Student No: 090163917 Hayley Hughes
LSC 210 Survey Report: Wyming Brook Valley Cressbrook Dale, Derbyshire Dales National Nature Reserve
BIRDS AS BIODIVERSITY INDICATORS
2012
Student No: 090163917 1 LSC 210 Survey Report: Wyming Brook Valley
ABSTRACT This report is a write up of the Wyming Brook field exercise. The study aimed to record bird species present and provide an initial population index. This report also discusses the importance of ecological conservation of species and habitats in the UK. The ecological importance of the Wyming Brook site is analysed, and assessed highly critical as it supports a diverse range of bird species. Some species are targeted as priority species in the UK Biodiversity Action Plan and Sheffield Local Biodiversity Action Plan.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE #
1 INTRODUCTION - Background - Survey site - General aims and objectives of the survey
2 3 4
2 METHODS - Survey Methods - Benefits and uses of the method - Survey limitations
4 4 6
3 RESULTS
6
4 DISCUSSION
8
5 CONCLUSION
9
6 REFERENCES
10
7 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
11
8 APPENDIX
13
Student No: 090163917 2 LSC 210 Survey Report: Wyming Brook Valley
INTRODUCTION Background Human life cannot flourish without the benefits and services our natural environment provides for us (HM Government, 2010). Biodiversity and connectivity between habitats are major determinants of a healthy, resilient ecosystem; however nature in England is becoming highly fragmented and unable to respond effectively to pressures (Lawton, 2010). The National Ecosystem Assessment (2011) shows over 30% of the services provided by our natural environment are in decline. This shows the importance of conservation and enhancement of natural areas in the UK. The primary goal of conservation is to maintain or improve the structure and integrity of that habitat and its population. The effectiveness of conservation management actions and long term successes must be evaluated; which necessitates regular scientific monitoring. Without objective measurement a conservationist cannot claim success, learn from failure, or work efficiently towards the conservation of the remaining diversity (Parrish et al, 2003). This is proven by an analysis of the effectiveness of 200 protected areas in 34 countries world wide. Dudley et al (2004) showed that a good monitoring and evaluation system was closely correlated to the areas were biodiversity was best conserved (more so than any other variable). Ecological monitoring is a vital tool for use during and after conservation efforts; it is also an essential tool for triggering conservation efforts. Monitoring biodiversity is best achieved by selecting a range of ‘indicators’ that can be used to assess the condition of the environment or monitor trends over time (Dale and Beyeler, 2001). It is important that these indicators characterise the ecosystem, yet are simple enough to be effectively and efficiently monitored over time. Ecological indicators should be easily measured, anticipatory, integrative, predict changes that can be averted by management and respond to anthropogenic stresses in a predictable manner – with low variability in this response (Dale and Beyeler, 2001). A biodiversity indicator which has proven highly effective and influential in Europe is the wild bird indicator. They are suitable as they are directly sensitive to anthropogenic changes, easily recognisable/ observable, and an excellent time series exists for comparison. (Strien and Gregory, 2010). Wild birds are a good indicator of the wellbeing of the UK’s wildlife, as recognised by the British Government’s Quality of Life Indicators (DEFRA, 2012) Monitoring wildbirds is essential to assessing them as an indicator. When undertaking a bird survey it is important to make sure the exercise does not disrupt the birds in any way. The Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 is the principal legislation protecting wild birds by law. It is an offence in Schedule 1 to intentionally disturb adults in or around their nests, the nests themselves, eggs and young. As no species will be disturbed, there is no need to obtain a license from Natural England. Certain bird species have been identified as priority species in UK Biodiversity Action Plans (UKBAP) and/or Local Biodiversity Action Plans (which aim to protect and conserve existing biodiversity, and enhance it where possible). Knowledge of these action plans in combination with a survey of existing bird species will allow for a site specific picture of targeted species abundance and habitat conservation strategies.
Student No: 090163917 3 LSC 210 Survey Report: Wyming Brook Valley
Survey site The survey site an area of Wyming Brook Nature Reserve in Wyming Brook Valley. It is located on the western edge of Sheffield and is a part of the Peak District National Park.(See Fig.1). The site is currently managed by Sheffield Wildlife Trust. The survey site is designated a Scientific Special Site of Interest, Special Area of Conservation and Special Protection Area, as part of the Eastern Moors; due to its abundance of wildlife and rare upland habitats (Sheffield Wildlife Trust, 2012).
Figure 1: Wider context map of Wyming Brook Nature Reserve in relation to the Peak District National Park
Student No: 090163917 4 LSC 210 Survey Report: Wyming Brook Valley
Historically the site was set aside for exclusive use of the nobility as a hunting and hawking ground; when it was a part of Rivelin Chase.Today Wyming Brook Nature Reserve is a diverse mosaic of upland habitats; heathland, moorland, mixed woodland and wetland. This area is widely valued not only for its ecology, but for it’s recreational and educational attributes as well. A walk through Wyming Brook boasts excellent views of Rivelin Valley and the reservoir (Rivelin Dams). The fast flowing stream (Wyming Brook) - which the valley was named after - attracts visitors and an abundance of wildlife.
General aims and objectives of the survey Aims of the survey were to develop field craft and identification skills with the help of expert researchers; whilst carrying out a population index survey of bird species in Wyming Brook Valley and Rivelin Dams. The survey aimed to estimate relative abundance and diversity of bird species present in order to assess the ecological value of the site. The survey took place on 24th April 2012 in mid morning from approx 11am-1pm.
METHODS Survey Methods The survey aimed to sample part of the area, and provide an estimated population index of the bird community; rather than a population census which covered the whole site. The field method was a line transect chosen to cover a diverse set of habitats representative of this small unique area; Wyming Brook Drive woodland walk, Rivelin Dams and Wyming Brook itself. The line transect started at the Wyming Brook carpark of Redmires Rd, and followed the route shown in Figure 2. The start and finish points were the same (Exact location: +53° 22' 9.18", -1° 35' 49.84").The transect was 2 miles long from start to finish. Five groups were divided up, containing at least three surveyors (2 observers, 1 recording), and an expert researcher to improve reliability of bird identification. Each group set off at 5 minute intervals and walked at a slow and steady pace along the same route. All birds observed were identified and recorded with an objective not to count the same individual bird twice. Simple equipment was used in the survey to make it easier to replicate in future; high quality binoculars for surveyors and two bird identification books (Hume, 2009; 2011).
Benefits and uses of the method The line transect is a generic field method chosen as it encompasses most bird species well. However may not be suitable for somespecies where specifically tailored methods are required (Gilbert et al, 1998). It will provide an indicator of the presence and relative abundance between bird species in Wyming Brook Valley in late April 2012. This population index can be used to assess the ecological value of the site. A population index should ideally provide a measure in direct proportion to the total population size (ie. If population size doubles – so does the index).However this is based on the implicit assumption that the specific relationship between index and population are known; which in this case they are not. For this reason the population
Student No: 090163917 5 LSC 210 Survey Report: Wyming Brook Valley
index cannot be used to estimate total population size in the short term; but as the basis for population monitoring by repeating measures over a period of years. Population monitoring is critical to highlight changes in population to trigger conservation action. Gregory et al (2003) suggests a 25-50% decline in a species population requires such action. In the long run a reliable index is preferable to a poor census (Gregory et al, 2004). Rare birds with restricted ranges are often easier to count using a true census because sampling record too few species for reliability. For more common species it is often expensive and unnecessary to count the whole area; a survey of selected areas is more effective if you extrapolate the results to obtain estimated of likely error. Simpler methods are always more effective at highlighting large changes required for conservation intervention for the majority of bird species.
Figure 2: Detail map of line transect route
Student No: 090163917 6 LSC 210 Survey Report: Wyming Brook Valley
Survey limitations The ineffectiveness of the line transect sampling method for rare birds has already been discussed. Alongside this there may have been errors in the data from surveyors observing the same individual bird twice and counting it twice. The five groups have also generated quite a small sample of data; which is replicated for reliability, but may not be representative due to the small size. This could only be rectified by future measurements to expand the data set and reduce possibilities of error.
RESULTS In total, 142 bird observations of 20 different bird species were made by the five groups. Table A (Insert 1) shows a simple summary of the bird species observed both common name and Latin name. Mean size of the community population index is 28.4. For a graph showing the relative abundance of each species please refer to Insert 1,Fig A. The bars refer to the mean average of each species observations; the error bars graphically represent the standard error of the data. Full statistical analysis (before rounding) and raw data can be found in the appendix. A condensed summary of the total birds observed (by all groups) is available in Table 1. Standard deviation was calculated from Equation 1 (found below); to measure the variability between data that the five groups collected. Standard error was calculated from standard deviation (Equation 2) in order to measure the likelihood of error with regard to sample size and standard deviation. Standard deviation and standard error was high for this survey; this is not unusual due to the small sample size. To make the data more reliable there is need for replications to increase the sample size and reduce the possibility for error. Equation 1: Standard Deviation
When: n = The sample size = The mean of a sample s = The standard deviation Equation 2: Standard Error
When: SD = Standard Deviation
Table 1: Summary of Survey Results COMMON UK NAME Canada Goose Mallard
LATIN NAME TOTAL MEAN STANDARD STANDARD OBSERVED VALUE DEVIATION ERROR Branta 8 1.6 0.5 0.2 canadensis Anas 6 1.2 1.3 0.6 platyrhnchos Pheasant Phasiannus 2 0.4 0.5 0.2 colchicus Herring Gull Larus 2 0.4 0.5 0.2 argentatus Wood Columba 26 5.2 1.9 0.9 Pigeon palumbus Great 3 0.6 0. 9 0.4 spotted Dendrocopus woodpecker major Swallow Hirundo 1 0.2 0.4 0.2 rustica Grey Motacilla 2 0.4 0.5 0.2 Wagtail cinerea Wren Troglodytes 1 0.2 0.4 0.2 troglodytes Robin Erithacus 15 3 0.7 0.3 rubecula Blackbird Turdus 5 1 0.7 0.3 merula Chifchaff Phylloscopus 4 0.8 0.4 0.2 collybita Coal tit 5 1 1.2 0.5 Parus ater Blue tit Great tit Long tailed tit Tree creeper Magpie Chaffinch Goldfinch
Parus caeruleus Parus major Aegithalos caudataus Certhia familiaris Pica pica Fringilla coelebs Carduelis carduelis
9
1.8
1.6
0.7
27 5
5.4 1
5.4 0.7
2.4 0.3
4
0.8
0.4
0.2
5
1
0
0
8
1.6
2
0.9
4
0.8
0.8
0.4
The most frequently sighted species were the Great Tit Parus major, Wood Pigeon Columba palumbus and Robin Erithacus rubecula . The rarer birds were Swallow
Student No: 090163917 9 LSC 210 Survey Report: Wyming Brook Valley
Hirundo rustica, Wren Troglodytes troglodytes, Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea, Herring Gull Larus argentatus and Pheasant Phasiannus colchicus. The largest anomaly in the data set is the measure for Parus major (Great Tit). Standard deviation was 5.4 for the data and the standard error was 2.4. This shows the reliability of this data is highly questionable. A further examination of the raw data showed that there was most likely a mistake in the collection of the data. Either some birds were accidently counted more than once, or the identification of the Great Tit was mistaken from another species of tit. The group which identified the Great Tit the most times (which swung the data) also identified the least other varieties of tit (Insert 1,Fig B); a combination of the two are most probable. Observations for Chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs) also had a slightly higher likelihood of error than the other bird species with standard deviation of 2 and a standard error score of 0.9. However this still lies within the data range for normal data as 95.45% of the values lie within 2 standard deviations of the mean (Knight,1965).
DISCUSSION This population index is an initial starting point. Due to its small size it cannot be used efficiently as an environmental indicator without further replication and measurement over time. The results show a wide variation in bird species most probably due to the diverse habitats within the site. The species observed give an indication of diversity, however are too small to accurately portray relative abundance. A pictorial reference of all the species observed in the survey can be seen in Figure C (Insert 2). This insert has been designed to be printed and assist future replications of the study to create a larger and more reliable data set. Further research shows that since 1970, there has been an alarming decline in the number of woodland bird species. There has been a 20% decline of 33 woodland birds in the last 25 years (Forestry Commission, 2010). This dramatic change has been attributed to the lack of woodland management, resulting in less variety of ages and species of trees. It is the diverse combination of young, mature and veteran trees in Wyming Brook that makes it an important ecosystem for supporting a diverse species of birds. The combination of deciduous woodland, coniferous woodland, scrub, heathland, and water provide an array of habitats to support this wide range of species. The specific needs of each species allow for cohabitation within this ecosystem by utilising unique ecological niches. Habitat and nutritional preferences have been charted in Figure D (Insert 3). This shows how each habitat supports each species and the food they require. The deciduous woodland supports the most species compared with the other habitats (12 of the 20 birds), and is extremely important to the Great Spotted Woodpecker, Treecreeper and Wren. Water is the second most significant habitat as it supports 9 of the 20 species observed and is a unique habitat which attracts Herring Gull, Mallard, Canada Goose and Grey Wagtail. Woodland edge, Heath/common and scrub all support 8 (of 20) species; whilst also supporting to a lesser extent at least one other bird species. Heath/Common and Scrub are both essential habitats for Goldfinch. Woodland edge supports 7 of the 20 species (+1 to a lesser extent) but is not the least valuable habitat as it is the only habitat suitable for the Pheasant. This analysis proves how the diversity of habitats assists in
supporting these wildbirds and creating an efficient ecosystem with cohabitation rather than vigorous interspecies competition. Research into the species which may have been missed in this survey revealed that there are many wild birds which have been spotted in the survey site. Goldcrest, Crossbill, Willow Warbler, Wood Warbler, Bullfinch, Siskin, Blackcap, White Throated Dipper, Tree Pipit, Redstarts, Linnet, Goshawk and Meadow Pipit have been sighted (The Wildlife Trust, 2010). A number of these are highlighted as priority species in the Sheffield LBAP (Wood warbler, bullfinch, tree pipit, linnet and goldfinch). This shows how Wyming Brook is an extremely diverse site of high ecological value; more-so than this survey suggest. A number of bird species observed are targeted as priority species in the UK Biodiveristy Action Plan and Local Biodiveristy Action Plans;
Larus argentatus (Herring Gull) has been listed as a species for nationwide concern in the 1997 BAP List; declared a priority species for all countries in the UK (England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland). Herring Gull falls into ‘Criterion 2,’ under the categories of ‘International responsibility’ and ‘Moderate decline in the UK’ (JNCC, 2010). International responsibility is assigned as 40% of the European population of Herring Gulls are in the UK. Based on studies in the 1969/70,1985 and 2000; there was a 42% decline over 25 years(UK BAP, 2007). This was a coastal only survey, however changes will most likely be reflected in inland populations; which are often smaller and relatively rarer. Adding even greater importance for appropriate inland habitats for Herring Gulls; especially in winter when they migrate inland.
Phylloscopus collybita (Chiffchaff) abundance crashed in the late 1960s/early 1970s in common with that of other trans-Saharan warblers (Siriwardena et al. 1998a); after remaining stable for a decade, the population recovering. To ensure this strong recovery is continued, it has been highlighted as a priority species for ancient or semi-ancient woodland in the Sheffield Local Biodiversity Action Plan (LBAP, 2010).
Dendrocopus major (Great Spotted Woodpecker) is highlighted as a priority species associated with ancient and semi-ancient woodland in the Sheffield LBAP (Sheffield City Council, 2010); however does not appear to be at threat of decline. The species rapidly increased in the 1970s as a result of Dutch Elm disease and the increase in standing dead wood and abundant insects (Marchant et al, 1990). In 1990 the species population increased dramatically again; this is presumed to be a result of decline in Starling population leading to increased breeding success (Smith, 2006) or greater abundance in mature woodland trees. The latter theory supports previous discussion of a lack of trees of all ages.
Certhia familiaris (Treecreeper) is highlighted as a priority species in the Sheffield LBAP. The population is at threat due to anthropogenic climate change risks; studies have shown numbers and survival rates were reduced in wet winter weather (Peach et al, 1995). The population of Treecreepers in the UK peaked in mid 1970’s, and has been roughly stable since 1980, but
slowly declining. The survival rates in wet weather are shown in the Common Bird Census, and Breeding Bird Census, UK Study (2012); which recorded UK Treecreeper populations from 1966 - 2010. ‘Influence of cold weather is evident in the low start to the index, following the severe winter of 1962/63, and the trough around 1980.’ (British Trust of Ornthinology, 2012) can be seen in Figure 4. Research suggests climate change may have also had some positive effects in causing a trend in laying earlier which has resulted in a significant fall in failure rates at the egg stage (Cricks and Sparks, 1999). Figure 3: Population index of Certhia familiaris (Treecreeper)
Peaches et al. (1995) found Treecreeper survival was negatively correlated with the amount of winter rainfall. This study also found Wren survival rates were negatively correlated with the number of snow days in winter. Conservation strategies may be improved by installing bird boxes in specific sites favoured by each species; to protect them from bad weather. Aside bird boxes, other conservation strategies to improve the area could include felling small groups of trees to create areas more sheltered areas of woodland edge. Thinning some parts of the woodland, too provide more light for shoots and buds. Coppicing too provide nesting space for birds that prefer hedgerows or dense understory. Controlling rhododendron and planting younger trees to provide a diverse mix of trees of all ages and species.
CONCLUSION Wild birds are useful indicators of the general wellbeing and diversity of a landscape; which can also provide triggers and tools for conservation. This survey provides an initial population index which could facilitate further research and monitoring. Wyming Brook Nature Reserve is an important habitat for many bird species, and a site of high ecological value due to its diverse habitats and species populations. Conservation through effective management of this area is essential for to protect and enhance this area for wild birds and other flora or fauna. Particularly for the birds highlighted as priority species; Herring Gull, Treecreeper, Chiffchaff, Great Spotted Woodpecker and the Blackbird.
Student No: 090163917 14 LSC 210 Survey Report: Wyming Brook Valley
REFERENCES British Trust for Ornithology. (2012). Treecreeper - Certhia familiaris. Available: http://blx1.bto.org/birdtrends/species.jsp?s=treec. Last accessed 29th May 2012. Dale, V.H. and Beyeler, S.C. (2001). Challenges in the development and use of ecological indicators. Ecological Indicators, 1, 3-10 DEFRA . (2012). UK Biodiversity Indicators in Your Pocket 2012. Available: http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/BIYP_2012.pdf. Last accessed 29th May 2012. Dudley, N., Belokurov, A., Borodin, O., Higgins-Zogib, L., Hockings, M., Lacerda, L. and Stolton, S. (2004). How effective are protected areas? A preliminary analysis of forest protected areas. A report prepared for the Seventh Conference of Parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity, February 2004. WWF International, Gland, Switzerland. Forestry Commission. (2010). Woodland bird project. Available: http://www.forestry.gov.uk/eastmidswoodlandbirds. Last accessed 26th May 2012. Gilbert, G., Gibbons, D.W., and Evans, J. (1998). Bird Monitoring Methods—a manual of techniques for key UK species. RSPB, Sandy Gregory, R.D., Noble, D., Field, R., Marchant, J.H, Raven, M., and Gibbons D.W. (2003). Using birds as indicators of biodiversity. Ornis Hungarica (in press). Gregory, R.D., Gibbons, D.W. et Donald, P.F. (2004): Bird census and survey techniques. In: Sutherland W.J., Newton I. et Green R. E. [eds.]: Bird Ecology and Conservation; a Handbook of Techniques. Oxford University Press, Oxford: 17-56. Gregory, RD and Strien, AV, (2010). Wild Bird Indicators: Using Composite Population Trends of Birds as Measures of Environmental Health. Ornithological Science, 9 (1), Pgs 3-22. HM Government. (2004). The Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981(England and Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2004. Available: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2004/1487/contents/made. Last accessed 26th May 2012. HM Government. (2010). The Natural Choice: securing the value of nature. Available: http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/cm80/8082/8082.pdf. Last accessed 26th May 2012. Hume, R. (2009). The Birdswatcher’s Pocket Guide to Britain and Europe, Mitchell Beazley, 328pp. rd
Hume,R. (2011). RSPB Birds of Britain and Europe, 3 edition. Dorling Kindersley, 456pp. JNCC. (2010). UK Priority Species data collection Larus argentatus subsp. argenteus. Available: http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/_speciespages/2362.pdf. Last accessed 29th May 2012. Knight, CB (1965). Basic Concepts of Ecology. London: Macmillan. Lawton JH, Brotherton PNM, Brown VK et al. (2010) Making Space for Nature: A review of England’s wildlife sites and ecological network. Report to Defra. Marchant, J.H., Hudson, R., Carter, S.P. & Whittington, P.A. (1990) Population Trends in British Breeding Birds. BTO, Tring The Wildlife Trust. (2012). Wyming Brook. Available: http://www.wildnet.org/Sheffield/FolderMenu/content22.aspx?id=188. Last accessed 26th May 2012.
Student No: 090163917 15 LSC 210 Survey Report: Wyming Brook Valley Parrish, J.D, Braun, D.P. and Unnasch, R.S. (2003). Are we conserving what we say we are? Measuring ecological integrity within protected areas. BioScience, 53(9), 851-860 Peach, W.J., du Feu, C. & McMeeking, J. (1995) Site tenacity and survival rates of Wrens Troglodytes troglodytes and Treecreepers Certhia familiaris in a Nottinghamshire wood. Ibis 137: 497–507. Siriwardena, G.M., Baillie, S.R. & Wilson, J.D. (1998a) Variation in the survival rates of British farmland passerines with respect to their population trends. Bird Study 45: 276–292. Sheffield City Council. (2010). 2010 Sheffield Local Biodiversity Action Plan. Available: https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out--about/parks-woodlands--countryside/ecology-service/biodiversityaction-plans/2010-sheffield-local-biodiversity-action-plan.html. Last accessed 29th May 2012. Smith, K.W. (2006) The implications of nest site competition from starlings Sturnus vulgaris and the effect of spring temperatures on the timing and breeding performance of great spotted woodpeckers Dendrocopos major in southern England. Annales Zoologici Fennici 43: 177–185. UK BAP Committee. (2007). UK BAP Priority Species. Available: http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-5717. Last accessed 26th May 2012.
UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge. (2011) UK National Ecosystem Assessment: understanding nature’s value to society synthesis of the key findings http://uknea.unep-wcmc.org
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Figure 1: Wider context map of Wyming Brook Nature Reserve in relation to the Peak District National Park Adapted from: Peak District National Park Authority, (2010), Map of Peak District National Park [ONLINE]. Available at: http://www.peakdistrict.gov.uk/__data/assets/image/0005/79682/pdnpamap.jpg [Accessed 26th May 12].
Figure 2: Detail map of line transect route Adapted from: Sheffield Wildlife Trust, (2010), Maps of Wyming Brook and Fox Hagg Nature Reserve [ONLINE]. Available at: http://www.wildnet.org/Sheffield/uploadedFiles/Sheffield/Reserves/FINAL%20leaflet%20Wyming%20Brook%20F ox%20Hagg.pdf [Accessed 26th June]
Table 1: Summary of survey results Insert 1 - Table A: Species Observed (Common name and Latin name) Figure A: Mean average of each bird species observed with error bars representing standard error Figure B: Anomaly in raw data which results in significant error for Great Tit (Parus Major) Insert 2- Figure C: Bird species observed in Wyming Brook Adapted from: The RSPB, (2012), Wildlife Bird Guide Images [ONLINE]. Available at: http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide [Accessed 26 May 12]
Insert 3- Figure D: Ecological niche chart shows habitat and nutritional preferences Figure 4: Population index of Certhia familiaris (Treecreeper)
Student No: 090163917 16 LSC 210 Survey Report: Wyming Brook Valley British Trust for Ornithology. (2012). Treecreeper - Certhia familiaris. Available: http://blx1.bto.org/birdtrends/species.jsp?s=treec. Last accessed 29th May 2012.
APPENDIX COMMON UK NAME Canada Goose
LATIN NAME
Mallard
Anas platyrhnchos Phasiannus colchicus Larus argentatus Columba palumbus
Pheasant Herring Gull Wood Pigeon Great spotted woodpecker Swallow Grey Wagtail Wren Robin Blackbird Chifchaff Coal tit
Branta canadensis
Dendrocopus major Hirundo rustica Motacilla cinerea Troglodytes troglodytes Erithacus rubecula Turdus merula Phylloscopus collybita Parus ater
TOTAL OBSERVED 8
MEAN STANDARD VALUE DEVIATION 1.6 0.547722558
STANDARD ERROR 0.244948974
6
1.2
1.303840481
0.583095189
2
0.4
0.547722558
0.244948974
2
0.4
0.547722558
0.244948974
26
5.2
1.923538406
0.860232527
3
0.6
0.894427191
0.4
1
0.2
0.447213595
0.2
2
0.4
0.547722558
0.244948974
1
0.2
0.447213595
0.2
15
3
0.707106781
0.316227766
5
1
0.707106781
0.316227766
4
0.8
0.447213595
0.2
5
1
1.224744871
0.547722558
Blue tit
Parus caeruleus
9
1.8
1.643167673
0.734846923
Great tit
Parus major Aegithalos caudataus
27
5.4
5.366563146
2.4
5
1
0.707106781
0.316227766
Certhia familiaris
4
0.8
0.447213595
0.2
5
1
0
0
8
1.6
2.073644135
0.92736185
Long tailed tit Tree creeper Magpie Chaffinch
Pica pica Fringilla
Student No: 090163917 17 LSC 210 Survey Report: Wyming Brook Valley
coelebs Goldfinch
Carduelis carduelis
4
0.8
0.836660027
0.374165739
Appendix A: Full statistical analysis of survey data (before rounding) Appendix B: Raw data from survey
Common Name
Latin Name
Canada goose Mallard Pheasant
Branta canadensis Anas platyrhnchos Phasiannus colchicus Larus argentatus Columba palumbus Dendrocopus major
2
Hirundo rustica Motacilla cinerea Troglodytes troglodytes Erithacus rubecula Turdus merula Phylloscopus collybita Parus ater Parus caeruleus Parus major Aegithalos caudataus Certhia familiaris Pica pica Fringilla coelebs Carduelis carduelis
1
Herring gull Wood pigeon Great spotted woodpecker Swallow Grey wagtail Wren Robin Blackbird Chifchaff Coal tit Blue tit Great tit Long tailed tit Tree creeper Magpie Chaffinch Goldfinch
Group 1
Group 2
5
1 2 1 1 3
Group 3
Group 4
Group 5
2
1 1 0
2 3 1
4
8 2
1 6 1
1
1
3 1 1
4 1 1
1 14
3 4 6 2
1 2 2 1
3 1 1
1 1 5 1
1
1 1
1 1
3
3 2 1
1
1
1 1 1
1 1 5
1 1 2 2