EIABC- Ethiopian Institute of Architecture Building Construction and city development
Integrated design Project III
DESIGN REPORT Architecture for social change
Chicken Coop
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EIABC- Ethiopian Institute of Architecture Building Construction and city development
Integrated design Project III
Aster Mekuria Hawi Fituma
Chicken Coop
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EIABC- Ethiopian Institute of Architecture Building Construction and city development
Integrated design Project III
CONTENTS Abstract Acknowledgment
PART 1
1. Literature Review on underserved communities 2. Site Slection 3. Target group selection 4. Thesis statment 5. Design Proposal. 6. Anticipated Impact
PART 2
7. Literature Review 8. Casestudies
PART 3
9.Design concept 10. Form development 11. Program studyProgram bubble 12. Floor Plans 13. Site Plan 14. Sections 15. Elevations 16. 3D Illustration
PART 4
17. System design 18. Detail of Prominent space 19. Details 20. List of materials used and construction cost 21. Conclusion. 22. Refrences
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EIABC- Ethiopian Institute of Architecture Building Construction and city development
Integrated design Project III
Abstract This report narrates the design of a chicken coop unit for the underserved communities of Goro Ghiorgis, Selam sefer. It comprehend a detailed literature review on Underserved communities as they are the communities this design is to adress. Moving on to the Design proposal is a thorough analysis and study of the communities choosen. For the sack of identifing the root cause of problems and areas that need modification for a bigger change with in the community. After the analysis the program that serves as a catalyst for change is proposed. The major issues or questions the project tries to adress are Who are the underserved communities? How can architecture adhere to the described social problems? How can we Install Programs to bring equity? What is the advantage of installing the proposed program to the improvished settlements? The Objectivity of the project was further supported by casestudies of similar projects conducted in other contries and by its use of local material and labour for construction which, decreased the cost to an affordable number. In the following pages are the details of the project and a detailed literature review on the program. Chicken Coop
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EIABC- Ethiopian Institute of Architecture Building Construction and city development
Integrated design Project III
Acknowledgment We would like to express our deepest gratitude To almighty God for seeing us through.From start to finish. Thanks to the chair of Arcitectural design for the organized course schedule and content of the course. It was a great privilage to be working on Architecture for social change as it gave us a general in site on how to practice architecture ethically. Special thanks to Miky and Habtamu Our studio Instructors who gave as a memorable studio session and guided us through the entire design and also To Miky who Consulted us on the design standards for a chicken coop. Thanks To the staffs woreda 13 kebele for providing us with all the information we need. Thank you all!! Chicken Coop
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PART 1 1. Literature Review on underserved communities 2. Site Slection and problem statment 3. Target group selection 4. Thesis statment 5. Design Proposal.
EIABC- Ethiopian Institute of Architecture Building Construction and city development
Integrated design Project III
1. Who are the underserved Communities? population of individuals including urban minorities who have historically been outside the purview of arts and humanities program due ot factors such as high incidence of income below the poverty line or to geographic isolation, racial and ethnic minority populations and populations underserved because of special needs( such as language barriers, disabilities, alien status, or age) often located in the most environmentally and geographically hazardous urban areas e.g. riverbanks; sandy and degraded soils, near industries and dump sites, in swamps, floodprone zones, steep slopes. The impact of living in these areas, whose vulnerability is often exacerbated by climate change, is continually life threatening as no alternatives are provided. caused by a range of interrelated factors, including population growth and rural-urban migration, lack of affordable housing for the urban poor, weak governance, economic Chicken Coop
vulnerability and underpaid work, discrimination and marginalization, and displacement caused by conflict, natural disasters and climate change. -Regarding the case of under served communities since 2003 UN Member States have agreed to define them as lacking one or more of the following 6 conditions: 1. Access to improved water 2. Access to improved sanitation facilities 3. Sufficient living area – not overcrowded 4. Structural quality/durability of dwellings 5. Security of tenure 6. Safte -There is a high level of socal interaction it is in this communities that we find the primitive emotions of human beings( fear, desire, love and envy). In Ethiopian context we will find a pure and unclouded Ethiopian way of life. - The never ending chronic poverty. It is a vicious cycle. The chronic poverty leads to lack of education which in turn leads back to chronic poverty. 7
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Integrated design Project III
2. Site Slection
Allowed
Not allowed
2025 settlement Locations in flood plain areas
When it comes to site selection of site for the design project we choose to g to the peripheral
zones of Addis Aba ba where most of the underserved communities are located . Hence we choose
Goro chiorgis selam sefer communities to study since they are geographically isolated.
Flood plane area
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EIABC- Ethiopian Institute of Architecture Building Construction and city development
Integrated design Project III
Goro Ghiorgis is a site situated on a former stone quarry place. The residents here are informal settlers who settled here around the 1990s. This settlers although illegal
have proper water supply and an air map. They build houses out of mud and CIS sheets and rent them out at times. This small city in a big city. It has schools, churchs, small market places and social gathering spaces with in it. This place is a unique place with its own dignifying character. The sites land form alone could be taken as a major life shaping entity. It has altered how blocks are arranged, how people and vehicles move and how water runsoff The sewage disposal is very poor given that no one has a proper sewage disposal line. It is disposed on to The major river running through it, Goro river , on the streets and the roof top of other residents at times . The river is currently being mistreated by its residents. Nonetheless people stereotype dwellers as loosers.This led to them becoming marganilized communities in the outskirts of Addis. This inturn leads to a socio- economic crisis which then leads to lack of information creating a barrier to opportunity.This communities are those who most need but least afford the services that architects give. The goverment built many initatives to change their quality but most of them have been around the bush. what this communities need the most is finincial and educational empowerment so that in the long run the rest will be taken care of.
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EIABC- Ethiopian Institute of Architecture Building Construction and city development
Chicken Coop
Integrated design Project III
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EIABC- Ethiopian Institute of Architecture Building Construction and city development
Integrated design Project III
General map GORO GHIORGIS is a site situated on a former stone quarry place. The residents here are informal settlers who settled here around the 1990s. This settlers although illegal have proper water supply and an air map. They build houses out of mud and CIS sheets and rent them out at times. This small city in a big city. It has schools, churchs, small market places and social gathering spaces with in it. This place is a unique place with its own dignifying character. The sites land form alone could be taken as a major life shaping entity. It has altered how blocks are arranged, how people and vehicles move and how water runsoff. The sewage disposal is very poor given that no one has a proper sewage disposal line. It is disposed on to The major river running through it, Goro river , on the streets and the roof top of other residents at times . The river is currently being mistreated by its residents. Nonetheless people stereotype dwellers as loosers. This led to them becoming marganilized communities in the outskirts of Addis. This inturn leads to a socio- economic crisis which then leads to lack of information creating a barrier to opportunity.This communities are those who most need but least afford the services that architects give. The goverment built many initatives to change their quality but most of them have been around the bush. what this communities need the most is finincial and educational empowerment so that in the long run the rest will be taken care of.
church school open spaces Non residential use High economic activity moderate economic activity low economic activity Chicken Coop
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EIABC- Ethiopian Institute of Architecture Building Construction and city development
Chicken Coop
Integrated design Project III
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EIABC- Ethiopian Institute of Architecture Building Construction and city development
Integrated design Project III
Land use Landscape
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EIABC- Ethiopian Institute of Architecture Building Construction and city development
Integrated design Project III
Problem Statment Lack of social sustanibility which inturn led to economic and environmental impracticality.
The total population of the site of Goro 6000 90% of the uses are residential and the other 10 % mixed( housing+ suk of any kind).Over 90 % of the population work out side of the site
From the age group and litracy rate data we have observed that there are many young and adults people sitting at home depending on others. and out of this the majorities are women.
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EIABC- Ethiopian Institute of Architecture Building Construction and city development
Integrated design Project III
-There is a high level of socal interaction it is in this communities that we find the primitive em tions of human beings( fear, desire, love and envy). In Ethiopian context we will find a pure and unclouded Ethiopian way of life. - The never ending chronic poverty. It is a vicious cycle. The chronic poverty leads to lack of education which in turn leads back to chronic poverty. In this order Architectures role will be creating space for the major society shapers. making them an active participant in the community. We as architects / designers need to majorly focus on spaces for all with in a community. people who are left and droped of the societies cycle have no place to go and communicate if not make a living.
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EIABC- Ethiopian Institute of Architecture Building Construction and city development
Integrated design Project III
Solutions
Gender roles
- Chicken Coop
Program Chicken Coop
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EIABC- Ethiopian Institute of Architecture Building Construction and city development
Integrated design Project III
Site slection criteria
The criteria for the selection of site for a Chicken coop must comply with the following regulations: - Located away from residential and industrial area - Soil and drainage - Basic amenities like water and electricity - Shade and protection - Relation to other building - Proper ventilation - Availability of farm labourers at relatively cheaper wages - Market - Proper road facilities
Other standards are Sun and Shade .This reduces the amount of supplemental heat necessary to keep your flock warm during the coldest months. Sheltered High and Dry the coop should protect your flock from prevailing winter winds, while allowing ventilation during warmer months. People and Predators Also place the coop where you can protect it with a sturdy wood fence to keep neighborhood dogs away from your flock
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EIABC- Ethiopian Institute of Architecture Building Construction and city development
Integrated design Project III
Anticipated Impact The anticipated impact is the creation of a community that is resilient and strong. By this we mean an empowered community In which its leaders are active participants of the community. The overarching objective of this project is to improve the quality of life of Women through providing basic technical training & Economical Trading. The specific objectives are following: - Poverty Alleviation and decrease in ratio of unemployment. - Provision of strong source of income to women overall especially needful / deserving / poor women / widows / girls at their door step. - To strength & Train hard worker women / girls through advance vocational training / techniques to make them self dependent.
program shall enable at least 1500 women/ girls (one per household) to be employed/ self employed.
EXPECTED OUTCOMES:
The initiative aims to empower female beneficiary through acquiring a skill to make them economically independent by acquiring vocational training through dynamic vocational training services. - Greater Earnings Potential. - Greater Access to Resources. - Increase economic growth of the area. -Improve community social structure. - Positive change in female’s social life. - Enhanced community involvement in development. - Increased employability and reduce poverty and unemployment.
- Establishment of Advanced Economic platform for Women. To build up the capacity of Women for empowering them both socially as well as economically. It is expected that 30-40 % increase in income is likely to result because of project interventions. a) Financial: Exact financial benefits and analysis will be done through impact evaluation. b) Economic: The poor, economic liability would be transformed into economic assets. It can safely be assumed that the Chicken Coop
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PART 2 7. Literature Review 8. Casestudies
EIABC- Ethiopian Institute of Architecture Building Construction and city development
Integrated design Project III
7. Literature Review In Ethiopia chickens are the most widespread and almost every rural family owns chickens, which provide a valuable source of family protein and income (Tadelle et al., 2003). The total chicken population in the country is estimated to be 56.5 million with native chicken representing 96.9%, hybrid chicken 0.54% and exotic breeds 2.56% (CSA, 2014). The most dominant chicken types reared in Ethiopia are local ecotypes, which show a large variation in body position, plumage colour, comb type and productivity (Halima, 2007). However, the economic contribution of the sector is not still proportional to the huge chicken numbers, attributed to the presence of many productions, reproduction and infrastructural constraints (Aberra, 2000; Halima, 2007). The chicken production system in Ethiopia can be characterized by not market oriented, low input, scavenging and traditional management system consisting of local breeds (Alemu and Tadelle, 1997). The indigenous birds are small in body size and low producers of meat and egg (EARO, 2000). For example, the productivity of scavenging hens is 40-60 small-sized eggs/bird/year (Tadelle 1996; Alemu and Tadelle, 1997). The total chicken egg and meat production in Ethiopia is estimated to be about 78,000 and 72,300 metric tonnes, respectively (Tadelle, 1996). The most dominant (75%) chicken production system in Amhara region is free range /scavenging type/ using a majority (95.8%) of local chicken ecotypes, with only seasonal feed supplementation, scavenging only (2.5%), scavenging with regular feed supplementation (21.9%) and intensive production system (0.63%) (Fisseha et
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al., 2010). Similarly, Fisseha et al. (2010) reported that the most dominant (82.9%) chicken production system in Bure district was scavenging type using a majority (96.8%) of local chicken ecotypes, with only seasonal feed supplementation.
3. Chicken production systems
Chicken can be reared in different management and production systems. Based on chicken breed type, input and output level, mortality rate, type of producer, purpose of production, length of broodiness, growth rate and number of chicken reared. In Ethiopia as well as in Amhara Region, there are three types of chicken production systems (ANRS BoARD, 2006). These are free-range production system, semi-intensive production system and intensive production system.
2. Importance of chicken production and 3.1Free-range chicken production system This chicken production system is practiced in most Consumption rural areas of the country and objectives of production are Chicken production and consumption provide different functions for the producer as compared to the other livestock production. Among the different functions, the following are the main ones: - Immediate source of cash income - Provides meat and egg for household consumption - Contributes for food security and creates employment _ Source of organic fertilizer _ Requires low initial capital investment, small land and low labour input _ Efficient feed converters and have a wide range of adaptability for different agro-ecologies _ Their product is acceptable by most of the community and the meat and eggs contain special proteins that allow children to grow strong and their brain to develop.
for household consumption and as source of additional income for the household. It covers 95-98% of the chicken production system of the country and it is not profitable since it is not market oriented. It contains small flock size (5-20 chickens per household) which are indigenous breed types mostly depend on locally available feed material as supplement with low health services and other management practices. The chicken does not have their own constructed chicken house rather maintained in the main house with the family. Chicken brooding and rearing is only the care they obtain form their mother/hen. Because of these there is high mortality of chicken and long broody periods and there is risk of exposure for different chicken diseases and predators. The major feed sources for chicken are worms obtained from free scavenging, legumes, cereals and sometimes there is supplemental feed during feed shortage. The amount given is small and do not fulfil their nutrient requirement. Because of this their productivity is low. Indigenous poultry breed in this system of production does not produce more than 60 eggs
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EIABC- Ethiopian Institute of Architecture Building Construction and city development per hen per year (Tadelle, 1996; Alemu and Tadelle, 1997). Advantages of free-range chicken production system The advantages of free-range chicken production system include, the chickens are healthy since they exercise in the open air freely, there is minimal infection with parasites if enough.
3.2 Semi- intensive chicken production system
This type of chicken production system is better than free ranging production system since it uses inputs like supplemental feed, vaccine, etc It has a small house which accommodate laying nest and feeders which serves as chicken house for night time. The house has one or two side open door for easy movement of the chicken to the fenced area.
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during the day time. The fence can be made from mesh wire or other materials and will not allow the chicken to escape above on it. The fenced area should be always clean and dry. Since the feed the chickens obtain from the scavenging is very low, they should be supplemented with energy and protein feeds. Since the main objective of the production is to get profit, they should get better health management practice like vaccination against NCD than free scavenging system. They are more productive than the chicken in free scavenging system. It contains flock size of 50-200 birds/chicken per household which are improved breeds. Advantages of semi-intensive chicken production system The advantage of this system include, complete control over operation, useful for record purposes, operational throughout the year, economic use of land (free range) and there is better protection during winter. Disadvantages of semi-intensive chicken production system The disadvantage of this system of chicken production system include, high cost in fencing, danger of over stocking and exposure for different disease if the campass is not clean and dry.
3.3 Intensive chicken production system
This type of chicken production system use more inputs (feeds and feeding, breed, health, housing and other inputs) than the above two chicken production systems. It is market oriented and the main objective of production is to get better profit. The number of chickens involved are relatively high (more than 200 chicken). The chicken breed used is specialized improved breeds (layer or broiler). They should provide the expected product within that time. There are three types of intensive chicken production systems which include deep litter system, cage system and full slated
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rearing which are stated bellow in detail. 3.3.1 Deep litter system It involves rearing of chickens on a floor littered by 5-10 cm thickness litter (Figure 3). The litter can be made from locally available material such as dry hay, teff straw, coffee pulp and sow dust. The litter should be dry at any time otherwise it can cause occurrence of different disease. In addition to provision of comfort for the chicken, the litter absorbs any waste material excreted from the chicken and make the house dry. It is possible to place the feeders and drinkers in the house on the litter. But it is advisable to hang them as the age of the chickens increase. It is also important to place laying nest in the house. In this way it is possible to rear either layer or broiler. At least once a week, the litter should be sprayed with disinfectant chemicals. Deep litter is recommended for both meat birds and layers. To keep healthy chicken in this type of system, the following points should be noted: -The existing litter should be removed totally when the existing stock culled - Before introduction of new stock, the house should be cleaned carefully and left free at least for two weeks - Make sure that the litter should be dry at any time - At any time the thickness of the litter should not be less than 5cm
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EIABC- Ethiopian Institute of Architecture Building Construction and city development Advantage deep litter system The advantages of the system included proper accommodation, prompt culling of unproductive birds, proper control of diseases and predators, good record keeping and high egg production. It has also advantageous in that land requirement is minimum, easy and economic management, scientific feeding and management, high degree of supervision, minimum labour, automation is possible and manure value is increased. Deep litter is a good insulation. It protects chickens from cold weather, and during hot seasons they can nestle into it and reach the cool floor below. Studies show that when all other factors are equal, layers produce more eggs on deep litter than in cage systems. Chickens can be brooded and kept through their productive lives in the same house. Deep litter allows the bird to dust itself against lice and other parasites. Disadvantage of deep litter system The disadvantages of this intensive system of chicken production include high capital investment, problem of cannibalism and diseases outbreak. If the management is bad, liberation and accumulation of ammonia, wet litter problem dirty eggs, disease problems may result. There is a greater chance of worm and tick infestation and coccidiosis (internal protozoan parasites) than with cages or raised floor systems. The deep-litter system is inappropriate for very humid areas (80 - 90% humidity) damp litter spreads diseases. The litter must be turned often, particularly in damp weather, and this requires more labour than other systems. Sometimes adequate litter is difficult to obtain.
3.3.2 Cage system This type of intensive production system involves rearing of chicken in one house on the prepared cages or nests and it is more appropriate for layers. The egg produced is used only for food since there is no cock. The chicken has no any access for free ranging. Therefore, the chicken should get the Chicken Coop
required nutrient through supplementation. The ration can be formulated in the house using locally available materials like maize, noug seed cake and other materials. Even though the system requires high initial capital investment, it is profitable. The rearing cage can be made from locally available materials like timber and wood. Cages are good for climates with high humidity, where labour costs are high, and when a farmer wants to keep a large flock of layers. Where ticks are a problem, cages are especially advantageous. Cages are recommended for layers, but not generally used for meat birds.
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Disadvantage of cage system The disadvantages of the system include, high cost of installation, breeding is not possible unless artificial insemination is practiced, cage layer fatigue or paralysis is a problem if not attended to, cages are hard to construct properly, they involve very high initial investment.
4. Chick Brooding
It is rearing of chicken using different methods. There are two methods of chick brooding. These are natural and artificial brooding.
4.1 Natural brooding
It is chick brooding method which involves using of a natural mother/hen (Figure 5). Naturally hatched chicks are reared and protected by the broody hen and can be left undisturbed as long as their yard is protected from predators. The mother/ hen provides heat for her chicks and she guides the chicks where the feed is available.
Advantages of cage system The advantages of the system include cages can be placed under existing roofs; thus, a special building may not be required. With cages more birds can be kept in a building than on deep litter. Less labour per bird is needed than other systems. Poor layers can be identified immediately and culled, thus saving feed. Problems with parasites, particularly ticks, are reduced, but nutrition may be a problem. When properly constructed, cages can last many years. Fewer disease problems are caused by transmission through faecal matter. Cages are a cheaper investment in the long run due to ease in care and feeding of the birds. 22
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4.2 Artificial Brooding
This chick brooding method use different brooders/heaters to brood the chicks like electric, kerosene, charcoal and hay box. It is practiced in wide chicken production stations. Advantage artificial brooding - Allow to rear large number of chicken at a time - Low chicks mortality Disadvantage artificial brooding -Need better input/feed, medication -Need chicken production equipments (drinker, feeder, etc)
4.3 Brooders/Heaters
Chicks need heat at start of brooding until they emerge their own feather. Chicks reared through natural brooding get the heat they require from the hen. But in modern poultry production stations, the heat sources for chicks are brooders/ Heaters. Kerosene lump, Charcoal heater, Bulb with 60-100 watt as well as Hay box can be used as brooder/heaters. The advantage and disadvantage of some brooder types is as follows Kerosene lump This brooder type can support up to 100 chicks. The advantage of this heater include: - No risk of power failure, low investment, supplies light and it is portable
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- Charcoal is cheaper than kerosene and no risk of power failure
Hay box brooder
Hay box brooder can be made from timber, straw and mesh wire. The sizes of the timber differ according to the number of chicks to be reared. In this type of artificial brooder, it is possible to rear 10-70 chicks and it has two parts. These parts are heat BDU-CASCAPE working paper 14 13
The advantages of Hay box brooder include - Provides service in rural areas/ no electricity and it is cheap - Increase the productivity of local chicken breeds and reduces chick mortality
- Helps to rear many chicks at a time and is effective in all agro-ecologies
On the other hand, the disadvantage of this brooder include: -High fuel demand and fuel expensiveness, danger for fire, carbon dioxide production - Needs a lot of control, heat goes to wrong direction and needs ventilation Charcoal heater The advantage of this heat source include: Chicken Coop
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Chicken house importance and construction Cares to be taken for chicken house Housing is essential to protect against predators, thieves, rough weather (rain, sun, very cold winds, dropping night temperatures) & to provide shelter for egg laying and broody hens. A suitable or comfortable chicken house is also important for efficient production and convenience of the chicken farmer.
Preconditions construction
before
chicken
-If there were other stock before, all the old stock and the different waste materials should be culled, removed, cleaned properly and left free at least for 15 days. -The floor and wall of the house should be cleaned properly
house and sprayed with pesticides such as formalin.
-The site should not be swampy - The soil should be water absorbent -The site should have access to transport, water, electricity and other infrastructures - It should be far from homesteads - It is preferable where there is trees in the surrounding which serve as wind break and as a shade -The site should be good for future expansion. Once the site has been selected, the chicken house can be constructed in different type and quality. The house to be constructed should fulfil the following points. Comfortable for the chicken: it should provide for the chicken enough space, well ventilated, allow entrance of light and should not be wet. These make the chicken productive and free from diseases. Protect the chicken from unfavourable weather conditions and predators: It should protect the chicken from predators such as rat, wild predator birds etc; parasites; theft and from unfavourable weather conditions such as rain, wind, etc.
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- It should be cleaned properly
- Before introduction of the poultry, the floor should be deep with 5-10 cm thickness litter (hay, straw, sow dust, etc). - Feeders, drinkers and other poultry house equipments should be placed in a proper place.
- Chicken house types
Depending on availability of materials, weather and tradition, there are different types of chicken houses and shelters in tropical regions. Choice of chicken house should be built upon a rationale involving an estimate of the costs, durability, and immediate gain of using a house for chicken. Even though there are different types of chicken house around the world, the main ones are five types. These are: All side open chicken house All the open side is closed with sieve wire to protect the chicken from theft and different predators. It is mainly common in hot areas and should be constructed far (at least 50m) from other chicken houses. The open side should be in the wind direction to remove the unwanted smell and should have guard which allow to protect the rain dropping and wind.
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Chicken house with guard The house has guard in two sides which allow controlling the temperature and the openness of the guard should be 1-1.5 m in hot areas and 0.3-0.6 m in cold areas. The guard should be closed from the lower to the higher/top to prevent the effect of coldness on the chicken. All side closed chicken house This type of chicken house construction is important to control the effect of extreme hot and cold weather conditions on the chicken. It is suitable for areas which are very cold and very hot weather conditions. The majority of the different activities, such as control of internal temperature, in this type of chicken house are accomplished by mechanical way. House with deep pit This type of chicken house is suitable for layers reared in cage or open slated system and the waste material from the layer/chicken is collected in the deep pit for several years (5-10 years). The objective is by collecting and mixing of the waste material to minimize its wetness (to make it dry). Since there will be flies, rats and smell of the waste material in the surrounding particularly during the wet season it will create a problem on the work.
One side open chicken house This type of chicken house construction differs from all side open house in that there is only one side open. It is preferred in areas where the daily temperature is 15-30co. The height of the house should not be greater than 9 m. 24
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Internal chicken house arrangement
Even though there are different chicken house arrangement types around the world, the main are deep litter system, half litter and half slated floor, full slated floor and cage system.
Chicken production equipments
For successfulness of chicken production based on the production type and standard, it is advisable to use suitable and selected production equipments. The different equipments used in the chicken house differ according to the chicken age, breed and productivity status. The major production equipments used in chicken house are the following.
1. Feeders
Feeders are the same, whether being used in free-range, semi intensive systems or intensive systems. They should always be kept clean to prevent spread of diseases and big enough for all chickens of the same age to feed at the same time. One metre trough or a 35 cm (diameter) tube feeder is big enough for 20 adult chickens to eat. It is important that the feeders are constructed in such a way that feed waste is avoided. Also feed waste can be decreased if feeders are not filled to the top. It is better to fill feeders just half full and then check them regularly for refills. Commercial feeders may also be bought at the market, either in metal or plastic. They are often expensive and normally not any better than locally produced feeders. The feeders can be made from locally available materials in different shapes like long, round feeders and can be made up of wooden, tin can, metal, plastic, etc. The type and number of feeders to be prepared should consider the age and productivity of the chicken. Characteristics of good feeders: -Avoid wastage of feed, prevent contamination of feed -Easy to clean, durable &strong and easy to fill and cheap Chicken Coop
2. Drinker
Drinkers are the same, whether being used in free-range, semi intensive systems or intensive systems. They should always be kept clean to prevent spread of diseases, big enough for all birds of the same age to drink at the same time and easily be produced out of local materials. One metre trough or a 35 cm (diameter) tube drinker is big enough for 40 chickens to drink. An empty tin can placed upside down on a plate forms an excellent drinker. Commercial drinkers may also be bought at the market, either in metal or plastic. The type and number of drinkers to be prepared should consider the age (chick, grower and layer) and productivity of the chicken The drinker should be always cleaned, dried at least twice a day and sprayed with disinfectant chemicals once a week after properly cleaned. Characteristics of good quality drinkers: - Can give enough, clean and fresh water -Strong, durable and stable - Easy to clean and fill - No splashes of water and cheap
3. Laying nests
Provide nests in the hen house for laying makes it easier to collect eggs and they can be kept clean. There should be adaptation period of the hen for the laying nest before start of laying eggs which is important to prevent the hen not to lay their eggs outside the laying nest. If you mark the eggs properly, you will know which eggs are new and should be collected. You may avoid dirty and cracked eggs, if the eggs are collected twice a day. Collect eggs at the same time every day in the morning and the evening. Removing eggs continuously is important if you want to avoid that the hens become broody. In many villages, nests are not provided for the hens and eventually the hens will lay their eggs on the ground, in high
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grass or in natural shelters, where it may be difficult to find. Some chicken farmers build nests on the ground outside the chicken houses. This should be avoided, as eggs outside houses are more exposed to predators and thieves. Nests should be placed inside the chicken house and preferably above the ground. For laying you may have a battery of nests where more hens can lay at a time. Nests should be of the right size for the hen to feel comfortable. The size and length as well as the number of compartments of the laying nest to be prepared should consider the number of hens. A nest box will typically measure 30 x 30 x 30 cm. The laying nest prepared by this size is enough for 5 layers. It is advisable to place the laying nests in the dark part of the house to prevent exposure to the sun. Don’t make them too big, as the hen will not feel comfortable. A calabash or nest basket may measure 40 x 20 x 25 cm (upper diameter x height x lower diameter). A clay pot is made more or less the same as calabash. To avoid the number of eggs laid by hens on the ground and loss of product, we have to consider the following points: -Place enough nest and introduce nests one week before onset of lay - Collect ground eggs many times a day and use a comfortable nest - Don’t feed when the hens are on the nest -Avoid dark corners in the house and do not collect the first eggs - Divide the nests uniformly over the house and place nests on a wind free place
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Integrated design Project III
Chicken life cycle Stage 1: Egg Development and Hatching We won’t bore you with the old joke about the chicken and the egg – in our article the egg comes first! A hen will lay an egg every 25-27 hours or so, this cycle goes on every day. An egg will remain unfertilized unless the hen has been fertilized by a rooster. A hen can keep the roosters’ sperm viable in tiny pouches in her vagina for up to 3 weeks. Alternatively, if she doesn’t like the rooster she can eject his sperm, a neat little trick. We will assume our hen likes the rooster and she now will lay a fertile egg. She will continue to lay fertile eggs, gathering them in her nest until she feels she has enough eggs. Now she becomes a broody – a hen you don’t want to mess with! She will sit diligently on those eggs for 21 days. During that time she will keep them warm, turn them regularly and expel any eggs that are not progressing. When Day 21 arrives you will be greeted by lots of peeping from under Mama’s skirt. When they initially hatch they are ‘wet’, but they soon dry off and turn into those cute little fuzz balls that we can’t resist. A short time before hatching, the chick will absorb all the nutrients from the egg into its body to support itself. The nutrients in the egg’s contents will sustain a chick for about 24-72 hours. We may not be able to see what’s going on inside that egg, but there are certain ‘milestones’ that are important (and interesting) to know about.
Chicken Coop
Stage 2: Chick
with. I also add a clump of short grass or dandelion weeds with dirt attached so they can get the benefit of greens and the dirt. Weeks 3 and 4 sees them acquiring more feathers and growing rapidly. By week 5 the temperature in the brooder should be matching the air temperature at 65-70F, you should be able to turn the lamp off since the chicks will now be fully feathered and able to control their own temperatures. Around this time you will also see them start to acquire their first ‘adult’ feathers. You will also see them sorting out their pecking order! If you wish, they can spend some time outside in a suitable pen to protect them from predators. By week 8 they should be able to spend more time outside and you can start to expand their tastes: She will attend to their needs and care. The first days of mealworms, grains and greens, scrambled eggs etc. At this their life will be spent under mama’s wings to keep them point they are now technically pullets and cockerels; they warm and safe. have entered the ‘awkward juvenile’ zone. We can provide her with separate quarters from the flock Stage 3: Pullet (Adolescent) where she can raise her brood in peace and safety. You will also need to provide starter crumbs for the chicks. Water should not be cold or hot but at room temperature, some electrolytes for the first couple of days will ensure the health of babies and mama. As the chicks don’t have mama to lead them, We will need to dip their beaks in the water and food dishes to let them know where they are. YWarmth is also essential for them to thrive. The first week they are in the brooder the tempera- Adolescent chickens are not the prettiest. They are skinny, ture of your heat lamp should be at 95F at chick level. all legs and look somewhat out of proportion when comThe temperature should be reduced by 5 degrees each pared to your adult chickens.They will soon be sleek and week until you reach ambient temperature. pretty like the adults, but meanwhile you have to be referee As your chicks get bigger they will start to sprout their first between the adults and juveniles. The juveniles can be inreal feathers, this usually happens during the second week. tegrated with the adults when they are roughly 2/3 the size Also in the second week, you can add some chick grit to of the adults. As you doubtless know, the pecking order the brooder and perhaps a small perch for them to practice can be brutal, so keep your eyes open for extreme bullying. 27
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Generally the youngsters learn to quickly get out of the way, but occasionally an adult bird will decide to be an absolute demon to the new arrivals and do everything possible to be obnoxious. If possible it is best to leave the juveniles in with the adults so they only have to endure the pecking order once. Ideally the cockerels will be introduced to the flock before they start to crow, especially if you already have a rooster. The boys need to learn their place in the flock otherwise you will have persistent fighting between the old and new. The cockerels will be practicing their crowing every opportunity they get once they have settled their place in the hierarchy, so have your earplugs ready. Adolescent hens will start to lay eggs around the 18 week mark, but this can vary a lot between different breeds. Once she has laid her first egg, she is an adult, although some folks call those first eggs ‘pullet eggs’ because they are so much smaller than hen eggs.The adolescent period of a chickens’ life is mainly spent filling out the frame and learning all they need to know from the other adult hens. Stage 4: Hen (Adult)
Chicken Coop
Now your pullet is a hen – she has laid her first egg.!Although there may still be a few minor squabbles here and there, the new and older hens should settle into a routine. Some of your older hens may even take the role of teaching the newcomers. The boys can become tiresome once the hormones kick in. They may challenge your head rooster at every opportunity they get. There are a few solutions: Re-home them – easier said than done. Move them to a bachelor pad. Cull them. hens molt every year to replace old, worn out feathers. The new hens will not molt until the following year, so they should keep laying through the winter for you. The following spring, some of your ‘chicks’ may become broody mamas’ themselves and give you another generation of adorable chicks. Most chickens lay well for the first year or two, but they start to slow production around the 72 week mark. Many will still lay for you but output will be noticeably less. As chickens age, like most creatures they will start to show signs of ‘old age’. They will be less energetic and move slower, their legs and feet become thicker and possibly arthritic. Facial features take on an ‘aged’ or ‘tired’ appearance. Egg production may cease altogether or they may lay the occasional ‘yearly’ egg. My older girls are done with laying now – I have several that are 8 years old. They can be seen spending their days lying in the sun or dust bathing sedately enjoying their retirement. Depending on the breed chickens can live from 3-20 years. Admittedly the 20 year veterans are few and far between, but they do exist. On average the usual range is between 5-8 years for most hens. Hybrid layers tend to have the shortest span as they
Integrated design Project III
are prone to developing reproductive tumors after 2 years or so. Hens that are well taken care of and kept safe from predation can live much longer than 8 years assuming they are not culled because they have ceased to lay eggs.
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EIABC- Ethiopian Institute of Architecture Building Construction and city development
Integrated design Project III
8. Casestudies chickenville, an eco-friendly poultry farm space that would serve both as a regular poultry farm and a place to bring visitors in. so that’s where the initial thinking came from: this was to be a small village, a settlement of sorts with all the basic functions such as housing, services, plazas, streets and public buildings.
skroz architecture team: margita grubiša, marin jelčić, daniela škarica, ivana žalac, dorotea klinčić branding/visual identity and signage: studio maša vukmanović location: rakov potok, near town of samobor, croatia year: 2017 area: 2826 m2 budget: 70.000 euros
lations on eco-friendly poultry farming, providing chickens with proper housing and making farmers’ work and maintenance easier and simpler. the materials used are typical for the area’s farm buildings (unfinished fir, chicken wire). because of a limited budget, all the work has been done by amateur metal workers, the investor’s neighbors and friends. considering all the functions and purposes, chickenville has a total of 3 different types of units. the first group houses 400 egg-laying hens, the second some 100 broilers, and the third 30 chicks with their hens. the hens and chicks’ area is located in the very center, fenced in and provided with its own outdoor area. the egg-laying hens are housed in 4 ‘blocks’, one for each of the 4 respective breeds. all the units are raised off the ground, their sides almost fully openable. lifting the units off the ground creates a protected, shaded area underneath, and the sides’ ability to be opened allows for the removable bottom ‘drawers’ to be easily accessed and cleaned.
In order to enable visitors’ access, a public street was formed in the middle. this is a shared central area visually to see more SKROZ architecture’s works see the studio’s connecting the coops, but not interrupting the basic poulfacebook and instagram pages try farming function. the chickenville’s central zone, enazagreb-based atudio SKROZ architecture’s chickenville is bling visitors’ and farmers’ access (feeding, maintenance, a unique chicken coop project located in rakov potok, a cleaning), is then surrounded by the chicken’s living units. small village near samobor, croatia. being not only an eco friendly poultry farm, but a tourist-educational site as well, the architects were challenged to bring together the functhe settlement is meant to introduce visitors to chicken tional demands of an eco-friendly farm and those of a famraising. ily farm and to make contemporary design – using tradithe very thing that started SKROZ’s project was a realizational materials – still adhere to the look and charm of a tion that local preschoolers had no idea where the eggs rural chicken coop. all the built units follow their respective come from, which was quite surprising, with the area being functions, as well as the very strict parameters and regua rural. therefore, the idea was to create a multifunctional Chicken Coop
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EIABC- Ethiopian Institute of Architecture Building Construction and city development
Integrated design Project III
The most common unit type was developed for the the egg-laying hens. designed to house 25 hens and one rooster, each unit makes a clear separation between the sleeping area and the nesting area. this is easily visible both in the unit’s plan and its volume. the sleeping area design had to follow the roosting bar locations (for the hens’ sleeping and resting). these bars need to be positioned at a very specific slope, at a very precise distance from each other, both vertically and horizontally. these requirements in turn formed the angle of the bottom and top surface. The second part of the unit houses the nesting area, which needs to be easily accessible both for farmers and the coop’s visitors: hence the openable front side. this zone and this unit’s plan is formed by soft, round forms, in order not to interfere with the visitors’ movement. since the third unit type was meant to house broilers, there were not too many parameters to follow, aside from the required size. therefore, this unit ended up being a simple rectangular shaped box with a single sloped roof and a flat floor surface. this design covered main requirements – it is now a sleeping area plus a covered outdoor area. since this is a project for tourists as well, an additional work was to be done for the visitors’ easier orientation. chickenville got its visual identity developed: it now has its own coat of arms, its own flag, named plazas and even the street numbers.
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PART 3
Design of Chicken Coop Typology for Chickenville Goro. 9.Design concept and programming 10. Form development 11. Floor Plans 12. Site Plan 13. Sections 14. Elevations 15. 3D Illustration
EIABC- Ethiopian Institute of Architecture Building Construction and city development
Integrated design Project III
9.Design concept - create a chicken coop that encourages social interaction over work which creats a strong workculture with in the society. - Integrage the chicken coop and retail with the daily activites of house wives and vendors to in order to gradully break the habbit of sitting around. - Adress space issues related with time. - Maximize chicken production in a compacted space.
Individual run space
Chicken coop
shaded market place on a common open
Housewive activites
Individual run space
Individual units/ Chicken coop
The individual units are arranged in a way to incorporate the daily activities of the house wives. This is to initiate a desire with in them to come to the coop everyday to work and involve in the Local economic activities. Housewife activities
k
Mothers
Village Arrangment
The coops will be arranged in rows to create a chickenville, a community of chicken breeders. In between the rows is located a common open space where the breeders bring the chickens they want to sell. In the middle is the shaded market place where all breeders bring their chickens for sale. Each coop will have its own space there will not be any sharing of space. next to each coop is an open space that serves as a chicken run. This space is fenced and serves only for one breeder. The distance between the chicken coops is in 1:2 ratio . This is to avoid any spread of disease.
Layers Hatchers and brooders
Teenage and roosters
vegitable retail
Chicken run
living space
program bubble
The programs are arranged following the stages of chicken life cycle to minimize any cannibalism and violence. And also to make egg and meat production efficient. The addition of the vegitable retail is informed by the economic activities the housewives and also the needs of customers when buying a chicken.
A single compacted living space is provided for these activites Chicken Coop
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EIABC- Ethiopian Institute of Architecture Building Construction and city development
Integrated design Project III
10. Form development When it comes to developing the form of the coop we began with a regular rectangular form for the sack of efficient use of space. This rectangle was divided in two three parts following the zoning diagram and stages of chicken lifecycle
Rectangle for m aximum space usage
Divide in two 3 sections as per zoning
Elevate the nest and l aying space for temp regulation.
Sectional zoning and form
For the sack of lighting and ventilation openings need to be maintained at all the spaces. The living unit and the broiler space are fully opened closed only by using curtains. The layers space is a two side open coop. this is to create a natural lighting and ventilation mechanism. The openings in this space will be closed tight for thermal control.
Layers Hatchers and brooders
opening f or lighting and ventilation Planar zoning and form
Chicken Coop
Lighting and ventilation considerations.
Teenage and roosters
vegitable retail
Chicken run
living space 33
EIABC- Ethiopian Institute of Architecture Building Construction and city development
Chicken Coop
Integrated design Project III
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EIABC- Ethiopian Institute of Architecture Building Construction and city development
Integrated design Project III
Once the major plan layout drawn we had to think of means of construction and portability. This design is to be built as a Product by the local Metal workshops and carpenters Therefore as a product it should be made at any local metal workshop and be delivered to the site on a truck for this purpose the size should be able to fit any medium sized truck which is 2x3 meters. Following that we proposed a convertible design.
The spaces that are going to be depressed are the indoor outdoor spaces that is the living space and the Broiler space this spaces require a light weight wall that is easy to fold and get packed.
Transparent wall in this case a metal mesh
Hinge Chicken Coop
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EIABC- Ethiopian Institute of Architecture Building Construction and city development
Integrated design Project III
11. Floor Plans
Chicken Coop
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EIABC- Ethiopian Institute of Architecture Building Construction and city development
Integrated design Project III
11
2
6M Distance between coops 1:2 ratio The roof is a flat roof with a 1% slope Barly perseavable with eye. The roof has sky lights which can be closed at night and during cold weathers with a pulley system. The space for chicken run is a sand filled space or covered by grass. There is a pavment all on either sides of the coop for ease of access. Chicken Coop
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EIABC- Ethiopian Institute of Architecture Building Construction and city development
12. site plan
Integrated design Project III
The Construction will be held in two phases on thefirst level we have small scale production while on the second level we have a large scale production. The Societies Will shift fron phase one to phase two with in after aquiring enough capital. In both case it will start with the government loaning money. Phase 1 Minimize transportation troubes by providing a storage spacIntroduce them to the market with what they already haveThis is intended to:individuals enabling them to whatever they have to the public. a free range production. In phase one we will be adressing The societies already produce chicken at their homes but it is intensive and market oriented.
Phase 2 growing to processisng and distributing.larger scale. Here we have all the processes from hatching and In this phase the Individuals grow in to a group and sell in on a larger scale to different hotels and food producing companies.
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EIABC- Ethiopian Institute of Architecture Building Construction and city development
Integrated design Project III
13. Sections
Chicken Coop
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EIABC- Ethiopian Institute of Architecture Building Construction and city development
Integrated design Project III
14. Elevations
The color of the material used is brown and black. This is because we dont want the village to appear as a row of CIs boxes. Brown and black together will create an earthly and cozy feeling. Both for the chickens and the breeders. The curtains are also choosen to match the Color theme of the project. Further more there is a play on void and solid this is not a simple intuition it is for the purpose of proper ventilation and also to make the compacted space appear as though it is wide.
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EIABC- Ethiopian Institute of Architecture Building Construction and city development
Integrated design Project III
15. 3D illustrations
Exterior Perspective Chicken Coops arranged in rows to form a ChickenVille in Goro. Chicken Coop
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EIABC- Ethiopian Institute of Architecture Building Construction and city development
Integrated design Project III
Bird Eye View Chicken Coops arranged in rows to form a ChickenVille in Goro.
Chicken Coop
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EIABC- Ethiopian Institute of Architecture Building Construction and city development
Chicken Coop
Integrated design Project III
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EIABC- Ethiopian Institute of Architecture Building Construction and city development
Integrated design Project III
Chicken Run
Bird eye view
Layers and Nesters Chicken Coop
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PART 4 17. System design 18. Detail of Prominent space 19. Details 20. Conclusion 21. Refrences
EIABC- Ethiopian Institute of Architecture Building Construction and city development
Integrated design Project III
layers
Water storage Feed storage Brooders Broilers space
Living space
Vegitable retail
Nesting and brooders space
The structural system of the chicken coop is a joint between steel and wood. The primary support structure is steel while wood serves as a secondary structure. The wall is a cavity wall filled with cloth with insulation. The exterior cladding material is a CIS thorough profile steel clad while the interior is a Wood cladding for the purpose of temperature regulatiion. There are two types of floors in this design one that is a framed floor and another which is a framed folding floor which has a 1.2cm diameter steel road mesh as a structural support. The ceiling is claded with a chipwood and painted black to match the theme. Chicken Coop
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Integrated design Project III
System design
lighting Fixtures for the hay brooder
Chicken Coop
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EIABC- Ethiopian Institute of Architecture Building Construction and city development
Integrated design Project III
System Details
It takes about six to nine months, on average, for chicken manure compost to be done properly. The exact amount of time it takes for composting chicken manure depends on the conditions under which it is composted. If you are uncertain how well your chicken manure has been composted, you can wait up to 12 months to use your chicken manure compost.
Chicken Coop
The water filteration system is basic this water is treated with chemicals only. There is a filter cloth at the end of the pipe which can be removed for cleaning. The size of the tanker is determined by the space left in th layers space. There is a valve at the top of the pipe .which closes when water is full.
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EIABC- Ethiopian Institute of Architecture Building Construction and city development
3D Connection details
Facade section
Integrated design Project III
Roof Detail
Grove at roof skylight
Chicken Coop
F1
F2
Structural anchoring bolt
Floor to anchoring bolt
Floor to anchoring bolt
Roof Detail
Pulley system detail
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EIABC- Ethiopian Institute of Architecture Building Construction and city development
Integrated design Project III
Structural Connection detail
Steel stand bolted to concrete base.
Chicken Coop
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EIABC- Ethiopian Institute of Architecture Building Construction and city development
Integrated design Project III
Mechanical system detail
Steel floor plate
Floor detail
Chicken Coop
10x5cm wood stud
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EIABC- Ethiopian Institute of Architecture Building Construction and city development
Integrated design Project III
Steel sheet plywood board cloth plywood
Facade section 3d Chicken Coop
Insulated wall detail
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EIABC- Ethiopian Institute of Architecture Building Construction and city development
Integrated design Project III
Fixtures and furnitures
Chicken Coop
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EIABC- Ethiopian Institute of Architecture Building Construction and city development
Integrated design Project III
Cage system
Hay box brooder Chicken Coop
Chicken coop and nesting Hay box brooder
Feeder
3D Section of Prominant space Vegitable rack
Waterer 54
EIABC- Ethiopian Institute of Architecture Building Construction and city development
Integrated design Project III
Production analysis
The Chickens will be kept until they are 70 weeks old That is until they rich their high production rate and then they are sold. only about 70 hens are are kept for laying the rest of the chickens are sold for meat. Clearly, egg production requires planning for costs as well as for profit generation and for meeting market demand. Planning involves not only the number of eggs laid by the flock over a period of time, but also when to hatch chicks to replace birds with diminishing laying capacity. If production is to be kept constant, a simple chart as shown in the Table below, will be needed to plan when new chicks must be hatched so that they can be introduced to laying in time to pick up on diminishing egg production. As indicated on the chart, the first layer flock was hatched at 0 weeks to become productive after 21 weeks. The second flock of layers was hatched at the 21st week to be ready to lay after the 41st week, as the first layer flock starts to diminish production. This type of production entails having flocks of birds of different age groups. Clean and hygienic living quarters and surroundings are essential to control disease. There should be no more than three or four different flock age groups present at one time. The mortality rate on average is between 20 and 25 percent. This means that if one wants 100 birds to lay, it may be necessary to buy between 120 and 125 small chicks. Chicken Coop
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EIABC- Ethiopian Institute of Architecture Building Construction and city development
Integrated design Project III
Conclusion There are many reasons that catagorize societies as underserved one of the reasons is geographic location and topographic marginalization. This is the condition observed among the underserved communities of Goro Ghiorgis. The conditions of this communites is never ending poverty as no one really tries to adress their much needed issues. The cycle of poverty never ends in this societies. They dont strive to change as they comfortable with whatever the slum provides but this should not be the case. Architects in collaboration with other researchers can utter change by adding a small catalyst with this communities to first reform their minds. The aim of this project is in the same order. It aims to reform the minds by the provision of a simple catalysing Function. Mainly focusing on uplifting the local economy and allowing the communities take part in the local and further more in the global economy to change their conditions. This project can be implemented on the periphrial zones of Addis Ababa where a wide range of underserved communities are located in addition to this this project requires a wide green area for a wind shed to prevent smell and sound form leaking. Chicken Coop
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EIABC- Ethiopian Institute of Architecture Building Construction and city development
Integrated design Project III
Refrences -Aberra Melesse, 2000. Comparative studies on performance and physiological responses of Ethiopian indigenous (�Angete-melata�) chicken and their F1 crosses to long term heat stress. PhD Thesis. Martin-Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, Berlin. -Alemu Yami and Tadelle Dessie, 1997. The Status of Poultry Research and Development. Research Bulletin No. 4. Poultry Commodity Research Program, Debre Zeit -Agricultural Research Center, Alemaya University of Agriculture, Ethiopia. -Amhara National Regional State Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development (ANRS BoARD), 2006. Poultry Development and Marketing Strategy. Bahir Dar, Ethiopia -Central Statistical Authority (CSA), 2014. Agricultural Sample Survey Vol. II. Statistical Bulletin Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. -EARO (Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization), 2000. Summary of Livestock Research Strategy, EARO (unpublished). -Fisseha Moges, Abera Mellesse, and Tadelle Dessie, 2010. Assessment of village chicken production system and evaluation of the productive and reproductive -performance of local chicken ecotype in Bure district, North West Ethiopia. African Journal of Agricultural Research -Fisseha M, Abera M, Tadelle D, (2010). Assessment of village chicken production system and evaluation of the productive and reproductive performance local chicken ecotype in Bure district, North West Ethiopia. African Journal of Agricultural Research -Halima H., Nesser F.W.C., Van Marle-Koster E., and De Kock A., 2007. Village-based indigenous chicken production system in north-west Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production. - Halima Hassen Mogesse, 2007. Phenotypic and genetic characterization of indigenous chicken populations in North-West Ethiopia. PhD Thesis Submitted to the faculty of natural and agricultural sciences department of animal, wildlife and grassland Sciences. University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa. - Tadelle Dessie, 1996. Studies on Village Poultry Production Systems in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia. MSc Thesis, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. - Tadelle D., T. Million, Alemu Yami and K.J. Peters, 2003. Village chicken production systems in Ethiopia: Use patterns and performance valuation and chicken products and socio-economic functions of chicken. Livestock Research for Rural Development. - https://www.thehappychickencoop.com/chicken-life-cycle/
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