HR_2016_Studio A1 Program by Hart Rogers

Geebamu “Come Lets Go”

─

MID STUDIO 1 University of Manitoba 2nd Fl, Russell Building Winnipeg MB

Table of Contents : History, Culture and Demographics PART 1 1.0 Brief History of Liberia Pre American Colonization Post American Colonization 2.0 Culture Colour Study Ethnic Groups Language Religion Furniture, Arts and Crafts Food + Practice 3.0 Demographics Economy and Poverty Finances Security and Safety Education Gender Health Country Comparison 4.0 Case Studies

PART 2 5.0 Climate and Site Context Geography Climate Natural Disasters Geological Resources Vegetation Environmental Factors: Constraints Economic Environment: Resources and Exports Environmental Factors: Local Infrastructure

2 6.0 Case Studies 7.0 Works Cited PART 3 8.0 Geebamu Model

GEEBAMU CLINIC & LIBRARY MONROVIA, LIBERIA

PART 1

1.0 History Pre- American Colonization (“ACAPS” 2016) - Bordered by Sierra Leone, Guinea and Ivory Coast -Inhabited by indigenous peoples of Africa at least as far back as the 12th cent. -Before 19th cent., present Liberia was home to tribes from Sudan -Earliest documented peoples in area: The Dei, Bassa, Kru, Gola, Kissi -New inhabitants brought skills such as cotton spinning, cloth wearing, iron smelting, rice cultivation, social/political institutions -By the late 17th cent. Portuguese, Dutch and British traders had contacts/trading posts in the region. -Portuguese named Pepper Coast, later came to be called the Grain Coast due to the abundance of pepper grains -European traders would barter commodities and goods with local people

Post American Colonization ("Liberia History - Legends Of Liberia - History Of Liberia" 2014) -Latin for “Land of the Free” -In 1822 Liberia was born as a philanthropic idea -to settle freed slaves from the American plantations after the American Civil War -Indigenous peoples resented the intrusion -Mid-19th cent., more than half of freed slaves had passed from tropical diseases or returned to US -Remaining came to be known as Americo-Liberians -1847 settlers took full control of the area and declared it the independent country of Liberia (Joseph Roberts as first President) -Americo-Liberians mission was to bring Christianity and civilization to the rest of Africa -no support from neighboring African countries (due to treatment of the indigenous community of Liberia- sold like slaves to Spanish colonialists) -Britain and USA cut off diplomatic relations for 5 years for same reason -President William Tubman (1944) brought foreign investments -Socio-economic inequalities led to further aggravations between Americo-Liberians and indigenous peoples -William Tolbert succeeded Tubman (1971) -Negotiated diplomatic and economic relations with rest of Africa and China -brought harsh laws within his country to deal with any form of opposition to his government -Allies (US) remarks on human rights violations

5 -Growing resentment of the suppression led to demonstrations (gradually became violent uprisings) -1980 Tolbert was killed in a gory coup led by Sergeant Samuel Doe -with this coup, indigenous people were granted power for the first time -Short lived, other African countries condemned them- ceasing diplomatic and economic ties -Economy petered out in the 1980s with foreign investors leaving due to political uncertainty -Prince Johnson and Charles Taylor (with their forces) battled Doe and between themselves for power -US warships were deployed as a peacekeeping option -Johnson-Sirleaf took office 2006 -Monrovia (capital) has lost most of its infrastructure and utilities

The 14 Year War (“AWB: Liberia Research”, “ACAPS” 2016) -The Civil War in Liberia took place in 1989- 2003 -Leader of Liberia at the time Samuel Doe ill treated members of the Gio and Mano tribes -In 1989 trained rebels led by Charles G, Taylor, invaded Liberia rapidly gaining support of Liberians -In this war over 200,000 people were killed -After the removal of Doe from leadership Taylor’s push for power escalated and was no longer seen as a supporter for the Liberian civilians but a tyrant himself -Using Liberia’s sources of revenue; diamonds, timber, rubber, gold and iron ore, Taylor exploited these resources to other surrounding countries -By 2003 many refugees moved into the capital, Monrovia -With this vast flux in population distribution the economy struggled to stay on top and unemployment rates raised to 85% of the population. -Increase in those who were homeless and could not afford to support their families. -Government-UP is the party of President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf. -The party was founded in Grand Bassa in 1985 and first ran against Samuel Doe -In 2005, Sirleaf became Africa’s first democratically elected female head of state

2.0 Culture Colour Study (see page 4 + 5) Page 4: https://www.flickr.com/photos/jbdodane/with/9315251018/ https://www.flickr.com/photos/newhouse-school-mpd/6040770053/ https://www.flickr.com/photos/fischerfotos/13045364134/ Page 5: https://www.flickr.com/photos/fischerfotos/15574721569/ http://www.plateshack.com/y2k/Liberia/liberiay2k.html https://www.flickr.com/photos/fischerfotos/16161461190/ https://www.flickr.com/photos/un_photo/5434063718

("Liberia â&#x20AC;&#x201D; History And Culture" 2016)

-Monrovia has two distinct roots 1) The Southern US heritage of the freed Americo-Liberian slave 2) The ancient African descendants of the indigenous people and migratory tribes. -There is a strong focus on embroidery and quilting that came from the settlers. -Diverse tribal ethnicities are responsible for the rich culture of the country. -Christian music is popular, specifically sung in African acapella -Carving is popular by locals and focuses on the spiritual and ancient rituals found in the region. -Dance is a valued heritage, focusing on traditional themes within the movements.

9 ("The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency" 2016)

Language

("The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency" 2016)

Official Language: English - 20% spoken by Liberians - Liberians speak a variety of creolized dialects known as Liberian English -There are 20 ethnic group languages representing different tribes (Chart above) - most of these languages cannot be translated easily -2.5 million Liberian people belong to approximately 16 major tribes

Religion ("Culture Of Liberia - Culture And Crafts Of Liberia - Arts In Liberia" 2014) -Officially a Christian state -Islam is most commonly practiced in the north

("The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency" 2016)

Furniture + Arts and Crafts

("West African Art: Liberia And Sierra Leone" 2014)

- Carving is a strong indigenous craft (sapwood, camwood, ebony, mahogany and stone) -Ritual masks, batik and embroidered clothing are widely available. (Olukoju, 2006)

-Liberian arts and architecture portray the diverse experiences of the indigenous and AmericoLiberian communities. -Housing types reflect the cultural, social, and economic diversity of the people. -traditional art consisted of various secular and religious pieces -Popular types: carving, painting, pottery, and weaving -Demand for tourist art has negatively affected the quality of Liberian art weaving - Indigenous cloth is produced by a variety of looms - Narrow strip treadle loom - Vertical loom - Ground loom -Monrovia settlement of Americo-Liberians in the 1820s introduced western style architecture to Liberia -settlers transplanted southern US architecture to their new homeland -stone basement wood frame body with front and rear porticoes -painted in diverse colours according to tastes of owners

L: http://www.traveladventures.org/continents/africa/monrovia05.html

R: Mende. Side-blown Horn, 19th century. Elephant ivory, 26 1/4 x 7 1/4 x 3 3/4 in. (66.7 x 18.4 x 9.5 cm). Brooklyn Museum, Gift of Blake Robinson, 2004.76.5. Creative Commons-BY (Photo: Brooklyn Museum, 2004.76.5.jpg)

Gbokowa of Ngarlu (from Bo District), Country Cloth, c.1900, silk, cotton, and dye, 427x172cm. Sierra Leone. British Museum.

12 Food + Practice ("Food In Liberia - Liberian Food, Liberian Cuisine - Dishes, Diet, History, Meals, Staple, Rice, People, Favorite, Make, Customs" 2016)

-Tables are set with turned over plates and glasses with a napkin on top, - guests may then turn over the clean dishes for use. -Freedom celebration handshake -Those at the meal greet each other by shaking hands. -Most Liberians will eat with their fingers -American customs have brought utensils to the dining rooms of many city people. -Most cooking is still done outside on a stone hearth.

Typical Liberian dinner Dumboy or fufu served with palm butter and palava sauce Meat stew Country chop (a mixture of meats, fish, and greens cooked in palm oil) Jollof rice Beef internal soup Rice bread and sweet potato pone are served for dessert Ginger beer is drunk throughout the meal Coffee is served only on special occasions

Bibliography “ACAPS”. 2016. Acaps.Org. https://www.acaps.org/country/liberia/country-profile.

"Liberia History - Legends Of Liberia - History Of Liberia". 2014. Journeymart.Com. http://journeymart.com/de/liberia/history.aspx.

Architects without Borders Liberia Research Document, verified at, Liberia: Country Profile. Acaps. http://www.acaps.org/img/documents/c-acaps-country-profile-liberia.pdf.

"Liberia — History And Culture". 2016. Iexplore.Com. Accessed September 19. http://www.iexplore.com/articles/travel-guides/africa/liberia/history-and-culture.

"The World Factbook â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Central Intelligence Agency". 2016. Cia.Gov. Accessed September 19. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/li.html.

"West African Art: Liberia And Sierra Leone". 2014. Art History Teaching Resources. http://arthistoryteachingresources.org/lessons/arts-of-liberia-and-sierra-leone/.

Olukoju, Ayodeji, 2006. Culture And Customs Of Liberia. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.

"Food In Liberia - Liberian Food, Liberian Cuisine - Dishes, Diet, History, Meals, Staple, Rice, People, Favorite, Make, Customs". 2016. Foodbycountry.Com. http://www.foodbycountry.com/Kazakhstan-to-SouthAfrica/Liberia.html.

3.0 Demographics General

(“ACAPS” 2016)

Population: 4,455,969 Population Growth Rate: 4.04 Average Household Size: 5.1 Age Distribution (under 15%): 43.2 Literacy Rate %: 42.9

Economy and Poverty According to the IBIS Education for Development Country Strategy for IBIS in Liberia 2012-2016 (pg. 8):

Liberia poverty is globally ranked 182/187.

65% of Liberian people are below the poverty line

57% of people are in severe poverty (no food safety or clean water for drinking and washing).

Poverty is worse in rural areas rather than urban

Liberia’s Economy has been destroyed after the civil war.

There is a high demand for foreign support, specifically from the United States

Common to see these issues of lifestyle and poverty throughout Liberia due to unequal distribution of resources

Liberia Rising 2030

Plan in effect, aims to transform Liberia’s economy to a middle-income country through resource distribution and modernized agriculture.

Economy Table Comparing Canada to Liberia Canada

Liberia

Unemployment Rate

7.3%

85% (12 Times more than Canada)

Population Below Poverty Line

9.4%

80% (9 Times more than Canada)

("United Nations Statistics Division - Demographic And Social Statistics" 2012)

Finances According to the Liberian 2016 Crime and Safety Report:

$1 US = $90 Liberia

Minimum wage in Liberia is $6 USD = $540.14 LDR

Many Liberians live on less than $1 US a day

Charts sourced from (MyTravelCost.com)

The above charts compare how much one would pay for everyday expenses in Liberia versus Canada. More specifically, the finances are broken up into 8 categories which are Hotels and Restaurants, Groceries, Alcohol, Clothes, Entertainment, Transport, Health and Communication. The examples on the right hand side of the chart break down these finances into specific dollar amounts and allows for one to relate on how much certain things cost in Liberia.

18 From these charts, understanding the poverty levels within the country become clearer. When factoring in the unemployment rate and minimum wage throughout the population.

Focusing in on specific items within each category will deepen the understanding of what an average week may cost for one or two people. With the minimum wage only being $7.83 Canadian Dollars, and the high unemployment rate, the cost for these items is quite high in Liberia.

Food for one day for a Couple: Cost of Canada is 38% more expensive than in Liberia for food: Item

Cost in Liberia (in CAD Dollar)

Cost in Winnipeg (in CAD dollars)

12 Eggs

$2.26

$3.12

2 Pounds of Apples

$2.97

$4.10

1 Litre of Whole Fat Milk

$1.06

$1.47

16 Oz of Local Cheese

$6.52

$9.00

Total Cost for Breakfast

$12.81

$17.69

Item

Cost in Liberia (in CAD Dollar)

Cost in Winnipeg (in CAD dollars)

$6.52 (x2) = $13.04

$9.00 (x2) = $18.00

Total Cost for Lunch

$13.04

$18.00

Item

Cost in Liberia (in CAD Dollar)

Cost in Winnipeg (in CAD dollars)

Meal in Fast Food Restaurant (x2 People)

1 Pound of Chicken Breast

$3.94 (x2) = $7.88

$5.44 (x2) = $10.88

Bread for 2 people for 1 day

$1.50

$2.08

2 Pounds of Potatoes

$2.27

$3.14

1 Bottle of Red Wine

$10.86

$15.00

Total Cost for Breakfast

$22.51

$31.11

Entire Day Cost

$48.36

$66.80

(x2 People)

Everyday Products: Cost of Canada is 455% more than in Liberia for these items: Item

Cost in Liberia (in CAD Dollar)

Cost in Winnipeg (in CAD dollars)

Tube of toothpaste

$12.51

$2.75

Deodorant

$16.65

$3.66

Shampoo

$22.56

$4.96

4 Rolls of toilet paper

$16.20

$3.56

Total Cost for Breakfast

$67.92

$14.93

Information of costs in Winnipeg sourced from ("Cost Of Living Comparison Between Winnipeg And Winnipeg." 2016) - Comparison to Liberian cost calculated by Chelsea Lazar.

Security and Safety According to the Liberian 2016 Crime and Safety Report:

20 -

High level of crime in the country. -

No assets for Liberian National Police to help community

Safety issues were apparent when Ebola broke out in 2014

Liberian people were upset about the cost of vaccines, medication and visits to a doctor.

Level of medical services has worsened due to the Ebola crisis.

Amount of medicines are limited -

Some are counterfeit and distributed past their expiration date.

Doctors, clinics, and hospitals expect immediate cash payment for health services

Education

(“ACAPS” 2016)

Urban women and men are more likely to get an education than rural citizens

33% of women and 13% of men aged 15-49 have no education

31.5% of men and 28.4% of women attend primary school

14.4% of men and 14.1% of women attend secondary school

Gender According to the 2013 Liberia Demographic and Health Survey (pg. 257):

Men are the dominant decision maker in the household on use and allocation of land, where women and youth have no voice on this topic. (other document)

Examples of women’s decision making:

Woman's own health care

Making major household purchases

Visits to her family or relatives

Adult and Maternal Mortality According to the 2013 Liberia Demographic and Health Survey (pg. 281) -

Adult mortality is slightly higher among women than men -

4.9 female deaths per 1,000 people

21 -

4.1 male deaths per 1,000 people

Between age 15 -50: approx. 176 women and 151 men per 1,000 people are likely to die.

Maternal deaths account for 38% of all deaths to women age 15- 49.

Life Expectancy in Liberia Country/Area

Year

Life Expectancy at Birth

Life Expectancy at Age 60

Women

Men

Women

Men

Liberia

2012-2015

Canada

2010-2015

(â&#x20AC;&#x153;United Nations Statistics Division - Demographic and Social Statisticsâ&#x20AC;? 2012)

Health Pregnancy According to the 2013 Liberia Demographic and Health Survey (pg. 89): -

Fertility among urban women (3.8 children per woman) is lower than among rural women (6.1 children per woman).

Knowledge of at least 1 method of contraception is nearly universal in Liberia: 98% of women and 95% of men have heard of at least 1 method.

Contraceptive method most commonly used is injections (11%).

27% of people obtain their contraceptives from government health clinics.

Youth According to the 2013 Liberia Demographic and Health Survey: -

Infant mortality rate/deaths before the first birthday (pg. 109)

54 deaths per 1,000 live births.

Half of these occur in the first month of life

Among infants with a birth weight, 10 percent weighed less than 2.5 kg. (pg. 109)

Infants with a fever (pg. 137) - 58% were taken to a health facility or provider for advice or treatment

22 - 56% received antimalarial drugs - 39% received antibiotics. -

Fever is a problem because it can be a symptom of malaria and other life threatening diseases. - It is most problematic in children and infants (pg 145)

Nutrition According to the 2013 Liberia Demographic and Health Survey (pg. 157): -

66% of women and 80% of men have a body mass index (BMI) in the normal range.

1 in 4 women and less than 1 in 10 men are overweight or obese

98% of children are breastfed at some point in their life. -

55% of children under 6 months are exclusively breastfed. 44% of children age 6-8 months are breastfeeding and consuming other complementary foods

State of Nutrition in children under age 5 (pg. 161) -

32% were stunted (Chronic Malnutrition)

- 6% were wasted (Acute Malnutrition) -

15% were underweight (Chronic/Acute

Malnutrition). - Only 3% of children were overweight

Malaria

23 According to the 2013 Liberia Demographic and Health Survey (pg 181): -

55% of households own at least one insecticide-treated net (ITN).

54% of households own at least one long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN).

37% of Liberians have access to ITNs -

Over one-third of the household population could sleep under an ITN if each ITN in the household were used by up to two people.

HIV/AIDS Related Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviours According to the 2013 Liberia Demographic and Health Survey (pg. 201): -

Comprehensive knowledge about AIDS is low in Liberia

37% of women and 34% of men know that:

having just one uninfected faithful partner can reduce the chances of getting HIV

use of condoms

that a healthy-looking person can have HIV

71% of women and 52% of men age 15-49 know that HIV can be transmitted through breastfeeding.

76% of women and 62% of men know where to get an HIV test. (pg 233)

Prevalence According to the 2013 Liberia Demographic and Health Survey (pg. 241): -

1.9% of Liberian adults age 15-49 are infected with HIV

1% of young people age 15-24 are infected with HIV

1.4% women

0.5% men

HIV prevalence in regions: -

3.2% in Greater Monrovia

1.7% in rural area

HIV Prevalence in pregnant women: -

4.6% are pregnant

1.8% not pregnant

55% of women and men who are infected with HIV have not previously been tested or have been tested but have not received the result.

Snake Bites (A Guide To The Snakes Of Liberia 2013) Health Problems from a snake bite are: -

The venom (there are poisonous snakes in Liberia)

Infection from a snake bite

Venom from spitting snakes that can get in the eyes

Rural Areas: -

People in rural areas do not wear proper clothing, exposing their skin to snakes

Most common snake bites are on the feet

Majority of snake bites occur during agricultural activities in rural area.s

There are 57 different species of snakes in Liberia

6 are life threatening

11 are potentially harmful

Outcome of Snake Bite depends on: -

Location on the body

State of health of the victim

If the victim has been previously bitten, if so an allergic reaction could have occurred and make this bite worse than the first

Also depends on the snake

How to help: -

Get to a hospital as soon as possible and keep calm

The venom causes respiratory failure, therefore mouth to mouth resuscitation bag valve masks may need to be used.

Need to stay in the health care facility for 24 hours after the bite.

Venom is only toxic if it enters into the bloodstream, therefore if it gets on your clothes you will be safe

25 -

Spitting snakes can cause a victim to become blind. Clean water should be used to flush out the venom, although in these types of countries there may not be clean water available, in that case vegetable oil or milk can be used.

Comparison (“Compare Canada To Liberia" 2016) -

You would die 23.46 years earlier - Life expectancy at birth in Liberia is 58.21, Canada is 81.67.

Be 12 times more likely to be unemployed – Liberia is 85% unemployment rate, Canada is 7.10%

Be 14.7 times more likely to die in infancy – Number of death of infants in a year is 1,000 in Libera is 69.91, Canada is 4.71

Make 98.38% less money – GDP per capita in Liberia is $700, Canada is $43,100

Use 99.47% less electricity – Liberia is 76kWh consumption of electricity, Canada is 14,350kWh

Spend 98.86% less money on health care – Liberia health expenditures are $65.50 USD, Canada is 5,740.70 UDS

Be 3X more likely to have HIV/AIDS – Percentage of adults with HIV/AIDS in Liberia is 0.09% while Canada is 0.30%

Have 3.4 times more babies – annual number of births per 1,000 people in Liberia is 35.07 while in Canada is 10.29

Summary of Key Findings/Opportunites -

Liberia is a very poor country.

People do not have the money to afford healthcare, medicine or supplies related to living a healthy lifestyle

Due to the low literacy rate and low percentage of students in school, there could be opportunities in the Library of Geebamu to teach classes that relate to reading and writing

Women have less power than men, therefore a focus on creating a comfortable and welcoming atmosphere for women specifically could be something to implement within the interior environment.

There is a high infant mortality rate, and malnutrition in children. There could be a focus as well on parents, and proper prenatal nutrition and care.

Malaria is spread through mosquitos.

Only half of the population has the proper equipment to protect against this disease. The clinic could create a way to donate nets and repellent to families in need.

HIV prevalence is low in Liberia

Knowledge about the topic is also very low. People do not know how it is contracted or where to get tested.

HIV knowledge could be a service that is taught or explained thoroughly throughout Geebamu

Snake bites are a large health issue in the rural areas of Liberia

Spitting snakes cause blindness, and in most cases if you get bit by a snake, every second matters.

The clinic could have an emergent areas for these types of injuries, because it is in the rural areas of the country.

Bibliography "ACAPS". 2016. Acaps.Org. https://www.acaps.org/country/liberia/country-profile. A Guide To The Snakes Of Liberia. 2013. Ebook. 1st ed. Monrovia. http://corporate.arcelormittal.com/~/media/Files/A/ArcelorMittal/corporate-responsibility/Guide-tothe-Snakes-of-Liberia.pdf.

27 "Compare Canada To Liberia". 2016. Ifitweremyhome.Com.

http://www.ifitweremyhome.com/compare/CA/LR. "Cost Of Living Comparison Between Winnipeg And Winnipeg.". 2016. Expatistan :: Cost Of Living Comparisons. https://www.expatistan.com/cost-of-living/comparison/winnipeg/winnipeg. IBIS Education for Development,. 2012. Country Strategy For IBIS In Liberia 2012-2016. Liberia Institute of Statistics and Geo-Information Services (LISGIS), Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (Liberia), National AIDS Control Program (Liberia), and ICF International. 2014. Liberia Demographic and Health Survey 2013. Monrovia, Liberia: Liberia Institute of Statistics and GeoInformation Services (LISGIS) and ICF International. MyTavelCost.com,. 2016. Compare Liberia To Other Countries. Image. http://www.mytravelcost.com/Liberia/compare-with-Canada/ "United Nations Statistics Division - Demographic And Social Statistics". 2012.Unstats.Un.Org. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/indwm/default.htm. United States Department of State Bureau of Diplomatic Security,. 2016. Liberia 2016 Crime And Safety

Report. Research & Information Support Centre.

4.0 Case Studies

Figure 1: Exterior/Courtyard of the Chuquibambilla School

School in Chuquibambilla ("School In Chuquibambilla / AMA + Bosch Arquitectos" 2014)

Architects: AMA + Bosch Arquitectos Location: Chuquibambilla, Peru Area: 10,602 ft2 Year Completed: 2013

Relationship to Geebamu The School in Chuquibambilla was chosen as a case study due to the goals of creating a strong community in the poor, rural area of Peru. An atmosphere of hope is evident throughout this project, through the development of relationships in the community. The program is similar to

29 Geebamu in providing a learning space for all that reside in the region. The hours of the school will go beyond the normal work day, allowing the learning process to extend into the evening hours. The facilities in the area are similar to rural Liberia. There is no running water, electricity or a sewage system. The layout of the building is centered around a courtyard, focusing on community and shared experiences, which is something that could be implemented within the Geebamu courtyard. The climate in Peru is similar to that in Liberia, due to the close proximity to the equator. Due to this, the building is focused on local building materials and natural climate control.

About the School in Chuquibambilla The concept of the school is focused on the relationships among the rural community, as well as a teaching space for not only children, but all that reside in the area. The hours go past the normal school day, providing a safe space of study and recreation for students, parents and teachers at all times. This region of Peru is very poor, where education is limited to children. By providing this type of space, the opportunity of education for children becomes available in a close proximity to where they reside. Agriculture and fishing are the most common types of employment in Chuquibambilla. Figure 2: Busy Courtyard of the Chuquibambilla School

Program The program of the project is split into 4 separate buildings centered around a courtyard. Three buildings are for school activities such as classrooms, libraries and computer rooms. The fourth building acts as a residential unit, serving as dorms for students and teachers. The courtyard also acts as an activity space, where lessons can be taught outside.

Figure 3: Plan Drawing of the Chuquibambilla School

Design The style of the buildings have a strong focus to vernacular architecture. Modern materials are also used, but focused on local building techniques implemented by the local people. By allowing residents to partake in the building process, the concept of community and belonging is reinforced. There is clearly a strong tie to nature within the design of the Chuquibambilla school. There is a path between the courtyard and all buildings, which breaches the boundaries between the exterior and interior space of the project. The connection to nature was very important in this project, since the courtyard is such an open space and sense of community is strongly displayed there.

31 Figure 4: Elevation Drawing of the Chuquibambilla School

Figure 5: Section Drawing of the Chuquibambilla School

Climate Peru has a very hot climate because it is located close to the equator. Throughout the buildings, there is a passive system to achieve climate control. More specifically, there is a focus on sunlight control and natural ventilation throughout the building. The climate control is successful do to the sloping roof design, as well as the type of brick that is used to build the exterior of the structure. Due to the lack of electricity, the computer room is powered by solar panels which are implemented on the roof of the building. As previously mentioned, sewage and running water is an issue in that region of Peru, therefore a water system will be used where greywater is treated and reused for irrigation of green areas.

Figure 6: Climate Control Drawing of the Chuquibambilla School

33 Pros: -

Local materials are used

Jobs are created in the process of construction, as well as for teachers

The connection to the exterior is a strong focus in relating to the concept of community in the space.

Climate control is achieved throughout the project, based on the design of the building.

Low cost in building and maintaining

Figure 7: Construction of Chuquibambilla School

Cons: -

There could be a better use for the filtered water, rather than just irrigation to the of green areas.

Figure 8: Proch of Chuquibambilla School

Figure 9: Exterior of Kilimanjaro Women’s Refuge Shelter

Kilimanjaro Women’s Refuge Shelter ("Kilimanjaro Women's Refuge Uses Local Materials And Motifs" 2015)

Architects: Hollmen Reuter Sandman Architects Location: Moshi, Tanzania Area: 4,553 ft2 Year Completed: 2015

Relationship to Geebamu The Kilimanjaro Women’s Refuge Shelter is focused on helping locals gain knowledge on legal, health, social and economical issues, which are all topics that can be implemented within the library of Geebamu. Their key philosophy is providing a feeling of belonging, shared ownership and safety. The layout of spaces is centered around a courtyard, which the building in Liberia also mimics. The design is very much focused on symbolism of the country and safety for women, which are design

35 elements that could be explored for Geebamu. There is a strong notion of architectural language that can be seen between the relationship of the floor plans and elevations. Finally, a design element that can be taken away from this case study is the use of everyday items such as glass bottles, which provide an aesthetic, functional and cost effective quality within the space.

About the Kilimanjaro Women’s Refuge Shelter The concept of the Kilimanjaro Women’s Refugee Shelter came from the Kilimanjaro Women Information Exchange and Consultancy Organization (KWIECO). The organization promotes human rights, economic justice and gender equality, specifically in women and children. The Shelter House is targeted for women and children, serving as a refuge for victims of domestic violence. There is advice on legal, health, social and economical issues as well as housing for up to 20 women. The overall atmosphere of the space promotes shared ownership, safety and belonging.

Program There are two phases to the Kilimanjaro Women’s Refugee Shelter. The first phase is housing, which is already built. The housing spaces consists of a bedroom, bathroom, first aid space, matrons room, kitchen and outside dining area. The housing is situated around a center courtyard which can be used for outdoor activities. The second phase will provide community education, a capacity building and KWIECO offices, which has not been built yet.

36 Figure 10:Plan Drawings of Kilimanjaro Womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Refuge Shelter

Figure 11: Elevation Drawing r of Kilimanjaro Womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Refuge Shelter

37 Design The design and architecture for this project has a strong focus on local materials and inspiration on Tanzanian symbols in order to promote a feeling of ownership and belonging. A gate upon entry into the facility is painted with decorative symbols, often seen on womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s clothing. This art is symbolizing equal rights. Vernacular architecture and the use of local materials can be seen throughout the shelter

including doors clad with vertical bamboo panels and some ceilings made from banana leaves.

Figure 12: Symbolic Gates

Figure 13: Glass Bottle Design

Climate There was a goal to minimize the environmental impact that this building would produce. There are many exterior spaces that are covered overhead to allow for natural ventilation in the space. The coverage also protects from sun and rain if outdoor activities are taking place. Skylights are implemented throughout the project to ensure that daylight is being entered into the room, therefore artificial light and electricity does not need to be used. Certain rooms such as the

38 washroom, incorporates glass bottles within the interior walls, which reflect daylight and casts coloured light within the space. Water is also heated using low tech solar heaters.

Pros:

Symbolism is strongly implemented in the design

Natural ventilation is achieved through the design of the structure

Different techniques of cost effective and sustainable design are achieved by using glass bottles for reflecting light and colour for example.

Layout is similar having a courtyard centered around the building.

Strong atmosphere of safety and belonging coming from the organization

Strong architectural language seen between the relationship of the floor plans and elevations.

39 Cons: -

Not much information on the interior of the building

Plans for the second phase of the design are not available to understand how the new space would work with this one

Climate control system is not as advanced as previous precedent.

Although the goal is to promote women and equal rights, there are not many activities in the program that implement these notions.

Figure 14: Courtyard of Kilimanjaro Women's Refuge Shelter

List of Figures/Bibliography "Kilimanjaro Women's Refuge Uses Local Materials And Motifs". 2015. Dezeen. http://www.dezeen.com/2015/08/21/hollmen-reuter-sandman-kilimanjaro-womens-refuge-moshi-tanzaniayellow-buildings-courtyard/. "School In Chuquibambilla / AMA + Bosch Arquitectos". 2014. Archdaily. http://www.archdaily.com/579909/school-in-chuquibambilla-ama-bosch-arquitectos.

40 Figure 1: Maccaglia, Marta and Paulo Afonso. 2014. Exterior/Courtyard of the Chuquibambilla School. Image. http://www.archdaily.com/579909/school-in-chuquibambilla-ama-bosch-arquitectos. Figure 2: Maccaglia, Marta and Paulo Afonso. 2014. Busy Courtyard of the Chuquibambilla School. Image. http://www.archdaily.com/579909/school-in-chuquibambilla-ama-bosch-arquitectos. Figure 3: Maccaglia, Marta and Paulo Afonso. 2014. Plan Drawing of the Chuquibambilla School. Image. http://www.archdaily.com/579909/school-in-chuquibambilla-ama-bosch-arquitectos. Figure 4: Maccaglia, Marta and Paulo Afonso. 2014. Elevation Drawing of the Chuquibambilla School. Image. http://www.archdaily.com/579909/school-in-chuquibambilla-ama-bosch-arquitectos. Figure 5: Maccaglia, Marta and Paulo Afonso. 2014. Section Drawing of the Chuquibambilla School. Image. http://www.archdaily.com/579909/school-in-chuquibambilla-ama-bosch-arquitectos. Figure 6: Maccaglia, Marta and Paulo Afonso. 2014. Climate Control Drawing of the Chuquibambilla School. Image. http://www.archdaily.com/579909/school-in-chuquibambilla-ama-bosch-arquitectos. Figure 7: Maccaglia, Marta and Paulo Afonso. 2014. Construction of Chuquibambilla School. Image. http://www.archdaily.com/579909/school-in-chuquibambilla-ama-bosch-arquitectos. Figure 8: Maccaglia, Marta and Paulo Afonso. 2014. Porch of Chuquibambilla School. Image. http://www.archdaily.com/579909/school-in-chuquibambilla-ama-bosch-arquitectos. Figure 9: Ilonen, Juha. 2015. Exterior of Kilimanjaro Womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Refuge Shelter. Image. http://www.dezeen.com/2015/08/21/hollmen-reuter-sandman-kilimanjaro-womens-refuge-moshi-tanzaniayellow-buildings-courtyard/. Figure 10: Ilonen, Juha. 2015. Plan Drawing of Kilimanjaro Womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Refuge Shelter. Image. http://www.dezeen.com/2015/08/21/hollmen-reuter-sandman-kilimanjaro-womens-refuge-moshi-tanzaniayellow-buildings-courtyard/.

41 Figure 11: Ilonen, Juha. 2015.

Elevation Drawing of Kilimanjaro Womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Refuge Shelter. Image. http://www.dezeen.com/2015/08/21/hollmenreuter-sandman-kilimanjaro-womens-refuge-moshi-tanzania-yellow-buildings-courtyard/. Figure 12: Ilonen, Juha. 2015. Symbolic Gates. Image. http://www.dezeen.com/2015/08/21/hollmen-reutersandman-kilimanjaro-womens-refuge-moshi-tanzania-yellow-buildings-courtyard/. Figure 13: Ilonen, Juha. 2015. Glass Bottle Deign. Image. http://www.dezeen.com/2015/08/21/hollmen-reutersandman-kilimanjaro-womens-refuge-moshi-tanzania-yellow-buildings-courtyard/. Figure 14: Ilonen, Juha. 2015. Courtyard of Kilimanjaro Womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Refuge Shelter. Image. http://www.dezeen.com/2015/08/21/hollmen-reuter-sandman-kilimanjaro-womens-refuge-moshi-tanzaniayellow-buildings-courtyard/.

LIBRARY OF MUYINGA/ BC ARCHITECTS (“ArchDaily” 2014) Architects: BC Architects Location: Muyinga, Burundi Area: 140.0 sqm Project Year: 2012 Photographs: Courtesy of BC architects

Relationship to Geebamu Both Geebamu and the Library of Muyinga have a desire to help educate. BC Architects built the first library of Muyinga, part of a future inclusive school for deaf children, in locally sourced compressed

44 earth blocks, built with a participatory approach. SImilarities include, programming, organization start- up story and demographics. Although Geebamu and the Library of Muyinga have similar programming, the Library offers no health services. Geebamu will be a site for both physical health and education.

About LIBRARY OF MUYINGA The library hopes for social reintegration. With the main goal of reconnecting the deaf and blind community to broader Burundi society, of which deaf children are often times extremely excluded from information and education. The library being first of its kind in Muyinga, hopes to create a sense of community in Muyinga through public infrastructure.

BC Architects not only cooperated with local workforces, but also involved students, interns and young architects in what they called a mutual educational setting. participatory design has taken a more prominent role in modern architecture. Although some initiatives were innovative they failed to translate to real life situations.

Key Design Materials The library had a focus on continuous cross-ventilation. This was due to climatic considerations to help guide the humid and hot air. Which inspired volume and the perforated facade, which follows the rhythm of the Compressed Earth Blocks masonry.

CEB- Compressed earth bricks acts as the main material for the construction Sisal rope- From sisal plant fibres came net-making. Harvested on site and weaving was done by local elders around Muyinga whom master the technique Concrete- Lightweight concrete skeleton structure inside CEB columns Bamboo- Local bamboo was not up to construction quality, instead, it was used for special interior design elements Internal Earth plaster- 3 km from the site, clay came from Nyamaso

Bibliography “ArchDaily”. 2014. Library of Muyinga/BC Architects.http://www.archdaily.com/467129/library-of-muyinga-bc-architects

http://www.tlcafrica.com/monrovia_4_2012_1/monrovia_pic_12.htm

CENTENNIAL PAVILION Architects: Possibly Hilyard Robinson. Monument designed and built by Dr. Aaron Sylvester Brown Location:

Monrovia, Liberia

Brief History

47 (“Historical Preservation Society of Liberia” 2016)

The Centennial Pavilion is a national monument and hall in Monrovia, Liberia. The major similarity it has with Geebamu is geographical location. Situated in historic Old Town Monrovia, Dr. Aaron Sylvester Brown designed the front moment which was erect on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the founding of Liberia on July 26th 1947 (the same day that William Tubman was inaugurated). (“ArcGIS” 2015)

The Pavilion, being the site where presidents are sworn in, holds political, cultural and symbolic importance to the people of the city. Through study of this structure, evidence of what local Monrovian construction is, appears.

http://www.tlcafrica.com/monrovia_4_2012_1/monrovia_pic_12.htm

48 Two towers at Randall Street, appear larger than life gilded statue of the first Liberian President Joseph J. Roberts during the ceremonial reception of the Liberian flag. Two figures gesture their arms to the president. These two gilden woman are representations of the two communities of Liberia. The first is a bare breasted woman who represents the indigenous population. Across from her, stands a female in simple dress; a representation of the Americo-Liberians. Interior wise, the structure operates as a hall for state receptions as well as political events.

This centerpiece for modern Liberian history is a burial site for President William VS Tubman. It has undergone renovations which help connect a new modern Liberia to its historic past. https://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-o/07/46/e0/b3/centennial-pavilion.jpg

https://www.flickr.com/photos/newhouse-school-mpd/6040476235

Connections to Geebamu Through study of the Centennial Pavilion we get a better understanding of local architecture and design in Monrovia. Boldly patriotic in colouring, simplistic in design detailing, the hall celebrates Liberian culture with visual cues. With investigation of this local precedent, it becomes visible how rich the American influence on design in Liberia was. Particularly, the traditional Southern USA influence.

50 Bibliography “Historical Preservation Society of Liberia”. 2016. The Architectural History of Liberia. http://www.hpsol-liberia.net/architecturalhistory/ “ArcGIS”. 2016. Liberia Cultural. https://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=c0e27586366649938fac69182e1ba579

Overview Geebamu International Inc is a non-profit organization committed to giving back to the poor rural and urban communities within Liberia, particularly to women, children and the disabled. The organization began in 2010 founded by Josephine D. Sekajipo, who when taking a trip to Liberia witnessed suffering and death within the communities due to lack of medical supplies. Inspiration for a solution sparked upon return to the United States where Josephine witnessed useful medical equipment being disposed of. Geebamu was born as a way to solicit and gather donations of recycled or new medical equipment from the United States to Liberia, a place where it was truly in need of this generosity. Geebamu’s foundation is based on the name itself which translates “Come Lets Go”. There is this idea of putting one foot in front of the other and making change. The organization aims to provide “one-meal- a day” and promote “learn-one-sentence per day”. The project focuses on the development of a medical and educational centre in Monrovia, capital city of Liberia. A place where impoverished members of the Liberian community can come to receive treatment, as well as educate themselves on health related topics and literacy. The design will feature a two storey building with the main components of a clinic and library, separated by a central courtyard.

Philosophy, Goals, Vision Geebamu’s vision is to strengthen health centres by providing medical supplies and services. The organization aims to provide training to local medical providers and lab technicians, focusing on modern medical treatments, medical applications and technology.

51 Their goals are to provide “one meal per day” as well as for illiterate community members to “learn one sentence per day”.

Services SCOPE OF SERVICES Current Services -

Healthcare – Clinical Care

Malaria treatment is main targeted focus for current services offered

Emergency medical services for those in need

Improving the statistics – 50% of deaths due to improper medical equipment and

medications -

Educational

Library for health-related information – this can be provided in various methods of

delivery (books, magazines, electronic, etc) o

Important for reaching out to community and improving the standard of health related

knowledge -

Training Programs

Offering training to other medical institutions in the area, in turn increasing knowledge

and treatment available outside of clinical areas and hours -

One-meal-a-day

Providing one meal a day for patients

One-sentence-a-day

Literacy programs for women and their children – alarming 70% illiteracy rate in Liberia

Future Services -

Expanding clinical services

Pre-natal and mothering care

Medications, equipment, and treatment available

One-meal-a-day

Geebamu hopes to improve this program and increase its reach to the community

Increase food quality and quantity which is provided

Expanding facilities and number of patients it can service

52 o

This can be done through sourcing more donations from hospitals around the world â&#x20AC;&#x201C;

currently Josephine is reaching out to United States, but potential to expand outside of country and move into Canada, Europe, Australia, etc. o

Although Geebamu already does this, a stronger presence in the North American

market would be beneficial (redefine business and outreach strategies)

User Groups Primary - Staff - Receptionist - Doctors - Nurses - Maintenance - Cafeteria Workers - Librarian - Educational Support Staff

Secondary - Patients - Mothers - Children - Community requiring EMS - Disabled - Volunteers -Maintenance (Facility Coordinators)

Tertiary - Josephine - Outside Services (Health Education Training) - Third Party Organizations

Administration

ADM

Outpatient Area

Inpatient Area

Medical Services

MSA

Storage

STO

Services Area

Service User Area

SUA

Education Encl

EDUE

Education Open

EDUO

Internal Circulation

Notes: Stair connection within library may be useful to get from 1st to second floor, rather than going out into corridor everytime

Figure? Exterior of Fame Medical Centre

FAME Medical Location: District of Karatu, Tanzania. A rural area situated in outer rim of Ngorongoro crater Architects: Jack Paddon (Williams & Paddon) & Scott Paddon (Hibser Yamauchi Architects Inc. * architectural services were volunteer based, not found on either firms websites Duration: 2007-2008 Sq Footage: UNKNOWN

Precedence Relationship to Geebamu Similarities FAME and Geebamu, both non profit organizations, were born through the experience and witness of similar issues in Africa. The lack of immediate and proper medical care in Africa was scarce and so these organizations decided to begin to change these circumstances. Geebamu will operate at a similar scale to that of FAME medical centerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s when they first opening their doors. However, Geebamu will contain spatial programming to allow some inpatient facilities, where FAME was solely outpatient at the start of 2008. +

Scale & Programming

Non-profit organization

Organization start- up story

Demographics

Differences

61 Although Geebamu and FAME have similar start up programming, FAME medical was constructed in 2008 and has since grown. Currently FAME medical offers more programming to their medical centre, as well as housing for staff.

About FAME FAME stands for Foundation for African Medicine & Education. This organization strives to provide access of quality medical care to all residents of the Karatu community and outreach to neighboring communities. The organization provides health care workers with resources to give quality treatment and continue medical education. Trained medical workers teach volunteers about African medicine and in turn volunteers offer knowledge of western medicine. The outpatient clinic is the starting point for a much larger medical facility, but offers out/in patient, satellite clinics and most recently maternal healthcare. 1

About FAME Medical Clinic The outpatient clinic sees an increase of chronic disease patients with such things as Diabetes. While such a disease is easily treated, FAME recognizes that death from such a disease is due to lack of access to quality medical care in rural areas. The hospital is not a money making venture but finds financial balance by offering reduced rate services and free treatment by increased medical fees for insured Tanzanians, expatriates tourists, as well as donations and grants.

Spatial Program (based on 2008 report)

"Outpatient Clinic." FAME. Accessed September 19, 2016. http://www.fameafrica.org/fame-outpatient-clinic.

62 +

Reception/Waiting area

Pharmacy

consulation/exam rooms x2

observation rooms x2

lab (small)

labour & delivery room

bathrooms x3

administration offices x2

storage room2

Medical Treatments Provided For: +

water borne disease

acute respiratory infections

intestinal parasites

ulcer disease, H.Pylori

Urinary Tract Infection

Sexually Transmitted Disease

burns

wounds

injury

baby delivary

pre natal care3

Figure ?Interior of FAME medical centre, showing incoming daylight and material usage Source: fameafrica.org

Staff of Outpatient Clinic The following represent the Primary group of users to the clinic, based on FAME’s 2008 Annual Report when they first opened doors to the clinic. These are all permanent staff, volunteers also make up a portion of the workers, placed in the Secondary User group. The medical clinic at the time was solely an outpatient clinic. - Doctors x2 - Clinical Officer - Nurses x2 - Nurse assistant x 2 - Lab Tech. - Medical Receptionist - Community Outreach Counselor *This position was filled through FAME’s “sponsor a healthcare worker”

2 3

Foundation for African Medicine and Education 2008 Annual Report. Redding, CA: FAME, 2008 "Outpatient Clinic." FAME. Accessed September 19, 2016. http://www.fameafrica.org/fame-outpatient-clinic

Total = 10

Key Design Precedents of Butaro 1. Sustainable Systems - Use of sustainable design in for FAME’s clinic allows the building to operate off grid, by providing resources through solar energy, rainwater catchments and recycling grey water. - natural daylighting by skylights - solar panels

2. On Site Volunteer Housing Although staff housing is not included in Geebamu’s programming, this precedent study makes a valid point of why this zone may be important to the future scope of the Monrovian clinic. As the clinic is run by a non-profit organization, it adds difficulty to the financial aspect of running the clinic. In FAMES’s example, it is hard to find nearby housing that is affordable, for the staff. A commute not only cuts away time from work time in the clinic, but also extra funds are put towards fuel. 3. Staffing

Figure ? Medical staff member weighs young child, on scale located on exterior of clinic Source: fameafrica.org

Figure ? Meeting within FAME medical clinic. The room appears to be a sort of lounge/meeting area Source: fameafrica.org

The Butaro District Hospital Butaro, Rwanda Completed in: 2011 Architects: MASS Architects Awards: Zumtobel Group Award 2012, Architizer A+ Award 2012, Contract Magazine Health Environment Award 2011

Precedence Relationship to Geebamu Similarities Although Butaro District Hospital is a larger scale project than Geebamu, it incorporates significant overlap in key elements, such as use of local materials, sustainable systems, local employment, demographics and similar medical programming. There is acknowledgment that these designs are geared toward all demographics, however their is programmatic direction towards women and children as a central initiative. There is similar goals to provide maternity services, such as pre/post natal care, delivery etc. 4

"Butaro Hospital / MASS Design Group." ArchDaily. 2011. Accessed September 19, 2016. http://www.archdaily.com/165892/butaro-hospital-mass-design-group

Medical Program Overlap Conference room, Pharmacy, Lab, Wards, Staff Training Room, Maternity Areas

Construction with Local Materials

Local Employment

Demographics

Focus on Mother & Child

Differences While both projects utilize veranda corridors as main sources of circulation to various spatial zones, Geebamu’s is located with the interior of the design, where Butao’s is located on the exterior. Each project has an inpatient element, where wards have been designed. Geebamu’s layout currently provides three separate wards, each containing 3 beds, their own washroom and shower facilities. In Butaro wards contain an increased number of beds within a larger, more open area, supported by ventilation systems and maximized daylighting.

About MASS In 2008 MASS was created during the design + build of the Butaro District Hospital, when they partnered with the Rwanda Ministry of Health. They are a non profit organization which focuses on human-centered design. There is a belief that architecture is more than a commodity, but as chance to create something beautiful , while impacting key areas of human life. MASS focuses on the underprivileged because they are victims to many diseases that should not be a problem in the 21st century.5 “Beauty is important per se, not superficial beauty, but beauty that provides you with dignity.” -

Dr. Agnes Binagwaho, Minister of Health, Rwanda6

This definition of beauty surpases the superficiality of the word, finding success through the level of comfort provided, whether dignity is maintained and how health is improved.

About the Project Completed in 2011, the Butaro District Hospital initiates three programming elements: health care, education and housing. Although the hospital operations encompass all demographics is a primary focus on women and

“ MASS media” video. MASS.. 2011. Accessed September 19, 2016. http://www.archdaily.com/165892/butaro-hospital-mass-design-group

“ MASS media”

67 children. The project was built through 100% employment of locals workers. The designs features the use of local materials, sustainable systems such as cross ventilation and solar chimneys.7 Spatial Program +

Intensive Care Unit

Post Operative Ward

Operating Ward

Reception

Neonatal ICU

Delivery Room

Pre-Delivery

Pediatric Ward

Post Delivery

Men’s Ward

Laundry

Ambulatory

Pharmacy

Lab

Pediatrics

Conference Room

Staff Training

Women’s Ward8 Figure ? Classroom within Butaro District Hospital

“ Architecture is not just about design, if we create spaces that make people uncomfortable we are taking away their dignity.” -

Amelie Ntigulirwa, MASS Architecture Rwanda9

"Butaro Hospital / MASS Design Group." ArchDaily. 2011. Accessed September 19, 2016. http://www.archdaily.com/165892/butaro-hospital-mass-design-group

"Upper and Lower Site Plans" Image. ArchDaily. 2011. Accessed September 19, 2016. http://www.archdaily.com/165892/butaro-hospital-mass-design-group

“ MASS media” video. MASS.. 2011. Accessed September 19, 2016. http://www.archdaily.com/165892/butaro-hospital-mass-design-group

68 Goals: -

Dignity

Resilience

Adaptiveness

Positive community impact10

Figure ? Site Plan

â&#x20AC;&#x153;MASS mediaâ&#x20AC;?

Key Design Precedents of Butaro 1. Sustainable Indoor Systems & Mitigation of Airborne Diseases The design goals for Butaro Hospital were to mitigate and reduce the transmission of airborne diseases through innovative indoor systems, such as overall layout, patient and staff flow, and natural cross ventilation. MASSâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s focus on layout, in reference to the issue of airborne pathogens, was addressed by eliminating interior corridors and replacing circulation on perimeter verandas. 11 +

Ventilation Ventilation was tackled through large radius fans (arch daily), louvered windows. High volume, low speed fans (24â&#x20AC;&#x2122; diameter) are placed at strategic points, in order to circulate air out through the louvered windows, within the wards. The result of this ventilation system is to remove harmful microbes from the air. See Figure12

11 12

"Butaro Hospital / MASS Design Group." ArchDaily. 2011. Accessed September 19, 2016. http://www.archdaily.com/165892/butaro-hospital-mass-design-group Ibid.,

70 +

Technology Furthermore, germicidal UV lights are installed in higher portions of the room, inactivating/ killing these microbes. See Figure13

Indoor Materials A continuous, non permeable floor finish was utilized so to mitigate bacterial growth and resist infection. Continuous floor finishes are durable and easy to maintain14

2. Integration of Technological and Mechanical Systems Low half-height walls are placed in the centers of the wards, containing integrated technologies, such as pipes, conduits and monitors.15 By centralizing these systems, patients are provided with sufficient daylight and beautiful exterior views. The integration of technical systems in these central walls provides a sense of resilience to the design, as these components can be serviced or modified with decreased disruption to daily operations.16

3. Use of Local Materials Construction of the Butaro Hospital was composed of all local materials. MASS put forth the question, â&#x20AC;&#x153;How is value given to materials that are usually considered worthless.â&#x20AC;? (video) Volcanic stone became the main resource for

13 14 15 16

Ibid., "Butaro Hospital / MASS Design Group." ArchDaily. 2011. Accessed September 19, 2016. http://www.archdaily.com/165892/butaro-hospital-mass-design-group "South-to-North Thinking." - Metropolis Magazine. Accessed September 19, 2016. http://www.metropolismag.com/February-2013/South-to-North-Thinking/. Ibid.,

71 the project,( Figure?) typically a nuisance for local farmers, who clean these rocks from their fields 17 volcanic rock, using a dry stacking technique.18 +

Volcanic rock

Timber

Clay bricks (mud + sand)

Figure ? Sectional Perspective of hospital ward. The diagram highlights how the layout and ventilation acts together to create a healthier space for patients. Cross ventilation moves air from the exterior through operable, low height windows. 24â&#x20AC;&#x2122; diameter industrial fans move the incoming interior air around the ward and then out through louvered vents.

17 18

"Butaro Hospital / MASS Design Group." ArchDaily. 2011. Accessed September 19, 2016. http://www.archdaily.com/165892/butaro-hospital-mass-design-group. "The Butaro District Hospital." Home. Accessed September 19, 2016. https://massdesigngroup.org/work/design/butaro-district-hospital

Figure ? Centralized, low half-height walls incorporate technical systems, opening up the interior to increased daylight and better ventilation, while providing a great exterior view to patients.

4. Community Initiatives The impacts of the Butaro project were far greater than the end result of a local hospital. The project aided in stimulating the local economy by providing employment opportunities, amounting to over 4,000 jobs. Also, as a great benefit to the project, the use of local materials and helping hands reduced the cost of the build by â&#x2026;&#x201D;, in comparison to other hospitals of its size. The total savings amounted to 2 million dollars.19 +

100% local labor = 4,000 plus jobs

"The Butaro District Hospital." Home. Accessed September 20, 2016. https://massdesigngroup.org/work/design/butaro-district-hospital.

73 +

Cost savings of $2 million

Local materials

Conclusion The Butaro District Hospital project offers various insights of medical design, providing useful considerations towards the design of the Geebamu clinic. Significant differences seen between the two projects are circulation layout, daylighting and ventilation. +

Currently, Geebamu volunteer architect Roger Amenyogbe, has separated the inpatient section of the clinic to three separate wards, which potentially could designed similarly to Butaroâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s wards, should Geebamuâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s design consider the same daylight opportunities. The benefits to this would be eliminating use of materials by less interior wall construction. This would also provide a closer relationship for each water closet, as they could be grouped together, saving on plumbing separation. However, there should be consideration to the separation of genders as well. Depending on the necessary space an open concept ward system may not be viable because of this

Having patient beds facing an exterior environment, where they can focus on the beauty of the landscape, will inherently help them focus in turn with the healing process

Assumed local materials for the Geebamu project are timber structure and clay bricks made on site. However, Butaroâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s local material of volcanic rock is an inspiring notion that you can take a resource seen as unvaluable and a nuisance and turn it into a beautiful part of the design. This precedent encourages taking a more refined look at local building materials.

Should consider local product design in the interiors ie: wood furniture in waiting room

Street Library Ghana Project type: Rural Mobile Library Location: Accra, Ghana Key founder: Hayford Siaw (President) Founded: August 2011 Modes of Communication: Mobile vans, book kiosks, book chests, digital access

Photo Sources (in order of appearance): http://photos.myjoyonline.com/photos/news/201504/2559534683357_3476124856362.jpg http://www.streetlibraryghana.org/graphic/topSlider/IMG_1648.JPG Precedent Relationship to Geebamu: As a volunteer-driven NFP based out of West Africa, there are a lot of lessons to be learned from their strategies to gather and deliver resources. Street Library has a very similar founding story and shares relatable core competencies. Geared towards youth in a country with high illiteracy rates, Street Library has become very successful through delivering knowledge and information through various forms of communications - many of which are gathered through fundraising and donations. Their key philosophy lies in being a mobile library without the need for a physical space. This will be important when considering Geebamuâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s library, as it will help inspire the expansion to the surrounding residents of the community.

75 About: The Street Library of Ghana is a volunteer driven social enterprise based in Ghana. The main objective is to educate and improve literacy within the community. Hayford Siaw is the founder, who was born and raised in Ghana. Although passionate about reading, he only had access to a library once during his early schooling years. This fuelled his desire to take an active role in his country and work towards developing the resources to bring literacy to the rural communities of Ghana. He founded the Street Library in August of 2011, with the vision to reach youth and improve literacy rates. In early 2012, Reach for Change selected this initiative into its 3-year incubation program (Ryan, 2012). Since then, the library has been very successful at creating a less intimidating and welcoming environment to promote educational and cultural learning. This initiative not only delivers valuable learning opportunities to youth, but does so in areas where such resources are not readily available. Their goals and key operating principles, as sourced from their website, are: Goals:

Improve literacy, education, and cultural curiosity among children

Enable access to a diverse collection of suitable reading material

Develop respect for literature and pursuit of knowledge among its participants

Spread the joy of reading

Provide rural youth with opportunities for better educational development

Provide a cost effective and sustainable library option for rural communities

Preserve indigenous folklore through digitization for easy accessibility at Street Libraries.

Key Operating Principles

Inclusivity—SLG acknowledges that success relies on partnerships and relationships from strategic support level to local actors who bring their ideas, experiences and know how.

Local ownership—Individuals and communities receive training and skills to manage their own street libraries, as true sustainability depends upon local actors solving local problems.

Contextual solutions—SLG tailors its approach with each community to co-develop unique approaches to achieve its mission and to meet the community’s needs

System changing—SLG programs are designed to change the underlying causes of illiteracy—it addresses the lack of access to quality literature by directly providing access to books and program officers on location to address learning needs.

Soures: Street Library Ghana official wesbite: http://www.streetlibraryghana.org/ Street Library Ghana Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/streetlibrary/

76 Ryan, Orla. "Children's fund scouts for partners in Ghana". FT. Retrieved 18 September 2016. (Ryan, 2012)

Kitengesa Community Library

Project type: Rural Community Library Location: Kitengesa, Buwuunga sub-county, Masaku District, Uganda Director: Emmanuel Mawanda Founded: April 1999 Modes of Communication: Large book collection (3085 books), digital resources

Photo Source: Kitengesa Facebook Page

77 Photo Source: https://c1.staticflickr.com/9/8119/8619047813_6f194527f4_b.jpg Precedent Relationship to Geebamu: There is a lot to take away from the successful history of this library. It has essentially the same goals and visions that Geebamu aims to achieve – becoming a rural community library and providing access to people with various resources to enhance their knowledge on health and other important topics. The facilities offer patrons access to both written and digital resources, as well as a computer lab (something which Geebamu has prioritized for its library space). Just as Geebamu, Kitengesa was the first space of its kind in Uganda. Their philosophy of “Come In” is relatable to Geebamu’s “Come Let’s Go”. Overall, the two libraries share many similarities in regards to their purpose, daily functions, and goals, making this an ideal precedent to study and understand. About: The library states their vision as: “A gathering place for knowledge enrichment for the local community and a window to the world via internet technologies”. The library began in April 1999 with a box of books to a place which serves the entire community. Research is heavily conducted at this site, which influences the development of the library and library related services in the village. For example, findings from an unpublished research study on secondary schooling for girls led to the creation of the AFRIPads Project. The study revealed that girls were missing school each month due to the lack of proper feminine hygiene products (Jones 2008). Such studies move forward into the community and foster an incentive for change and improvement of its individuals. This project expanded onwards and was developed by two young American entrepreneurs. A business was created and factory facility built, providing income for the library and well as employees. AFRIPads supplies sanitary products for females in the community, improving their educational attendance and quality of life (more information can be found of AFRIPads Project website). Since its humble beginnings, Kitengesa Community Library has grown to serve over 1000 residents in the small Ugandan community of Kitengesa. It is a founding member of the Uganda Community Libraries Association (UgCLA), which is today a network of over 100 community libraries from all over Uganda. Initially, Kitengesa was established to meet the needs of students and teachers, providing a free space to study and read after school. In time, other members of the community began taking advantage of the library’s resources. The library provides a meeting space for small business cooperatives and adult literacy classes. Local women frequent the library to meet with microcredit groups, discuss health issues, as well as exchange best practices on safe organic farming and new agricultural techniques. In 2011, Kitengesa, along with three other libraries in the UgCLA network, launched a new project to run health reading camps for teenagers to read and discuss books about HIV/AIDS (Turner, 2012). Sources: Kitengesa Facebook Page (official website): https://www.facebook.com/kitengesacommunitylibrary/ Turner, Joel. “Beyond Access Member Profile: Kitengesa Community Library, Uganda Community Libraries Association”. FT. Retrieved 18 September 2016. (Turner, 2012)

78 Jones, S. 2008. Secondary schooling for girls in rural Uganda: challenges, opportunities and emerging identities. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of British Columbia. (Jones, 2008)

Studies and Surveys for Rural African Community Libraries: The following studies surveyed rural libraries and the resources they provide for their users. Memberships by gender and profession were analyzed, as well as items checked out by gender. This can aid Geebamu in understanding how other rural African libraries function, what to expect, and the types of educational resources they provide. It will also help project the resource categories which are used the most. Seeing as this library is mainly utilized by students, it is an ideal precedent for the Geebamu library project.

Tables (1-4 and 11-12) Source: Dent, Valeda, and Lauren Yannotta. "A Rural Community Library in Africa: A

Study of Its Use and Users." Libri 55, no. 1 (2005)

CLIMATE & SITE CONTEXT GEEBAMU CLINIC & LIBRARY MONROVIA, LIBERIA

Fig. 1 Map of Liberia Image Source: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13729504

Client: Geebamu International Inc. Main Contact: 'Josephine Sekajipo' (jsekajipo@yahoo.com)

Collaborators: Architects Without Borders (AWB) Head Architect: Roger Amenyogbe

Project Location Liberia, West Africa Magribi County, Liberia Rural Location, 4 acres

PART 2

Site Plan Image Source: http://www.openstreetmap.org/node/27564980#map=10/6.4995/-10.2928

Geography o o o

Latitude: 6.3 ° N (thegpscoordinates.net) Longitude: 10.5° W (thegpscoordinates.net) Location: West Africa, bordering the Atlantic Ocean; Sierra Leone, Guinea and Cote d’Ivorie are the neighbouring countries

o o

Terrain: Flat to rolling coastal plains that are characterized by lagoons, mangrove swamps and river-deposited sandbars are in the southwest; rolling, grassy plateau and low mountainous regions are in the northeast” (The World Factbook, 2016) Mean Elevation: 243 m, lowest point 0 m at the Atlantic (The World Factbook, 2016) Capital City: Monrovia  Situated on the left bank of the St. Paul River on the ridge formed by Cape Mesurado, in the coastal plains that overlook the Atlantic Ocean. (Britannica)

Climate o

Climate: “tropical, hot, humid, dry, winters with hot days and cool to cold nights, wet, cloudy summers with frequent heavy showers heavy showers” (The World Factbook, 2016) Average Temperature: 25.7 °C (“Climate: Monrovia”)  Warmest Month: March, with an average temperature of 26.9 °C. (“Climate: Monrovia”)  Coolest Month: July, with an average temperature of 24.4 °C.” (“Climate: Monrovia”)

Left: Climate Graph: Monrovia Source: http://en.climate-data.org/location/506/

Below: Climate Table: Historical Weather Data Source: http://en.climate-data.org/location/506/

Precipitation: o Rainy Season: May to November (Government of Canada, 2016) o Dry Season: December to March (Government of Canada, 2016) ď&#x201A;§ Annual Rainfall: 510 cm in coastal regions; 220 cm inland regions (County Development Committee, 2012, 3) o Humidity: consistently high humidity ď&#x201A;§ ranges from 60% (mildly humid) to 100% (very humid); rarely does humidity drop below 49% (Weatherspark) Monrovia Humidity Chart Source: https://weatherspark.com/averages/29194/ Monrovia-Margibi-Liberia)

Sun: o o o o Wind:

Located near the Equator, Monrovia receives a consistent amount of sun throughout the year, with amounts staying relatively stable from season-to-season (Chen, et.al, 2015, Shortest Day of Sunlight: December 21 with 11:46 hours of daylight (Weatherspark) Longest Day of Sunlight: June 20 with 12:30 hours of daylight. (Weatherspark) Median Cloud Cover: ranges from 55% (partly cloudy) to 89% (mostly cloudy) (Weatherspark)

o o

Wind Speeds: “vary from 0 m/s to 6 m/s (calm to moderate breeze), rarely exceeding 14 m/s (strong breeze)”. (Weatherspark) Wind Direction: most often out of the south west (15% of the time); least often out of the northwest (3% of the time), south east (3% of the time), east (4% of the time), and north (5% of the time). (Weatherspark) Right: Wind Direction: winds are mainly from the SW (Chen, Dong, Li, 2015, 29)

Below: Wind Direction: fraction of time over the year wind spends blowing from various directions Source: https://weatherspark.com/averages/29194/MonroviaMargibi-Liberia

Natural Disasters o

Weather:  heavy rains during the wet season can result in flash flooding  during the dry season, seasonal winds known as the the harmattan blows large amounts of sand and dust which can severely limit visibility (Government of Canada, 2016) Health & Disease:  illness due to water pollution and sanitation issues are widespread; mosquitoborne illnesses such Malaria pose a constant health threat; as well as the Ebola epidemic threaten the community’s population and economic stability.  Most recent Ebola Outbreak was in March 2016, with the country being deemed “Ebola free” in June 2016. (UK Government, 2016)

Geological Resources o

Rock and Mineral Resources According to the Encyclopedia Britannica (2016): - Liberia makes up part of the West African Shield which is composed of granite, schist, and gneiss. - the shield has been intensely folded and faulted and is interspersed with ironbearing formations. - Coastal regions lie on beds of sandstone, and the Monrovian area stands on a crystalline-rock outcropping of a diabase (a dark-coloured, fine-grained rock). -

Soil: building material & technique o Sandy soil in the coastal plains (Britannica) o Latosol is abundant and ideal for earth building (Mayon, 2009) o â&#x20AC;&#x153;adobe, compressed and rammed earth techniques of earth building as suitable techniques for Liberiaâ&#x20AC;? (Mayon, 2009)

Vegetation o o o

Evergreen trees: red ironwood, camwood, whismore, teak, and mahogany Rubber, cacao, coffee, and the raffia palm (Britannica) Mangrove swamps are found in the coastal region (County Development Committee, 3)

Liberia: Map of Vegetation Image Source: http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/agpc/doc/counprof/liberia/liberia.htm)

Environmental Factors: Constraints -

Environmental Concerns: o tropical rainforest deforestation o soil erosion o loss of biodiversity o pollution from oil residue, rubber tire manufacturing waste (County Development Committee, 2012), and raw sewage affecting coastal waters and marine ecosystems (The World Factbook, 2016)

International Regulatory Environment:

Liberia is bound to numerous international agreements such as “Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands” (The World Factbook, 2016). These regulations have design implications – consideration of sustainable building materials, systems and techniques is essential.

Economic Environment: Resources and Exports

“Liberia Economic Activity.” 1973. Image Source: http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/liberia_econ_1973.jpg)

According to the Encyclopedia Britannica (2016):

Exports: - Iron ore is the main export o Reserves found in the Bomi Hills, Bong Range, Mano Hills, Mount Nimba - Minerals: diamonds, gold, lead, manganese, graphite, cyanate, barite - Rubber plantations and mines – rubber plantations thrive on country’s poor soils - Commercial crops: rubber, coffee, cacao, kola nuts, peanuts, cotton, cattle & pigs - Leading Sector: Agriculture o Traditional farmers majority vs. commercial (foreign owned)  rice, cassava, and vegetables.  Rice production is major, with domestic production meeting 75% of the country’s needs. The remaining 25% is imported from East Asia.  raise goats, sheep, chickens, and ducks.  Cultivation of cash crops is increasing: coffee, and cacao (grown for its seeds, cocoa beans), oil palm, sugarcane, and swamp rice - Rainforests provide hardwood (restrictions on amounts able to harvest due to environmental protection laws) Manufacturing: - Main Goods Locally Manufactured: Bricks, tiles, cement, furniture - Manufacturing Plants Near Monrovia: petroleum refinery, cement plant, explosives, paint, pharmaceutical and cosmetic plant; manufacturing plants for bricks, tiles, cement blocks, lumber, furniture are also located in the vicinity

Environmental Factors: Local Infrastructure  Hydro & Power: - Mount Coffee Hydroelectric Station that was situated on the St. Paul River provided Monrovia and surrounding areas with electricity but was destroyed in the civil war (Encyclopedia Britannica). Water and electricity is inaccessible for many parts of the Magribi County, meaning that individuals and organizations must rely upon their own generators for power (County Development Committee, 2012, 26). - The two major rivers of Magribi County are the Farmington and the Du River. Aside from serving as natural boundary lines to denote the division between adjacent counties, the two rivers have the potential for hydroelectric power generation.” (4) - Potable water is also an issue. There was no tap water from 1990 to 2005, and agricultural and manufacturing chemicals as well as human fecal matter are contaminants that leave water

sources polluted and unsafe for consumption. However, due to the high levels of precipitation ground water reserves are abundant and can provide drinkable water. (Encyclopedia Britannica)  Communication: The means of communication between television, radio, and cell phones are common to see in the city of Monrovia, but when entering the rural areas of the country this equipment is diminished to solely radios. Due to this, the rural areas do not receive information about their country and issues that are arising, limiting these citizen’s freedom of speech on adamant matters in Liberia (OSAC, 2016).  Sanitation: Garbage & Waste Disposal Country crisis: human public defecation and fecal pollution o The World Bank responded to the lack of proper sanitary conditions by paying for sanitation services but reliability and punctuality are issues with the garbage pickup service -- often regions are left serviced and sanitation remains an issue (Britannica)  Transportation & Security Transportation in Monrovia, Liberia consists of automobile travel, railways, and public transport including buses, shared taxis, and private taxis. There is limited infrastructure in the country. The primary road conditions in the city of Monrovia are paved and asphalted, while the rural roads are not. (OSAC , 2016) Outside the capital city, only main roads to surrounding large towns, the airport, Guinea and Sierra Leone are paved. All other roads are unpaved and fall into disrepair, especially during the wet seasons when they erode to treacherous, almost impassable states (UK Government, 2016). Drivers in Monrovia disregard the road laws, creating a danger to pedestrians and other drivers. (OSAC, 2016). Due to these road conditions and neglect of the law, accidents are common (Fayia, 2016). After an accident has occurred, there have been instances where riots have broken out. Citizens and travellers are advised not to partake in these disturbances and to keep all windows rolled up and doors locked. (OSAC, 2016) Sharing public transit such as taxis is common due to the high population rate in the city. There are instances where civilians have quickly exited overloaded vehicles in the middle of the road and disperse on foot throughout traffic. (Government of Canada, 2016).Throughout the holidays seasons, celebrations, and busy times of the year, traffic is motionless for hours. Some drivers will leave their cars and walk home rather than wait in the congested streets. (Fayia, 2016)

Roads are unlit, and many automobiles do not have lights. Wayfinding is difficult after dark as well as dangerous (higher occurrence of crime at night). Travel is not advised after dark, especially for women (UK Government, 2016). Hence, clinic hours should be during the daylight hours. The LPN (Liberian National Police) and UNPOL (United Nations Police) are stationed in Magribi County but are a relatively small presence stationed in the towns, leaving remote regions unpatrolled. Security issues such as drug trafficking, armed robbery and property theft are reoccurring security issues (Country Development Committee, 2012, 10).

CASE STUDY: 10 ACRE CAMPUS FOR A LIBERIAN MINISTRY – DEBARTOLO ARCHITECTS – 2010 Google Maps Site Plan (DeBartelo, 2016, 10)

CLIENT: Ministries International DESIGN TEAM: A multi-disciplinary team of engineers, architects and architecture students led by Jack DeBartolo of DeBartolo Architects. LOCATION: 10 km outside of Monrovia, Liberia. PURPOSE: To design a sustainable campus serving the surrounding community that would provide education, first-aid, lodging, and Christian worship space. PROJECT FOCUS: culturally appropriate design and sustainability Program: 10 acres; 7000 sq ft of buildings - Church – Main Building o 500 capacity auditorium, auxiliary meeting rooms, offices and storage - School

Orphanage Gymnasium Staff and student housing

Design Anaylsis CHALLENGES FACED: Lack of Infrastructure: The architect Jack DeBartolo in slide 11 of his presentation lamented that the country of Liberia had “absolutely no infrastructure” when describing the electrical, water and sanitary systems. Designing for user comfort, to mitigate negative environmental impact and cost-efficiency on a site with no electricity or hydro were working parameters his Campus Project was subject to. MATERIALS: Material selection is informed by the landscape, readily available local resources and community preferences. - Used cement masonry blocks made on site– see photo below. BUILDING SYSTEMS: -

Cross-ventilation System: louvered panels placed in the top of the north and south walls of the Church (see photo of church section) All buildings are “passively ventilated” (DeBartolo, 2010, 16) “creating natural convections within the building by creating larger openings on the side of the building away from the wind, bringing prevailing breezes through the building. Using monosloped roofs and compressing the building we literally are taking qualities of light and ventilation” (DeBartolo, 2010, 16) Sloped roofs for water drainage with rain water collection systems in place

94 Local Building Materials: Masonry Blocks Made Onsite (DeBartolo, 2010, slide 11)

Conceptual Sketch of Site Plan (Debartolo, 2010, 14)

Section View of Church w/ Louvered Wall for Sustainable Ventilation & Cooling (DeBartolo, 2010, slide 15)

Church Plan (DeBartolo, 2010, 15)

Building Section of Church: sloped roof design with 12â&#x20AC;&#x2122; louvered panels built into wall (Debartolo, 2010, 16)

KEY DESIGN FEATURES: -

Louvered opening at the top of north-south walls for cross-ventilation

Design informed by climatic wind patterns determined design: north-south walls were selected to capitalize on the predominately southwesterly breeze Monosloped roof and a design that visually gives the impression of “compressing the building” (DeBartolo, 2010, 16) to capitalize on natural light and air and allow for water drainage. Locally sourced building materials: cement masonry blocks built on site. This not only is costefficient, but creates harmony between the new building and it’s environment (part of the local architectural vernacular) North-south walls are ventilated to capitalize on natural wind patterns (predominately blowing from the southwest)

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS APPLICABLE TO THE GEEBAMU PROJECT: The key features of this project highlight the importance of considering sustainability when designing building systems and selecting materials. Both projects are located in the same region, facing the similar environmental constraints. The Campus Project provides an example of how to design in response to site characteristics such as climate and community constraints in Monrovia, Liberia. It provides a viable design solution to harness the power of natural wind, sunlight and the abundant rainfall as a cost-effective and environmentally viable options for ventilation, lighting and potable water solutions. PARALLELS BETWEEN THIS PROJECT AND GEEBAMU INCLUDE: -

Location: both are rural acreages outside of Monrovia, Liberia and share the same typographical, geological and climatic characteristics. Therefore, environmental considerations for one, hold true for the other. Design Goals: sustainability, environmentally harmonious architecture, community orientated, culturally sensitive design, an aesthetic that’s read as welcoming and not institutional by the users it seeks to service Specific Design Considerations: sustainable drainage, HVAC System, potable water, local building materials, and building orientation to capitalize on wind direction and sun patterns. o Both feature sloped roofs for drainage and rain water collection; the Campus Project considers the roof design for additional air circulation benefits. The Campus Project does not incorporate a rain water collection tower like the proposed Geebamu Project does. o Materials: The Campus Project used local cement to create masonry building blocks common to Liberian construction. The blocks were poured onsite. This material and its on-site fabrication are the same as what architect Roger said would be primarily used in the construction of the Geebamu Project20.

Amenyogbe, Roger (architect) in discussion with Dr. Kelley Beaverford and IDES 7200 class, Septemeber 15, 2016.

Building Orientation: north and south walls are louvered after considering wind direction and sunlight patterns.

CASE STUDY: REDEMPTION PEDIATRIC HOSTPITAL – MASS DESIGN GROUP – 2012

Redemption Pediatric Hospital Site & Exterior Renderingn Image Source: http://www.clairelubell.com/Redemption-Hospital

CLIENTS: Liberian Ministry of Health & Social Welfare DESIGN TEAM: MASS Design Group, in consultation with Mazetti Nash Lipsey Burch (MEP), NOUS Engineering (Structural), Fall Creek Engineering (Civil) LOCATION: 35 acres in Monrovia, Liberia PURPOSE: To design a children’s hospital that is a secure, comforting space that serves to encourage and speed up the healing process. The design should “promote health, interactivity and play in a dignified treatment setting.” (lubell, 2012). PROJECT FOCUS: Promoting patient Healing by offering a more playful and interactive design alternative to the conventional pediatric hospital institution.

99 Program: Tertiary Healthcare Facility o 3-story, 145- bed pediatric facility with nurses’ stations, bathrooms/showers, offices, and a play area.

Design Analysis STRUCTURE: •

The structure is consist of concrete beams and columns in radial arrangement

•

The inner structure is covered with vertical concrete louvres which creates open, airy and light volume. The building is semi closed to provide natural sunlight and ventilation

Hospital Design - Structure Image Source: http://www.clairelubell.com/Redemption-Hospital

100 BUILDING MASS: •

The build is consist of cylindrical blocks with carved out projection on the roof

•

The main mass has additive volumes like square on one side.

•

The main masses are then connected to each other by organic forms

Hospital Design - Massing Image Source: http://www.clairelubell.com/Redemption-Hospital

101

102 SYMMETRY: •

The buildings are symmetrical but at the same time asymmetrical in their position within the site and their heights

Hospital Design – Symmetry as seen in Section View Image Source: http://www.clairelubell.com/Redemption-Hospital

Hospital Design – Symmetry as seen in Plan View Image Source: http://www.clairelubell.com/Redemption-Hospital

103

HIERARCHY: •

The hierarchy of the space is from the main space which is the wards to the more private areas like washroom. The hierarchy of the space interns of the size is from bigger space to the smaller space.

•

The entrance to the site does not have hierarchy and the building elements are competing with each other. People can go to the right or left building or the courtyard between them. There is not a definite main path for circulation which is good for a clinic where many people are visiting everyday and they can pass through different pathways rather than one main path which restricts the circulation to one way only no matter where the destination is.

Hospital Design – Hierarchy as seen in Plan View

Hospital Design – Exterior Hierarchy

104

Source:

105 GEOMETRY: â&#x20AC;˘

The geometry of the buildings are the interconnection and combination of perfect geometry like a square, rectangle and circle.

â&#x20AC;˘

the central space are created using triangular relationships between each two bulling and the 3rd point of each building create one main central space for people

Left & Below: Geometry on Plan View Source: http://www.clairelubell.com/RedemptionHospital

The facades and interior spaces have vertical repetitive elements so the focus is on the wards where most of the sunlight and air circulation are The repetitive elements not only act as a barrier for the exterior facade but also it is functional interns of sustainability and very economical.

The center nodes of each building have a triangular relation to the other nodes and the third node of the triangle creates a central public space. The buildings are situated in triangular shape within the site. Repetition of the geometry creates rhythm and harmony within the design.

PLAN TO SECTION:

106 •

The relationship between the section and the plan is very simple and the volume is not complicated the forms follow the function.

•

The beds are around the central area where nurses staff desks are located

•

The more private area like staff room, washroom and Isolation and Procedure areas are located at the back side where there is less access to it.

•

The children play space are separate room which is projecting outside the main volume which create isolation from the clinic environment and opens to the outside.

107 CIRCULATION: •

Radial circulation creates easier access by nurse and they can watch the patients easily since there are no visual barriers. There are no rooms or unnecessary wall to block the sunlight and its easier to clean.

•

The circulation area is combined with the main space which is the wards to increase the efficiency of the space and being able to fit more beds.

•

the circulation is not complicated and it is very logical and easy to find the rooms • The circulation follows the geometry of the spaces like radial circulation for the circular spaces. • The vertical circulation is through the staircase and there are no ramps or elevators for accessibility.

• Interior Renderings showcasing natural light and ventilation Image Source: https://massdesigngroup.org/work/design/redemption-pediatric-hospital

NATURAL LIGHT & VENTILATION •

The louvres around the building helps natural ventilation and sunlight

•

The atrium and chimney draw air from the open wards to the outside

•

The atrium has ceiling fan to facilitate air movement.

108 SUSTAINABILITY •

The ceiling fan helps in fresh air circulation.

•

The louvres allow sunlight to pass through and air ventilation to cool the space.

•

The rain water collection supplies the building with its water supply.

•

Exterior pathways make use of shade so that people can wait outdoors and cool off

•

Concrete is one of the main materials used in the project, which common building material in the country and is locally sourced/can be made on-site. Concrete is easy to clean and requires very low maintenance.

Interior Renderings in Comparison to Traditional Liberian Lodging Image Sources: https://massdesigngroup.org/work/design/redemption-pediatric-hospital; https://www.architectural-review.com/archive/viewpoints/exploring-eye-west-africas-vernacular-architecture/5217807.article

DESIGN THAT IS INFORMED BY HISTORY AND CULTURE This project has very similarities to the vernacular buildings of West Africa. Design features that took inspiration from Liberian history and traditions are: • The cylindrical shape the timer lattice and how there are openings on the exterior layer •

The arrangement of the other houses next to each other

•

The chimney on top of the vernacular building is used in this project

•

same volume and very functional

109 â&#x20AC;˘

the space between the buildings is used for the community and the water well is in the area between the building and it is used by all the member of that community which we can see in similar courtyard in this project

Exterior Rendering Image Source: http://www.clairelubell.com/Redemption-Hospital

110

Interior Rendering Image Source: http://www.clairelubell.com/Redemption-Hospital

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Works Cited Chen, Li, Dong, Fi and Li Ying. “Eco-retreat Centre Design in Jungle Farm, Liberia, West Africa.” University of Michigan, 2015, 1- 95. Accessed on September 17, 2016. PDF Report. https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/110990/EcoRetreat_Center_Design_in_Liberia_2015.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. “Climate: Monrovia.” Climate-Data.org. Accessed on September 10, 2016. http://en.climatedata.org/location/506/. Country Development Committee. “Margibi County Development Agenda 2008-2012.” Ministries of Planning and Economic Affairs and Internal Affairs, UNDP, 2012, 1-55. PDF Report. Accessed on September 13, 2016. www.emansion.gov.lr/doc/MargibiCDA.pdf. DeBartolo, Jack. “Understanding Architectural Needs in Liberia.” PechaKucha.org, Phoenix, AZ, April 29, 2010, slides 1-20. Recorded slide presentation posted online. Accessed on September 17, 2016. http://www.pechakucha.org/cities/phoenix/presentations/understanding-architectural-needs-inliberia. Encyclopedia Britannica. “Liberia.” Web. Accessed on September 10, 2016. http://www.britannica.com/place/Liberia. Fayia, Edwin M. “ Monrovia’s Transportation Nightmare Sparks Anger, Frustration, Economic Hardship.” Liberian Observer. December 24, 2014. Accessed on September 10, 2016. http://liberianobserver.com/news/monrovia%E2%80%99s-transportation-nightmare-sparksanger-frustration-economic-hardships Government of Canada. “Liberia.” Last date modified: September 14, 2016. Accessed on September 18, 2016. https://travel.gc.ca/destinations/liberia. Mayon, Isaac Dompo.“Discovering Earth-building Technology for Liberia.” East Tennessee State University: August 2009. Accessed on September 12, 2016. http://dc.etsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3248&context=etd. OSAC. “Liberia 2016 Crime & Safety Report.” U.S Department of State Bureau of Diplomatic Security. Washington, DC, 2016. Accessed on September 10, 2016. https://www.osac.gov/Pages/ContentReportDetails.aspx?cid=19759 The GPS Coordinates.net. “The latitude and longitude gps coordinates of Monrovia (Liberia).” Accessed on September 18, 2016. http://thegpscoordinates.net/liberia/monrovia.

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The World Factbook. “Africa: Liberia.” Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency, 2013. Last modified September 6, 2016. http://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/li.html. UK Government. “Foreign Travel Advice: Liberia.” Accessed on September 10, 2016. https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/liberia/safety-and-security. United States. Department of State Bureau of Diplomatic Security. “Liberia 2016 Crime & Safety Report.” [Washington, DC], 2016. Accessed on Septemeber 10, 2016. https://www.osac.gov/Pages/ContentReportDetails.aspx?cid=19759 Weatherspark. “Average Weather For Monrovia, Liberia.” Accessed on September 15, 2016. https://weatherspark.com/averages/29194/Monrovia-Margibi-Liberia.

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MODEL: CONCEPTUAL MASSING GEEBAMU CLINIC & LIBRARY MONROVIA, LIBERIA

PART 3

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MODEL: CONCEPTUAL MASSING