Design for Tomorrow: A Second Life for Olympic Stadiums by Heli Shah

Design for Tomorrow:

A Second Life for Olympic Stadiums

Design for Tomorrow:

A Second Life for Olympic Stadiums A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the Architecture Department in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Architecture at The Savannah College of Art and Design

Heli Shah Savannah, Georgia January 2017

Scott Singeisen, Committee Chair Melanie Parker, Committee Member Shahnaz Aly, Committee Member

Dedication I would like to dedicate this thesis to my family. Thank you Mom, Dad and Sana for taking this journey with me. I would also like to thank my second family here at SCAD. You all made Savannah feel like a home away from home. I am incredibly grateful to you because late nights in Eichberg would not be the same without all of you.

Acknowledgement The completion of this thesis would not be possible without the support of my committee members; Scott Singeisen, Melanie Parker and Shahnaz Aly. Thank you Professor Singeisen for your knowledge and continuous excitement throughout guidance

this and

unconditional

endeavor. patience.

support

Thank

Lastly,

and

you

thank

Professor you

encouragement

Parker

Professor for

the

Aly last

for

your

for

your

six

years.

Table of Contents

01 02

List of Figures Abstract Introduction The Olympiad

01 07 08

Olympic History Ancient Games Modern Games

12 13 14

The Stadium From the Panathenaic to the MaracanĂŁ The Fate of Host Cities A White Elephant Implication of the Games

Preservation Through Memory Memory of Architecture Flexibility in Stadium Design

Design For Tomorrow Vacant to Vibrant PUPstop Solutions Seating Solutions Design Development

54 60

Olympic Stadium Stadium Design

49 50

The Motor City Why Detroit? Site Design

18 36 39 44

72 76 77 78

Final Exhibition Final Exhibition Boards Conclusion Final Exhibition End Notes

100 102 104 110

List of Figures Figure 1.00

Pg. 08-09

Figure 3.03

Pg. 27

London Opening Ceremony

Games of the II Olympiad

https://synthesizedsounds.wordpress.com/2012/08/07/electronic-music-invades-theolympic-opening-ceremony/

http://www.noupe.com/design/stadiums-olympiads-a-look-interesting-olympic-stadiums. html

Figure 2.00

Figure 3.04

Pg. 10-11

Pg. 28

Olympia in Ancient Greece

Games of the V Olympiad

http://www.smithsonianmag.com/histor y/ancient-histor y-cheating-olympics180960003/?no-ist

http://www.noupe.com/design/stadiums-olympiads-a-look-interesting-olympic-stadiums. html

Figure 2.01

Figure 3.05

Pg. 12-13

First Modern Olympics http://www.mspfound.com/news/today-in-history-4-6.php

Figure 2.02

Pg. 14

Pierre de Coubertin

Pg. 15

Charlotte Sterry - 1900

Figure 3.06

Pg. 30

http://www.noupe.com/design/stadiums-olympiads-a-look-interesting-olympic-stadiums. html

Figure 3.07

Pg. 31

Games of the XXVI Olympiad

https://breakingmuscle.com/learn/breaking-the-glass-hurdle-womens-firsts-in-the-2012olympics

Figure 2.04

http://www.noupe.com/design/stadiums-olympiads-a-look-interesting-olympic-stadiums. html

Games of the XVII Olympiad

http://www.wikiwand.com/fi/Pierre_de_Coubertin

Figure 2.03

Pg. 29

Games of the X Olympiad

Pg. 15

http://www.noupe.com/design/stadiums-olympiads-a-look-interesting-olympic-stadiums. html

Figure 3.08

Pg. 32

Shakshi Malik-2016

Games of the XXVIII Olympiad

http://indiatoday.intoday.in/olympics2016/story/sakshi-malik-wrestling-bronze-indiamedal-rio-olympics-twitter/1/743034.html

http://www.noupe.com/design/stadiums-olympiads-a-look-interesting-olympic-stadiums. html

Figure 2.05

Figure 3.09

Pg. 15

Pg. 33

Ibtihaj Muhammad

Games of the XXIX Olympiad

http://time.com/4301357/ibtihaj-muhammad-2016-time-100/

http://www.noupe.com/design/stadiums-olympiads-a-look-interesting-olympic-stadiums. html

Figure 3.00

Pg. 16-17

Rio Opening Ceremony https://www.teamgb.com/news/rio-2016-officially-open-after-samba-fuelled-openingceremony

Figure 3.01

Pg. 18-25

Olympic Timeline

Pg. 34

Games of the XXX Olympiad http://www.noupe.com/design/stadiums-olympiads-a-look-interesting-olympic-stadiums. html

Figure 3.11

Pg. 35

Games of the XXXI Olympiad

Illustration by Author

Figure 3.02

Figure 3.10

http://www.noupe.com/design/stadiums-olympiads-a-look-interesting-olympic-stadiums. html

Pg. 26

Games of the I Olympiad http://www.noupe.com/design/stadiums-olympiads-a-look-interesting-olympic-stadiums. html

Figure 3.12

Pg. 36

Olympic Cost Illustration by Author

Design for Tomorrow: A Second Life for Olympic Stadiums

Figure 3.13

Pg. 38-39

Design Diagram

http://www.wikiwand.com/en/Olympic_Stadium_(Montreal)

Illustration by Author

Figure 3.14

Figure 4.03

Pg. 40

Stade Olympique

Adaptability Layout

http://www.wikiwand.com/en/Olympic_Stadium_(Montreal)

Illustration by Author

Figure 3.15

Figure 5.00

Pg. 41

Stade Olympique Construction

Site Collage

http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/montreal-olympics-venues-stadiumcost-1.3679041

Illustration by Author

Figure 3.16

Pg. 41

Retractable Roof http://www.sbp.de/en/project/roof-olympic-stadium-montreal/

Figure 3.17

Pg. 42

OAKA http://www.arcvision.org/?p=15033&lang=en

Figure 3.18

Pg. 43

Spiros Louis Stadium http://www.arch2o.com/athens-olympic-stadium-santiago-calatrava/

Figure 3.19

Pg. 43

Spiros Louis Stadium http://www.arch2o.com/athens-olympic-stadium-santiago-calatrava/

Figure 3.20

Pg. 45

Olympic Implications https://synthesizedsounds.wordpress.com/2012/08/07/electronic-music-invades-theolympic-opening-ceremony/

Figure 4.00

London 1903 - 2014

Pg. 46-47

http://media.digitalcameraworld.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/123/2014/02/Old_ pictures_of_London_9.-Tower-Bridge-c.1920-2014-Museum-of-London.jpg

Figure 4.01 Life of a Stadium By Author

Figure 4.02

Stadium Ruins

Heli Shah

Pg. 48

Figure 5.01

Pg. 50

Pg. 51

Pg. 52-53

Pg. 55

Zug Island Master Plan Illustration by Author

Figure 5.02

Pg. 56

Site Selection Illustration by Author

Figure 5.03

Pg. 57

Abandoned Structures Map Illustration by Author

Figure 5.04

Pg. 57

Existing Venues Map Illustration by Author

Figure 5.05

Pg. 57

Existing Venues Usage Illustration by Author

Figure 5.06

Pg. 58

Michigan Central Station Photo by Purvik Patel

Figure 5.07 Site Analysis Illustration by Author

Pg. 60

Figure 5.08

Pg. 60

Figure 7.00

Sporting Venue Orientation

Programatic Analysis

Illustration by Author

Figure 5.09

Pg. 61

Figure 7.01

Pg.70

Pg. 72

Site Plan

What is a Place?

Illustration by Author

http://www.pps.org/reference/what_is_placemaking/

Figure 6.00

Pg. 62-63

Figure 7.02

Section Comparison

Programatic Zone

Illustration by Author

Illustration by Authorr

Figure 6.01

Pg. 64

Figure 7.03

LCA Stages

Existing Floor Plan

Illustration by Author

Figure 6.02

Pg. 65

Figure 7.04

Structural Grid

Proposed Floor Plan

Illustration by Author

Figure 6.03

Pg. 65

Figure 7.05

Pg. 73

Pg. 74

Pg. 75

Structural Material Life Cycle

Existing Programatic Usage

Illustration by Author

Figure 6.04

Pg. 66

Figure 7.06

Pg. 75

Structure Section

Proposed Programatic Usage

Illustration by Author

Figure 6.05

Pg. 66

Figure 7.07

Pg. 76

Structural Connection Detail

PUPstop - Before

Illustration by Author

http://www.peopleup.org/pupstops/

Figure 6.06

Pg. 67

Figure 7.08

Pg. 76

Exploded Structure

PUPstop - After

Illustration by Author

http://www.peopleup.org/pupstops/

Figure 6.07

Pg. 68

Figure 7.09

Pg. 77

Waste Hierarchy

Retractable Seating - Independent

Illustration by Author

https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/Retractable-seating-indoor-telescopic-seatingsystem_548227288.html

Design for Tomorrow: A Second Life for Olympic Stadiums

Figure 7.10

Pg.77

Figure 7.20

Retractable Seating - Wall Mounted

Second Floor _ 2

https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/Retractable-seating-indoor-telescopic-seating-

Illustration by Author

Pg.82

system_548227288.html

Figure 7.11

Figure 7.21 Second Floor _ 3

Illustration by Author

Figure 7.12

Pg. 78

Figure 7.22

Entertainment

Third Floor _ 1

Illustration by Author

Figure 7.13

Pg. 79

Figure 7.23

Sporting Events

Third Floor _ 2

Illustration by Author

Figure 7.14

Pg. 79

Figure 7.24

Convention Set-Up

Third Floor _ 3

Illustration by Author

Figure 7.15

Pg. 79

Figure 7.25

Pg. 82

Pg. 84

Pg. 86

Community Park

Interior Perspective_VIP Suite

Illustration by Author

Figure 7.16

Pg. 80

Figure 7.26

Pg. 88

First Floor _ 1

Interior Perspective_Hotel Room

Illustration by Author

Figure 7.17

Pg. 80

Figure 7.27

Pg. 90

First Floor _ 2

Section Perspective, Olympics

Illustration by Author

Figure 7.18

Pg. 80

Figure 7.28

Pg. 91

First Floor _ 3

Section Perspective, Post - Olympics

Illustration by Author

Figure 7.19

Pg. 78

Track and Field

Pg. 82

Figure 7.29

Second Floor _ 1

Section, Olympics

Illustration by Author

Heli Shah

Pg. 92-93

Figure 7.30

Pg.92-93

Section, Post - Olympics Illustration by Author

Figure 7.31

Pg. 94

Illustration by Author

Figure 8.05

Pg. 108

Final Exhibition Model Illustration by Author

Pg. 94

Sectional Perspective, Post - Olympics_1 Illustration by Author

Figure 7.33

Pg.107

Final Exhibition Model, Post - Olympics Illustration by Author

Sectional Perspective, Olympics

Figure 7.32

Figure 8.04

Figure 8.07

Pg. 109

Final Exhibition Model Illustration by Author

Pg. 95

Roof Structure http://www.archdaily.com/515131/maracana-stadium-roof-structure-schlaichbergermann-und-partner/5398b57bc07a80569e0006bf-maracana-stadium-roof-structureschlaich-bergermann-und-partner-structure-diagram

Figure 7.34

Pg. 96

Sectional Perspective, Post - Olympics_2 Illustration by Author

Figure 7.35

Pg. 97

Sectional Perspective, Post - Olympics_3 Illustration by Author

Figure 8.00

Pg. 98-99

Detroit Ruins Photo by Purvik Patel

Figure 8.01

Pg. 100-101

Final Exhibition Boards Illustration by Author

Figure 8.02

Pg. 104-105

Final Exhibition Illustration by Author

Figure 8.03

Pg. 106

Final Exhibition Model, Olympics Illustration by Author

Design for Tomorrow: A Second Life for Olympic Stadiums

Heli Shah

Abstract Design for Tomorrow:

A Second Life for Olympic Stadiums Heli Shah Savannah, GA January 2017 This thesis explores the design process of a typical stadium and modifies the design and structural components to effectively produce a prototype for Olympic Stadiums that can utilize the permanent structure for community enrichment Post-Olympics while reusing the temporary elements. The prototype allows any city to efficiently host the Olympics without threatening the social, economic and contextual aspects of the host city while leaving a legacy instead of a white elephant. Keywords: Olympic Stadiums, Temporary Architecture, Prototype, Olympic Venue, Structure, Adaptable Architecture, Adaptability, Adaptable Reuse, Flexibility

Design for Tomorrow: A Second Life for Olympic Stadiums

Introduction

According Olympic

the

Committee,

the

International 2022

Winter

Olympics had an all-time low number of bids from host cities. It is no secret that the reason is the steep price tag associated with hosting the Games due to the construction of Olympic venues and new infrastructure to accommodate the influx of traffic. During the 17 days of the Olympics, the venues are marveled at and witnesses by thousands of attendees but what happens after is often overlooked by the hysteria of the games. Host cities have been titled with â&#x20AC;&#x153;white elephantsâ&#x20AC;? â&#x20AC;&#x201D; costly structures that serve no purpose once the games are over. Athens being at the top of the list.

After the 2004 Summer Olympics,

Athens, Greece entered into an economic recession. 11 years after the games, many of the venues are vacant ruins covered in graffiti and trash. To spare other host cities with the same fate, stadium design should have a foresighted design ready for adaptation once the games are completed.

Heli Shah

Figure 1.00: London Opening Ceremony

What if Olympic stadiums could be

given a second life? This thesis explores the possibility to consider the idea that Olympic stadiums should be designed with an alternative purpose in mind. The thesis ideology could potentially be a trend setter in stadium design considering the positive effect it would have on its bid city. The city could effortlessly renovate and adapt the stadium based on the need of each city.

Exploring adaptability and flexibility

in stadium design will let Olympic stadiums and venues be utilized after the events and their maintenance cost will be justified in the long-run. This thesis not only focuses on post-game utilization of Olympic venues but also the idea that all Olympic Stadiums should have an alternative design at the time of the bid in order to be approved by the International Olympic Committee. This concept will benefit future host cities because with an alternative design readily available, the potential risk of the venues becoming abandoned is not a possibility.

Design for Tomorrow: A Second Life for Olympic Stadiums

Figure 2.00 Olympia in Ancient Greece

Chapter 2:

The Olympiad Olympic History The Ancient Games The Modern Games

Olympic History

The father of humanity, Zeus, had

fought Cronus for the throne of the Gods. On his victory, a well-known demigod, Herakles, staged games to honor Zeus. The games started in Greece some 3,000 years ago and were organized at Olympia, hence the name Olympics. The games were a simple way to bring the Greeks together because

Panhellenic

(Pan=all

and

Hellene = Greek) means Greeks unite. The games held at Olympia led to the Panhellenic

Games

the

Olympic

were

held

The

games

which

included

Games

which

every at

Delphi

four

years.

(The

Pythian

Games), from 582 B.C.; held every four years

(third

year

each

Olympiad)

The games at the Isthmus of Corinth (Isthmian Games), from 580 B.C.; held every two years (second and fourth year of each Olympiad)

Heli Shah

Figure 2.01 First Modern Olympics

Ancient Games

The games at Nemea (Nemean

Games), from 573 B.C.; held every two years (second and fourth year of each Olympiad) Each of the games were celebrated in honor of the Gods. The Olympia and Nemea Games were played in honor of Zeus, King of the Gods. The Delphi Games honored Apollo, God of Light and Reason while the Isthmian Games honors Poseidon, the God of Seas and Horses. Olympia was not a city but a sanctuary. It included the Atlis, the sacred area surrounded by a wall and a secular (non-religious)

area.

The

secular

area

includes the training area, competition sites and administration buildings. The Atlis contains temples, the altars where sacrifices take place and the treasuries.

Design for Tomorrow: A Second Life for Olympic Stadiums

Modern Games

The

Ancient

Olympics

Games

started in Olympia, Greece, from 776 B.C. through 393 A.D. 1503 years later, the first Modern Olympics took place.

The modern games were introduced

Pierre

Coubertin

(Figure 2.02)

from France. He tried to revive the games inspired by the ancient Olympic Games. He started the IOC, International Olympic Committee, in 1984 and two years later, the first Modern Olympic Games took place in Athens, Greece. With modern games came modern ideas.

The ancient Olympics had fewer

events and sports compared to the modern Olympics and unlike the ancient games, the modern games took place in different cities and countries which ensured a wide variety of athletes taking part in the Games. During the first modern Olympics in 1896, 245 participants came from 14 countries.

Figure 2.02 Pierre de Coubertin

Years later, the modern Olympics

are considered to be a leading international sports event with more than 200 counties participating in the competition. Since 1896, the Summer Olympics have been hosted in 22 different cities resulting in 28 Olympic Stadiums and Olympic Parks, a sporting complex for the games.

Heli Shah

Figure 2.03 Charlotte Sterry - 1900

Figure 2.04 Shakshi Malik-2016

Figure 2.05 Ibtihaj Muhammad

Design for Tomorrow: A Second Life for Olympic Stadiums

Figure 3.00 Rio Opening Ceremony

Chapter 3: The Stadium

From the Panathenaic to the MaracanĂŁ The Fate of Host Cities A White Elephant Implication of the Games

Olympic Stadium Seating Capacity

Athens

Paris

St. Louis

London

Panathinaiko

Velodrome de Vincennes

Francis Field Stadium

White City Stadium

80,000 (45,000)

50,000

19,000

68,000

Stadium Budget Architect

Olympic Stadium Legacy

Number of Events = 50 Events

Number of Athletes = 250

Participating Nations

1896 Figure 3.01 Olympic Time-line

Heli Shah

1900

1904

1908

Stockholm

Berlin

Antwerp

Paris

Amsterdam

Los Angeles

Stockholm Olympic Stadium

Antwerp Olympic Stadium

Stade Olympique Amsterdam Los Angeles Tves-du-Manoir Olympisch Stadium Memorial Colise

14,000

30,000 (13,000)

45,000 (14,000)

1912

1916

1920

1924

31,600 (22,291)

1928

101,500 (93,600

1932

Design for Tomorrow: A Second Life for Olympic Stadiums

London

Stockholm

Berlin

Antwerp

Paris

Amsterdam

te City Stadium

Stockholm Olympic Stadium

Antwerp Olympic Stadium

Stade Olympique Amsterdam Tves-du-Manoir Olympisch Stadium

000

14,000

30,000 (13,000)

45,000 (14,000)

1912

Heli Shah

1916

1920

1924

31,600 (22,291)

1928

Los Angeles

Berlin

Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum

Olympia Stadion Berlin

101,500 (93,600)

1932

Tokyo

London

Empire Stadium (Wembley)

110,000 (74,200)

82,000

Helsinki

Olympic Stadion Helsin 70,000

ÂŁ750,000 Sir John William Simpson and Maxwell Ayrton

Demolished-2003; Rebuilt 2007

1936

1940

1944

1948

Design for Tomorrow: A Second Life for Olympic Stadiums

Renovated- 2005 Renovated - 2015 Million)

1952

London

mpire Stadium (Wembley)

000

Helsinki

Melbourne

Rome

Tokyo

Mexico

Olympic Stadion Helsinki

Melbourne Cricket Groud

Stadio Olimpico

National Olympic Stadium

Estadio Olimpico Universitario

65,000 (72,000)

57,500

83,700 (63,100)

Annibale Vitellozzi

Mitsuo Katayama

70,000

50,000

103,000 (100,000) $4.5 Million (2006)

ohn William Simpson Maxwell Ayrton

molished-2003; built 2007

Renovated- 2005 Redeveloped 1992 and Renovated - 2015 (ÂŁ209 2006 Million)

1952

Heli Shah

1956

Renovated-1953 Expanded-1990

1960

Demolished- 2015

1964

Augusto Perez Palacios, Jorge Bravo & Raul Salinas Seating increased to 83,700 (1968)

1968

Munich

Montreal

Moscow

Los Angeles

Seoul

Barcelona

Plympia Stadion Munchen

Stade Olympique

Luzhniki Stadium

Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum

Seoul Olympic Stadium

Estadi Olimpic Lluis Company

80,000 (69,250)

58,500 (66,000) C$

GĂźnther Behnisch

92,000 (93,600)

100,000 (69,900)

PA Arena and Gmp Architekten

John and Donald Parkinson

Kim Swoo-geun

$9.5 million in 1979 $15 million in 1993 $93 million in 1994 $6 million in 1995 $270 Million (Proposed

Seating reduced to 70,000

67,000 (56,000)

1.61 Billion (2006)

Roger Taillibert

Stadium Debt paid off in 2006 due to new tobacco taxes

1972

103,000 (72,000)

1976

Renovation - 1996 (Mosproject-4)

1980

1984

1988

Pere DomĂ¨nech i R

Renovated existing Stadium (1989) to accommodate th 1992 Olympics

1992

Design for Tomorrow: A Second Life for Olympic Stadiums

Seoul

Barcelona

Atlanta

Sydney

Athens

Beijing

eoul Olympic Stadium

Estadi Olimpic Lluis Companys

Centennial Olympic Stadium

Stadium Australia

Olympic Stadium Athens

Beijing National Stadium

85,000 (49,500)

110,000 (82,500)

71,000 (75,000)

91,000 (80,000)

$ 207 million

$ 690 Million

$ 290 Million (Renov.)

$ 423 Million

Populous

Santiago Calatrava

Herzog & de Meuron

0,000 (69,900)

Swoo-geun

67,000 (56,000)

Pere DomĂ¨nech i Roura Heery International Rosser International Williams-Russell and Johnson, Ellerbe Becket

ating reduced to 000

Renovated existing Stadium (1989) to accommodate the 1992 Olympics

1992

Heli Shah

Renovated into Turner Field - 1996

1996

Seating reduced to 84,000 ($80 Million)

2000

2004

2008

London

Rio de Janeiro

London National Stadium 80,000 (25,000) $ 749 Million Populous

Renovated 2013 (Cost increased from $431 Million to $1 Billion)

2012

2000, 2006, 2013

2016

Design for Tomorrow: A Second Life for Olympic Stadiums

Games of the I Olympiad The ancient games were held in an open field where spectators sat on mud seats and grass slopes which held more than 50,000 people. The field was later excavated and turned into a Stadium which was to host the first ever Modern Olympics but the construction was abandoned. When the Modern Olympics were set to take place in Athens in 1896, the construction of the original stadium proceeded. White marble from the nearby Mountain Penteliko or Penteli was used making the Panathinaiko or the Panathenaic the only stadium built entirely out of marble. 108 years later, the stadium still stands and was used for a portion of the 2004 Summer Olympic Games.

Figure 3.02 Games of the I Olympiad

Heli Shah

Games of the II Olympiad The 1900 Olympic Games held in Paris were the first games that women were allowed to participate making it a memorable year but since the Olympics were in conjunction with the Paris Expo and the unveiling of a Eiffel Tower , the fair overshadowed the games. VĂŠlodrome de Vincennes built in 1864 became the main stadium for the Olympics and is still used for cycling, football, and rugby matches.

Figure 3.03 Games of the II Olympiad

Design for Tomorrow: A Second Life for Olympic Stadiums

Games of the V Olympiad

The 1912 Summer Olympics were held in Stockholm, Sweden. This was the first

Olympics to include participants from five different continents with Japan being the first Asian Country to participate in the Games. This was also the last year solid gold medals were issued.

The Arenas built for the Paris 1900, St. Louis 1904 and the London 1908 Games were

all temporary which, was also the plan for the 1912 games, erecting a wooden temporary structure. Later, the plans changed and the Stockholm Olympic Stadium proposed by Architect Torben Gurt became the first permanent structures used in the Olympic Games.

Figure 3.04 Games of the V Olympiad

Heli Shah

Games of the X Olympiad 28 years later, the Olympics come back to America to host the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angles, California at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. The cost of construction for the stadium was $954,873 ($11.8 Million today) in 1923 but over the years, it had undergone major renovations spending more than $120 Million. This stadium is the only Stadium that has held the Olympics twice.

Figure 3.05 Games of the X Olympiad

Design for Tomorrow: A Second Life for Olympic Stadiums

Games of the XVII Olympiad Tokyo had been awarded to host the 1940 Summer Olympics but Helsinki was given the bid due to Japanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s invasion of China. The 1964 Olympics were the first time Olympics were held in Asia. This was also the first time the games were broadcast on television without the use to tapes. The National Olympic Stadium was designed by Architect Mitsua Katayama. The Stadium was demolished in 2015 to be used as the site for Zaha Hadid new design for the 2020 Olympic Games.

Figure 3.06 Games of the XVII Olympiad

Heli Shah

Games of the XXVI Olympiad 28 years later, the Olympics come back to America to host the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angles, California at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. The cost of construction for the stadium was $954,873 ($11.8 Million today) in 1923 but over the years, it had undergone major renovations spending more than $120 Million. This stadium is the only Stadium that has held the Olympics twice.

Figure 3.07 Games of the XXVI Olympiad

Design for Tomorrow: A Second Life for Olympic Stadiums

Games of the XXVIII Olympiad 108 years after the first modern Olympics, the games had returned to Athens, Greece in 2004. Olympic Athletic Center of Athens “Spiros Louis” or OACA (OAKA) was renovated by Spanish Architect Santiago Calatrava. “The jewel in the crown” is the roof of the stadium which became the trademark of the Athens games. Two giant arcs with a total span of 304 meters and height of 80 meters provide support for the cables that hold the polycarbonate panels comprising the roof.

Figure 3.08 Games of the XXVIII Olympiad

Heli Shah

Games of the XXIX Olympiad Construction for the stadium began December 2003 and was completed in March 2008 with a price tag of over 423 million USD, a tiny fraction of the 40 billion USD spent in Beijing in order to host the 2008 Summer Olympics. The stadium, known as the “Bird’s Nest” was designed by Herzog & de Meuron and Chinese architect Li Xinggang. The stadium was built with the highest grade of steel due to its obligation to withstand earthquakes.

Figure 3.09 Games of the XXIX Olympiad

Design for Tomorrow: A Second Life for Olympic Stadiums

Games of the XXX Olympiad The London Olympic Stadium hosted the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics. Sir Robert McAlpine and Populous (formerly HOK Sport Venue Event) designed the stadium which started construction in 2007 and opened in 2011. Following the conclusion of the Olympic Games, a 99-year lease was granted to West Ham United. The stadium re-opens in 2016 with world class hospitality and flexible seating for various athletic and musical events

Figure 3.10 Games of the XXX Olympiad

Heli Shah

Games of the XXXI Olympiad The Barra Olympic Park is a cluster of nine sporting venues in Barra da Tijuca, in the west zone of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In preperation for the 2016 Olympics, Rio’s historical downtown is undergoing a large-scale urban waterfront revitalization project called Porto Maravilha. The project includes redevelopment of the port area to increase the attractiveness of the area. Along with the rejuvination of downtown Rio de Janeiro, the Maracanã, built in 1948, was also renovated in 2013 for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. The Maracanã is a football stadium which was originally built for the Brazil National Football team.

Figure 3.11 Games of the XXXI Olympiad

Design for Tomorrow: A Second Life for Olympic Stadiums

The Fate of Host Cities as

Hosting the Olympics is viewed an

accomplishment

portraying

That

same

year,

111.3

Million

Americans Viewers tuned in to watch the New

established and prominent Country. A

York Giants beat New England in the Super

badge of prestige is attached for the city that

Bowl. These numbers portray the sheer size

wins the bid. Apart from the recognition,

and outreach of the event. The cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s proposal

hosting the games is a step towards a better

of the Olympic venues and increased

city as it is an investment for the future.

infrastructure is justified due to the extensive

influx in traffic the games bring to the city.

The host city now has a chance to be

in the limelight and become a part of Olympic

history while sharing the spirit of the Olympic

accumulated more than 70,000 volunteers,

Movement that has been continued for

28,000 local leaders, 14,000 new tourism jobs,

decades. Social media and global television

and 10,568 athletes. This spirit is not only

being such massive cultural aspects of this

expected to be fostered within the athletes

generation provide the perfect platform for

but also within the attendees and future

the country to broadcast their economic

generations that will inherit it while being relived

and social stability to a global audience.

years after the Olympics have concluded.

The Olympic Games is the biggest

The

2012

London

Olympics

One of the ways the Olympic spirit will

sporting event in the world engaging

be passed down is through the Olympic venues.

more U.S. viewers than the Super Bowl. In

The city and the venues become a staging area

2012 during the London Olympics, more

of cultural festivities and a demonstration of

than 219.4 million Americans tuned in to

national excellence for the duration of the

watch the Olympics making it the most

games but what happens once the athletes

watched event in U.S. television history.

and visitors have returned to their countries?

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Cost of the Olympics

venues

and

Cost of the Olympics

infrastructure

Montreal 1976

built for the Games seem like a step in the

Moscow 1980

right direction that will bring continuing

Los Angeles 1984

Moscow 1980

tourism and economic influx but recently,

Seoul 1988

Los Angeles 1984

there has been a withdrawal of public

Barcelona 1992

Seoul 1988

support from the Olympic Movement.

Atlanta 1996

The

Cost Loss Profit

No Boston Olympics is a Movement

founded by Boston residents Kelly Gossett and Liam Kerr and Brookline resident, Chris Dempsey. Their opposition revolves around

Cost Loss Profit

Montreal 1976

Barcelona 1992

Sydney 2000

Atlanta 1996

Athens 2004

Sydney 2000

Beijing 2008

Athens 2004

London 2012

Beijing 2008

Figure 3.12 Olympic Cost

the fact that the State tax payers will be the

London 2012

ones paying for the majority of the expense

of the Olympics which is unfair. They also

cost of the Olympics throughout the years

believe that the Olympics will be a distraction

with the amount of profit each games has

and take away attention from pressing

formulated.

issues such as public safety, transportation

and

risk that begins more than a decade

community

redevelopment.

The

Figure 3.12 shows the increased

Hosting the Games is a financial

withdrawal of public support is largely based

before

on the tax payer dollars used for the games.

Cities compete to convince their people and

the

then

games

the

are

actually

International

held.

Olympic

Committee that they are the perfect city.

Design for Tomorrow: A Second Life for Olympic Stadiums

Each bid begins with a safe city

included

with

transportation

convenient and

public

efficient

infrastructure to accommodate the millions of people that will flood their streets.

In the past several years, only

a handful of Olympics host cities has accomplished to culminate debt free. Hosting more

the

games

towards

have

showing

transitioned the

cities

capabilities of hosting the games than showing

the

athletes

capabilities.

The legacy left behind by the

games have many negative and positive attributes. A spur of development to improve transit and infrastructure is always expected in each city to accommodate the influx of traffic. This spur of development may not have been initiated otherwise. Many

stadiums An

the

twenty-four

remained

exemplary

Olympic

unused

situation

the

today. 1976

Montreal and the 2004 Athens Games. 38

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Figure 3.13 Stadium Ruins

White ElÂˇeÂˇphant a possession that is useless or troublesome, especially one that is expensive to maintain or difficult to dispose of.

Design for Tomorrow: A Second Life for Olympic Stadiums

Montreal, Canada

The

Stade

Olympique

multi-purpose Stadium in Canada built in the 1970s as the main venue for the 1976 Summer Olympics. It is nicknamed “The Big O” , referenced to it’s name as well as the donut-shaped roof components.

The city’s mayor at the time, Jean

Drapeau, famously remarked that if the games don’t end up having a deficit, men will have babies. The Olympic debt ended up being nearly USD $1.48 Billion and the stadium itself was an engineering nightmare.

The retractable roof had been a

struggle since the first phase of construction. The

stadium

was

not

completed

time for the Olympics and the roof has been a safety concern even after years of

construction

and

modifications.

Well over its original budget, the stadium ended up costing $770 million to construct. Figure 3.14 Stade Olympique

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Figure 3.15 Stade Olympique Construction

It took years to finally pay off the cost, leading to its nickname of â&#x20AC;&#x153;The Big Oweâ&#x20AC;? A special tobacco tax was introduced to help pay for the Stadium. Montreal paid-off the debt in 2006, 30 years after the games. The stadium has not had a main tenant since the Montreal Expos relocated to Washington, D.C. in 2004.

Figure 3.16 Retractable Roof

Design for Tomorrow: A Second Life for Olympic Stadiums

Athens, Greece

The Olympic Stadium of Athens “Spyros

Louis” is named after the first modern Olympics marathon race winner. It is located in the area of Marousi just outside the city of Athens.

Built as part of a £7billion project,

the stadium, along with many other venues in Athens lie empty, completely unused and decaying. The games ended up costing double their projected budget because the city proposed to used permanent in stead of collapsible and temporary venues which were deemed a success during the games.

After the completion of the Games,

Greece was hit by the global financial crisis and, with no real post-games plan, the prestigious venues were abandoned

As Greece groans under a cruel

economic depression, it is questioned whether the Athens Games were too ambitious an undertaking for such a weak economy. Figure 3.17OAKA

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Figure 3.18 Sypros Louis Stadium

Figure 3.19 Spyros Louis Stadium

Design for Tomorrow: A Second Life for Olympic Stadiums

Implications of the Games

The Games are being viewed as a

new permanent roof. Some other key design

financial strain due to the long-term effect

factors include the installation of 14 new

of the Infrastructure and its white elephants.

floodlight paddles weigh 45 tons each with

Apart from the recognition of hosting, the

more than 540 lamps. The new roof measures

games are a great opportunity to create

45,000m2 and is 84m at its deepest point.

effective partnerships and it can be a catalyst

The roof includes 5,423 pieces of steel in the

for positive change for social and economic

roof, weighing 3,900 tons. The new stadium

Figure 3.20

the

includes 16 executive boxes and 3,600

implications the games have on their host city.

corporate hospitality seats with 995 toilets, 90

Stadium

new turnstiles and 35 catering outlets. 5,000

and Turner Field are both great examples

people worked 2 million hours to complete

for

the transformation which cost ÂŁ272 Million.

development.

The a

London

Post-Olympic

depicts

Olympic

adaptation.

While

both Stadiums were redesigned to be

used for West Ham United Football Club

Atlanta, Georgia in 1996. A record number of

and

the

respectively.

participants from 197 Nations took part in the

After the second Summer Olympics

centennial Olympics. The construction for the

in London in 2012, the Olympic Stadium in

Centennial Olympic Stadium broke ground

Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park in Stratford

in 1993 and finished construction in 1993.

was renovated as a multi-purpose stadium,

with West Ham United Football Club and

Stadium was constructed with the intent

British Athletic being its primary tenants.

of reuse. The Olympic bid included plans

Post-Olympic

for the stadium to eventually serve as the

2013 after the London Anniversary Games.

new home for the National League Atlanta

Redesign included the removal of the original

Braves. The stadium finished renovations and

roof and light paddles and installation of a

was officially renamed Turner Field in 1997.

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Atlanta

Braves

transformation

began

The centennial Olympics were held in

This was the first time that an Olympic

Figure 3.20 Olympic Implications

The

stadium

was

originally

Both these stadiums are iconic

constructed as the 85,000-seat Centennial

architectural aspects in their communities

Olympic Stadium. Immediately after the

and their success is based on the acceptance

1996 Summer Paralympics much of the

of the stadium by the community members.

north end of the stadium was removed in

Both the London Stadium and Turner Field

order to convert it to its permanent use as a

are located in the heart of the city and

49,000-seat baseball park. The stadium has

used for Football (Soccer) and Baseball

hosted the Atlanta Braves of Major League

respectively. Kids and adults cherish trips

Baseball since 1997, following a multi-million-

to stadiums and game days are a tradition

dollar renovation to retrofit the stadium

is many cultures. Visits to these stadiums

for baseball by removing the temporary

and attending games ignites memories of

stands that had made up nearly half the

childhood which is appreciated my all people.

stadium and building the outfield stands.

Design for Tomorrow: A Second Life for Olympic Stadiums

Figure 4.00 London 1903 - 2014

Chapter 4:

Preservation through Memory Memory of Architecture Flexibility in Stadium Design

“…the Greeks, who invented many arts, invented an art of memory…this art seeks to memorize through a technique of impressing ‘places’ and ‘images’ on memory.”

Figure 4.01 Life of a Stadium

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Memory of Architecture

Memory consist of metal images

The stadiums are as much for

for an ease to recall. A permanent mental

the spectators as they are for the athlete.

image consists of a place or a stable

Unfortunately, memories of visiting the

architectural space that could be seen

stadium and performing there stay with the

and expressed. This requires a need for a

athletes a lot longer than the stadium stays

direct relationship of a memory to a place.

occupied. These architectural marvels aren’t

Through a place, a person is allowed

just for a small time period and shouldn’t

to reconstruct that event or experience.

be abandoned once the games are over. It

Architecture is an important component in

is a waste of money, space and resources

a person’s memory and each architectural

icon is a piece of history and culture.

the extension of the stadiums’ life beyond the

From the coliseum to the new Mercedes-

Olympic and Paralympic period. Figure 4.01

Benz Stadium in Atlanta, each stadium has

portrays the improved life cycle of a Stadium.

a story to tell. Tourist and visitors come from

Instead of the typical bid, construction

all over the world come to the games but

and experiential phases, the new life cycle

social media provides an additional set of

includes constant redesign and renovation to

global audiences than ever before. The host

keep the stadium fully utilized with efficiently.

city needs a legacy not just in pictures but in

reality too. The impact of these venues are

Olympic venues well after the closing

not only social but the new infrastructure is a

ceremonies

stepping stone towards urban rejuvenation.

ideology encourages the people in the

community to become a part of the history

accommodate the influx of traffic is an

and show ownership of this monument

investment for the future economic standing

that they helped build as a larger percent of

of the building and its communities.

financial support originates from tax-payers.

The

infrastructure

built

Post-Olympic adaptation allows for

This plan ensures the use of of

the

Paralympics.

This

Design for Tomorrow: A Second Life for Olympic Stadiums

Flexibility in Stadium Design

Sports Stadium are a large threat to

the Olympics year after year. Other people

the entertainment industry as the sporting

argue of the Olympics being a global event

arena gains popularity while being a social

which requires global platforms and Venues.

and architectural landmark in its cities. The

Regardless, all sporting events are under

Colosseum and the circuses of Rome, Verona

investigation due to the sudden rise of extreme

amphitheater and other architecture icons

outdoor sporting events and televisions.

from the Roman empire played a huge role in the everyday lives of the communities.

The growth of organized sporting

events required for larger and safer spaces to play. From the use of Brick and Stone to Concrete and Steel has changed the style and method of stadiums around the Global. Stadiums help shape our cities more than any other building type and they are an essential type of architecture required by any urban

Figure 4.02 Design Diagram

community which helps represent the growth

as well as its culture. The financial power of

program, the spaces need to be flexible and

sport is increasing due to events such as the

adaptable to any change. To be entirely flexible

Olympics and World Cups and gradually,

and fully adaptable, the architecture has to

and sports are become a global culture.

speak to the users on a daily basis. Sports

A question that is asked by several

Stadiums tend to be utilized only on game days.

is whether stadiums will be the ideal place

An adaptable design ensures steady usage

for sports in the future. Many people feel

and ultimately a longer life of the stadium.

strongly about the reuse of one stadium for

Adaptable

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To effectively have a variation of the

and

Mobile

architecture

has

been

alternative.

perceived Adaptable

dissimilar

temporary

architecture

the

â&#x20AC;&#x153;cheapâ&#x20AC;?

Architecture

temporary

architecture;

demolished

when their short period of usefulness is over and is viewed as an ecologically aware alternative to permanent buildings.

Figure 4.03 depicts how the same

cavity of space can easily accommodate a variety of programs without losing the

integrity

the

original

form.

The new stadium design will be

embodied as adaptive architecture as a system which changes its structure, behavior or resources according to demand. This adaptive new design is implied to be a prototype for stadiums to ensure its efficiency for all impending stadiums. This design gives a second life to Olympic Stadiums; An ideology that is essential now more than ever as the life cycle of architecture is declining. This prototype is designed so it can be easily adapted into any community and environment. For the purpose of this thesis, Figure 4.03 Adaptability Layout

Detroit, Michigan has been selected as the site.

Design for Tomorrow: A Second Life for Olympic Stadiums

Figure 5.00 Site Collage

Chapter 5: The Motor City

Why Detroit?

A number of cities have bid to host

The Tube Station is proof that the games

the Olympics over the years with only a few

increased value and the major improvement

ever getting a chance. One of these cities is

to infrastructure and transportation fully

Detroit, Michigan. Detroit bid seven times,

connected West and East London. Rio De

the most of any city, to host the games.

Janeiro is using the Olympics to reshape the

Detroit is the most populous city

city and to develop it for a high-end market.

in the state of Michigan with more than 5.3

The Games will help modernize the city and

Million people. Once the industrialization

bring in influx of tourism and jump-start the

capitol of America, it was known as the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

economy post-Olympics. Detroit is the perfect

automotive center, nicknamed The Motor

candidate for the New Games.

City. Due to its recent industrial restructuring

and loss of jobs in the auto industry, Detroit

public

lost a considerable population with a 25%

the PeopleMover and even Ferry Trucks

population decline from 2000 to 2010.

that cross the River to Windsor, Canada.

Recently, Downtown Detroit has

Detroit

has

several

transportation

modes

including

Buses,

With Detroitâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s already developed

increased its role as an entertainment center

public

with several historic theaters, sporting

like the perfect location for not only the

stadiums and a riverfront revitalization

stadium, but the entire Olympic Park.

project

which

has

slightly

increase

population in the Midtown neighborhoods.

For many host cities, the Olympics are

a catalyst for rejuvenation. London utilized itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s win to help rejuvenate East London. 54

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transport,

Zug

Island

seemed

Figure 5.01 Zug Island Master Plan

Main Olympic Stadium Aquatics Center BMX Circuit Velodrome Hockey Stadium Athletes Gym Athletes Housing Water Sports Warm-Up Area Broadcast Center Media Hub Hospitality Hub Social Plaza

Figure 5.01 shows how easily the

The Olympic Village usually includes

entire Olympic Village fits perfectly on the

the stadium and all ancillary venues

island. The site plans demonstrations the

(listed in Figure 5.01). Zug Island acts as

spacial quality of the village as a whole and

the perfect location to include all the

how other venues and the surrounding

Olympic venues adjacent to each other but

interacts with the specific stadium site.

that idea does not promote adaptability.

Design for Tomorrow: A Second Life for Olympic Stadiums

Designing an entire Olympic park

Each City designs an Olympic Park

around the location of one stadium seems

in the most prominent area in order to

futile. If the stadium is to be placed on a site

make it a tourist attraction post-Olympic

that has been designed to accommodate

but in the process, sometimes it does more

it is the perfect scenario but placing a

harm than good. In Rio De Janeiro, most of

stadium where it needs to become a part

the other 800 families who used to live in

of the community is the real challenge.

the Vila Autodromo favela neighborhood were persuaded to move to public housing

Figure 5.02 shows the positive and negative

or bought out or both. Venues are built

aspects

over lower and middle class everyday lives.

both

the

site

proposals.

Almost a third of Detroit has been

abandoned and 29 percent of their 714,000 populations unemployed. As the population declines, the city is beginning to become barren and much of the real-estate is uninhibited. By using abandoned hotels as athletic residences, re-using existing athletic venues and using the Old State Fairgrounds as the site for the stadium, will help initiate the bidding process. Figures 5.03 and 5.04 show the various venues that could be potentially used during the games and Figure Figure 5.02 Site Selection

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5.06 is a list the existing venues to be used.

Figure 5.03 Abandoned Structures Map

The Palace of Auburn Hill Tom Adams Field Ilitch Built Detroit Arena Calihan Hall at University of Detroit Ford Field COBO Center Joe Louis Arena Comercia Park Detroit River Brush Park

Figure 5.04 Existing Venues Map

Basketball Rugby Gymnastics + Badminton + Weight Lifting Fencing Soccer Handball + Table Tennis Boxing + Tae Kwon Do + Wrestling Baseball Sailing Athletes Village

Figure 5.05 Existing Venue Usage

Design for Tomorrow: A Second Life for Olympic Stadiums

“From a technical perspective, there is no reason why Detroit couldn’t host a games. It actually has some natural advantages,” “In some sense the most tragic thing about Detroit is also, from an Olympics perspective, its biggest advantage: that is being a city designed for 2 million with a population of only 700,000, that means you’re not going to have massive congestion issues. Sadly, that’s a huge advantage.”

-Stefan Szymanski,

Professor at the University of Michigan Figure 5.06 Michigan Central Station

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A major concern for using the

The goal of reduced parking is to

designated fairgrounds site is the effect it

decrease the amount of vehicular traffic in the

will have on the residents nearby. The areas

community and be more sustainable by using

adjacent to the site is occupied by low income

public transport. Exceptional transit service

residents and the major issue while planning

will be required at all Olympic venues as

the Olympics is the displacement of these

Detroit will be one of the few cities to not have

residents. Building an architectural icon in

a designated Olympic Park. Many venues will

the heart of any community is a risk. The

be scattered throughout the city. This is a new

residents should not feel that this stadium is

phenomenon to decrease gentrification and

alienating them from their own home and it

utilize existing facility the city has. Reusing city

acts as a great opportunity to transform this

facilities will decrease money wastage on new

community. To respect the integrity of the

sporting venues which will end up as white

existing community and the residentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; privacy,

elephants.

parking near the stadium has been minimized. Any host city is required to have a splendid public transportation system. Detroit already has an extensive public transportation which can be easily be modified to have additionally and exclusive routed to the Olympic venues. To aid with the flow of traffic, a transit hub has been incorporated on the site. The hub is adjacent to the stadium and allows visitors to have easy bus access to the stadium from downtown Detroit.

Design for Tomorrow: A Second Life for Olympic Stadiums

E. 8 Mile Road ard odw Wo nue Ave

Figure 5.07 Site Analysis

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Figure 5.08 Sporting Venue Orientation

Figure 5.09 Site Plan

Design for Tomorrow: A Second Life for Olympic Stadiums

Figure 6.00 Section Comparison

Chapter 6: Olympic Stadium

Stadium Design Concept

Over the past several years, there

LCA begins during pre-design and

has been a halt in activity concerning the

keeps evolving throughout the schematic

restoration of old structures and these

design and design development phase.

monuments are abandoned due to the lack

Various design decisions were made with

of funds. The longevity of architecture is not

LCA that determined the structural systems,

aspired today due to the continuous change

assemblies, products and their environmental

is design, technology and economic status of

impact through construction as well as after

a country.

itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s occupancy.

The American Institute of Architects characterization of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

The Materials used for this design

are not specialized which in turn reduced cost, labor and environmental impact while producing a sustainable design.

Material Manufacturing Construction

The construction practice required

is also standard and systematic. Instead of building a stadium that is marveled at for the

Use and Maintenance End of Life

Olympic and Paralympic period, then sold to the local sports team who continues to used it only for a few months during their season and later sits idle for the reminder of the year, this

Decreased Cost

Environmental Impacts

Sustainable Design Figure 6.01 LCA Stages

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ideology gives stadiums a bigger purpose. This kind of stadium differs from its usual and â&#x20AC;&#x153;normalâ&#x20AC;? usage.

Figure 6.02 Structural Grid

The adaptability of the program is

Figure 6.03 portrays the life cycle of ordinary

due to the flexibility of the floor plan which is

construction materials and depicts what

achieved by the structural system illustrated

happens to the materials once they are

in Figure 6.02.

demolished.

CONCRETE

TIMBER

STEEL

75% 10%

Down Cycle

01% 05% 58%

Landfill

20% 93% 13%

Recycle

06%

Incineration

06% 13%

Reuse

Figure 6.03 Structural Material Life Cycle

Design for Tomorrow: A Second Life for Olympic Stadiums

Figure 6.04 Structure Skeleton

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Figure 6.05 Structural Connection Detail

Figure 6.06 Exploded Structure

Design for Tomorrow: A Second Life for Olympic Stadiums

According to the AISC (American

The major benefit of using steel frame

Institute of Steel Construction), structural

construction in lieu of wood or concrete is the

steel, long considered the premier green

ability of steel to span significant distances.

construction method is continuing to improve

Concrete is good in compression and steel

its environmentally friendly position by

is good in tension. By using composite

reducing greenhouse gas emission allowing

construction and joining the two materials,

architects and designers to utilize structural

the strength can result in efficient and

steel as key design elements that may be

lightweight design.

recycled. Concrete, structural steel and

waste hierarchy with prevention being the

lightweight steel are the key elements in this

preferred method of waste production.

Figure 6.07 illustrates

design.

Major improvements in materials

and resource efficiency are possible without

DISPOSAL

increasing cost by reducing the quantity of materials being sent to the landfill during

RECOVERY

the construction process by â&#x20AC;&#x153;designing out wasteâ&#x20AC;? and effective site waste management.

RECYCLE

Increasing the lifespan of materials

by reusing recycling and recovering waste

REUSE

as appropriate and plan on using materials and products with a high recycling and reuse potential.

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PREVENTION Figure 6.07 Waste Hierarchy

Composite slabs, composite columns

end plate connection for an I section with a

(concrete filled hollow section) are utilized in

concrete column or pier. This concept is used

this design. Rectangle sections permit easy

on the third level for the support columns for

end plate to beam connection (Figure 6.05)

the top tier seating.

which allows the use of bolts. Using bolt

connections is an economical alternative

as they are the major components which are

to welding and will result in additional

removable. Once the Olympics are over, the

opportunities for recycling and reuse of the

top tier will be dismantled and the seating

columns as well as the beams.

can be potentially reused at another Olympic

Spanning capabilities of steel allows

stadium or any sporting facility. Figure 6.07

the minimization of load bearing walls

illustrates the exploded structure. The first

and intermediate columns which result in

layer consist of steel columns and beams that

an open floor plan. Apart from the ease in

are bolted in lieu of being welded. The second

constructibility,

construction

layer consist of secondary lightweight steel

practice is not only cost efficient but also

framing , the third layer is seating components

efficient and long lasting.

and the fourth layer is the roof skeleton.

composite

Column splices (Figure 6.05) are used

The column is imperative to the design

The columns (Figure 6.04) can be

in this design to aid its adaptable multi-story

removed and reused for another project

construction. A typical bolted splice is used for

or used as structure for additional levels.

the top tier of columns with I section members.

Another alternative would be to utilize them

A cap plate is welded to the column and a

to support canopies or ephemeral facades.

base plate is then bolted to the cap plate. This strategy can also be used with a cap and

Design for Tomorrow: A Second Life for Olympic Stadiums

an F a rm ing Urb

er at

r Spo

Library

e ur at Fe

Pla

sin

hologica Psyc l

u Ho

ente ity C

Psychology Physical

A PLACE

Com

ial Soc

Social

Recreational

Environment

ate

Day Care

Sola

r Pa

E n vir

Mic ro-B

usin

ntal me on

Ro of s phit he

Physic al

mun

Economy

Ho sp

ita

a te-P

Ska

Ec o no m City Market

ark

Urb an P

te ea

sta

nels

t an

inw a ar

er H g

tin

ve s Figure 7.00 Programmatic Analysis

lity

ess

Chapter 7: Design For Tomorrow

Vacant to Vibrant

A transformation of venues has

been implemented to keep a constant interest and a full roster of activities will ensure attendance and visitation yearround. Programs are based on interest and popularity of the visitors as well as the locals.

These ideologies are not just for the

design of an Olympic stadium but these principal can be adapted and implemented

Figure 7.01 What is a place?

into any design in any community in any part of the world. When the space is flexible, the

Figure 7.01 explains what a place consist of.

program becomes adaptable by its users. design

Figure 7.02 shows how the neighborhood

ideologies.

was used to determine the various types

Revitalization of any place begins and

of â&#x20AC;&#x153;zonesâ&#x20AC;? for the stadium; each zone with

ends with the people. The main challenge

particular programs to populate it. These

is not only to redesign this stadium to be

programs were chosen solely by the location

efficiently used but for it to be used and

and culture of the site. The programs are

admired by the community. To ensure

easily interchangeable and can be modified

the utilization of this monument, the

to suit the culture and needs of any specific

program of the Post-Olympic stadium was

city. Due to the vast residential population,

guided by the residents and their needs.

many social programs were proposed to be

Components

were

inspired

those

this

included in the renovation of this stadium.

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SOCIABILITY Indoor Playground Laser Tag Rock Climbing Mini-Golf Bowling Alley Arcade Pool Theater

COMMUNITY Day Care Library Urban Farm Café Cyber Café Health Clinic Gym Olympic Museum

ENTERTAINMENT

COMMERCIAL

Bar and Restaurants Rooftop Bar Spa

Juice Bar Nail Salon Spa Yogurt Shop Apparel/Shopping Restaurant

Figure 7.02 Programmatic Zone Design for Tomorrow: A Second Life for Olympic Stadiums

I-75 Exit

Third Floor

Second Floor

First Floor

Figure 7.03 Existing Floor Plan

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Figure 7.04 Proposed Floor Plan

need to be attract visitors which in turn help

To guarantee attendance, programs

generate revenue. The Birdâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Nest for the 2008 05

Beijing Summer Olympics cost $480 million

to build, and its upkeep costs $11 million a

year. To balance initial construction cost and

the yearly maintenance cost, economical

15 10

14 13

MECHANICAL/STORAGE ADMINISTRATION MEDIA BROADCASTING ATHLETES AREA SUITES CONCESSION OUTDOOR SPACE

solutions to generate revenue need to be

included in the Post-Olympic adaptation proposals. A full program roster with high

Figure 7.05 Existing Programmatic Usage

traffic activities is needed to guarantee 23

constant customers.

Figure 7.05 shows a 24 hour cycle of

16 09

15 10

14 13

ROCK CLIMBING LASER TAG MINI-GOLF ARCADE BOWLING ALLEY ROPE COURSE THEATER DAY CARE CYBER CAFE URBAN FARMING LIBRARY GYM CAFE RESTAURANT SHOPPING

Figure 7.06 Proposed Programmatic Usage

activities during the Olympics. As illustrated, a minimum number of programs are included with an even less number of activity throughout the day. To balance maintenance cost and acquire some balance, the number of activities needs to increase along with the usage of the facility per 24 hours. Figure 7.06 demonstrates how adding social and entertaining events will not only optimize usage but also increase earnings.

Design for Tomorrow: A Second Life for Olympic Stadiums

PUPstop Solutions

Owen J, Bush Stadium is a baseball

The

PUPstop

project

salvages

stadium in the City of Indianapolis, Indiana

Bush Stadium seats which are useless and

occupied by the Indianapolis Indians from

worthless and they re-purposed them as

1931 to 1967. In 2012, demolition began to turn

seating throughout Indianapolis bus stops.

the 81 year old structure into an apartment

Even if permanent seating was used in the

complex. In 2013, 138 apartments were lease

design, re-purposing and reusing them

during the opening. When demolished, all the

should be on the agenda Post-Olympics

permanent seating was to be dismantled and

destroyed. PUP (Person for Urban Process)

“We’ve more than doubled the number

based in Indianapolis developed PUPstops.

of benches at Indianapolis bus stops

The PUPs rescue discarded materials

using a resource the city already had.

and redesigning them so their ideas “enhance

To date, 45 stops have been installed,

Indianapolis’ quality of life, connectedness, &

serving

design culture.”

annually.”

Figure 7.07 PUPstop - Before

Figure 7.08 PUPstop - After

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roughly

220,000

rides

Seating Solutions

The easiest alternative for permanent

seating is retractable seating.

Figures 7.07 and 7.08 display the ease of

All spaces

retractable seating. The seating component is

should be fully occupied and utilized. Similar

attached to an automated track, which when

to the how the structure allows flexibility of

expanded, displays all seats in an upright

the floor plan, the retractable seating allows

position. The track can display any number

flexibility of the field.

of seats depending on the users requirements so the full track need not be opened if the requirement is only a precise amount of seats.

Figure 7.09 Retractable Seating - Independent

Figure 7.10 Retractable Seating - Wall Mounted

Design for Tomorrow: A Second Life for Olympic Stadiums

Field Composition

Figure 7.11 illustrates the seating arrangement for the games with the retractable seating fully expanded to accommodate maximum occupancy.

Figure 7.11 Track and Field

Figure 7.12 illustrates the arrangement during concerts to accommodate the stage opposite of the expanded seating. This concept will maximize the number of audience members on the field.

Figure 7.12 Entertainment

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Figure 7.13 illustrates the arrangement for a small sporting game. Two sides of the seating can be expanded for the opposing teams while the smaller seating rows can stay retracted.

Figure 7.13 Sporting Events

Figure 7.14 illustrates a setup for a convention or a fair where all the seats are retracted to maximize the space on the field to accommodate a variety of compartmental tables, booths or tents.

Figure 7.14 Convention Set-Up

Figure 7.15 illustrates the transformation of the field. All seating could be transported to another sporting facility and the field could be designed to include trails, seating and ponds to transform the interior into a community park or urban garden. Figure 7.15 Community Park

Design for Tomorrow: A Second Life for Olympic Stadiums

Cafeteria Locker Rooms Conference Room Interview Room Gym Mech./ Storage Emergency Circulation Broadcasting Room Vertical Circulation Lobby Entrance Figure 7.16 First Floor _ 1

Restaurant Locker Rooms Gym Kitchen Mech./ Storage Emergency Circulation Laser Tag Vertical Circulation Lobby Entrance Figure 7.17 First Floor _ 2

Climbing Mat Climbing Wall Mech./ Storage Existing Column Emergency Circulation Vertical Circulation Lobby Figure 7.18 First Floor _ 3

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First Floor Figure 7.16 illustrates the typical floor plan

planned to accommodate an eatery A kitchen

for a portion of the first floor designed for

can be added next to the extra storage space

the Olympics. The entrance level includes a

and the adjacent open space can be used

ticketing facility and lobby area with elevators

by delivery trucks. The lobby area would be

and a grand staircase for vertical circulation

remodeled to include a locker area/ check-in

for the general public to go to the second floor.

for the indoor laser tag facility which is planned

Adjacent to the entrance is the broadcasting

within the previous media center space.

center with news rooms, interview rooms

Figure 7.18 shows a third scenario where the

and conference rooms which would be fully

same portion of the stadium is completely

secured and would require special access

transformed into an indoor rock climbing

passes with specific clearance levels. Opposite

facility. The existing columns are integrated in

the Media Center is the Athletes Grounds. This

the design and aesthetics of the facility. The

area designed specifically for the athletes

columns and beams offer the structure and

include a gymnasium with adjoining locker

the rock walls are framed around it. Figure

rooms. Bordering the Gymnasium is a cafeteria

7.28 is a sectional perspective of the proposed

space which includes a kitchenette and direct

facility. All vertical circulation is preserved

access to the field. Figure 7.17 shows the same

in each scenario of the transformations.

portion of the stadium as Figure 7.16 with the

Programs that require an open plan, such as

spaces transformed to accommodate the

laser tag, can be designed to accommodate

needs of the community. This specific plan

constraints like steel columns as a part of its

demonstrates a semi-renovated space where

aesthetic and play path. Other activities such

the gym would remain intact to be used by

as mini-golf, paint-ball, trampoline parks,

the community. The Cafeteria could easily

jungle gyms, rock climbing and skydiving

be transformed into a restaurant since it is

could be accommodated in similar spaces.

Design for Tomorrow: A Second Life for Olympic Stadiums

Exterior Circulation Outer Pedestrian Walkway VIP Suite VIP Suite-Outdoor Patio Shops/Concession Inner Pedestrian Walkway Emergency Circulation Vertical Circulation Figure 7.19 Second Floor _ 1

Exterior Circulation Outer Pedestrian Walkway VIP Suite VIP Suite-Outdoor Patio Shops/Concession Inner Pedestrian Walkway Emergency Circulation Vertical Circulation Figure 7.20 Second Floor _ 2

Exterior Circulation Outer Pedestrian Walkway Outer Hotel Room Corridor Inner Hotel Room Outdoor Patio Inner Pedestrian Walkway Emergency Circulation Vertical Circulation Figure 7. 21 Second Floor _ 3

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Second Floor

Figure 7.19 illustrates the typical floor

ring of small shops and concessions for the

plan for a portion of the second floor designed

public. The hallways allows access to the VIP

for the Olympics. Luxury boxes or club seating

suites as well as remote access to each shop.

constitutes the most exclusive class of seating

This concept relieves the outer perimeter

in arenas and stadiums. These exclusive

glass wall of shops and permits the public to

seating areas generate a much higher revenue

enjoy the view. Exists are strategically placed

compared to regular seating given that they

to grant access to the exterior pedestrian

provide the best views in the stadium. These

walkway. Figure 7.21 shows how easily the

VIP suites have pivotal glass for to allow the

open spaces can be transformed into smaller

spectators to be fully immersed into the

rooms. The shops and VIP suites can easily

event. The VIP suites are fully furnished with a

be transformed into hotel rooms while

kitchenette, a bar, dining area, television, and

keeping the integrity and connectivity to the

seating for approximately eight to ten people

pedestrian walkway. The outer rooms receive

and also include a private lavatory. Figure

access to the walkway with views into the city

7.20 illustrates the typical floor plan for an

while the inner rooms receive access to the

equivalent portion of second floor with similar

walkway with views onto the field.

VIP suites. This floor plan includes an outer

Design for Tomorrow: A Second Life for Olympic Stadiums

Circulation Ring Shops/Concession Exterior Circulation Vertical Circulation

Figure 7.22 Third Floor _ 1

Circulation Ring Shops/Concession Exterior Circulation Vertical Circulation

Figure 7.23 Third Floor _ 2

Shops/Concession Circulation Ring

Exterior Circulation Vertical Circulation

Figure 7. 24 Third Floor _ 3

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Third Floor

Figure 7.22 illustrate the typical floor plan for a portion of the third floor designed for the Olympics which generally consist of shops and commercial spaces. It demonstrates the various sizes of retail or commercial shops based on the square footage required for that particular tenant. One retail shop might rent four “boxes” and demolish the interior wall as required while a smaller shop might only rent one “box” which would suffice per their requirements. The possibilities of sizes for each space is endless and can be sculpted as required. Post-Olympics, the shops can be turned into penthouse suites if required. Hospitality suites in an iconic architectural structure is a great opportunity to generate a constant revenue as tourism increases into the host city. The following images show how easily the corridors and spaces can be interchangeable based on the orientation.

Design for Tomorrow: A Second Life for Olympic Stadiums

Figure 7.25 Interior Perspective _ VIP Suite

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Design for Tomorrow: A Second Life for Olympic Stadiums

Figure 7.26 Interior Perspective _ Hotel Room

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Design for Tomorrow: A Second Life for Olympic Stadiums

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Figure 7.27 Section Perspective,Olympics

wa y

roa d

ca ete sti ng Tra ini Ro ng om Fa s cil ity

Ath l

dia

ito

Vis

rea /Lo bb rA y rea Sp ec tat or Am Co nc en es itie sio s To ns pT /R es ier tau Se ran ati ng ts /C VIP irc ula Su ite tio s n

nW alk

tria

ke tin

Tic

Pe d

Stadium, Olympic

ity

ion

lat

gle

gF ac il

bin

lim

Ro c

Cir cu

ion

lat

bin

lim

Cir cu

de or

tdo

Lo b

Se ati

rR oc

Ind

nc e/

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tdo

wa y

nW alk

tria

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Stadium, Post-Olympic

Figure 7.28 Section Perspective,Post-Olympics

Design for Tomorrow: A Second Life for Olympic Stadiums

Section, Olympic

Section,Post-Olympic

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Figure 7.29 Section,Olympics

Figure 7.30 Section,Post-Olympics

Design for Tomorrow: A Second Life for Olympic Stadiums

Figure 7.31 Sectional Perspective, Olympics

Figure 7.32 Sectional Perspective, Post-Olympics_1

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The most attractive and crucial

As explained previously, the columns

component of the design is its ephemeral roof

that host the top tier of seating are designed

design. Figure 7.31 shows the typical structure

to be demolished along with the seats. These

(in red) and spaces. The roof features one

sectional perspectives demonstrate the

compression ring and three small tension

various uses and purpose supplementary to

rings. High-strength cables are used to

its obvious structural application. Figures 7.32,

connect the rims creating a â&#x20AC;&#x153;Compression

7.34 and 7.35 portray the variation of column

Ringâ&#x20AC;? as illustrated in Figure 7.33.

uses and how they help recreate and redefine space.

Figure 7.33 Roof Structure

Design for Tomorrow: A Second Life for Olympic Stadiums

Installation art is an artistic genre

Art increases functionality of a space hence

of three dimensional works that are often

increasing attendance of any given location.

site-specific and designed to transform the

Art and Music can transform any dull space

perception of a space. A considerable example

into a lively, attractive place.

is â&#x20AC;&#x153;The Beachâ&#x20AC;? by Snarkitecture. The beach is

an interactive installation that transforms the

various art installation that can transform the

National Building Museum into a beach filled

plain pedestrian walkway into a journey of

with thousands of clear plastic balls.

space. Figure 7.32 shows an open installation

Figures 7.32, 7.34 and 7.35 illustrate

integrating the columns.

Figure 7.34 Sectional Perspective, Post-Olympics_2

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Figures 7.34 and 7.35 illustrate the

space once the columns have been removed. The installation can transform the space into a covered walkway which may become a permanant design element to increase usage of the walkway which provides a view onto

Archtiecture is like frozen music capturing

a time, a place and energy.

the feild as well as into the city.

Figure 7.35 Sectional Perspective, Post-Olympics_3 Design for Tomorrow: A Second Life for Olympic Stadiums

Figure 8.00 Detroit Ruins

Chapter 8: Final Exhibition

Hosting the Olympic Games has a significant imp community. The tangible infrastructure and the ver catalyst for the evolution and rejuvenation of the ci in the community through economic and social influ not only to design an aechitectectural icon but to d to it’s users while creating a legacy.

The goal is to effectively host the Olympics wit economic and contextual aspects of the host city w a white elephant. The design of the stadium implications of the games and extend the life span gentrification and the possibility of the typical white debt associated with the host of the Olympics.

This thesis explores the design process of a typic design and structural components to effectively d Stadiums that can utilize the permanent structur Post-Olympics while reusing the portable elements

Design for Tomorrow

A Second Life for Olympic Stadiums

Cost of the Olympics

Proximate Transit -Easy public transport

Montreal 1976 Montreal 1976 Moscow 1980 Moscow 1980

1988 SeoulSeoul 1988 Barcelona 1992 Barcelona 1992 Atlanta 1996 Atlanta 1996 Sydney 2000 Sydney 2000

Beijing 2008 Beijing 2008

Cost of the Games

London 2012 London 2012

Permanent Redevelopment Munich Train Station - 1972

Turner Field - 1996

Frequency -Businesses -Lively public -High Number of Events and life -Free Programs -All Age Inclusion -Different Time-Lines

Athens 2004 Athens 2004

CenturyLink Field Deconstruction

Innovation Task | Size |Space

1,500 Feet

Bid

Con

Place

Social

Olympics Programs

New Jobs

Economical

Environmental

r ta i n m e n t

09 10

14 11

16 09

15 ROCK CLIMBING LASER TAG MINI-GOLF ARCADE BOWLING ALLEY ROPE COURSE THEATER DAY CARE CYBER CAFE URBAN FARMING LIBRARY GYM CAFE RESTAURANT SHOPPING

14 13

n ti

on Se

t-U p

Legacy Mode

Column to Col

16 09

15 ROCK CLIMBING LASER TAG MINI-GOLF THEATRE BOWLING ALLEY ROPE COURSE HOTEL ROOMS COFFEE SHOP BAR ARTISAN APARTMENT LIBRARY GYM CYBER CAFE RESTAURANT SHOPPING

14 13

Infrastructure Tax Payer Dollars New Public Transport Redevelopment

16 MECHANICAL/STORAGE 15 ADMINISTRATION MEDIA BROADCASTING ATHLETES AREA SUITES CONCESSION OUTDOOR SPACE

Post-Olympics

Physical Space

Tourism International Partnerships

E n te

Creating Value

Psychological

Exp

n uctio str

rt /

3,500 Feet

Const i D es

nce erie

Adaptable Program | Space

Vacant To Vibrant

nce erie xp

tion ruc

D es

Design Fundamentals

Function Program | Idea

Flexible Form | Function

Bid

Field

1,300 Feet

Beijing Water Cube - 2008

The Olympic Games have a significant impact on the Host City and it’s community. As designers, the goal is not only design an architectectural icon but to design it in a way that responds to it’s users while creating a legacy.

Design for Tomorrow

Athens Olympic Stadium- 2004

Athens Volleyball Court- 2004

Pedestrian-Friendly -Safety -Slow Moving Traffic -Interesting businesses -Lively streets

Los Angeles 1984 Los Angeles 1984

Creating A Second Life

c Tra

Heli Shah Scott Singeisen ARCH Thesis 798 & 799 Spring 2016

Integration with Street Grid -No pedestrian barriers -Human-scaled

Cost Loss Profit

Life Aft

ity Park

Positive Social

International Market Exposure City Rejuvenation White Elephants

Environment Economy

Reuse (Existing Venues) Reuse(Olympic Venues)

Negative

Globalization International Trade Multiculturalism

PTFE-Coated Glass Fabric

Cable supported Tension Rings Compression Ring

Gentrification Diversity

Top Seating Tier

Millennial Athletes

More Than A Stadium

Retractable Seating

The tangible infrastructure and the vernacular architecture acts as a catalyst for the evolution and rejuvenation of the city which leaves a lasting mark through it’s economic and social influence.

Concrete Panel Facade

w Flo

Pu bli c

lar

utes Ro

Tra ffic

Veh icu

rks Pa

Ped es

Pu bli c

Steel Column and Beam

te Rou an tri

ute t Ro nsi Tra

Olympic Stadium Sectional Perspective

Investigating Adaptability

This thesis explo Stadiums that c Olympics. The d stadium comple activate the com

Figure 8.01 Final Exhibition Board

100

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pact on the Host City and itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rnacular architecture acts as a ity which leaves a lasting mark uence. As designers, the goal is design a legacy that responds

thout threatening the social, while leaving a legacy instead of should amplify the positive of the venue while minimizing e elephant venue and national

cal stadium and modifies the design a prototype of Olympic re for community enrichment for the next Olympics.

4 1

Olympic Games VIP Suite

5 3

Olympic Stadium Transverse Section

lumn Connection

fter The Games

Post - Olympic Transverse Section Wide Flange Column Connection to Floor

Curtain Wall Detail

Slant Beam Connection

Hollow Core Slab on Steel Beam

Lightweight Steel Framing

The city should effectively be able to host the Olympics without threatening the social, economic and contextual aspects of the host city while leaving a legacy instead of a white elephant. The design of the stadium amplifies the positive implications of the games and extend the life span of the venue while minimizing gentrification and the possibility of the typical white elephant venue and national debt associated with the host of the Olympics.

Post -Olympic / Hotel Room Renovation

Olympic Games Sectional Perspective

Post-Olympic Sectional Perspective // Art Installation

ores the design process of a typical stadium and modifies the design and structural components to create a prototype of Olympic can utilize the permanent structure for community enrichment Post-Olympics while reusing the portable elements for the next design is based on the flexibility of spaces that are formed with the typical column and beam grid system. This system makes the etely adaptable for reuse because each space can be transformed into several different programs which respond to the users to mmunity while increasing value of the architecture for the residents.

Post-Olympic Sectional Perspective// Terrace Canopy

Post-Olympic / Rock Climbing and Rope Course

Design for Tomorrow: A Second Life for Olympic Stadiums

101

Conclusion

102

In 2016, the Games of the thirty-first

achieved by cities causing a reduced amount

Olympiad were completed in Rio de Janeiro.

of interest in participation of hosting the

Since 1896, the Summer Olympics have

Games. This Thesis provides an alternate

been hosted in 23 different cities resulting in

ending to the fate of Olympic Venues, the

28 Olympic Stadiums. Some of the Olympic

Stadium in particular by providing examples

Stadiums are being reused by local sporting

of reuse for interior and exterior spaces.

teams while the other iconic venues are

The thesis focuses on the preparation of

abandoned and in ruins.

All host cities

Post-Olympic adaptation during the design

have an agenda of affairs they focus on

phase as opposed to after construction.

altering while preparing for the Games like

The

their transportation system, infrastructure

programmatic analysis and demographics

or the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s image in order to attract a large

all contributed to the design of the stadium

global audience and guarantee visitors

while the site selection mostly contributed

Post-Olympics. While cities focus on their

to the Post-Olympic design and program

cumbersome Olympic Parks, waterfronts

compilation.

and other impressive attractions, they often

overlook the connection of the venues to

adaptive architecture while using the Olympic

the community. Previous host cities like

Games as an example since abandonment of

Atlanta, London and Rio de Janeiro have

stadiums is becoming a pattern. During the

used the Olympics as a catalyst to jumpstart

progression of this thesis, many opportunities

revitalization of their cities. Gentrification,

for flexibility, adaptation and restoration arose

economic

environmental

that would assist a variety of architecture

casualties are among the topmost burdens

but the constant struggle and hindrance for

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failure

and

materiality,

construction

strategy,

This Thesis is about the larger picture of

renovation is cost. While cost is still plays an

Understanding the need of a permanent venue

active role in rejuvenation of any city, this

for the host city and using temporary venues

thesis expands of the missed opportunities

instead will lower cost, acreage required, and

of adaptation, especially in stadiums. Millions

white elephants in the long term. Those funds

of dollars are spent on various Olympic

can be used for renovation of the stadium

venues and Billions of dollars are spent on

which will benefit the community and the city.

the design and construction of Olympic

This thesis demonstrates how the design

Stadium alone. Understanding the need of

and structure can accommodate a variety of

the host city and discussing the requirement

functions and how to adapt new programs

of all the additional Olympic venues can help

within the permanent framework. The thesis

determine the requirement of permanent

is an opportunity to examine the importance

stadium.

of iconic architecture while using past stadium and cities as an example to design for the future of the city.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;As an architect, you design for the present with an awareness of the past for a future which is essentially unknown.â&#x20AC;?

- Norman Foster Design for Tomorrow: A Second Life for Olympic Stadiums

103

Figure 8.02 Final Exhibition

104

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Design for Tomorrow: A Second Life for Olympic Stadiums

105

Figure 8.03 Final Exhibition Model, Olympics

106

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Figure 8.04 Final Exhibition Model, Post-Olympics

Design for Tomorrow: A Second Life for Olympic Stadiums

107

Figure 8.05 Final Exhibition Model

108

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Figure 8.06 Final Exhibition Model

Design for Tomorrow: A Second Life for Olympic Stadiums

109

End Notes The Olympic Museum Educational and Cultural Services. Ed. © IOC, The Olympic Museum, Lausanne 3rd Edition, 2013. The Olympic Games in Antiquity (2013): n. pag. Web.

1896 First modern Olympic Games. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.history.com/

Hurley, Michael. The World’s Most Amazing Stadiums. Chicago, IL: Raintree, 2012. Print.

International Olympic Committee. (n.d.). FACTSHEET LONDON 2012 FACTS & FIGURES. Retrieved from stillmed.olympic.org

No Boston Olympics [Website]. (n.d.). Retrieved fromwww.nobostonolympics.org

Olympic Stadium . (n.d.). Retrieved from www.ballparksofbaseball.com

Provoost, Michelle. The Stadium: The Architecture of Mass Sport. Rotterdam: NAi, 2000. Print.

London Stadium. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.queenelizabetholympicpark.co.uk

Sheard, Rod, Robert Powell, and Patrick Bingham-Hall. The Stadium: Architecture for the New Global Culture. Singapore, North Clarendon, VT: Periplus, 2005. Print.

Kahn, M. (n.d.). How Atlanta’s Olympic Venues are Faring, 20 Years Later. Retrieved from www. atlanta.curbed.com 110

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Blias, John N. “Proof of Memory Lies in Architecture.” POST Magazine. N.p., 8 Mar. 2012. Web. 9 Mar. 2016.

Weber, Peter. “The Rise and Fall of Detroit: A Timeline.” The Week. N.p., 19 July 2013. Web. 12 Jan. 2016.

Jenkins, Sally. “For the Displaced of Rio, ‘The Olympics Has Nothing to Do with Our Story’”The Washington Post. WP Company, 7 Aug. 2015. Web. 10 Feb. 2016.

Moreland, James. “Detroit Is an Example of Everything That Is Wrong with Our Nation | Economy In Crisis.” Economy In Crisis RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Oct. 2016.

Reindl, JC. “Olympic Dreaming: Could Detroit Ever Host the Games?” Detroit Free Press. N.p., 18 Aug. 2015. Web. 12 Dec. 2015.

Bayer, Charlene, Dr., and Russell Gentry, Dr. “AIA Guide to Building Life Cycle: Assessment in Practice.” (n.d.): n. pag. The American Institute of Architects. Web.

Malkoutzis, Nick. “How the 2004 Olympics Triggered Greece’s Decline.” www.bloomberg.com. N.p., 2 Aug. 2012. Web.

Newcomb, Tim. “From Stadium to … What? The 7 Best Repurposed Stadiums.” Sports Illustrated. N.p., 5 Nov. 2014. Web

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Mirror.co.uk. “London 2012: Olympics Stadium Facts and Figures.” Mirror. 23 Jan. 2012. Web.

MacLeod, Finn. “Salvaged Stadium: Harvard GSD Student Yaohua Wang’s Proposal for PostOlympic Adaptation.” ArchDaily. 23 Nov. 2014. Web.

Etkin, Jaimie. “London Olympics 2012 Ratings: Most Watched Event In TV History.” The Huffington Post. theHuffingtonPost.com, 13 Oct. 2012. Web.

London Legacy Development Corporation. “London Stadium.” The Stadium | Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park. N.p., n.d. Web.

Munsey, Paul and Cory Suppes. “2004 Athens Olympic Stadium. “ BALLPARKS. Accessed October 20, 2015.

“Ancient Olympic Games.” Olympic.org. Accessed October 12, 2015. http://www.olympic.org.

“The Olympic Games in Antiquity.” Olympic.org. Accessed October 11, 2015. http://www.olympic. org

“The Modern Olympic Games.” Olympic.org. Accessed October 11, 2015. http://www.olympic.org

Muldoon, Kevin. “Stadiums of the Olympiads: A Look at Interesting Olympic Stadiums.” Noupe. July 13, 2012. Accessed October 11, 2015. 112

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Munsey, Paul and Cory Suppes. “1900 Paris Olympic Stadium. “ BALLPARKS. Accessed October 20, 2015.

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