LSC 301 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESMENT STUDENT NO: 090163917
HOWBROOK - SOUTH YORKSHIRE
[LANDSCAPE AND VISUAL IMPACT ASSESMENT] COMMISIONED BY COBEX LTD.
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HOWBROOK Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment
ABSTRACT This report documents the independent Landscape and Visual Assessment of the proposed open-cast coal mine by Cobex.Ltd in Howbrook, South Yorkshire. As the open-cast mine is larger than 25 hectares, it is listed as a Schedule 1 project in the Town and Country Planning Regulations (1999). EIA is a legal requirement for all Schedule 1 projects. This report will be submitted as part of a comprehensive Environmental Statement, documenting all possible effects of the proposed development; as part of the EIA process.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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1 INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................3 2 SITE LOCATION................................................................................................5 3 PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT................................................................................................7 4 METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................................8 5 PLANNING AND POLICY FRAMEWORK REVIEW...........................................................................................................15 6 BASELINE CONDITIONS....................................................................................19 7 ASSESMENT OF LANDSCAPE EFFECTS...............................................................33 8 ASSESMENT OF VISUAL EFFECTS......................................................................36 9 MITIGATION ....................................................................................................41 10 RESTORATION .................................................................................................43 11 CONCLUSION....................................................................................................44 12 REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………………………………………45
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1. INTRODUCTION 1.0-
This report documents the independent Landscape and Visual Assessment of the proposed open-cast coal mine by Cobex.Ltd in Howbrook, South Yorkshire. As the open-cast mine is larger than 25 hectares, it is listed as a Schedule 1 project in the Town and Country Planning Regulations (1999). EIA is a legal requirement for all Schedule 1 projects. This report will be submitted as part of a comprehensive Environmental Statement, documenting all possible effects of the proposed development; as part of the EIA process.
1.1-
It is important to note a previous application by Cobex Ltd. (for the Howbrook site) was declined due to inadequate mitigation and restoration proposals. In the original application a new golf course was proposed. In order to strengthen the application, this report will also include suggestions about mitigation during the development; and restoration of the site to parkland, as this is in line with the objectives of the South Yorkshire Community Forest.
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) 1.2-
‘Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is an environmental management tool that has been used in many different parts of the world since 1970’ (Landscape Institute, 2011). In the UK; the EIA is a formal process, which aims to improve environmental protection from proposed developments, and safe guard against any negative impacts.
1.3-
The EIA framework is provided by European Directive: 85/337/EEC, amended by 97/11/EC and 2003/35/EC; and was adopted into the Town and Country Planning Regulations in 1999 for England and Wales (European Commission, 2009).
1.4-
The EIA is a standardised method of assessing positive or negative impacts; consisting of environmental, social and economic aspects. The purpose of the EIA is to ensure all the environmental effects of proposals are investigated and assessed independently; in order to produce an Environmental Statement (ES).
1.5-
The ES documents the findings of an EIA. This allows decision makers (in the planning process) to fully understand and consider any significant impacts; before decisions are made on whether the development can proceed.
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HOWBROOK Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment
Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment (LVIA) 1.6-
The LVIA is a key part of the EIA process. It is designed to assess the significance of potential impacts of a proposed scheme upon landscape character and visual amenity.
1.7-
This LVIA follows the guidelines set out by the Landscape Institute (2011) and is organised into the following sections:
1.7a- • Proposed Development: a detailed description of the proposed development and any aspects which have potential to cause landscape and/or visual effects. 1.7b- • Methodology: an outline of the methods used in a landscape and visual assessment; with reference to established guidance. 1.7c- • Planning and Policy Framework: a review of National, Regional and Local Planning Policy relating to the site or proposed development. 1.7d- • Baseline Conditions: a review of landscape character assessments and key landscape features and characteristics in terms of visual context and landscape and visual sensitivity. 1.7e- • Assessment of Landscape Effects: an assessment of the significance of effects on landscape features and character of the area; as a result of the proposed development 1.7f-• Assessment of Visual Effects: an assessment of the significance of effects on the visual amenity, receptors and viewpoints within the study area; as a result of the proposed development 1.7g- •Mitigation and Restoration: description of measures which have or could be incorporated into the design to mitigate any landscape or visual effects during and after the proposed development. 1.7h- • Summary of the LVIA: concluding discussion on the significance of impacts and acceptability of the proposed development in terms of landscape and visual effects.
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HOWBROOK Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment
2. PROPOSED SITE LOCATION Wider Context 2.1-
The proposed site for the open-cast coal mine is located approx. 300m North East of the village of Howbrook. Howbrook is situated directly between Barnsley and Sheffield (approx. 8.5 miles from each), falling within the Metropolitan Borough of Barnsley.
2.2-
In terms of wider context; Howbrook (shown as a red marker in Figure 2.1) is located in the county of South Yorkshire, within the region of Yorkshire and Humber.
FIGURE 2.1: Wider Context of the Proposed Development Site
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HOWBROOK Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment
Local Context 2.3-
In terms of local context; Howbrook village is situated between the villages of Wortley, Tankersley and High Green. Howbrook is enclosed by the A616, A61 and A629 (See Fig.2.2).
2.4-
The proposed development site covers a total of 48 hectares, within the boundaries shown below (Fig. 2.2).
2.5-
The proposed site is enclosed by the A61 running along its eastern boundary. Four minor rural roads also enclose the site; - Storrs Lane, Bromley Carr Rd. and Carr Head Rd. along the west boundary - Hollingberry Lane along the south side.
2.6-
The northern boundary is enclosed by West Wood Woodland. This woodland is protected as part of the South Yorkshire Community Forest (South Yorkshire Forest Partnership, 2002).
FIGURE 2.2: Local Context of the Proposed Development Site
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HOWBROOK Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment
3. PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT Open-cast coal mining 3.0-
Open cast mining occurs where minerals lie close to the surface. The layers of soil are removed in strips, allowing the minerals (in the case of this proposal coal and clay) to be extracted without blasting. The extraction strips are not of equal depth with a maximum depth of 30m. Once the minerals have been removed the top soil, subsoil, and overburden can be replaced to refill the voids. This is possible as the soil is not compressed anymore; bulking out in comparison to its original volume.
The developer 3.1-
The open-cast coal development is proposed by Cobex. Ltd; a local company based in Wakefield. This private open- cast operator employs approx. 30-40 people; with their clientele including National Power and Eggborough Powerstation. Cobex Ltd. has traded for 12 years, and worked on several successful open-cast sites in the Leeds and Wakefield area.
Outline of the proposed development 3.2-
Cobex Ltd. is applying for planning permission to extract around 16,000 tonnes of coal and associated clays. The coal workings will take place over a period of 20 months; in a series of phases. Each phase will have a different character and level of disturbance.
3.3-
The proposed Howbrook site covers a total of 47 hectares; although only 18 of these will be used for open-cast mining. The remainder of land will be used for soil storage mounds, access or coal processing.
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HOWBROOK Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment
4. METHODOLOGY This LVIA follows the guidelines set out by the Landscape Institute (2011) and is organised into the sections outlined in paragraph 1.7.
STUDY AREA 4.1 -
The study area extends to approximately 1.5km from the Site. This reflects the maximum distance which the proposed development is likely to be visible within the landscape.
Figure 4.1: Map showing site and initial 1.5km study area
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HOWBROOK Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment DATA SOURCES 4.2-
The assessment has been carried out through a combination of desktop analysis and field survey. The following data sources were identified and outlined below; 4.2a- A desk study of the current development plans for the site and surrounding study area and the relevant planning policy context in respect of landscape and visual issues; ■ Review of relevant Cobex Ltd. proposal reports ■ Study of aerial photographs and OS mapping ■ Review of relevant planning policy
4.2b- A desk study of existing landscape character assessments for the site and study area at a regional, local and site specific level. ■ Based on characterisation work published by Barnsley Council, as well as the National Character Areas as defined by Natural England. 4.2C- A desk study and field survey of the site and wider study area to identify the baseline landscape and visual characteristics; ■ Site visits were undertaken on November 22nd and December 6th 2012. Photographs taken within the site illustrate the baseline conditions, landscape character and views in winter seasons (low foliage cover). ■ Google Maps street view imagery (filmed May 2012) is used to illustrate the baseline conditions, landscape character and views in summer seasons (high foliage cover). ■ Assisted by aerial photographs and OS mapping 4.2d- An assessment of the predicted magnitude and significance of effects upon the landscape resource and visual environment during the various stages of the proposed development. ■ All relevant data from previous desk study and site visits ■ Photomontage visualisations and illustrative maps ■ Methodologies and guidance adopted from ‘Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment’ (2002); are outlined below (Paragraph 4.3) 4.2e- An analysis of mitigation and restoration measures which have or could be incorporated into the design to mitigate any landscape or visual effects during and after the proposed development. ■ Results from landscape and visual assessments ■ Photomontage visualisations and illustrative maps ■ Review of relevant policies/reports (Planning and South Yorkshire Community Forest Objectives)
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HOWBROOK Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment
LVIA Methodologies and Guidance 4.3-
The following methodologies and guidance are adopted from ‘Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment’ (2002) 4.3a- Defining Quality (Condition) of the Landscape The categorisation of quality (defined as High, Medium or Low) in the landscape is assessed using the following criteria: ■ The general condition of the fabric of the landscape and the importance of its components. ■ The consistency of the strength of its character. ■ Its ‘attractiveness’ or scenic quality. ■ Its contribution to the wider landscape context. ■ Its amenity value and any protective designation that may cover areas of land. ■ Land use and quality of management/condition. ■ The intrusive nature of existing development, perception of proximity to urbanising influences of pylons, roads, the presence and character of visible built edge, and the dominance of detracting features.
The categorisation of quality (High, Medium or Low) in the landscape is defined using the following criteria: LANDSCAPE DEFINITION QUALITY High Areas that exhibit a very strong, positive character and which are in very good condition. The underlying attributes give an experience of unity, richness and harmony. These are landscapes that may be considered to be of particular importance to conserve and which may be sensitive or very sensitive to change. Medium Areas that exhibit positive character but which may have evidence of alteration to / degradation / erosion of some features resulting in areas of more mixed character. Such areas may potentially be sensitive to change. Low Areas that are of indifferent and / or negative character with few, if any, valued features.
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HOWBROOK Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment
4.3b- Defining Landscape and Visual Receptor Sensitivity Landscape and viewpoint receptor sensitivity are generally categorised as High, Medium or Low. These are defined as follows: SENSITIVITY RECEPTOR DEFINITION TYPE High Landscape Landscape of particularly distinctive character susceptible to relatively small change. High Visual Viewers with a proprietary interest and prolonged viewing opportunities, e.g. principal views from residential properties; users of strategic recreational routes, public rights of way and beauty spots; and, those whose attention will be focused on the landscape. Medium Landscape A landscape of moderately valued characteristics reasonably tolerant of change. Medium Visual Viewers with a moderate interest in their surroundings, e.g. users of outdoor recreation facilities, secondary views from residential buildings, viewers travelling through the landscape on roads. Low Landscape A relatively unimportant landscape, not valued for its scenic quality and potentially tolerant of substantial change. Low Visual Viewers with a passing or minimal interest in their surroundings, e.g. views from commercial/industrial buildings or commercially engaged pedestrians (whose attention may be focused on their work or activity rather than the wider landscape), motorists.
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HOWBROOK Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment
4.3c- Defining Magnitude of Impact Once the sensitivity to change is established for both the landscape resource and visual receptors; the magnitude of the predicted effects is identified. MAGNITUDE RECEPTOR DEFINITION TYPE High Landscape Total or major alteration to key elements, features or characteristics of the baseline character, such that post development character will be fundamentally changed. Significant change to landscape character and total alteration, fragmentation or introduction of landscape features which are important at the County or Regional level or where the change would be evident over a wide area. Baseline condition will be fundamentally changed. High Visual Total or major alteration to key elements, features or characteristics of the baseline view, such that post development, the view will be fundamentally changed. Substantial change to the existing view which will be experienced by large numbers of people on a regular or permanent basis and/or will result in significant visual obstruction or intrusion. Medium Landscape Partial alteration to one or more key elements features or characteristics of the baseline character, such that post development character will be partially changed. Moderate or partial change to landscape character and/or a notable alteration or introduction of landscape features which are important in defining character at the District level. Medium Visual Partial alteration to one or more key elements, features or characteristics of the baseline view, such that post development the view will be partially changed. Noticeable change to the existing view which will be experienced on an occasional or regular basis by many viewers. Low Landscape Minor alteration to one or more key elements, features or characteristics of the baseline character, such that post development the change will be discernible but the underlying character will remain similar to the baseline. Where there will be a minor change to landscape character and/or a minor alteration or introduction of landscape features which are important in defining character at a local level. Change arising from the alteration will be discernible but the underlying character/ composition/ attributes of the baseline condition will be similar to pre development circumstances/patterns. Student No: 090163917
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HOWBROOK Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment Low
Negligible
Negligible
Visual
Minor alteration to one or more key elements, features or characteristics of the baseline view, such that post development the change will be discernible but the underlying nature of the view will remain similar to the baseline. Minor change to the existing view which will be experienced by small numbers of people, usually on an intermittent or occasional basis. Landscape Very minor alteration to one or more key elements, features or characteristics of the baseline character, such that post development the change would be barely discernible, approximating to the ‚no change‛ situation. Insignificant change to landscape character and/or barely perceptible loss or introduction of landscape features which are important in defining character at a local level. Visual Very minor alteration to one or more key elements, features or characteristics of the baseline view, such that post development the change would be barely discernible, approximating to the ’no change‛ situation. Barely perceptible change to the existing view, approximating the existing baseline situation.
4.3e- Establishing Significance of Effect Key criteria used in determining significance levels include: ■ The spatial extent of the effect; ■ The duration of the effect; ■ The degree to which the effect is reversible; ■ The prevailing weather conditions; and The significance of the effect is determined in general accordance with the following table which serves as a guide.
MAGNITUDE (of the anticipated effect upon the landscape resource or visual receptor)
High Medium
SENSITIVITY (of the landscape or visual receptor) High Medium Low Major Moderate/ Moderate Major Moderate/ Moderate Moderate/ Major Minor
Low
Moderate/ Minor
Moderate/ Minor
Minor/ No change
Negligible
No Change
No Change
No Change
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HOWBROOK Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment 4.3f- Quality of Effects The significance of effects also records whether the qualitative effect is Adverse, Neutral or Beneficial. Descriptions of the definitions are found in the table below: QUALITIVE LEVEL OF EFFECT Adverse Slightly adverse
Neutral
Slightly beneficial Beneficial
DEFINTION An effect that would negatively impact upon the landscape or visual resource An effect that would tend to slightly negatively impact upon the quality and integrity of the landscape or visual resource An effect that would maintain, on balance, the existing quality of the landscape or visual resource. Whilst the nature of the change may be significant, the proposal does not compromise the inherent qualities of the resource and can incorporate a combination of positive and negative effects. An effect that would result in a minor improvement in the landscape or visual resource. An effect that would result in a noticeable improvement in the landscape or visual resource.
4.3g- Summary of Significance of Effects In summary, the Significance of Effect has been assessed in accordance with the following definitions: SIGNIFICANCE OF EFFECT Major Adverse (or Beneficial) Effect
Moderate Adverse (or Beneficial) Effect Minor Adverse (or Beneficial) Effect
No Change
DEFINITION where the proposed development would cause a considerable deterioration (or improvement) where the proposed development would cause a noticeable deterioration (or improvement) where the proposed development would cause a barely perceptible deterioration (or improvement) where the proposed development would cause no discernible deterioration (or improvement)
Assumptions and Limitations 4.4-
The identification of viewpoints was not exhaustive; however representative of views from settlements, nearby roads and vistas from local green spaces. These viewpoints were deemed sufficient enough to enable assessment; and strengthened by the analysis of Google Maps imagery, to show the differences in varied seasons. Student No: 090163917
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HOWBROOK Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment
5. PLANNING AND POLICY FRAMEWORK National National policies regarding sustainable development and environmental protection of the proposed site are outlined below. 5.1-
Policy Extract: PPS1- Delivering Sustainable Development (2005) ‘Planning policies should seek to protect and enhance the quality, character and amenity value of the countryside and urban areas as a whole. A high level of protection should be given to most valued landscapes and townscapes, wildlife habitats and natural resources.’
5.2-
Policy Extract: PPG2 - Greenbelts ‘The visual amenities of the Green Belt should not be injured by proposals for development which might be visually detrimental; by reason of their siting, materials or design.’ ‘Applications to extract coal or deposit spoil in the Green Belt should be tested against the highest environmental standards. If permission is granted, stringent conditions should be attached to ensure the site is well operated and restored to the highest standards.’
5.4-
Policy Extract: PPG7 - Countryside ‘Agricultural land is a national resource for the future, and considerable weight should be attached to the protection of such land because of its special importance. However, unlike most other forms of development, land from which minerals have been extracted offers the potential for restoration of land to its former use, or to an acceptable new use.’
5.5-
Policy Extract: PPG9 – Biodiversity and Geological Conservation (1994) ‘Our natural wildlife heritage is not confined to the various statutorily designated sites but is found throughout the countryside and in many urban and coastal areas.’
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HOWBROOK Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment National policies regarding open-cast coal developments and mineral extractions are outlined below. 5.6-
5.7-
5.8-
Policy Extract: PPG9 – Biodiversity and Geological Conservation (1994) ‘The need for the mineral must be balanced against environmental and other relevant considerations.’ Minerals Planning Guidance 3 (MPG3) is a national planning policy designed ‘to ensure that the extraction of coal and disposal of colliery spoil only takes place at the best balance of community, social, environmental and economic interests, consistent with the principles of sustainable development.’ (Department for Communities and Local Government, 1999) Policy Extract: MPG3 – Coal mining and colliery spoil disposal (1999) Opencast coal working differs from many other types of mineral working due to the amount of overburden that has to be removed, and stored, to access the coal; and the use of large engineering plant and machinery. Although some sites are capable of being well restored, opencast mining can be extremely damaging to the environment and amenity of a locality whilst it is taking place, and the restored landscape can take many years to mature. In accordance with Schedule 5 of the Town and Country Planning Act 1990 and PPG7: The highest quality agricultural land (defined as land in Grades 1, 2 and 3a) will normally be restored to its previous agricultural quality. Amenity or forestry after use may be a more appropriate alternative for lower quality agricultural land.
5.9-
5.10-
Due to the temporary nature of the development; there is potential for restoration of land to its former use. However this is not compulsory for the proposed site as the agricultural land has a low value. Amenity or forestry uses are more appropriate for restoration strategies. Policy Extract: MPG3 – Coal mining and colliery spoil disposal (1999): Visual Impact ‘ C2. The degree of visual impact which coal extraction and spoil disposal can have will depend on a number of factors such as the topography of the area and the proximity to main transport routes and residential or other sensitive areas.’ ‘ C3. Visual disturbance can arise from a number of sources intruding into the landscape which in many cases will be rural in character. The erection of soil and overburden mounds at opencast sites prior to, and during the period of extraction; and the presence of plant and mobile machinery’
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HOWBROOK Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment
Regional Regional policies regarding development within the region of Yorkshire and Humber and in in the county of South Yorkshire are outlined below. 5.11- The following policies are taken from the Yorkshire and Humber Plan - Regional Spatial Strategy to 2026 (2011). 5.11a-
Policy Extract: Policy YH8 - Green infrastructure ‘ identify and require the retention and provision of substantial connected networks of green infrastructure particularly in urban, urban fringe and adjacent countryside areas.’ 5.11b-
Policy Extract: Policy YH9 - Green Belts ‘the Green Belts in North, South and West Yorkshire have a valuable role in supporting urban renaissance, transformation and concentration, as well as conserving countryside, and their general extent.’
5.12- The South Yorkshire Sub Area Policy (2011) defines the Yorkshire and Humber Plan with direct relevance to South Yorkshire. Policy SY1 is of particular importance to the proposed development; in particular regarding the protection and enhancement of environmental quality. 5.12a-
Policy Extract: Policy SY1 –South Yorkshire Sub Area framework ‘Environmental Quality ■ Develop and enhance woodland planting in line with South Yorkshire Forest Plan ■ Minimise development likely to exacerbate air quality in the A1/M1 corridor ■ Protect and enhance the biodiversity and landscape character of the Southern Pennine Fringe, Humberhead Levels, Southern Magnesion, Limestone and Coalfield landscape character areas ■ Maintain the strategic extent of the South Yorkshire Green Belt’
5.13- The site is located in a key section of the South Yorkshire Green Belt (between Sheffield and Barnsley); and in the boundary between the Southern Pennine Fringe and Coalfield landscape character areas. The site also adjoins the South Yorkshire Community Forest and is within 2km of the M1 corridor. This location will have stringent protection in terms of retaining landscape character, biodiversity and environmental quality.
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HOWBROOK Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment
Local Local policies regarding development within Barnsley; with specific relevance to the proposed site/ development, or Howbrook, are outlined below. 5.14- The Core Strategy sets out the key elements, policies and objectives of the planning framework for Barnsley; up to the year 2026. Howbrook is identified as a small village in the core strategy, where it is noted that no significant new development is anticipated. 5.15-
CSP36- Development in rural areas ‘ Development in rural areas must: ■ Be of a scale proportionate to the size and role of the settlement ■ Be directly related to the needs of the settlement ■ Not have an unduly harmful impact on the countryside, green belt or local character of the area’
5.16-
CSP41- Protection of Green Belt ‘ Mining development in the Green Belt will be acceptable as long as it does not conflict with the purposes of the Green Belt and does not have a negative effect on openness or appearance.’
5.17-
CSP44- Landscape Character ‘We will only allow development that is not harmful to the character of the landscape and does not adversely affect: ■ Geology ■ Topography ■ Soils ■ Tree cover ’
5.18-
CSP51 - Minerals ‘Aims to manage the environmental and social effects of existing and proposed mineral works effectively. In Barnsley, the main commercial interest is in clay extraction, opencast coal mining, extracting coal from previous workings and quarrying sandstone.’
5.19-
Core Strategy Appendix - Place Shaping ‘The aim is to protect the character of these small villages (some of which are in the Green Belt) and to improve public-transport access to larger villages and towns. No significant new development is anticipated in these areas’
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HOWBROOK Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment
6. BASELINE CONDITIONS Landscape Character Baseline Landscape Character Assessments 6.0-
The Landscape Character Assessment is defined as; "The tool that is used to help us to understand, and articulate, the character of the landscape. It helps us identify the features that give a locality its 'sense of place' and pinpoints what makes it different from neighbouring areas." (Landscape Character Assessment: Guidance for England and Scotland, The Countryside Agency and Scottish Natural Heritage, 2002)
6.1-
Landscape character is a distinct and recognisable pattern of elements that make an area unique, when compared with another. Understanding these various areas allows for informed decisions on the sensitivity of the site/ surrounding area; and whether proposed developments are in keeping with the local character.
6.2-
It is important to remember National Character Areas are not precise and the boundaries should be considered as ‘broad zones of transition’ (The Countryside Agency and Scottish Natural Heritage, 2002).
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HOWBROOK Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment Landscape Character of Howbrook 6.3-
Howbrook lies on the borders between the National Character Area of ‘Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire and Yorkshire Coalfield’ (Classification 38) and ‘Yorkshire Pennine Fringe’ (Classification 37).
6.4-
On a regional level; Howbrook lies within the boundaries of ‘Barnsley settled wooded farmland’ (Classification E1). The site is also within the defined boundaries of the South Yorkshire Green belt and SY Community Forest. Howbrook is also designated a ‘Borough Area of Landscape Value’.
Figure 6.1: National and Regional Landscape Character Maps
6.5-
Policy Extract: Barnsley Unitary Development Plan (2012) GS9- Green belts requires that ‘development within the Green Belt does not harm visual amenity.’ GS13 – Areas of Borough Landscape Value ‘development should conserve and enhance the character of the area.’
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HOWBROOK Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment
National Character 6.6- Yorkshire Pennine Fringe .a- This area features both ‘gritstone’ industrial towns/ villages intermingles between strong valleys and pastoral agriculture on the Pennine foothills. .b- This area is enclosed by the Pennine Uplands (west), and the Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire and Yorkshire Coalfield (east). .c- Many of the steep valley sides are dominated by mainly broadleaved woodland forming a prominent backdrop for the towns. In areas where coal measures occur; the hills are gentler, with vernaculuar remnants of open land, fields and woods within areas of housing and industry.
KEY CHARACTERISTICS ‘■ Eastern slopes of the Pennines, dropping from upland in the west down to the east, dissected by numerous steep-sided valleys. ■ Extensive urban influences from the matrix of largeand small towns. ■ Close conjunction of large-scale industry, urban areas and transport routes with open countryside. ■ Predominance of local sandstone and ‘gritstone’ as a building material notably in large and dominant industrial buildings. ■ Urban development mainly confined by valleys creating dramatic interplay of views between settlements and the surrounding hillsides. ■ Predominantly pastoral farming with strong linear patterns of walled enclosures on plateaux. ■ Predominantly broadleaved woodlands on steep valley sides forming important backdrops to industrialised areas. ■ Impression of a well-wooded landscape even though tree cover is relatively sparse overall. ■ Dense network of roads, canals and railways.’ (Natural England, 2012)
Rolling permanent pasture is commonly used for rearing cattle and sheep
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HOWBROOK Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment 6.7- Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire and Yorkshire Coalfield .a- This area features both major industrial towns/cities and large areas of countryside dominated by extensive industrial and urban infrastructure. .b- It is generally defined by underlying shallow coal measures enclosed by the Yorkshire Southern Pennine Fringe (west), the Pennine Dales Fringe (north) and the Southern Magnesian Limestone escarpment (east). .c- The landform is low and un-dramatic however variable hills, escarpments and broad valleys add interest.
KEY CHARACTERISTICS ■ Widespread evidence of industrial activity including mine buildings, former spoil tips and iron and steel plants. ■ Complex mix of built-up areas, industrial land, dereliction and farmed open country. ■ Many areas affected by urban fringe pressures creating fragmented and downgraded landscapes. ■ Substantial areas of intact agricultural land in both arable and pastoral use. ■ Small, fragmented remnants of pre-industrial landscape and semi-natural vegetation, including many areas of woodland, river valley habitats, subsidence flashes and other relict habitats. ■ Ever-present urban influences from major cities, smaller industrial towns and mining villages. ■ Widespread influence of transport routes, including canal, road (M1, M62) and rail, with ribbon developments emphasising the urban influence in the landscape. ■ Rolling landforms with hills, escarpments and broad valleys. ■ Local variation in landscape character reflecting variations in underlying geology. ■ Strong cultural identity arising from history of coal mining and other heavy industry. (Natural England, 2012)
Many of the settlements are set within rolling arable farmland
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HOWBROOK Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment Regional Character 6.8- Barnsley settled wooded farmland .a- This character area covers a broad band of open countryside, with small scale settlements and individual farmsteads and buildings scattered evenly throughout. Most of the villages are compact and fundamentally rural in character; however increasingly urbanised by newer settlements and modern converted farm buildings. .b- The landform generally comprises of rolling landform with broad valleys and hills; intermingled with open agricultural fields and dense woodland. Views are often open and extensive from high ground, enclosed by valleys, woodland and tree lines. .c- Agricultural fields are generally a range of sizes and irregularly shaped; these fields are used for both livestock and arable farming. The field boundaries in this area are a dominant feature; a mixture of well-maintained hawthorn hedgerows, woodland boundaries and some stone walls. Mature trees are found scattered irregularly in field boundaries and occasionally isolated throughout the farmland. .d- Historically the area was quarried for its surface outcrops of coal, sandstone and fireclay. Although predominantly rural and settled landscape; there are occasional pockets of industry. .e- Characteristics of this area are widespread and generally intact; the strength of the character is therefore deemed ‘strong’ (Barnsley Borough Council, 2012). Overall condition is deemed ‘good’, however areas around Barnsley and the M1 motorway are found to have the strongest adverse effect on character. Landscape sensitivity is deemed ‘high’; due to its open and undeveloped nature as an important part of its nature.
KEY CHARACTERISTICS ■ Gently rolling landform with hills and broad valleys. ■ Small, medium sized and large woodlands, mainly deciduous and some coniferous. ■ Substantial areas of intact agricultural land, both in arable and pastoral use. ■ Irregularly shaped small, medium sized and large fields bounded by hedgerows, stone walls and fences. ■ Stone farmsteads, often with large modern outbuildings. ■ Villages and hamlets set in open countryside. ■ Large stone country houses set within designed parkland landscapes. ■ Urban encroachment visible to the east, outside the character area. (Barnsley Borough Council, 2012)
Isolated farmsteads between open irregular mixed use agricultural fields
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HOWBROOK Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment Local landscape character 6.9- Character of Howbrook .a- The area around Howbrook comprises mainly of smaller hamlets, isolated farmsteads (some converted to residential) and some larger villages; scattered amongst the strongly undulating landform of the valley. .b- The land between buildings mainly comprises of open agricultural land in irregular shapes and varied sizes. This land cover is a mix of both arable and pastoral (used for crops and livestock). Field boundaries in the area are mainly hawthorn and some mixed hedgerows (some are broken lacking ecological value); and occasional dry stone walling. .c- Woodland cover is linear along the valleys sides; mainly broadleaf with thinner trees lines continued through the valleys itself. A prominent stretch of woodland (called West Wood Country Park) stretches along the NE ridge; this is designated as South Yorkshire Community Forest.
View onto the site at the entrance to Howbrook; with Westwood a prominent feature of the backdrop and a linear tree line along the road sides framing the view (Google Streetview, May 2012).
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HOWBROOK Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment
6.10- Character of the site .a- Landform of the site is strongly undulating and dissected by threes streams. Storrs Dike runs along the north boundary intersected by an unnamed tributary which runs through the middle of the site. Howbrook stream itself is a prominent feature of the area and runs through the centre of the site. .b- Land use is currently agricultural fields, with a small area of unimproved grassland field (noted for its biodiversity and high ecological value). Fields are irregularly shaped and sized (in keeping with the local and regional character) and currently used for arable farming and permanent pasture. Field boundaries are defunct and gappy due to tree removal and over enthusiastic flail cutting. Mature trees within the site, and a strong linear treeline through the along Howbrook stream add value. .c- The site is bounded by roads on three sides and intersected by two footpaths. The footpath running through the centre of the site will be removed for the duration of the proposed development; however the footpath running along north edge will remain open. This footpath runs alongside the Storrs Dike and marks the northern boundary of the site from Westwood Woodland. .d- The site is bordered by a few isolated farmsteads (converted to residential), and the small village of Howbrook in its western corner. The site is also overlooked by the larger and newer High Green housing estate.
Figure 6.2: Current landscape features on the site and immediately surrounding buildings.
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Visual Baseline Analysis 6.11- The study area for visual assessment has been mapped out in Figure 4.1 (Methodology). This area has been assessed in order to understand the current visual conditions of the site and surrounding area; and analyse the possible visual conditions imposed by the proposed development. Zone of Visual Influence 6.12- The zone of visual influence maps out varied areas of sensitivity (in terms of visual influence) to the proposed development. Some areas will be less affected; for reasons such as topography, woodland cover or buildings. This mapping tool aids in analysing and illustrating the existing and possible visual character of the surrounding area.
Figure 6.3: Zone of Visual Influence 6.13- Areas of high visual impact are areas of nearby open space (were views are elongated), and nearby residences with views permanently overlooking the site (Carr House Farm, houses in Howbrook and homes on the High Cross ridge of High Green). The views from the vista at Westwood Country Park are important to note as they have high sensitivity to the proposed development; as this may detriment the amenity value of the local green space. Low impact areas are mainly designated due to blocked views from woodland, topography or surrounding buildings. Student No: 090163917
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HOWBROOK Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment Visual Receptors 6.14- ‘Visual Receptors’ is a term which refers to the community and public as a whole. This tool groups user’s of the landscape (e.g residents, pedestrians, vehicle users); thus allowing their varied sensitivities to the development to be analysed, alongside the ZVI. 6.15-
Pedestrian residents or visitors are highly sensitive to any developments on the site if they are walking along the north boundary footpath, surrounding roads of the site; or are viewing the site from the edge of West Wood Woodland or Country Park vista.
6.16- A limited but proportionately high number of residents in the surrounding area will most likely be able to see the development. Residents in close proximity will have an extremely high visual sensitivity; as the views are permanent for the duration of the development and most likely accentuated by the topography and building typologies (second floor windows on highly undulating landform most negatively affected). 6.17- Vehicle users on the surrounding roads will have a medium visual sensitivity to the site development. The road edge and topography varies around the site, blocking views of the site 50% of the time. The most sensitive views to the site are at the entrance to Howbrook (from A61 onto Hollingberry Lane). Visiting and residential vehicle users have a higher sensitivity than passing through traffic.
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HOWBROOK Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment View Points 6.18- View points have been chosen to be representative of the visible accessibility of viewers to the site; allowing the sensitivity of each to the proposed development to be illustrated. The four view points shown are in Figure 6.5 below;
Figure 6.5: A map to show location of Baseline view points Light green represents summer view point/ dark green represents winter view
KEY 1. Carr House Farm 2. Storrs Dike 3. Hollingberry Lane 4. Westwood Country Park
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VISUAL BASELINE: VIEW POINT 1 Views from Carr House Farm 6.19- The view from Carr House Farm is extremely open and highly sensitive to change; this is illustrated in the differing views in winter and summer months showing little change in visibility (even when vegetation cover is higher). 6.20- Visual receptors to the view at Carr House Farm include the residents of the converted Farmhouse, local residents and visitors on Walks and passing vehicular passengers.
Figure 6.6: View point 1 Location Map Light green represents summer view point/ dark green represents winter view
Figure 6.7: Photograph of view from Carr House Farm in December 2012
Figure 6.8: Google Street Maps imagery of view from Carr House Farm filmed May 2012
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VISUAL BASELINE: VIEW POINT 2 Views from Storrs Dike 6.21- This view point is located at the entrance to the Storrs Dike footpath. This view is representative of a frequent view for residents, visitors and walkers in Howbrook. The strongly undulating landform and open arable farmland create a rural character with little urban or industrial influence. Little difference is seen in the winter and summer imagery; illustrating the distinctive character and openess of the site and surrounding area.
Figure 6.9: View point 2 Location Map Light green represents summer view point/ dark green represents winter view
Figure 6.10: Photograph of view from Storrs Dike in December 2012
Figure 6.11: Google Street Maps imagery of view from Storrs Dike filmed May 2012
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VISUAL BASELINE: VIEWPOINT 3 Views from Hollingberry Lane 6.22- Views from Hollingberry Lane look directly onto the site. This area is the highly sensitive (due to the landform) as the lane overlooks the site. The open character is seen in summer and winter; however in summer, a mature treeline along Howbrook stream breaks the views into the site. This view also features an overhead electricity pylon detracting from the rural landscape character. 6.23- Visual receptors for this view include passing vehicles and visitors to Howbrook, or passing through on the A61 towards Tankersley. The most visually sensitive receptors are the residents in Howbrook along this lane – this view point is representative of views they are likely to have (possibly even accentuated by the landform and height of 2nd floor windows.
Figure 6.12: View point 3 Location Map Light green represents summer view point/ dark green represents winter view
Figure 6.13: Photograph of view from Hollingberry Lane in December 2012
Figure 6.14: Google Street Maps imagery of view from Hollingberry Lane filmed May 2012
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VISUAL BASELINE: VIEW POINT 4 Views from Westwood County Park 6.24- The view from Westwood Country Park vista is highly characteristic of the area. Extensive views down the valley framed by woodland and strongly rolling hills. The patterns of fields and settlements are clearly visible in this view. The summer view is not representative of views from Westwood Country Park. It is taken on the nearby Greaves Lane to give an impression of the character of the overall area and lowered visual sensitivity in higher vegetative cover. 6.25- Visual receptors of this view point include visitors and residents from surrounding area. These groups are highly sensitive to view intrusion, as they are using the green space for recreational purposes.
Figure 6.15: View point 4 Location Map Light green represents summer view point/ dark green represents winter view
Figure 6.16: Photograph of view from Westwood Country Park in December 2012
Figure 6.17: Google Street Maps imagery of view from Greaves Lane filmed May 2012
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7. ASSESMENT OF LANDSCAPE EFFECTS 7.0-
The landscape effect’s assessment deals with changes to landscape as a resource. It is concerned with issues like protected landscapes, the contribution of landscape character to sense of place and quality of life for all, and the way that change may affect individual features/ character of the landscape or the way people live and interact with it.
7.1-
Potential Landscape Impact ■ The coal mine development could destroy the mature vegetation on site or damage hedgerow boundaries; detrimental to the quality of landscape character and a long lasting effect. Imposing industrial features such as excavation pits, mounds and large machinery detract from the rural character of the area. ■ The proposed development could irreversibly damage the underlying geology and ecology of the site; if not managed well. This could reduce soil nutrients, biodiversity and change the land uses from the existing. ■ Access along the recreational footpaths next to Storrs Dike will be highly compromised for landscape quality. The closure and culvertion of the Howbrook stream (and footpath) will also cause a detrimental effect on the local residents and character; as it is the quickest route to their local green space of Westwood Country Park vista, and an important landmark to the village.
7.2-
Predicted Landscape Effects
FEATURE
SENSITIVITY
MAGNITUDE
SIGNIFICANCE OF EFFECT
DURATION OF EFFECT
Mature Hedgerows
High
Medium
Major/Minor adverse effect
Mature trees/ Tree lines
High
High
Major adverse effect
Natural Landform Land uses
High
High
Medium
High
Footpaths
High
High
Major adverse effect Major/Minor adverse effect Major adverse effect
Throughout development and 5-10yrs max after. Throughout development and 5-10yrs max after. Development and restoration
Streams
High
High
Major adverse effect
Development and restoration
Development and restoration Development and restoration
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HOWBROOK Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment 7.3-
Comparison of features, land uses and access
Existing Condition
Figure 7.1: Current landscape features on the site and immediately surrounding buildings. Proposed Condition
Figure 7.1: Current landscape features on the site and immediately surrounding buildings.
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Landscape Impact Statement 7.4-
During the open-cast coal mining the landscape impact will be high due to scattered nature of Howbrook village; overlooking the site from Hollingberry Lane and various converted farmhomes along the west boundary roads. This will have a negative effect on the landscape quality of the Howbrook and surrounding area; due to the loss of ‘Yorkshire Pennine Fringe’ character’.
Landscape sensitivity 7.5-
The proposal will have varied levels of intrusiveness at different phases of the development. Over the 20 month period it is likely a loss in ‘Yorkshire Pennine Fringe Characteristics (such as villages and farmsteads scattered amongst open countryside) will be replaced with industrial features of the ‘Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire and Yorkshire Coalfield’. Landscape sensitivity is therefore deemed high due to its local character being susceptible to change due to the openness and distinctiveness.
Magnitude of Landscape Impact 7.6-
Magnitude of landscape effect has been deemed high due to alteration of landscape features which are important at the Regional level and Local level; and where the change would be evident over a wide area. The baseline condition will be fundamentally changed for the duration of the development and a period of restoration afterwards.
Significance of Effect 7.7-
As the visual sensitivity is high and the magnitude high; the significance of effect is deemed ‘Major’. Thus the proposed open-cast coal mine will cause a major adverse effect on the local landscape amenity during the development. Significance of effect is reduced to ‘Moderate’ in the mid-term (10 years) after the development, and further more to ‘Negligible’ or possibly permanent beneficial effect in the longer term (10 years+); due to effective restoration and conservation.
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8. ASSESMENT OF VISUAL EFFECTS 8.0-
The visual effects assessment is concerned with how the surroundings (of individuals or groups of people) may be specifically affected by change in the landscape. This means assessing changes in specific views and in the general visual amenity experienced by certain groups of people in particular places.
VIEW POINT 1 Views from Carr House Farm 8.1-
The views from Carr House Farm will be one of the most sensitive to development on the site. Visual receptors such as residents and visitors (to the area and woodland) will be able to see directly into the site with mounds to block the view. Industrial development will have a major adverse effects (at a high magnitude) on the quality of view/character Figure 8.0: View point 1 Location Map
Figure 8.1: Photograph of existing view from Carr House Farm in December 2012
Figure 8.2: Photomontage of possible view from Carr House Farm during proposed development Student No: 090163917
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VIEW POINT 2 Views from Storrs Dike 8.2-
The views from Storrs Dike are highly sensitive to development on the site. Visual receptors such as residents and visitors (to the area and woodland) will be able to see directly into the excavation pits. This will have a major effect on the views from the footpath running alongside the Storrs Dike. The character change is of a high magnitude towards receptors with a medium to high sensitivity. Figure 8.3: View point 2 Location Map
Figure 8.4: Photograph of existing view from Storrs Dike in December 2012
Figure 8.5: Photomontage of possible view from Storrs Dike during stage 3 of the proposed development (excavating coal pit C)
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VIEWPOINT 3 Views from Hollingberry Lane 8.3-
The area around Hollingberry Lane is overlooking the site due to strongly undulating landform. Most of the site will be screened by the top soil mounds from this direction, however this will still have a major industrial influence on the character of the view. The magnitude will be medium due to the screening mounds; however sensitivity is high due to the varied levels of enclosure along Hollingberry Lane and high density of sensitive visual receptors. This viewpoint will be moderately adversely affected by the proposed development. Figure 8.6: View point 3 Location Map
Figure 8.7: Photograph of existing view from Hollingberry Lane in December 2012
Figure 8.8: Photomontage of possible view from Hollingberry Lane during the proposed development
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VIEW POINT 4 Views from Westwood County Park 8.4-
Views from Westwood Country Park are still extensive and open, however the proposed development will be a prominent feature of the vista. Visual receptors here are highly sensitive as this is the closest local greenspace for many residents in the area. This ridge is characteristic of cities enclosed by steep valleys to the South and East; and open rolling agricultural land to the NW. The proposed development will have a major adverse effect on visual quality (at an important gateway to the valley) for the duration of the development. The site entrance is highly visible; traffic congestion and large industrial machinery is likely to be a key feature. Figure 8.9: View point 4 Location Map
Figure 8.10: Photograph of existing view from Westwood Country Park, in December 2012
Figure 8.11: Photomontage of possible view from Westwood Country Park, during the proposed development
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Visual Impact Statement 8.5-
During the open-cast coal mining the visual intrusion will be high due to the open nature of the local landscape. This will have a negative effect on the visual quality of the Howbrook and surrounding area; due to the loss of open rural character.
Visual sensitivity 8.6-
Visual sensitivity is high due to the close proximity of residences and the possibility that ‘principal views from the home’ are likely to be adversely effected. Westwood Country Park (vista and adjoining woods) and Storrs Dike footpath are highly sensitive due to the network of strategic recreational routes, public rights of way and local beauty spots.
Magnitude of Visual Impact 8.7-
Visually the landscape is likely to be changed from a rural village landscape (more in keeping with the ‘Yorkshire Pennine Fringe’ character) to a predominantly industrial landscape (more commonly found in the ‘Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire and Yorkshire Coalfield’). The main visual intrusions likely to arise from the surface development, coal stocking and on-site tipping areas, and large machinery. The magnitude is therefore deemed high as a substantial change to the existing view which will be experienced by large numbers of people on a regular
Significance of Effect 8.8-
As the visual sensitivity is high and the magnitude high; the significance of effect is deemed ‘Major’. Thus the proposed open-cast coal mine will cause a major adverse effect on the local visual amenity during the development. Significance of effect is reduced to ‘Moderate’ in the mid-term (10 years) after the development, and further more to ‘Negligible’ or possibly permanent beneficial effect in the longer term (10 years+); due to effective restoration and conservation).
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9. MITIGATION 9.0-
Mitigation is beneficial as it can reduce the significance of landscape and visual effects, through careful design and planning of the site development to keep as many key features as possible. Various methods can also be employed to ’soften’ the look of the proposed development, enabling it to blend more into the local character of the area.
Landscape and Visual Impact Mitigation Policies POLICY EXTRACT: Barnsley Unitary Development Plan (2012) C3.The need to minimise visual disturbance should be taken into account when planning the site operation, including the location and design of buildings and storage areas and provision for screening. Mounds are built as a matter of routine at the boundary of opencast sites, but to achieve maximum benefit they need to have regard to the topography of the area and the local landscape. C4.Similarly, the potential visual impact of spoil disposal sites can be further reduced by limiting the maximum height of any tip or mound to blend with the natural topography. Tip slopes should also be limited to within safety limits as well as taking account of the surrounding landscape. C5.Tree planting and landscaping may reduce visual impact but this solution offers little advantage in the short term before the planting has matured. Trees need to have been planted well in advance of development taking place if an effective screen is to be established. Existing trees may give some screening and should therefore be retained where possible. C6.For opencast sites, topsoil and subsoil mounds are normally formed close to the site boundary and while they can be a short-term source of disturbance, they can serve not only as baffles against noise and dust but also as a visual screen to the site. These mounds should be protected from unnecessary trafficking before being grassed down and kept weed free. The siting, construction, content, surface treatment and profiles of soil and overburden mounds will often be important planning considerations. (Barnsley Borough Council, 2012)
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HOWBROOK Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment 9.1-
Cobex’s Existing Mitigation Proposals ■ Mature hedgerows running along the site boundaries and stream boundaries are to be retained. ■ Stand-offs (3-10m wide are to be retained during the proposed development; to protect streams, mature hedgerows and treelines. ■ Screening mounds lessen views onto the industrial excavation pits; however create a visual intrusion themselves. Wildflower seed mix was originally proposed to ‘soften’ the side facing out of the site however this can take two years to establish.
9.2-
Additional Possible Mitigation Proposals ■ The use of pre-established wildflower plugs on a geotextile base allowing the wildflower meadow to become established quicker; adding aesthetic value and instant results. ■ Soil mounds and overburden tips should be concealed in a delicate nature with the use of naturalised landform and limited heights unless for screening purposes ■ Temporary vegetation boundaries can be established to lessen views onto the site; and an opportunity can be taken to restore the nature of the tree cover and hedgerows on the boundaries. Adding to the possibility beneficial effects to the area in the long run.
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10. RESTORATION 10.0- Instead of returning the landform exactly to the original baseline condition, this proposal might be an opportunity to add to the existing landscape character. Possibly adding beneficial landscape and visual impacts in the future. 10.1- As the site sites within the Green Belt, the boundaries of the SY Community Forest as well as the Barnsley Metropolitian Borough Council’s ‘Area of Landscape Value’; the site restoration could be used as an opportunity to investigate an extension of the existing woodland and network of pathways. 10.2- The new public greenspace area will have open recreational fields alongside boundaries of woodland. The Howbrook stream corridor will be strengthened to improve accessibility and connectivity of the wider green infrastructure across the valley.
Figure 10: Restoration Proposal
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Restoration Policies POLICY EXTRACT: South Yorkshire Community Forest Plan (2002) Main Objectives: ■ to regenerate the environment of the Green Belt and equivalent areas, where it is public policy to keep it open, and help to ensure that it is permanently green and open; ■ to improve the landscape of the area, including reclamation of derelict land, to create a visually exciting and functionally diverse environment; ■ to increase opportunities for sport and recreation, including artistic and cultural events and access; ■ to protect areas of high quality landscape or historical or archaeological interest; ■ to protect sites of nature conservation value and create new opportunities for nature conservation; (South Yorkshire Forest Partnership, 2002)
POLICY EXTRACT: Barnsley Unitary Development Plan (2012) C7.In all cases, consideration should also be given to minimising the likely impact of restored sites on the surrounding environment. Where appropriate final contours should have regard to the topography of the area and the local landscape, including the provision of hedges, walls and the planting of small copses and woodland where these are characteristic of the area. (Barnsley Borough Council, 2012)
11. CONCLUSION 11.0-
The landscape and visual impacts are both deemed ‘Major significance of impacts’ throughout the development and for a period afterwards. The Cobex. Ltd proposal will undoubtedly cause disruption and an adverse impact on quality of the site and surrounding area.
11.1- Sustainable development is one of the most critical factors of greenbelt development; it is generally defined as “meeting the needs of the present, without compromising the needs of the future”. It is important to note that the duration of adverse effects is likely to be 20 years maximum on site, and 5-10yrs in the surrounding area. 11.3- Planning permission must include required restoration; this will act as compensation for the existing generation and will protect a landscape for future generations by removing the existing development pressures and safeguarding in for conservation.
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REFERENCES PLANNING POLICIES Barnsley Borough Council. (2012). Barnsley Unitary Development Plan. Available: http://www.barnsley.gov.uk/unitary-development-plan. Last accessed 25th January 2013. Department for Communities and Local Government. (1994). PPG9: Biodiversity and Geological Conservation. Available: http://www.leics.gov.uk/ppg09_nature_conservation_1994.pdf. Last accessed 25th January 2013. Department for Communities and Local Government. (1999). MPG3: Coal mining and colliery spoil disposal. Available: http://www.barnsley.gov.uk/media/Development%20%20Planning%20and%20Transportation/Planning%20Policy/LDF/CS%20Sub%20Evidence %20Base/EB118%20MPG3%20Coal%20Mining%20and%20Colliery%20Spoil%20Disposal.p df. Last accessed 25th January 2013. The Yorkshire and Humber Plan. (2011). South Yorkshire Sub Area. Available: http://www.lgyh.gov.uk/dnlds/YHPlan%20-%20Section%2007%20%20South%20Yorkshire.pdf. Last accessed 25th January 2013.
LANDSCAPE CHARACTER ASSESMENT DOCUMENTS Barnsley Borough Council. (2012). Barnsley Borough Landscape Character Assessment Final Report. Available: www.shef.ac.uk/MOLE2. Last accessed 25th January 2013. Natural England. (2002). Landscape Character Assessment Guidance for England and Scotland. Available: http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/publication/2671754?category=31019. Last accessed 25th January 2013. Natural England. (2012). Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire & Yorkshire Coalfield. Available: http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/Images/jca38_tcm6-5073.pdf. Last accessed 25th January 2013. Natural England. (2012). Yorkshire Southern Pennine Fringe. Available: https://vle.shef.ac.uk/webapps/blackboard/content/contentWrapper.jsp?content_id=_ 473706_1&displayName=National+Character+Area+37+Descriptions&course_id=_1434 9_1&navItem=content&href=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.n. Last accessed 25th January 2013.
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GUIDANCE FOR EIA AND LVIA European Commission. (June 2009). Study concerning the report on the application and effectiveness of the EIA Directive. Available: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/eia/pdf/eia_study_june_09.pdf. Last accessed 25th January 2013. Landscape Institute. (2011). GUIDELINES FOR LANDSCAPE AND VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT THIRD EDITION CONSULTATION DRAFT . Available: http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/PDF/Contribute/GLVIA3consultationdraftformembers. pdf. Last accessed 25th January 2013.
OTHER REFERENCES South Yorkshire Forest Partnership. (2002). South Yorkshire Forest Plan. Available: http://www.syforest.co.uk/downloads/S_York_Forest_plan.pdf. Last accessed 25th January 2013.
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