylight distribution.

Except for the shear wall and the core wall, the rest of the facades are glazed. The glass needs to be covered with sun shading in all its orientations except in the north, where there is no direct sunlight.

In the north-west facade, protection in the afternoon is needed for the direct radiation coming from the west.

This radiation comes with a very low angle, but because the facade is not fully west, we can place sun shading withough obstructing the view. The solution chosen consists of fixed perforated aluminum panels which are placed perpendicular to the glass facade. These panels cover the whole floor height, and they have a width of 50cm. With that width, the distance between the panels has to be 66cm in order to prevent all sun radiation from penetrating the building.

The south east facade, consists of perforated aluminum panels. Despite the light can go through and people being able to look outside, we considered that the users should have the chance to get a full view or increase the light coming into the interior. That is why, the middle panel of each floor can be slided upwards or downwards.

In the east orientation, panels will be fixed since during the morning there is direct radiation coming at a low angle which is very unpleasant. fixed perforated aluminum panels perpendicular to glass facade to protect from west direct sunlight.

glass facade_north_no sun shading

blind shear wall

atrium patterned glass_fixed facade

blind wall_core

glass internal facade fixed perforated aluminum panels_east orientation

6th floor_office spaces

perforated aluminum panels with sliding middle height panel

Physical model illuminance analysis with camera

These pictures of the physical model were done in order to analyze the illuminance with our final geometry.

With the appropiate floor heights and cuttings of the corners in the middle floors.

The pictures were taken in an interior space under the influence of the daylight in that space the 24th of May at 16:00.

It is important to take into account that by doing the test in an interior space, the light does not come from a hemisphere but from the vertical plane of the window. That means that the illuminance levels are not precise.

What we can do with this method is a comparisson between the illuminance levels in the different spaces in the building. We can call this method a “relative illuminance analysis�.

The first thing to be seen when doing these pictures is that the top floor, corresponding to the exhibition space is by far the brightest space of the building. This is because of its floor height of around 6 meters which allows a lot of light through the facades. The other reason is the influence of the top of the atrium which does not only have the biggest section but also the smallest distance to the open sky.

The facades are designed in a way that when there is direct solar radiation, everything can be closed with sun shading panels but still getting a high amount of light through as well as keeping the view towards the river.

We can see that the daylight intensity decreases quite rapidly along the height but again in the bottom floor the illuminance levels are higher. This happens as a consequence of the floor height once again (same as in the top exhibition space).

We can proof how the floor height and the distance of an area from a light source are the critical aspects when designing the shape of the building

PRODUCED BY AN A

Physical model analysis with illuminance sensors

With this test we will do another relative analysis between the illuminance in the exterior of the model and in different interior spaces.

The test is done in the same conditions as the previous one with the camera, but the information obtained results more accurate. We do not only compare the illuminance levels of different spaces in the building (as done with the camera), but we can also compare the interior levels to the exterior ones (right next to the model) which can lead to better conclusions about the facades.

Results from test:

illuminance inside (lux)

space

condition

facade

40000

2800

atrium bottom surface

direct sunlight

translucent facades (tracing paper)

3750

160

darkest spot of office space

overkast sky

translucent facades (tracing paper)

30000

660

darkest spot of office space

direct sunlight

translucent facades (tracing paper)

50000

400

darkest spot of office space

direct sunlight

translucent facades (tracing paper)

30000

1360

atrium

direct sunlight

translucent facades (tracing paper)

4000

500

atrium

overkast sky

translucent facades (tracing paper)

7300 values taken on table, further from the window 7300

430

atrium

light without paper facade with sky component window cutouts

266

atrium

light without translucent facades sky component (tracing paper)

7000

282

atrium

light without translucent facades sky component (tracing paper)

With this test we will do another relative analysis between the illuminance in the exterior of the model and in different interior spaces.

The test is done in the same conditions as the previous one with the camera, but the information obtained results more accurate. We do not only compare the illuminance levels of different spaces in the building (as done with the camera), but we can also compare the interior levels to the exterior ones (right next to the model) which can lead to better conclusions about the facades.

In our building, we are proposing a type of sunshading in the south facade which consists of perforated aluminum panels.

Two thirds of the south facade will have those panels fixed allowing diffuse and scattered daylight inside. The other third will consist on the same kind of panels but having the possibility to slide them in order to get full view and light.

In order to simulate the performance of this kind of material, we used a sheet of tracing paper to cover the south facade.

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

values when model placed near window

illuminance outside (lux)

At the bottom surface of the atrium we can see that with clear sky the illuminance gets reduced 14 times in comparisson to the illuminance in the outside. This is the result also covering the top of the atrium with the translucent material. It seems that the illuminance values will remain high at the bottom of the atrium.

With an overkast sky, the darkest spot of the office spaces gets 23 times less illuminance than the exterior, being still enough for circulation activities but not enough for working environments.

As an answer to these results we will place the functions accordingly trying to minimize the use of artificial lighting.

With direct sunlight, the illuminance in the darkest spot of an office space is reduced around 75 times with respect to the exterior illuminance, and according to the values obtained with the sensor, there would be a comfortable light atmosphere in these spaces (around 500 lux) Average illuminance outside / average illuminance inside = (30000+50000) / (660+400) = 80000 / 1060 = 75.47 With overkast sky the difference between the outside and the inside is smaller, only 8 times less and according to the values obtained, there would be a comfortable illuminance adequate for most activities in the building. We can see how the distance from the light source really matters with an overkast sky while with a clear sky the values are so high that the focus is on reducing the excess of light and heat.

In the table of the left we can see how the illuminance registered in the darkest spot of an office space with direct sunlight and the illuminance registered at the bottom of the atrium with an overkast sky are similar values.

It has to do with the diffuse light and the distance from an indirect light source.

When the experiment was done without sky component, the exterior values appear to be slightly higher than next to a window with an overkast sky. This does not make a lot of sense. We assume that the reasons could be some of the artificial lighting inside the room as well as the reflection of surfaces such as the ceiling or tables. The interior values registered in the atrium were around 325 lux which seems sufficient considering that there is not sky component. We consider the results obtained for this position of the model not relevant for the light analysis of a building, but it can give us some ideas about the spaces of the building which have part of the daylight blocked by room partitions or other obstacles.

As a general observation we can say that the values obtained through this method are approximately half of the values obtained in the dialux calculations. We refer this inaccuracy to the conditions in which we did the experiment, an interior space with part of the daylight already blocked and filtered.

Room artificial lighting and daylight analysis_library

In the design of the building we need to integrate very different functions with very different requirements in between which is the illuminance.

We chose the function of the library because we consider that an optimal light is extremely important in this space.

Here we can see the optimal illuminance for the different spaces:

The room has 175 m2 and a height of 2.8m. It has a large glass facade (17,3 x 2,4) facing south-west. Direct light must be avoided in a reading space. That is why the glass facade is north oriented. Artificial light is therefore a major issue in this type of room.

Activity

Illumination (lux, lumen/m2)

The illuminance, according to reference values, should be of 500 lux. It should be as homogeneously distributed as possible, especially in the working plane (+0.85m).

To achieve comfort, big contrast of light should be avoided and local and personal lighting should be available for the users at a height of approximately 40cm above the working plane.

public areas with dark surroundings

20 - 50

simple orientation for short visits

50 - 100

Working areas where visual tasks are only occasionally performed

100 - 150

In order to have an even and comfortable distribution of light in the room we chose for luminaires which have a small percentage of the flux upwards in order to reflect on the ceiling and provide diffuse light. The amount of direct light is bigger in order to have a higher efficiency and, therefore, less energy loss.

Warehouses, Homes, Theaters, Archives

150

We compared two options of luminaires with the same luminous emittance but different flux to find out which solution is the most optimal.

Easy Office Work, Classes

250

Normal Office Work, PC Work, Study Library, Groceries, Show Rooms, Laboratories

500

Supermarkets, Mechanical Workshops, Office Landscapes

750

Normal Drawing Work, Detailed Mechanical Workshops, Operation Theatres

1000

Detailed Drawing Work, Very Detailed Mechanical Works

1500 - 2000

Performance of visual tasks of low contrast and very small size for prolonged periods of time

2000 - 5000

Performance of very prolonged and exacting visual tasks

5000 - 10000

Performance of very special visual tasks of extremely low contrast and small size

10000 - 20000

By taking these values into account we wont only provide each space with its most adequate illuminance, but we will also save energy by not placing unnecessary luminaires.

As has been explained in the begining of this report, maximum daylight in winter has been our main goal in order to reduce the use of artificial light which means that the systems installed in each case must be sensitive to different daylight conditions.

library room

Project 1 15.05.2011

Artificial lighting_option 1_luminaire data sheet

Project 1lighting_option 2_luminaire data sheet Artificial

Operator Telephone Fax e-Mail

16.05.2011

Philiphs TPS772 3xTL5 49W/875/827/865 HFD PC MLO

Philips TPS772 3xTL5-49W/865/827/865 HFD PC-MLO / Luminaire Data

Sheet

Philiphs TPS772 6xTL5 14W/865/827/865 HFD PC MLO

Philips TPS772 6xTL5-14W/865/827/865 HFD PC-MLO / Luminaire Data Sheet

Luminous emittance 1: 135°

150°

Operator Telephone Fax e-Mail

Luminous emittance 1:

165°

180°

165°

150°

135°

135°

150°

165°

180°

120°

120°

200

100

90°

90°

75°

75°

80

105°

105°

90°

75°

75°

60°

60°

60°

45°

30°

15°

cd/klm

C0 - C180

Featuring Philips’ patented micro-lens optic technology, Savio is a complete luminaire range that offers the ideal combination of stylish design and optimum performance for both task and general lighting.

Savio has an edge-to-edge lighting appearance with a uniform and comfortable brightness impression – a real ‘surface of light’. The microlens optic consists of a single plate and is embedded in a housing made of high-quality natural anodized aluminum. Savio ensures optimum light distribution and full glare control in compliance with the latest officelighting norm (EN 12464-1).

Savio luminaires with Dynamic Lighting keep us feeling active by creating dynamic artificial light that varies over the course of the day or is set according to personal preference.

Savio is available as a full range: suspended, surface-mounted, recessed, free-standing and wall-mounted.

105°

90°

45°

Savio – pure light

120°

120

60°

Luminaire classification according to CIE: 70 CIE flux code: 70 95 99 70 71

135°

160

150 105°

150°

200

250 120°

165°

240

300

0°

15°

30°

45°

C0 - C180

C90 - C270

Luminaire classification according to CIE: 70 CIE flux code: 70 95 99 70 61 Savio – pure light

Glare Evaluation According to UGR

 Floor Room Size X Y 2H

70

70

50

50

30

70

70

50

50

30

50 20

30 20

50 20

30 20

30 20

50 20

30 20

50 20

30 20

30 20

Viewing direction at right angles to lamp axis

Viewing direction parallel to lamp axis

2H 3H 4H 6H 8H 12H

13.3 13.3 13.3 13.3 13.3 13.3

14.1 14.0 14.0 13.9 13.9 13.8

14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0

14.8 14.7 14.7 14.6 14.6 14.5

15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.4 15.4

13.3 13.3 13.3 13.2 13.2 13.2

14.1 14.0 13.9 13.8 13.8 13.7

13.9 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 13.9

14.7 14.6 14.6 14.6 14.5 14.5

15.5 15.4 15.4 15.4 15.4 15.3

2H 3H 4H 6H 8H 12H

13.2 13.2 13.3 13.3 13.3 13.3

13.8 13.8 13.7 13.7 13.7 13.7

13.9 14.0 14.1 14.1 14.1 14.2

14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5

15.4 15.4 15.4 15.4 15.5 15.5

13.1 13.2 13.2 13.3 13.3 13.3

13.8 13.7 13.7 13.7 13.6 13.6

13.8 13.9 14.0 14.1 14.1 14.1

14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.4 14.4

15.3 15.3 15.4 15.4 15.4 15.4

8H

4H 6H 8H 12H

13.2 13.3 13.3 13.4

13.5 13.6 13.6 13.6

14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3

14.3 14.4 14.4 14.5

15.3 15.4 15.5 15.5

13.1 13.2 13.3 13.3

13.5 13.5 13.5 13.5

13.9 14.1 14.1 14.2

14.3 14.4 14.4 14.4

15.3 15.4 15.4 15.4

12H

4H 6H 8H

13.1 13.2 13.3

13.5 13.5 13.5

14.0 14.1 14.2

14.3 14.3 14.4

15.3 15.4 15.4

13.1 13.2 13.3

13.4 13.5 13.5

13.9 14.1 14.1

14.2 14.3 14.3

15.2 15.3 15.4

4H

15°

0°

15°

30°

45°

 61%

C90 - C270

 71%

Luminous emittance 1:

 Ceiling  Walls

30°

cd/klm

Variation of the observer position for the luminaire distances S

S = 1.0H S = 1.5H S = 2.0H

+1.3 / -2.1 +2.7 / -3.5 +4.4 / -4.3

+1.3 / -2.1 +2.7 / -3.6 +4.4 / -4.4

Standard table

BK01

BK01

Correction Summand

-4.8

-4.9

Corrected Glare Indices referring to 12501lm Total Luminous Flux

Featuring Philips’ patented micro-lens optic technology, Savio is a complete luminaire range that offers the ideal combination of stylish design and optimum performance for both task and general lighting.

Luminous emittance 1: Glare Evaluation According to UGR  Ceiling  Walls

70

70

50

50

30

70

70

50

50

30

50

30

50

30

30

50

30

50

30

30

 Floor Room Size X Y

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

Viewing direction at right angles to lamp axis

Viewing direction parallel to lamp axis

2H

2H 3H 4H 6H 8H 12H

11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0

11.8 11.7 11.7 11.6 11.6 11.5

11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 11.7

12.5 12.4 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.3

13.2 13.2 13.2 13.2 13.1 13.1

10.9 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8

11.7 11.6 11.5 11.4 11.4 11.3

11.5 11.5 11.6 11.6 11.5 11.5

12.3 12.2 12.2 12.1 12.1 12.0

13.1 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 12.9

4H

Savio luminaires with Dynamic Lighting keep us feeling active by creating dynamic artificial light that varies over the course of the day or is set according to personal preference.

2H 3H 4H 6H 8H 12H

10.9 10.9 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.1

11.5 11.4 11.4 11.4 11.4 11.4

11.6 11.7 11.7 11.8 11.9 11.9

12.2 12.2 12.2 12.2 12.2 12.2

13.0 13.1 13.1 13.2 13.2 13.2

10.7 10.8 10.8 10.9 10.9 10.8

11.4 11.3 11.3 11.3 11.2 11.2

11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.7 11.7

12.1 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0

12.9 12.9 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0

8H

Savio is available as a full range: suspended, surface-mounted, recessed, free-standing and wall-mounted.

4H 6H 8H 12H

10.9 11.0 11.1 11.1

11.2 11.3 11.3 11.3

11.7 11.8 11.9 12.0

12.0 12.1 12.2 12.2

13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3

10.7 10.8 10.9 10.9

11.1 11.1 11.1 11.1

11.5 11.7 11.7 11.8

11.9 11.9 12.0 12.0

12.9 13.0 13.0 13.0

12H

4H 6H 8H

10.8 11.0 11.0

11.2 11.2 11.3

11.7 11.8 11.9

12.0 12.1 12.1

12.9 13.1 13.2

10.7 10.8 10.9

11.0 11.1 11.1

11.5 11.7 11.7

11.8 11.9 11.9

12.8 12.9 13.0

Savio has an edge-to-edge lighting appearance with a uniform and comfortable brightness impression – a real ‘surface of light’. The micro-lens optic consists of a single plate and is embedded in a housing made of highquality natural anodized aluminum. Savio ensures optimum light distribution and full glare control in compliance with the latest office-lighting norm (EN 12464-1).

Variation of the observer position for the luminaire distances S

S = 1.0H S = 1.5H S = 2.0H

+1.3 / -2.0 +2.7 / -3.4 +4.4 / -4.2

+1.3 / -2.1 +2.7 / -3.6 +4.4 / -4.4

Standard table

BK01

BK01

Correction Summand

-7.6

-7.8

Corrected Glare Indices referring to 6798lm Total Luminous Flux

Artificial lighting_options 1 and 2_calculations

ῃ₁ (total) = 0.61 x 0.97 = 0.59 = 59%

CALCULATIONS

ᵩ

= (E x S)/ ῃ x mf

Room data:

ᵩ

= (500 x 175) / 0.69 x 0.8 = 158514.49 lm

T

T

mf (maintainance factor) = 0.8

ρfloor = 20 % ρceiling = 70 %

Number of luminaires calculation:

ρwalls = 50 %

N₁ =

S = 175 m2

Illuminance requirement: E = 500 lux

Luminaire 1 K = (a x b)/h (a+b) K = (17.5 x 10)/1.65(17.5+10) = 3.8

ῃ₁ (efficiency) = 71 % ῃ₁ (space) = 97 % ῃ₁ (total) = ῃ₁ (efficiency) x ῃ₁ (space)

P = 96 W

ᵩ / (n x ᵩ ) T

ᵩ₁ (luminaire flux) = 6798 lm

L

N₁ = 158514.49 / (1 x 12501) = 12.68 = 12 luminaires

Flux calculations:

ᵩ

= (E x S)/ ῃ x mf

Room dimensions: 17.5m x 10m

ᵩ

= (500 x 175) / 0.59 x 0.8 = 185381.35 lm

Nwidth = √

Number of luminaires calculation:

Luminaires distribution:

Nwidth = √

= 2.72 = 3 luminaires

Nlength =N1/Nwidth

T

T

N₁ =

ᵩ / (n x ᵩ ) T

L

N₁ = 185381.35 / (1 x 6798) = 26.27 = 27 luminaires

Nlength = 12 / 3 = 4 luminaires Luminaires distribution:

Luminaire 2

Room dimensions: 17.5m x 10m

ῃ₁ (total) = 0.71 x 0.97 = 0.69 = 69%

K = (a x b)/h (a+b)

mf (maintainance factor) = 0.8

K = (17.5 x 10)/1.65(17.5+10) = 3.8

ᵩ₁ (luminaire flux) = 12501 lm

ῃ₁ (efficiency) = 61 %

P = 163 W

ῃ₁ (space) = 97 %

Nwidth = √

ῃ₁ (total) = ῃ₁ (efficiency) x ῃ₁ (space)

Nlength = 27 / 3 = 9 luminaires

Flux calculations:

Nwidth = √

= 3.93 = 3 luminaires

Nlength =N1/Nwidth

Library artificial lighting_1

Library artificial lighting_2

Energy use: 11.18 W/m2

Energy use: 14.81 W/m2

Library artificial lighting_Conclusions

Library daylight analysis

According to the calculations and the analysis done in Dialux we get to the conclusion that in order to have a more homogeneously distributed light, the second option (small luminaires) has a better performance. But, in addition to this, it is important to remark that the second option has a higher energy consumption than the first one.

In winter, there is some daylight entering through the north-west glass facade, but because the sunlight is weaker, the influence in the illuminance levels of the room is not enough to substitute part of the artificial light.

With these two different parameters we should define which one is more important in this case.

We consider the homogeneous distribution of the light the most important in order to avoid the glare provoked by big contrasts. Therefore we chose the second option as the most optimal for this particular room.

Despite the energy consumption is higher than in the first alternative it is still low and therefore affordable.

21st december_15:00 In summer, we can see how the illuminance caused by daylight can become almost enough to cover the whole room.

Apparently, only the book shelves would need of additional lighting.

But with this image we can see that despite the illuminance levels seem almost enough, the contrasts are very big which lead to uncomfortable light in reading spaces caused by the glare. This is why even in the brightest days, there should be artificial light to deal with that contrast even if the average illuminance in the room is higher than the reference value of 500 lux.

An option which would have to be studied is the use of screens to protect from excessive daylight

21st june_13:00

Daylight (summer overkast sky) and artificial lighting (2rows)

Daylight (summer overkast sky) and artificial lighting (1rows)

Despite the illuminance values on the working plane are higher than 500 lux, the contrast is much lower which leads to higher lighting comfort.

With this solution we make the light go from its brightest at the window side till the required value in the opposite inner wall in a gradual way.

Energy use: 9.87 W/m2

In this case there is a noticeable dark area between the space lit with daylight and the one lit with artificial light.

This is a worse solution than the previous one because there is an illuminance dip in the middle of the room causing more glare problems.

This solution might work in the case that the users sitting in the second row of tables would use local lighting. This option is based in the same concept as the previous light distribution (2 rows) but making the assumption that smaller luminaires will be used, helping the reader but with a smaller influence field.

Energy use: 4.94 W/m2

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TU Delft _ AR2AE035 - D2 Building Design & Engineering - Structural Design Shitole Harshad _ Mar Mu単oz Catalina _ Prashanth Raghunath _ Diana Roitman

Structural Design

TU Delft _ AR2AE035 - D2 Building Design & Engineering - Structural Design Shitole Harshad _ Mar Mu単oz Catalina _ Prashanth Raghunath _ Diana Roitman

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Structural Design

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TU Delft _ AR2AE035 - D2 Building Design & Engineering - Structural Design Shitole Harshad _ Mar Mu単oz Catalina _ Prashanth Raghunath _ Diana Roitman

Contents 1. Introduction

1.1 Architectural drawings 1.2 Structural concept

2. Design of Structure

2.1 Structural plans 2.2 Floor system 2.3 Integration with services and facade

3. Analysis and Calculation

3.1 GSA model 3.2 Vertical load transfer 3.3 Horizontal load transfer and stability checks 3.4 Displacement checks 3.5 Foundation calculations

4. Design of details

5. Design for construction 6. Conclusion

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TU Delft _ AR2AE035 - D2 Building Design & Engineering - Structural Design Shitole Harshad _ Mar Mu単oz Catalina _ Prashanth Raghunath _ Diana Roitman

1. Introduction

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Architectural plans

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Structural Design

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Structural Design

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TU Delft _ AR2AE035 - D2 Building Design & Engineering - Structural Design Shitole Harshad _ Mar Muñoz Catalina _ Prashanth Raghunath _ Diana Roitman

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1.2 Structural Concept ....

The design for the structural system revolved around the hyperboloid, which was one of our main focus from architectural point of view. Hence we initially started, with the idea of supporting the whole building by only this hyperboloid and the cores/ shear walls along the blind facades on either sides. But due to heavy floor depths required for such huge spans of slabs , and also the complexities involved in calculating the forces, we explored a more hybrid system.

We proposed a diagonal grid system, with the columns informally placed according to the architectural space planning along the ‘primary’ grids, which are parallel to the inclined hyperboloid.. The reason for such a diagonal grid is two fold : 1. We wanted to have an informal setting for the structure as percived from inside, which wasnt a good idea to be explored with grids parallel to the edges of the building.

2. It was more logical to hav the grids parallel to the hyperboloid, so that the direction of load transfer to the hyperboloid from the floors was similar in all floors.

We proposed a steel structure to go with this informal system and also to connect the floors with the hyperboloid it helped.

The secondary grids are used for having ties and shallower beams on which the decking is spanned.

The location of the large exhibition space on top is a conscious architectural decision and not to shrug away from structural challenge. The idea was to hav public spaces at both the top and the bottom of the building connected in between by the more private office spaces. The inclination of the hyperboloid further helped in this cause to allow a large continuous floor space at the top.

The outer columns have been set in considerably to free up the facade, with cantilever beams protruding beyond them to support the floor slabs and the facades.

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TU Delft _ AR2AE035 - D2 Building Design & Engineering - Structural Design Shitole Harshad _ Mar Mu単oz Catalina _ Prashanth Raghunath _ Diana Roitman

2 Design of Structure 2.1 Structural plans The primary grids are organised parallel to the atrium with 8.5m c/c, which worked best with our space planning at the lower levels. The columns are informally, but carefully positoned over these grids. The secondary grids define only the alignment of the secondary beams carrying the deck slab. This system intercepts the hyperboloid at various positions at different floors. The connection of this system with the hyperboloid is through a ring beam at all the floor levels.

The primary beams are typically HE650A I beams The secondary beams are IPE 450 I beams The columns are 600 dia CHS infilled with concrete typically.

The hyperboloid is done as sleek as possible with 100dia CHS with nodal joints to allow as much light as possible.

It ends on a ring beam which transfers the load to the foundation though 8 thin columns The system remains the same till the expo. The expo, due to its requirement for a large column free space demanded a completely different system. The stability core is used for spanning floor height truss as a cantilevered from it along the east. 3 primary trusses, partially inverted span over this truss and the shear wall for 40 m at the roof level. The secondary beams are spaced at 8m c/c to carry the deck system again.

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TU Delft _ AR2AE035 - D2 Building Design & Engineering - Structural Design Shitole Harshad _ Mar Mu単oz Catalina _ Prashanth Raghunath _ Diana Roitman

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level= +14.5 Structural Design

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Structural Design

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TU Delft _ AR2AE035 - D2 Building Design & Engineering - Structural Design Shitole Harshad _ Mar Mu単oz Catalina _ Prashanth Raghunath _ Diana Roitman

level= +26

level= +29.5 Structural Design

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level= +34

level= +40- roof 18

Structural Design

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TU Delft _ AR2AE035 - D2 Building Design & Engineering - Structural Design Shitole Harshad _ Mar Muñoz Catalina _ Prashanth Raghunath _ Diana Roitman

2.2 Flooring System

Since we proposed a steel structure to go with the informal column setting and the hyperboloid, it was most logical to go in for a deck slab system, also because it could be cut in any shape to accomodate our atrium cutout and the sometimes curvilinear outer profile of the building.

Initial we explored the possibility of a conventional decking sytem, where secondary beams with 3 to 3.6m c/c distances between them would span over primary beams to support the deck slab. Further research enabled us to conclude that a composite deep floor system using “slimdek’ system would be a better opeion to use. With comflor 225 deck sheets we could span upto 9m, with single prop during construction. The decking is spanned over Secondary I beams with additional bottom flanges. The only disadvantage with this system for the high span would be the top of the Beam IPE 450 would be 50mm above the concrete. But with the insulation and flooring over the top, this wouldnt be an issue.

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TU Delft _ AR2AE035 - D2 Building Design & Engineering - Structural Design Shitole Harshad _ Mar Mu単oz Catalina _ Prashanth Raghunath _ Diana Roitman

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2.3 Integration with services and facade The comflor 225 deck system allows for the beams to be punctured (like a cellular beam) for running the services within its depth. Since we had natural ventilation system for most of our building, we deint require heavy ducting anywhere, expect for the sprinkler heads and lighting cables in the ceiling, all of which wouldnt require a depth more than 150mm.

Thus we were able to manage the the entire slab depth from floor finish to false ceiling bottom, within 850mm. This depth accomodates the primary beam of 650 mm depth within it. For closer spacing of columns, this could have been further reduced.

The images below, however, show a standard system of how a slimdeck system is used, with ASB, for a span of 5-6m. Our system is however a deep floor one which requires a higher beam depth, hence the top flange comes over the concrete. The rest of the system remains the same.

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Structural Design

exhibition space space floor floor height) height) exhibition

gravel gravel

PRODUCED BY

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

mortar mortar layer layer for for slope slope (3%) (3%)

TU Delft _ AR2AE035 - D2 Building Design & Engineering - Structural Design

M DETAILS

Research Institute

Shitole Harshad _ Mar Mu単oz Catalina _ Prashanth Raghunath _ Diana Roitman

PRODUCED PRODUCED BY

BY AN AN AUTODESK AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT PRODUCT

bottom bottom II profile profile of of inverted inverted truss truss

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

suspended suspended ceiling ceiling

additional additional connection connection to to avoid avoid buckling buckling

window window mullion mullion

decking decking sheet sheet

The atrium glazing is point fixed off the hyperboloid structure.

south facade roof detail_1/5

ventilation ventilation box box support support

plate plate connected connected to to the the II profile profile web web (tolerance (tolerance connection) connection)

PRODUCED PRODUCED BY

BY AN AN AUTODESK AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT PRODUCT

The peripheral beams hold up the facade on the north and south. On the south, due to complexities invoved in the varying offsets of the floor slabs due to the twist, the member for holding up the second skin is also suspended from the beam in the upper level, due reuce the effects of the heavy bending moments caused by it. The North side is simpler, its a system which is directly fitted on to the structure.

insulation insulation

engineered engineered wood wood bamboo bamboo (floor (floor finish) finish)

ventilation box box using using radiant radiant heat heat through through ventilation plates to to treat treat air air in in winter winter plates

capilary capilary floor floor heating heating

steel steel H H beam beam

damp damp proof proof layer layer

edge edge II steel steel profile profile

decking decking sheet sheet and and poured poured contrete contrete

leveling leveling layer layer

grille grille

fixed fixed connection connection through through steel steel profile profile aluminum tube tube profile profile (5mm) (5mm) aluminum

aluminum C C profile profile (5mm) (5mm) aluminum

perforated aluminum aluminum sheet sheet perforated

sandwich panel panel sandwich thermal thermal break break sliding panel panel sliding

sandwich sandwich panel panel tube tube profile profile interior interior welding welding

steel plate plate welded welded to to main main beam beam steel

opening window window with with opening aluminum frame frame aluminum

suspended suspended ceiling_acoustical ceiling_acoustical gypsum gypsum panel panel

suspended suspended luminaire luminaire

steel steel strip strip to to avoid avoid deflection deflection of of cantilever cantilever beam beam

sliding mechanism mechanism sliding

aluminum aluminum mullion mullion

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

fixed fixed panel panel

ail_1/5

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

U U profile profile to to embrace embrace mullion mullion

south facade typical floor detail_1/5 PRODUCED BY

BY AN AN AUTODESK AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT PRODUCT PRODUCED

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

atrium typical detail_1/5 GROUP D__Diana Roitman / 41120213 __ Prashanth Raghunath / 4129253 __ Harshad Shitole / 4121570 __ Mar Mu単oz Catalina / 4116194

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PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PR

D BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

GROUP D__Diana Roitman / 41120213 __ Prashanth Raghunath / 4129253 __ Harshad Shitole / 4121570 __ Mar Mu単oz Catalina / 4116194

TU Delft _ AR2AE035 - D2 Building Design & Engineering - Structural Design Shitole Harshad _ Mar Mu単oz Catalina _ Prashanth Raghunath _ Diana Roitman

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3. Analysis and Calculations 3.1 GSA model

Due to the complex form of the hyperboloid, it almost became a necessity for us to analyse the structure on GSA. Manual calculations could be limited to stability checks, some basic axial forces and design of details.

But to understand if and how any forces are being transferred through the hyperboloid, GSA was necessary.

A few elements had to be interpreted diffently in GSA due to lack of time and expertise in the software. The shear wall and the core walls had to be mimiced as braced beam elements. The floor slabs created some problems while modelling, so finally we gave them as line loads over the beam elements.

Loadings taken: 1. Gravity

Dead load of deck slab: 6kN/mm2

Live loads:

office spaces : 2.5kN/mm2 basements: 2.5kN/mm2 restaurants: 5.0kN/mm2 workshops: library stacks: lobby lecture hall

roofing layers: 2.0kN/mm2 2. Wind load: 3. Snow loads 22

1.0kN/mm2 1.0kN/mm2

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TU Delft _ AR2AE035 - D2 Building Design & Engineering - Structural Design Shitole Harshad _ Mar Muñoz Catalina _ Prashanth Raghunath _ Diana Roitman

3.2 Vertical load transfer

The vertical loads are transferred via the composite columns, the cores and partly the hyperboloid.

The hyperboloid was envisaged to carry more load, but eventually analysis in the software proved that it totally carried a load of only about one and a half times that of an average column in the building.

The core and the shear wall carry a load of about 30000kN each. The average load transfered by each column is around 12500kN. The highest axial force is carried by 2 columns, around 17500kN. As it can be noticed the columns carrying the cantilever beams carry the highest load.

Check for columns: Maximum axial force obtained= 17500kN approx on the on the column E-4 Cross section of CHS= π x 600 x 20= 37700mm2 Cross section of concrete= π x 5602 /4= 246176mm2 Therefore max allowable load= (37700 x 300) + (246176 x 40)= 21150kN Considering factor of safety, additional H profile needs to be inserted into this particular column.

Rest of columns have an axial force less than 15000kN. Hence they are safe.

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3.2 Lateral load transfer and stability checks

The stability of the building is provided by the long shear wall on the west and and concrete core on the east. At the start of the design, the hyperboloid was also considered as one of the main stability providing element with a very high stiffness, as also the 2 elevator cores on the west. But further analysis led us to eliminate the west elevator cores and the hyperboloid from taking any wind forces, as the shear wall on the west and the concrete core on the east proved to provide enough stability for the building. Also manually calculating the stability of the hyperboloid was too much effort and we were not geared up for that task in such a short time.

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Structural Design

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TU Delft _ AR2AE035 - D2 Building Design & Engineering - Structural Design Shitole Harshad _ Mar Muñoz Catalina _ Prashanth Raghunath _ Diana Roitman

Lets call shear wall as W and the core as C Iw = 1/12 x 0.2 x 30^3= 450m4 Ic = 1/12 x[( 3 x 8.1^3 )-(2.4 x 7.5^3 )]= 48.5m4 Z = (IwZw+IcZc)/(Iw+Ic) =(450 x 0.1+48.5 x 38.2)/(450+48.5) = 3.8m e = l/2 – z = 39.7/2 – 3.8= 16.05m Hwind= 1 x 40 x 40= 1600kN Hw= Hwind[(Iw/∑In)-(Bw x Iw x e/∑Bn^2In)] = 1600 [(450/498.5)- {(3.7 x 450 x 16.05)/(450 x 3.7^2+ 48.05 x 34.4^2 )}] Hw = 710 kN Hc = Hwind – Hw= 890kN Check for sufficiency of vertical dead load for the stability elements: Mw= 1/2 x 710 x 46=16330 kN-m Mc= 1/2 x 890 x 46=20470 kN-m Bending stress, Sw = Mw/ section modulus= 16330/ (450/30)= 108kN/m2= 0.108 N/mm2 Sc = 20470/ (48.85/4.05)= 1697kN/m2= 1.697N/mm2 Normal stress due to dead load Sn-w= 46 x 30 x 0.2 x 24/ 30 x 0.2= 1104kN/m2= 1.104 N/mm2 > Sw Sn-c= 46 x24= 1104kN/m2= 1.104N/mm2 < Sc Therefore dead load of shear wall is sufficient but additional floor load needed to avoid tensile stresses in core wall.

Additional floor load required on core wall= (1.697- 1.104) x [(3.0x8.1)- (2.4x7.5)] x 1000= 3736kN Considering 6kN/m2 dead weight of floors, for 11 floors, we get 3736/(11x6)= 56.45m2 per floor Structural Design

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3.3 Displacement checks

The displacement is maximum at the top trusses as expected. It has a maximum displacement of 150mm which seems quite large. But for a 40m span the allowable deflection is 40/ 250= 160mm.

Therefore the deflection is within permissible limits Another interesting aspect is the behavious of the hyperboloid.

The hyperboloid deflects a maximum of 70mm when subjected to only gravity load. But with the combined load of gravity and wind the deflection reduces to 60mm!

Probably its because of tilt of the hyperboloid and the direction of the wind is opposite to the tilt and it deflects it back.

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TU Delft _ AR2AE035 - D2 Building Design & Engineering - Structural Design Shitole Harshad _ Mar Mu単oz Catalina _ Prashanth Raghunath _ Diana Roitman

The displacments of the stability elements are found to be extremly low, as low as 8mm, which 5000th of the total height. The manual calculations for stability gives the displacement a little higher. It gets reduced by the partial stiffness imparted by the overall building frame to it.

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3.4 Stress checks

axial stresses in hyperboloid structure

axial stresses in typical cantilever beam

axial stresses in typical hinged beam As can be seen in the GSA output the bending stresses in all typical members are less than 300N/ mm^2 There are a few instances like where one of the column stops before the hyperboloid ring, creating almost a huge point load, which results in a higher stress of 400 N/ mm^2. These points need higher cross sections and stiffeners at joints.

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TU Delft _ AR2AE035 - D2 Building Design & Engineering - Structural Design Shitole Harshad _ Mar Mu単oz Catalina _ Prashanth Raghunath _ Diana Roitman

Sizing of beam for column transfer at lecture hall: The column transfer happening at lecture hall has been designed as a stiff C shaped continuous structural element from lecture hall floor to its roof ending with a pinned connection along atrium ring beam on top and pinned to another column at the bottom.

Point load on beam= 4850kN Max bending moment in beam= 4850 x 2.2= 9328.6 kN-m Hence to limit the max. bending stress within 300N/mm2, the H beam HL 920 x 787 (height 1001, width 437) is chosen which has a section modulus of 38000 x 103 N-mm. Alternatively a beam with smaller profile with additional flange plates 20 mm thick could also be chosen.

In reality, the bending stress will be lesser, as part of it transferred through the other tie members diagonally provided.

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3.5 Foundation calculations

Calculation for piles: Ps= 7N/mm2 as per soil graph given Taking 400 x 400 square piles, Fu max= 4002 x 7= 1120kN Assuming safety factor of 0.6 Fu= 1120 x 0.6= 672kN Total load of building= 225000kN Therefore number of piles required= 225000 / 672 = 335 piles approx.

Concentrating the piles around the columns and cores taking individual reaction forces, with a minimum centre to centre to distance of 1.25m or 1.5m as per situation, we get totally 388 poles, considering around 15% additional piles considering failure of a few piles.

Please note that the calculation is done ignoring the frictional transfer of load by the piles.

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TU Delft _ AR2AE035 - D2 Building Design & Engineering - Structural Design Shitole Harshad _ Mar Mu単oz Catalina _ Prashanth Raghunath _ Diana Roitman

Pole plan

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4. Design of details

Shear plate connection between beams/ beam to column: Maximum shear forces in beams are found to be approximately 1000kN Therefore bending moment transferred to the end of the plate is M= 1000 x 100 x 1000= 108 N-mm Assuming bending stress allowable= Smax = 300N/mm^2 Smax= M/ section modulus Therefore, 300= 108 / (bd2/6) Bd2 = 2 x 106 Assuming 20 mm thick plate, 20 x d2 = 2 x 106 d= 316mm We have provided 350 deep plates of 20 thickness hence.

Only for the cantilever beam connection, we have moment connections by connecting the flanges also back.

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TU Delft _ AR2AE035 - D2 Building Design & Engineering - Structural Design Shitole Harshad _ Mar Mu単oz Catalina _ Prashanth Raghunath _ Diana Roitman

Connection detail between hyperboloid CHS to floor ring beam.

We provided a simple inclined shear plate connection between the CHS 100 of the hyperboloid and the UPE 450 floor ring beam.

The hyperboloid CHS transfers a maximum of 30kN shear force onto the ring beam at some instances.

Therefore, Bending moment= M= 30 x 1000 x 150= 4.5 x 106 N-mm Assuming bending stress allowable= Smax = 300N/mm^2 Smax= M/ section modulus Therefore, 300= 4.5 x 106 / (bd2/6) Bd2/6 = 1.5 x 104 Assuming 10 mm thick plate, 10 x d2 / 6= 1.5 x 104 d= 95mm We hav provided 10 x 150 plates all around Structural Design

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5. Design for construction 4.1 building order

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5. Conclusion

The project gave an insight into structuring a building co-ordinating with and integrating all aspects of the design, starting from the architectural concept till the services requirements.

Looking back at the structural design, the design for the structural system revolved around the hyperboloid, which was one of the main focus of our design. We took quite a bit of time to overcoming the problems of the complex geometry we chose to arrive at where we are today. In the end the result was quite satisfactory in terms of both how we were able to handle it as also what we learnt out of the whole exercise.

The whole approach for this design helped us to be able to analyse and calculate both manually as well as with the help of the computer.

A few things which we could have explored further or maybe taken a different approach are: 1.

The transfer column happening at lecture hall- the construction could have been explored differently here instead of sticking to the same steel construction. The lecture hall could have been probably treated as a big steelconcrete mass which transfers the load from the upper floors to below. This is something which we might have explored if we had additional time.

2.

The orientation of the lift/ staircase of the service core on the west, is shown slightly different in the structural plans from the architectural drawings. This could have been co-ordinated further if there was more time for better efficiency in an integrated design.

3.

The roofing system is something which is slightly underdeveloped. Although the sizing works for deflections and stresses, the detailing is not thought about well yet, to handle rain water run-off, because the trusses and beams are partly inverted.

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CLIMATE DESIGN REPORT

JUNE 2011 TU DELFT: AR2AE035-D4 GROUP D: Prashanth Raghunath 4129253 Harshad Shitole 4121570 Mar Munoz Catalina 4116194 Diana Roitman 4120213

INDEX: I. INTRODUCTION II. OVERVIEW III. HEATING AND COOLING IV. WATER DISTRIBUTION V. VENTILATION VI. FIRE CONCEPT VII. FAÇADE VIII. CAPSOL

I. INTRODUCTION The site:

The overall design:

The functions:

The main public functions are located in the four lower levels and the top two levels, creating two dynamic zones at the top and bottom of the building. All offices and labs, the more private spaces are sandwiched between these functions. The inclined atrium is the focal point of the building with the small expo and entry of the building located here.

The approach: The climatic responses were integrated into the main approaches of the building design, which were based around creating an inviting inclusion of public space throughout the building, intertwined with the main inclined atrium space bringing necessary day lighting into the interior spaces of the building. Appropriate care was also taken by the building envelope to guarantee that a balanced amount of day lighting would enter the building without excessive solar gain.

The focus: The main approach for the climate design of the project was finding climate mitigation systems which make the thermal, acoustic, visual, and qualitative experience of the occupants become the focus of the undertaking. In addition, solutions which were sought attempted to reduce the energy consumption and ecological footprint of the building overall. The approach was therefore grounded in finding natural solutions that would give better air quality, reduce the need for mechanical systems, and find more sustainable solutions that would take advantage of conditions existing on the site and those generated by the use of the building itself.

II. OVERVIEW CLIMATIC ASPECTS As starting points the following aimswere considered for each of the main aspects, as the design developed some additional provisions and adjustments were made which will be discussed in the corresponding section.

1. HEATING + COOLING_ Goal 1: Low energy demand system Goal 2: Utilize solar heat (solar collectors) Goal 3: Utilize geothermal energy (ground source heat pump + aquifer) Goal 4: Distribution to be achieved by hydronic systems at floors Goal 5: Waste heat to be recovered from exhaust air of the building as a whole.

Goal 2: Waste heat to be collected locally were a high concentration of equipment is located, such as computer labs, offices, kitchen/cooking area.

2. VENTILATION_ Goal: Natural ventilation Air supply: Natural supply for most if not all spaces of the building, typically located at the façade along the perimeter of the building Air distribution:Displacement ventilation Air exhaust: Mechanical fans aid to exhaust air to centralized atrium 3. FIRE CONCEPT_ Goal 1: Create two distinct zones, atrium area versus adjacent spaces Goal2: Effective smoke exhaust Goal 3: Fast Detection 4. BUILDING ENVELOPE_ Goal 1: South Façade shaded by perforated metal panels, which are adjustable according to user Goal 2: Western Façade optimized shading for western over exposure by vertical louvers Goal 3: Atrium-“Light tube” glazing above roof line and roof of atrium to be clad by phase change glazing

OVERVIEW DESIGN PARAMETERS Building: 8,289 m2 Building envelope: 4,398 m2 Building volume: 26,525m3 Heating load: 239.465 W (29 W/m2) [maximum heating load] Cooling load: 369.624 W (45 W/m2) [maximum cooling load] Winter target internal temperature: 22째 C (Atrium 18째 C) Summer target internal temperature: 24째 C (Atrium 25째 C)

SUMMER + WINTER SCHEME DESCRIPTION: During the winter the building will be heated through under floor heating, all fresh air is preheated through the faรงade and exhausted through the atrium. During the summer the opposite will happen where the building will be cooled by cold water running through the floors in cases when the natural ventilation is not sufficient. Heat stored during the summer time by the solar collectors is accessed from the hot water aquifer storage, while cold water stored during the winter can be utilized during the summer.

III. HEATING + COOLING The driving force behind finding the appropriate system for the heating and cooling of the building, was based on choosing fitting solutions which would have a very low additional energy demand, be very efficient in supplying and sustaining the target design temperatures, and would take advantage of the waste heat produced by the diverse functions within the building.

Due to the high efficiency in water as a heat transport medium (4180 kJ/m3K) versus air (1.2kJ/m3K), it was clear that a hydronic system would be the best and most effective option to establish the desired interior temperatures.

The chosen system therefore, integrated water as a transport medium in both the distribution part of the system through underfloor heating, as well as the heat source and heat exchange medium through a ground source heat pump. Additional heating capacity necessary for the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s thermal loads was also provided by solar collectors on the roof. Heat recovery of waste heat from the restaurant exhaust and from the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s main exhaust duct- the centralized atrium, are collected with two additional components added to the system, air to water heat exchangers.

Fig 1. Heat plant scheme

In addition to the use of water as the main medium for exchange, the system as a whole renders a very efficient heating and cooling service. In essence, since underfloor heating requires lower heating temperatures than typical radiators, the lower temperature provided by a ground source heat pump (40° C), allows a seamless heat flow without excessive amounts of heat energy lost from the system.

Also, this system is well matched with the building space design since the majority of the spaces are open plan layouts, the heating and cooling provided will be distributed more uniformly.

Although, heat pumps require electricity to operate and circulate the water through the diverse components, the production rendered by the pump is about five times as much heat energy, for every unit of electricity that is utilized. This high level of output versus input makes heat pumps a desirable and sustainable choice.

Redundancy: As far as a backup system for either cooling or heating, the following strategies are in place: One additional heat pump should be installed in case one would fail or need maintenance during the winter months. During the summer months, the additional heat pump would also take the full burden of the thermal load if one were to be out of service. However, since the majority of the building is naturally ventilated and occupants still have the ability to open windows at each functioning space, the cooling could also be temporarily aided by â&#x20AC;&#x153;shock ventilationâ&#x20AC;?.

Sizing the heat pump: The overall cooling load of our building is 369,624 W (45 W/m2) for 30 days, for 12 hours per day, including three hours of buffer time (per the Capsol results) which results in 133,064 kWh of total annual load. This demand can be met by a heat pump that has the following capacity: 370 kW. A possible unit than can supply this load is seen below, which has a cooling capacity of 220-720 kW, and a heating capacity of 250-800 kW, the maximum area taken by this unit is 3m2.

Fig. 2 Plan: Typical technical room

HEATING + COOLING DISTRIBUTION: The distribution system of heat as previously mentioned is being done by an under floor hydronic system.

The chosen system by BEKA distributes the heated or cooled water through capillary tube mats.

The decision to choose this system over other radiant floor heating units was based on the high efficiency delivered by the mats and also the fast response time in adjusting internal temperatures. In essence, since the distance between the tubes is so small, and the distance of the mats to the finished floor surface in quite reduced, it allows for a fast and highly efficient temperature exchange which in turn saves energy needed for heating or cooling.

Fig. 3 BEKA capillary mat

Flexibility is also integrated into the radiant flooring system in two main ways. Firstly, in areas were the floor finish is a thin layer of wood, the radiant system utilized a radiative foil to increase the temperature exchanged. In areas where the floor finish is stained concrete or tile, the mats are simply placed close to the surface or in the screeding layer. The cooling capacity of the mats is 80 W/m2 and the building design only demands 45W/m2. Secondly, the flexibility to the design is added by creating three distinct zones for cooling and heating, as seen in the diagram below, these separate areas can be employed depending on the load of the occupants whethercertain zones are being occupied or not, thus further reducing the total energy load.

Fig. 4 Typical heating/cooling plan distribution: Three distinct adjustable zones

IV. WATER DISTRIBUTION The water distribution for the radiant floors as well as the bathroom cores is located at the western core of the building. The wall which separates the vertical circulation from the bathrooms is actually the plumbing wall used to service the bathrooms. The shaft located next to the bathrooms will also vertically distribute the water pipes for the radiant floors and for the water mains serving the bathrooms throughout the building.

Fig. 5 Typical water distribution at each floor

V. VENTILATION As previously mentioned the main aim for the building design was to have a naturally ventilated building. This type of ventilation reduces energy use and often results in more user satisfaction and higher productivity of the occupants. Additionally, as seen in the psychrometric chart, when occupants are allowed to adjust their comfort levels, they are willing to accept a larger fluctuation of temperatures within the interior of the space they occupy.

Fig 6.Thermal comfort zone with natural ventilation The design of the building therefore allows an even higher degree of adaptability by allowing occupants to open windows and adjust solar shading as desired, which will be discussed later in detail. In essence, the additional integration of â&#x20AC;&#x153;Shock ventilationâ&#x20AC;? (short and intensive) is also possible without additional use of energy by opening windows and creating higher currents further increasing comfort levels.

Another benefit of having a naturally ventilated building, is the space required for air distribution ducts and air handling units gets considerably reduced which help to minimize the slab thickness and consequently increase the floor to ceiling height which allows a greater amount of natural daylight to reach deeper into the building.

WIND PRESSURE: In order to take advantage of the main wind direction, the design took into consideration the typical overpressure and under pressure zones which are created due to the wind load on the building.

In order to minimize the use of the fans for assisting the natural ventilation, the orientation, position, and height of the atrium was critical.

Therefore, the main wind direction in this location, south west, was taken as a reference point and the exhaust point was placed in the typical under pressure zone, as shown in the section diagram, aiding in the overall performance of the building.

Fig. 7 Wind pressure zones

OVERALL VENTILATION SCHEME: To meet the diverse ventilation needs according to the different functions and occupant loads, the following adjustments were made to the overall natural ventilation scheme.

For the grand majority of the building, including all office floors, the fresh air intake is located at the faรงade perimeter, and the exhaust takes place through the atrium due to the pressure difference created. Fans are located around the atrium to aid in exhausting air if necessary. The two basement parking levels have a natural air intake, and the polluted air is exhausted through a ventilation shaft to the roof. The option of having natural exhaust from the parking was discarded to prevent polluted air from reaching the faรงade air inlets and assure that the quality of air taken inside the building is 100% fresh.

The lecture hall has natural fresh air intakes along the faรงade edge and also on the underside of the slab; the polluted air is also being released to the atrium. Finally, the only space requiring mechanical ventilation is the kitchen area. In this case the air handling unit is located on the roof, supply and exhaust air ducts connect to the roof unit through a ventilation shaft located on the eastern service core of the building.

The main exhaust for the whole building taking place at the main atrium is aided by a mechanical fan exhaust at the roof, making sure the polluted air is removed from the building.

VENTILATION SCHEME SCHEDULE:

FRESH AIR CALCULATIONS PER FUNCTION:

Fig. 8 Ventilation scheme section

1. FAĂ&#x2021;ADE FRESH AIR INTAKE SYSTEM: In order to integrate natural ventilation within the design of the building, a decentralized under floor ventilation inlet was located along the perimeter of the building. This design allowed the whole length of the southern/southeastern and northwestern façade to supply high quality air to all spaces within the building.

Fig. 9 Typical office floor ventilation plan Volume of open office: 507 m3 Number of people: 48 Air change desired: 35 m3/h Air change rate: .7

NORTH FAĂ&#x2021;ADE DETAIL

SOUTH FAĂ&#x2021;ADE DETAIL

The unit referenced for the supply and thermal conditioning of the air for spaces such as the lecture hall, was (TROX TECHNIK) TYPE FSL-U-ZUS under floor unit. The way this unit works is by diffusing fresh air into the interior of the building by means of a radial fan. Higher thermal loads are mediated by mixing room air as a secondary supply which can flow through the heat exchanger and thus increasing the capacity of the unit. Additional components of the unit such as the volume flow limiter, non return damper, shut-off damper and fine dust filter take care of the quality and quantity of air that is permited to enter the building.

The unit also prevents uncontrolled flows of air through wind pressure and will also switch the flow of air direction when there is negative pressure on the facade.

2. AIR DISTRIBUTION: Air distribution through the building is achieved by displacement ventilation and cross ventilation. In order to achieve efficient cross ventilation, the distance between the supply and the exhaust should be less than 5 times the floor height. In order to achieve this, the floor area in all office levels was rounded at the north and east corners (see figure #9). The design in essence optimized the distance between the fresh air supply inlet and the centralized exhaust through the atrium.

Displacement ventilation is provoked by placing the supply at floor level and the exhaust at points at the ceiling level above the occupied zone. Due to the used air getting warmed up by the occupants and the equipment within each room the used air will rise up to the exhaust points. In the case were room partition interrupts the airflow, slot registers are placed in the ceiling of the enclosed space and will then be driven to the atrium exhaust aided by fans where necessary.

3.

Fig. 10 Air distribution section

3. AIR EXHAUST: The atrium plays an integral role in aiding the climatic performance of the whole building. Its centralized location allows it to be used as exhaust for all the spaces.

The shape of this exhaust atrium is a hyperboloid both for structural and ventilation performance reasons.

A much more efficient ventilation happens because of theStack Effect, where warm air rises and is exhausted out of the building where the waste heat is first recovered by a heat exchanger.

Fig. 11 Hyperboloid shape of Atrium Furthermore, the effectiveness of the ventilation and air exhaust is increased by employing the Venturi effect into the design of the atrium. By reducing the section of the atrium at its center the air speed of the exhaust air is increased creating a type of air funnel. In essence, the constriction of the air at the center of the atrium causes the velocity to of the exhausted air to increase.

Fig.12 Venturi principle The fans which are placed at the exhaust points of every floor adjacent to the atrium give a high degree of flexibility allowing the ventilation rate to be adaptable to each area according to the activity taking place or the amount of occupants present. Fans with a larger capacity will be placed on the roof next to the atrium exhaust point to control the overall flow of air if necessary.

Overall, the regulation of the incoming fresh air rate is done at the exhaust point taking place at the atrium.

There, ventilation can be regulated in a completely natural way (stack effect + Venturi effect) or by controlling it with the use of fans when required.

VENTILATION ACCORDING TO DIVERSE NEEDS: LECTURE HALL: Due to the higher concentration of users at the lecture hall (250 maximum) occupancy, it is necessary to add additional under floor air handling units other than the one existing along the faรงade.

Since the underside of the lecture hall slab is actually exposed to the exterior, natural ventilation was still implemented. Therefore, the fresh air intake is place at the sloped and exposed face of the slab, while the interior diffusers are located along the stepped seating on the interior. The polluted air is then extracted along the interior perimeter of the lecture hall wall and exhausted into the atrium.

Volume of lecture hall: 707 m3 Number of people: 250 Air change desired: 50 m3/h Air change rate: 17 Supply air flow rate of unit: 80-200 m3/h Number of units needed: 43

RESTAURANT: Due to high concentration of heat, possible smoke, and smell of food that is generated in a kitchen an additional exhaust hood unit and air handling supply of air is necessary in at this floor level.

The exhaust duct is placed in the shortest run to the extraction unit.

Volume of kitchen: 591m3 Air change rate: 20 h-1 Capacity of extraction unit: 11,820 m3/h

NIGHT COOLING: Night cooling is necessary in order to remove the excess of heat and cool the building mass in summer. It is done through natural ventilation taking advantage of cooler night temperatures in order to reduce peak daytime temperatures by 2 or 3 °C. In this project, night cooling will follow the same path as daytime cooling, which means that the supply will be in the façade and the exhaust in the atrium.

In normal circumstances, night cooling can occur without the need of additional equipment and just provoked by the stack effect. If the temperature difference inside-outside is not sufficient, the fans placed on the roof would assist the ventilation to get a higher air speed.

This speed can be higher than the typical air speed for ventilation during the day (0.25 m/s) due to that the building is not occupied.

VI. FIRE CONCEPT In order for to maintain the safety required for a building in case of emergency the main emergency stairs are located at the east and west side of the building. At any point in the building these are easily accessible and can be reached by circulating around the central atrium space.

Fig. 13 Fire route

Fig. 14 Fire exhaust

Essentially, the design creates two seperate areas between the atrium and the adjacent functions. If fire would break out in either, it would be easier to contain the spread between diverse zones. Also, since the atrium is the main exhaust for the whole building all smoke would be extrated out at the top. The spaces that differ somewhat are the worshop space, which is located under the atrium. In this case the smoke could simply be exhausted out into the exterior plaza space. Finally, for both parking basements the smoke would be strictly exhausted through the exhaust ventilation shaft and out to the roof.

VII. BUILDING ENVELOPE_ Goal: The main concern in the façade design in respect to climate is how to prevent the problem of overheating in the glazed surfaces since radiation is by far the factor which lead to a higher need of cooling load in summer (500 W/m2).

Goal 1: South Façade shaded by perforated metal panels, which are adjustable according to user Goal 2: Western Façade optimized shading for western over exposure by vertical louvers Goal 3: Atrium-“Light tube” glazing above roof line and roof of atrium to be clad by phase change glazing

Fig. 15 Façade materialization scheme

As it is shown in Figure 15, different orientations will have different design solutions although the use of perforated aluminum panels gets repeated in different forms.

This general solution was chosen with the idea of getting a maximum of daylight under any conditions, which is really possible with this kind of perforated sheet (50%perforated). Direct radiation will be filtered so that the problems of glare and overheating are highly reduced helping to achieve comfort and reduce energy consumption. It will also help for wind protection, allowing to open windows in windy days without problems in windy days without problems allowing ventilation through the facades if desired by the user.

The perforations also help for sound insulation creating a more comfortable working atmosphere.

Behavior of perforated aluminum second skin:

In the north-west faรงade, protection against the afternoon sun coming from the west is needed. This radiation comes with a very low angle, but because the faรงade is not fully west, we can place sun shading without obstructing the view. The solution chosen consists of fixed perforated aluminum panels which are placed perpendicular to the glass faรงade. These panels cover the whole floor height and they have a width of 50cm . With that width, the maximum distance between the panels is 66cm in order to prevent all sun radiation from penetrating the building.

The south-east faรงade consists of perforated aluminum panels. Despite the light can go through and people being able to look inside, we considered that the users should have the chance to get a full view or increase the light coming into the interior. That is why, the middle panel of each floor can be slided upwards or downwards independently.

In the east orientation, panels will be fixed since during the morning (main working hours) there is direct radiation coming at a low angle which is very unpleasant.

ATRIUM: The atrium’s shape and orientation was initially designed to increase the amount of daylight in the building, especially for the winter scenario when the atrium can be both a source of light and heat. This is why the orientation was from top south to bottom north, taking advantage of the direct sunlight to reach the spaces deeper in the building.

The atrium cladding will consist of laminated glass in order to get a maximum of light in the adjacent spaces.

But, in summer, direct sun radiation would cause glare and overheating problems. To solve this, a filter is placed on the top of the atrium, on the glazed surface above roof line and the atrium roof.

This filter will consist of phase change material combined withglass, capable of absorbing and storing the heat of the direct radiation and letting the light pass through.

This way we do not only prevent from overheating, but we can reuse that absorbed heat together with the heat coming from the exhaust air to produce energy through a heat exchanger.

Glass + salt hydrate as PCM (phase change material): “GLASSX®crystal” integrates 4 system components in a functional unit: transparent heat insulation, protection from overheating, energy conversion and thermal storage.

A 3-ply insulating glass construction provides excellent heat insulation with a U-value of less than 0.5 W/m2K. A prismatic glass implemented in the space between the panes sun rays with an angle of incidence of more than 40° (in summer, when the sun is high in the sky). On the other hand, the winter sun passes through the sun protection at full intensity. The central element of “GLASSX®crystalis” is a heat storage module that receives and stores the solar energy and,after a time, releases it again as pleasant radiant heat.

PCM (Phase Change Material) in the form of a salt hydrate is used as the storage material. The heat is stored by melting the PCM; the stored heat is released again when the PCM cools. The salt hydrate is hermetically sealed in polycarbonate containers that are painted grey to improve the absorption efficiency. On the interior side, the element is sealed by6 mm tempered safety glass that can be printed with any ceramic silk-screen print. [GlassX HeatingCooling AG. (2005).http://www.glassx.ch/fileadmin/pdf/Broschuere_online_en.com].

SOUTH FACADE:

Section

Elevation

WEST FACADE:

Section

Elevation

Plan

CAPSOL We used the computer program Capsol to simulate the heat flows and the necessary controls we are using hence to regulate the temperature inside an Office space. Although the focus of our design was our atrium, due to lack of time and complexities in geometry, we studied the thermal performance of an office space.

Capsol Input:

The input for the Capsol model of our building is a huge office space of 507m2 for 48 people capacity.

We chose the office space facing the southern side, as the influence of solar heat gain would be higher there. Due to the curvilinear form of our atrium, and partly the façade, we don’t specify the size of the office in L x B x H. The office is partially abstracted to end at the junction of atrium on one part, as there is not a definitive barrier for our office on inside. We chose to terminate it at the interface with atrium for analysis, so that the atrium forms one boundary for it along with the wooden partitions.

Since we had a system of natural fresh air inlet through the façade and mechanical exhaust though our hyperboloid atrium, we divided it into 3 zones- outside (ES), inside (I) and atrium (E).

The ventilation route is hence, outside—inside—atrium.

Office Input: Facade: 6 + 12 + 6 DGU with 50% perforated aluminium panel sunshading outside with 700mm buffer zone West wall: 300mm concrete wall Atrium glazing: laminated glass 19mm thick Partitions: 20mm wood on both sides over 60 deep wooden studs Floors: Steel deck flooring, with concrete, with wooden finish over a screed with capillary radiant floor heating/ cooling system Ceiling: Steel deck flooring, with concrete, with wooden finish over a screed with capillary radiant floor heating/ cooling system and gypsum ceiling.

Zones

Wall types

Facade

Floor

For summer we worked with a constant indoor comfort temperature of 24 degrees with a steady state outside temperature of 28 degrees. The atrium temperature we assumed as a constant one 1 degree higher than the indoor required value at 25 degree.

Additional internal heating load from people, computers and lighting were given as a stepped function.

For winter we worked with an indoor comfort temperature of 22 degrees during working hours and 18 degree during night with a steady state outside temperature of -5 degrees. The atrium temperature we assumed as a constant one at 18 degree. Additional internal heating load from people, computers and lighting were given as a stepped function.

Function references

For summer we created 2 controls: 1. Ventilation 2. Power- we supplied a power of 20000 W to the water layer on top of the screed, as obtained from manual calculations.

These controls were in addition to already created 50 % solar shading through the perforated aluminium sheets, which was fed as a property of the wall system itself. This wall system gave an overall ZTA value of 0.15 which was what we desired.

For winter we created control by only the floor heating, the heating power of 16000W being supplied to the water layer on the screed.

It must be noted that for winter, the heating power which was needed as per the manual calculations is around 15500W. The same has been fed into capsol for simulation. This value is also misleading, because in reality we require much lesser heating load, as we are supplying preheated air into the room, the effect of which is not considered for calculation manually and also for capsol simulation.

The sunshading device, which was a second skin of movable perforated aluminium panels in our design, was abstracted into solid aluminium panels of 3 mm thickness with 50% solar heat and light inflow, as perforated panel was not an option in the material library.

We assumed the atrium as a zone of constant temperature for ease of simulating the heat flow, instead of considering the atrium space as another internal zone where heat n air flows into.

The first graph shows the temperatures of the various zones for a period of 1 week in july, where the outside temperature reaches a maximum of 32 degree. The graph clearly shows that the day time temperatures in the office is 24 degree with 1 degree tolerance both ways. In the night temperature dips considerably. It shows that the thermal mass inside the office space isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t sufficient enough to maintenance the heat within the building during the night. But since we are considering the working hours from 9am to 6pm, this isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t a problem.

Here in june also, where the outside temperatures are slightly lower, we see that the internal temperature is maintained in a similar way. What is important to see from the graph above is that the cooling power needed is zero during this time. Natural ventilation is sufficient to achieve comfort condition in this time. Thus if we take average for the 3 summer months only half the number of days require cooling power through floor heating. The sun shading provided and the natural ventilation system is sufficient for the rest.

The first graph shows the temperatures of the various zones as also the water temperature for a week in the month of January. We see that the inside temperature is maintained at the desired value of 22 degree with 1 degree tolerance both ways during office hours and at 18 degree during night time. The good thing was the consistency was achieved with the same input as the manually calculated heating load.

APPENDIX 1: HAND CALCULATIONS - OFFICE SPACE

APPENDIX 2: HAND CALCULATIONS – FULL BUILDING