Residential Area, and the continuation of the excavations at the graveyard. The members of the team were Dr Marcello Piperno, Dr Maurizio Tosi and Dr Sandro 'Salvatori, field directors; Mr M.A. Bayani and Mr S.M. Sajjadi from the Iranian Centre for ArchaeologicalResearch; Prof. Giovanni De Marco, geobotanist and palaeoecologist; Prof. E. Pardini, physical anthropologist, assisted by Mr Ali Sururi Negahban from the University of Tehran; Dr Bruno Compagnoni, zoologist, assisted by Misses Farideh Meschi and Zara Asadi from the Department of Environmental Conservation.
the possibility of widening the excavation area and leave the answer to future investigation. The emptying of the wells gave us a series of noteworthy indications (figs. 9-14). In particular, pottery of fine, fair1y pure ware, yellowish-green in colour with a thick surface and tiny burnished striations. It belongs for the most part to small, pot-bellied jugs with a flat base or to ovoid jugs with an undecorated flat or disk base (figs. 9, 13), some clear1y derived from metal prototypes (fig. lO). This pottery is completely lacking in the Period I levels, Le. in the levels which we believe to be late Sassanian and of the very first years of the Hegira. This ware probably carne into use at Isfahan between the end of the 8th and the beginning .of the 9th centuries, in which period the wells were alI systematically filled in and closed. We must note that the pottery from the welIs and from all the pre-mosque levels is made up almost exclusively of unglazed ware, with very few exceptions which come from a welI containing the fragments of a plate and a bowl of Mesopotamiantype white-glazed ware (fig. 12) and the fragments of a jug of green-glazed ware with . barbotine decoration (fig. 11). The substantial lack of glazed pottery in alI of the pre-mosque levels, 'not only in the earlier ones which we maintain to be late Sassanian, but also in the proto-Islamic levels, with the aforesaid exceptions, makes us think that the hypostyle mosque of Arab type. which can still be appreciated must have reached its present extent no later than the mid9th century. It is quite possible that it must be recognized as the mosque which, according to Abii Nu.aym and al-Mafarriibi, was rebuilt in 226 H./840-841 A.D., during the caliphate of al-Mu.tasim, in pIace of the old, probably smaller one founded by the Arab§ of llran in 156 H./772-773 A.D. Upon thecompletion of our work,~having performed the appropriate linking-up operations between the foundations of the pillars, it was decided that a part of the area already explored (fig. 7), Le. that corresponding to the eastern part ofthe north portico, shou1d be filled in with sand, in order to facilitate possible investigations
in the future.
The settlement and its environment. The ground survey of Shahr-i Sokhta carried out by Dr Tosi and Mr Sajjadi in December, 1974, was completed in the first two weeks of the campaign. It has been established that the site of Shahr-i Sokhta extends over a surface of approximately 151 hectares of which 21.30 should be ascribed to the graveyard, which extends across the total east-west length of the settlement. Both settlement and graveyard were sited on top of a Pliocene terrace. The task of the geographer has been to establish the position of this terrace within the generaI system of terracing established by German geographèrs five years ago in Afghanistan. As a result it appears that the town developed on top of ihe Ram Riid terrace; which represents the second stage of rejuvenation for the Hilmand delta and that farming activity was concentrated to the east of the site in an extensive areareached by the terminal branches of the proto-historic deltaic system. This area is characterized, nowadays, by a flat clay plain on which survive boat-shaped, wind-eroded hilIocks technicalIy termed yardangs. These "represent the remains of the subsequent terracing after Ram Riid and are termed Nimruz. -In other words, the settlement of Shahr-i Sokhta was established between the ~Ram Riid stage and the ... Nimruz one. In the 3rd millennium B.e.
the delta was flowing at the level of the Nimruz yardangs,and to avoid flood erosion or occupation of arable land settlements were primarily established on top of the surviving Ram Riid flats, which must have risen approximately 7 m. above the flat plain of the time. The combined action of unidirectional winds and a surface per'colating water have eroded the Niriiruz terraces, lèavingthe yardangsas the,only remnants. Severa! 'very small sites,mostly contemporary wit& the 3rd-millenniùm. phases at Shahr-i Sokhtahave been recovered by sectioning thé top of the yardangs. This emphasizesthe importance of such a preliminary geologicalinvestigatiòn for all future research on settlement pattern and distributiòn.
.
Shahr-i Sokhta The seventh campaign of excavations at Shahr-i ,
Sokhta was~carri~d but underthe'leadérship'Of
, Prof. Umberto Scerrato -from' Septeniber 2 to Deceriiber 1, 1975. The primary aims of -the campaign were the complete survey of the'sitewith a first outline of its geological history, and the environmental set-up, the extensive stratigraphical testing of the earliest period at the Eastern
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