LEZIONE 2 LM 2012 2013

CORSO DI PALETNOLOGIA A.A. 2012-13

LEZIONE 2 3 OTTOBRE 2012

Denis Diderot (1713-1784 )

Jean le Rond d'Alembert (1717–1783)

Erasmus Darwin

James Watt

THE LUNAR SOCIETY 1765-1791

Joseph Priestly

Matthew Boulton

Josiah Wedgewood

ADAM SMITH 1723-1790

Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)

Carl Nilsson Linnaeus 1707-1778

La Classificazione Scientifica degli Organismi Viventi

Il merito maggiore di Linneo fu la definizione e l'introduzione nel 1753 della nomenclatura binomiale nel sistema di classificazione delle piante e degli animali. Con questo metodo tassonomico a ciascun organismo sono attribuiti due nomi (in origine in latino): il primo si riferisce al Genere di appartenenza dell'organismo stesso ed è uguale per tutte le specie che condividono alcuni caratteri principali (nomen genericum); il secondo termine designa la Specie propriamente detta (nome triviale o nome specifico).

La portata dell’innovazione fu enorme; precedentemente alla nomenclatura binomiale il sistema di nomenclatura era semplicemente basato su un'estesa descrizione di ogni pianta, in latino, per i caratteri distintivi ritenuti di rilievo, in modo del tutto arbitrario, da ogni classificatore.

Moscerino della frutta (Drosophila melanogaster) Dominio

Eukaryota

Regno

Animalia

Phylum

Arthropoda

Classe

Insecta

Ordine

Diptera

Famiglia

Drosophilidae

Genere

Drosophila

Specie

D. melanogaster

Alexander von Humboldt 1769-1859

Humboldt & Bonpland: viaggi di esplorazione nell’America Spagnola 1799-1804

Humboldte eBonpland Bonplandalsull’ Orinoco (1800) Humboldt Chimborazo (1802)

CHIMBORAZO, Ecuador

da Alexander von Humboldt, Geography of Plants, 1807.

Ernst Haeckel 1834 - 1919

LA ROTONDA DELLA BRITISH LIBRARY

IL GRANDE SCIOPERO DI CHICAGO 1 MAGGIO 1884

Morgan, Henry (1818-1881) American scholar, ethnographer, archeologist and historian of primitive society. Author of the book Ancient Society, published in London in 1877, which was the inspiration for F. Engels' The Origins of the Family and State, appeared seven years later.

CINESE

EGIZIANO GEROGLIFICO

LATINO

CUNEIFORME

ORIGINE E DIFFUSIONE DELLA SCRITTURA

GUSTAV KOSSINNA 1858-1932

VÖLKERWANDERUNG

KULTURKREISE

VENCE GORDON CHILDE 1892-1857

INNOVATION & SUBSIDY

DIVISIONS OF LABOR IN PREHISTORIC SOCIETIES GENDER and AGE

HOUSEHOLD TEAMS SMALL HUNTING & FISHING

TRAPPING

COLLECTING

LONG-RANGE TEAMS BIG HUNTING

HONEY FUEL SMALLER ANIMALS BIRDS INSECTS

KEEPING OF ANIMALS &CUBS

CAPTURE OF ANIMALS & CUBS

TRANSFORMATIONS & FOOD PROCESSING

REPTILES CRUSTACEANS NOTE: Household Teams exploit the surroundings of residential sites, moving in radical directions with Daylight trips to collect a broad spectrum of resources to meet standard food and fuel requirements. Within the site they work continuously looking after all material needs of the group,including the keeping of stocks and reserves.

WINTER

PROTECTION & SCOUTING

BIG FISHING

STOCKING

PLANTS

MOLLUSCS

SEASONS

EXCHANGE & TRADING COLLECTING OF DISTANT RESOURCES

SUMMER TRANSITIONS

W S

S

W

NOTE: Transitions indicate the periods when the group moves between Winter and Summer quarters and back. By camping in strategic locations many collateral resources could be exploited during the journey from decentralized ecological niches, along different optional pathways. Target-oriented survey works have made possible to detect these smaller campsites in different parts of the world.

NOTE: Long Range Teams exploit different environmental niches in local and distant territories, including food resources from big game as well as materials required for the making of tools, ornaments, rituals and processing of foods (e.g. salt). Higher mobility implies their primary involvement in scouting, exchanges and transport. Since their work is far more discontinuous than the Household Teams, LRT have longer idle periods in between that can be invested in political negotiations, ideological elaborations ritual performances, and eventually new manufacturing activities.