CORSO DI PALETNOLOGIA A.A. 2012-13
LEZIONE 2 3 OTTOBRE 2012
Denis Diderot (1713-1784 )
Jean le Rond d'Alembert (1717–1783)
Erasmus Darwin
James Watt
THE LUNAR SOCIETY 1765-1791
Joseph Priestly
Matthew Boulton
Josiah Wedgewood
ADAM SMITH 1723-1790
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
Carl Nilsson Linnaeus 1707-1778
La Classificazione Scientifica degli Organismi Viventi
Il merito maggiore di Linneo fu la definizione e l'introduzione nel 1753 della nomenclatura binomiale nel sistema di classificazione delle piante e degli animali. Con questo metodo tassonomico a ciascun organismo sono attribuiti due nomi (in origine in latino): il primo si riferisce al Genere di appartenenza dell'organismo stesso ed è uguale per tutte le specie che condividono alcuni caratteri principali (nomen genericum); il secondo termine designa la Specie propriamente detta (nome triviale o nome specifico). La portata dell’innovazione fu enorme; precedentemente alla nomenclatura binomiale il sistema di nomenclatura era semplicemente basato su un'estesa descrizione di ogni pianta, in latino, per i caratteri distintivi ritenuti di rilievo, in modo del tutto arbitrario, da ogni classificatore.
Moscerino della frutta (Drosophila melanogaster) Dominio
Eukaryota
Regno
Animalia
Phylum
Arthropoda
Classe
Insecta
Ordine
Diptera
Famiglia
Drosophilidae
Genere
Drosophila
Specie
D. melanogaster
Alexander von Humboldt 1769-1859
Humboldt & Bonpland: viaggi di esplorazione nell’America Spagnola 1799-1804
Humboldte eBonpland Bonplandalsull’ Orinoco (1800) Humboldt Chimborazo (1802)
CHIMBORAZO, Ecuador
da Alexander von Humboldt, Geography of Plants, 1807.
Ernst Haeckel 1834 - 1919
LA ROTONDA DELLA BRITISH LIBRARY
IL GRANDE SCIOPERO DI CHICAGO 1 MAGGIO 1884
Morgan, Henry (1818-1881) American scholar, ethnographer, archeologist and historian of primitive society. Author of the book Ancient Society, published in London in 1877, which was the inspiration for F. Engels' The Origins of the Family and State, appeared seven years later.
CINESE
EGIZIANO GEROGLIFICO
LATINO
CUNEIFORME
ORIGINE E DIFFUSIONE DELLA SCRITTURA
GUSTAV KOSSINNA 1858-1932
VÖLKERWANDERUNG
KULTURKREISE
VENCE GORDON CHILDE 1892-1857
INNOVATION & SUBSIDY
DIVISIONS OF LABOR IN PREHISTORIC SOCIETIES GENDER and AGE
HOUSEHOLD TEAMS SMALL HUNTING & FISHING
TRAPPING
COLLECTING
LONG-RANGE TEAMS BIG HUNTING
HONEY FUEL SMALLER ANIMALS BIRDS INSECTS
KEEPING OF ANIMALS &CUBS
CAPTURE OF ANIMALS & CUBS
TRANSFORMATIONS & FOOD PROCESSING
REPTILES CRUSTACEANS NOTE: Household Teams exploit the surroundings of residential sites, moving in radical directions with Daylight trips to collect a broad spectrum of resources to meet standard food and fuel requirements. Within the site they work continuously looking after all material needs of the group,including the keeping of stocks and reserves.
WINTER
PROTECTION & SCOUTING
BIG FISHING
STOCKING
PLANTS
MOLLUSCS
SEASONS
EXCHANGE & TRADING COLLECTING OF DISTANT RESOURCES
SUMMER TRANSITIONS
W S
S
W
NOTE: Transitions indicate the periods when the group moves between Winter and Summer quarters and back. By camping in strategic locations many collateral resources could be exploited during the journey from decentralized ecological niches, along different optional pathways. Target-oriented survey works have made possible to detect these smaller campsites in different parts of the world.
NOTE: Long Range Teams exploit different environmental niches in local and distant territories, including food resources from big game as well as materials required for the making of tools, ornaments, rituals and processing of foods (e.g. salt). Higher mobility implies their primary involvement in scouting, exchanges and transport. Since their work is far more discontinuous than the Household Teams, LRT have longer idle periods in between that can be invested in political negotiations, ideological elaborations ritual performances, and eventually new manufacturing activities.