Social narrative Redevelopment of Mosul, Iraq
لصوملا، قارعلا AL-MAWSIL, Ale-Iraq MOSUL, IRAQ Name: Himali Hareshbhai Jajal
Tutor: Gregory Missingham
Student ID: 1048659
Studio 12: Wicked Issues _ Wicked Deliberations
Contents
Thesis Statement The wicked Issue: Thesis elaboration
Research
Concept design
Because I am seeing the unseen. Because I am hearing the unheard. Because I am touching the invisible.
Precedent Studies
My mind is relentless. I see no good, I see bad. Terror, Fear, despair. Sadness, Isolation, Uncertainty.
Design
This is my displaced mind, body and soul.
Bibliography 

Hypothesis Mosul, Iraq's second biggest city, went through a war in the name of religion, where the remains are scarred buildings and people. Currently, the renovation is done through repairing the brickwork of the city, neglecting the cultural identity of people and places. However, this can be enhanced through the manifestation of memories. This thesis explores social narrative, the manifestation of lost emotions, identities and culture, to oppose religious war. This is facilitated, partially through re-purposing some of Mosul's sacred architecture to accommodate and celebrate socio-cultural places (Hammam, Garden, Playground, Theatre, Market). Thus, commemorating the suffering and aiding to people's memories.
'The people here have lost trust in everything' Mosul resident in an interview
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
Elaboration of the wicked issue
The poem Let there be home with manifested memory, good and bad. Let there be new atmosphere with different emotions. Let there be an experience and identity, in and through space. Let there be a new city for a new soul.
From being refugees in exile from their own city, citizens of Mosul are now returnees, but to an alien world, missing identity, and lost culture and scarred personal memory. Architecture and humanity have found a new enemy in the name of ISIS, which has destroyed numerous religious buildings, monuments, and homes in various regions. One such example of this situation is Mosul, Iraq.
Because I am seeing the unseen. Because I am hearing the unheard. Because I am touching the invisible.
Years of instability and ethnic and religious violence have reshaped the demographic characteristics of Mosul, and have significantly affected the stability of its local government , public institutions, and economic establishments. Armed groups controlled the city throughout the decade, its infrastructure and services deteriorated, its public institutions are destroyed and its cultural past and cultural heritage sadly erased.
My mind is relentless. I see no good, I see bad.
The minority groups of the city, and many others, were forcefully relocated and displaced, and ISIS destroyed their abandoned property.
Terror, Fear, despair. Sadness, Isolation, Uncertainty.
But once the war is over, former inhabitants are returning.
This is my displaced mind, body and soul.
UNESCO and UNHabitat, are working towards the renovation of the city Mosul, Iraq. Is just putting brick back to broken, wounded building is appropriate for the city and the people that survived?
Left my city For the enemy that took my city Came back to my city, For the city that survived the enemy.3
The significance of place is to be found in the grounding experience of a place and this relationship derives from the very nature of human thought, experience and identity established in and through place. As experience moulds a person, that very same experience also moulds a person's notion of life. Experience such as displacement from locality and one's own environment has a significant impact on a person and it is different amongst age groups and genders, The displacement is caused by numerous factors, such as war, conflict and violence. This violence and war impacts the city itself, physically and mentally. In mosul, the war started when ISIS proclaimed the creation of Al-Nuri Mosque. I aim to oppose this religious war through the manifestation of the memory.
I see a home. But it is not the same.
We identify ourselves with a particular space, a place, or a moment. This identification is a memory of a place that has a social and a physical context to it. To enhance this socio-physical context, some of the sacred architecture of Mosul is redefined through the social narrative of place. The social narrative of place is identified with the programs such as hammam (public bath), garden, playground, amphi-theatre, market and many more. For us these programs might not be as important as it is for the people of Mosul who are fighting for the rights to live a normal life. These socio-cultural activities will aid people's memories.
I have a life. But it is not the same.
I see a city. But it is not the same.
Is putting brick back to my broken home an answer! Is putting brick back to my broken city an answer! Is putting brick back to my broken dream an answer! Let there be a universe of dreams to inhabit the home. Let there be a lost symbol to collect my dreams. Let there be an emotion to express that was dreamt and lost.
. Malpas, J. (2018). Place and experience : a philosophical topography (Second edition. ed.): Routledge. . UNHabitat. (2016). CITY PROFILE OF MOSUL, IRAQ [Ebook]. Retrieved from https:// reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/UN-Habitat_MosulCityProfile_V5.pdf . UNHabitat. (2016). CITY PROFILE OF MOSUL, IRAQ [Ebook]. Retrieved from https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/UN-Habitat_MosulCityProfile_V5.pdf . Three years after its liberation, Mosul is on the rise. (2020). Retrieved 20 August 2020, from https://en.unesco.org/news/three-years-after-its-liberation-mosulrise . Malpas, J. (2018). Place and experience : a philosophical topography (Second edition. ed.): Routledge.
. ISIS (Islamic states) is referred as an enemy . Three years after its liberation, Mosul is on the rise. (2020). Retrieved 20 August 2020, from https://en.unesco.org/news/three-years-after-its-liberation-mosul-rise . Bachelard, G., & Jolas, M. (2014). The poetics of space (New edition. ed.): Penguin Books.
Mosul city After 2 and a half year of IS invasion, the war ended in January 2017 But the war against IS, ruined the city centre and made thousands of people displaced from the city.
Affected area
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Mosul city
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Figure 01
Terror, Fear, despair. Sadness, Isolation, Uncertainty. Thousands of people were displaced. Hundred of people were killed, some
Mosul city section before the war 1m
5m
10m
Mosul city section after the war 1m
5m
10m
Mosul city section before the war 1m
5m
10m
Mosul city section after the war 1m
5m
10m
Mosul city section after the war 1m
5m
10m
Under the ISIS rule, women were forced to wear a burka as opposed to hijab, and men were forced to keep a certain hairstyle.
UNESCO and UNHabitat, are working towards the renovation of the city Mosul, Iraq. However, is putting brick back to broken, wounded building is appropriate or sufficient for the city and the people that survived?
. UNHabitat. (2016). CITY PROFILE OF MOSUL, IRAQ [Ebook]. Retrieved from https:// reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/UN-Habitat_MosulCityProfile_V5.pdf . Three years after its liberation, Mosul is on the rise. (2020). Retrieved 20 August 2020, from https://en.unesco.org/news/three-years-after-its-liberation-mosul-rise
Response: By re-purposing some of Mosul's sacred spaces, a subtle opposition is shown towards the religious war. For that I have selected a portion of the city of old Mosul. And, four sites are selected in the portion. 1. Al - Nuri Mosque 2. Al-Nabi Jarjis Shrine 3. Catholic Church 4. Al-maqam al-iraqi The re-purposing of the sites are an effort to create a sense of association with the surrounding, city and people's memories. This exploration will become a guiding movement for the city.
4. Al-Maqam al-iraqi
3. Catholic Church 2. Al-Nabi Jarjis Shrine
1. Al-Nuri Mosque 10m
50m
100m
Memory and architecture: The ontology of architecture is two-fold: one is the essential physical elements of architecture, and the second is the engagement of place, a response, and a conversation with space. Moreover, this attention to the engagement of place is the connection to memory. (Malpas, 2012c) The memory of a place (Trigg, 2012) does have a surrounding context or a physical creation surrounding it. If this context has a particular character or a meaning attached, it helps to reinforce the memory. It is an unconscious attempt to build a sense of belonging with the environment, whether it is a landmark or a specific individuality of a space (sense of a place). (Malpas, 2018). A memory of a place can be evoked through components such as monuments, elements of nature, patterns (In this context Islamic motifs and patterns), Islamic symbolism, Materials. These comoponents combined with the geometry generates socio-cultural place with a meaning.
Geometry
Monuments
I
Elements
Patterns
Symbolism
II
III
IV
Materials
V
Memory
10m
I Monuments Monuments play an important role in the collective memory of people. They become an identity for the city. But when this monuments, it self, become a reason for war, one doubts the importance of it in the city. Design project Retaining the broken monuments of the site.
50m
100m
Garden
Water
Earth
Nature
Sky
II Elements and symbolism Various elements and symbols have played a significant role in the construction of Islamic architecture. These Elements are earth, sky, water primarily. Moreover, garden and nature(specific trees) are also found in Islamic architecture. Design project Combining these elements and generating the design.
Date-palm tree
Olive tree
Pine tree
Cypress tree
Juniper tree
Oak tree
Tamarisk tree
Walnut tree
Terebinth tree
Pomegranate tree
Grape vineyard
Pear tree
Fig tree
Quince tree
Ash tree
III Elements Trees Trees plays a significant role in the city. Even before the war, the old city of Mosul had no trees in the city. Here mentioned trees are found in the Iraqi region. Though, date palm is found the most in the region. Design project Significant use of trees throughout the site, and in the city itself.
IV Patterns Geometric patterns of the Islamic art and architecture represents the language, the notion of the (Cosmic) universe itself. Design project Using cosmic patterns to derive the geometry of the site.
V Material Traditionally brick is used in construction in Iraq. Use the rubble of the broken buildings of the city and cement to create building brick as opposed to the traditional brick renovation in the city which is almost 70 % the building material used. Design project Material to use throughout the new construction.
Social narrative programs To oppose this fight in the name of religion, associating those warscarred religious spaces with the memory of people. So, the association of emotions such as life, celebration, and death to those broken religious spaces comes into being.
Celebration
Non-Being
Death
Being
Life
Social narrative programs Further detailing down, some social activities that people of Mosul would like to have are as mentioned below. 1.Bathing (Public bath) 2. Rejuvenating 3. Playing 4. Performing 5. Remembering 6. Shopping
Bath
Remember
Rejuvenate
Perform
Play
Shop
Life
Celebration
Death
Social narrative programs
Activities
Bath
Rejuvenate
Play
Perform
Shop
Remember
Emotion
Forget
Contemplation
Rejoice
Freedom
Excitement
Remem-
Program
Hammam
Garden
Play-
Amphitheater
Market
Memorial
Social
Evocation of memory
Geometry
Axial
Cosmic
VI Geometry For the derivation of the geometry of the site and the evocation of memory (Using monuments, elements, patterns and motives, symbolism and material), three aspects are considered: 1. Social geometry 2. Axial Geometry 3. Cosmic Geometry
Hammam
Garden
Playground
Rejuvenation
Amphitheater
Market
Memorial
Private place (Hammam)
Public place
Connectivity
Public place (Garden)
Public place
Connectivity
Safety (Playground)
Public place
Connectivity
Openness (Amphitheater)
Public place
Connectivity
Openness (Market)
Public place
Connectivity
Experiential (Memorial)
Public place
Contemplation
Joy
Social Geometry
Blau spaces
Connectivity
Freedom
Excitement
Remembrance
Hammam
Forgetfulness
Linear (Hammam)
Garden
Rejuvenation
Crossing (Garden)
Playground
Joy
Axial Geometry
Metamorphosing spaces
Free-flowing (Playground)
Amphitheater
Freedom
Centrality (Amphitheater)
Market
Excitement
Openness (Market)
Memorial
Remembrance
Centric (Memorial)
Hammam
Forgetfulness
Linear (Hammam)
Garden
Contemplation
Crossing (Garden)
Playground
Joy
Cosmic Geometry
Metamorphosing spaces
Free-flowing (Playground)
Amphitheater
Freedom
Openness (Amphitheater)
Market
Excitement
Centrality (Market)
Memorial
Remembrance
Centric (Memorial)
Figure 02
Aldo Rossi _ Designing for memory San Cataldo _ Cemetery His process includes associating feeling people, atmosphere, and architecture to place and time, generating an event as a memory. (Rossi, 1981) For the project cemetery in Modena, he significantly associates the light passing through the center to a memory of the painting
Figure 03
Feelings
People
Atmosphere
Place
Time
Architecture
Figure 04
Event
Memory Figure 05
Tel aviv
_ Culture, Identity and Past
Precedent The City of Tel Aviv was designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2004, an example of blind following modernism. Today Tel Aviv's Hebrew city shines white in front of the desert, its Bauhaus-inspired architecture disowning few signs of what was before: Jaffa's Arab City. Tel Aviv is a modernist city, a so-called white city that has emerged from the supposed modernism while forgetting the cultural and architectural history, the real foundation, and Jaffa's total annihilation. (LeVine, 2005)
Figure 06
. Rotbard, S. (2015). White city, black city : architecture and war in Tel Aviv and Jaffa (MIT Press edition. ed.): Mit Press. . Centre, U. (2003). White City of Tel-Aviv – the Modern Movement. Retrieved, from http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1096 . LeVine, M. (2005). Overthrowing geography. [electronic resource] : Jaffa, Tel Aviv, and the struggle for Palestine, 1880-1948: University of California Press. Figure 07
Bairut
_ Urban and heritage conservation
Precedent Beirut is a region brimming with parallels. The new development is not just about ethnic differences and chaotic political conditions. After the civil war ended in 1990, it has been two decades; however, the city planning and negligence of war-scarred buildings or postwar architecture generate a question of the importance of culture and symbolic architecture.
Figure 08
. Rizk, Y. (2020). Beirut Post War Reconstruction- the case of the Grand Theater. . Springer, D., Minkjan, M., Sawaya, G., & Boer, R. (2020). The Value of a War-Scarred Ruin in Beirut - Failed Architecture. Retrieved 29 August 2020, from https://failedarchitecture.com/the-value-of-a-war-scarred-ruin-in-beirut/ Figure 09
Growing For the renovation of the city Mosul, the development can be done in phases. (In the hypothetical scenario where the residences, shops and other functions are redeveloping) Phase 1 Collection of the rubble and converting it into construction bricks, Phase 2 Identification of the potential site for the socio-cultural places. Phase 3 Development of the potential sites (My intervention) Phase 4 The socio-cultural intervention becomes the inspiration for other part of the city.
Phase I
Current proposal Collecting the rubble and debris from Mosul, and throwing it in the outskirts of the city. My proposal 1. Collecting the rubble and debris from Mosul. 2. New construction of Brick making factory. (In return, giving occupation to the displaced) 3. Transporting it to a site, and making new construction brick from it. 4. Brick being the 70% of the material used in the reconstruction, this new brick can be used instead.
Phase II idea Seedling of the Current proposal Renovating the city, by mere brick laying as it is. My proposal Taking the opportunity of the redevelopment to re-purpose some of the Mosul's sacred spaces to accommodate key community activities for the manifestation of lost emotions, identities and cultures, which will in turn, commemorate suffering and aid people's memories.
Program
Site 01
Site 02
Site 03
Site 04
Al-nuri Mosque
Al-nabi Jarjis Shrine
Catholic Church
Al-Maqam
Hammam
Garden
Playground
Amphitheater
Openness
Free-flowing
Concentric
Geometry
Environment
Private
Evocation of emotion
Forget
Contemplation
Rejoice
Freedom
Motive
Opposition
Social Retreat
Development
Platform to rise
10m
Phase III Response on sites
Applying conceptual ideas to the selected sites
50m
100m
Site 01 Al-Nuri Mosque Hammam (Public Bath) A hammam in a small area south to the Mosul, but it played a significant role, during the war and displacement. So for those fighters, it became a relaxing place where they could take a bath and go back to the battle. Hammam to the great mosque of al-Nuri, for the subtle opposition to what has happened because of a structure. Hammam has a rich cultural history in Iraq. It stands for medium of freedom where there is no rule on what to wear.
Hammam Program Entrance foyer Changing room W.C. Cold-bath place Warm-bath place Hot-bath place Massage areas Swimming area
1m
5m
10m
Site 01 Development Diagrams
01 Main axes through the mosque, other secondary axis
03 The cosmic geometry
02 More parallel axis
04. Development of the site
Site 01: Overview 1m
5m
10m
a’
c
c’
b
b’
Entrace for hammam
a
Site 01: Ground floor plan 1m
5m
10m
a’
a’
6.
6.
5.
6.
5.
4.
7.
c
c’
7.
c
c’
3.
8. b
2. b
b’
b’ a 1.
Entrance a
1. Entrance foyer 2. Changing room + WC 3. Cold Bath 4. Warm Bath 5.Hot Bath
5. Hot Bath 6. Massage area 7. Swimming area 8. Storage
Site 01: Underground floor plan 01 1m
5m
Site 01: Underground floor plan 02
10m
1m
5m
10m
1.
3.
1. Entrance foyer 3. Cold Bath
Site 01: Section aa'
1m
5m
10m
6.
5.
4.
3. 1.
1. Entrance foyer 2. Changing room + WC 3. Cold Bath 4. Warm Bath 5.Hot Bath 6. Massage area
Site 01: Section aa' 1m
5m
10m
4. Warm Bath
Site 01: Section bb' 1m
5m
10m
7. Swimming area
Site 01: Section cc' 1m
5m
10m
Skylights
Cold bath area
Semi open spaces
Semi open spaces
Swimming
Circulation
Heating circulation
Secondary entrance
Hot-bath For hammam
Warm-bath
Cold-bath Circulation
Circulation
Site 02 Al-Nabi jarjis shrine Garden A garden for the residential context, where people could go, sit and relax.
Site 02: 1m
5m
10m
Site 02 Development Diagrams
01 Main axes through the mosque, other secondary axis
03 The cosmic geometry
02 More parallel axis
04. Development of the site
Site 02: Overview 1m
5m
10m
a’
a
Site 02: Plan 1m
5m
10m
Site 02: Section aa' 1m
5m
10m
Site 03 Catholic church Playground Accommodation of a playground, opposite to a school that survived.
Site 03 1m
5m
10m
Site 02 Development Diagrams
01 Main axes through the mosque, other secondary axis
03 The cosmic geometry
02 More parallel axis
04. Development of the site
Site 03: Overview 1m
5m
10m
a
a’
Site 03: Plan 1m
5m
10m
School
Site 03: Section AA' 1m
5m
10m
Site 04 Maqam al-iraqi Performance space Accommodation of a Performance space for the freedom of speech, dancing singing.
Site 04 1m
5m
10m
Site 02 Development Diagrams
01 Main axes through the mosque, other secondary axis
03 The cosmic geometry
02 More parallel axis
04. Development of the site
Site 04: Overview 1m
5m
10m
07
08
05
06
03
04
02
a
01
02
a’
Artist entrance Public entrance 01. Amphitheatre 02. Storage room 03. Green room(Male) 04. Toilet (Male) 05. Administration office (Male) 06. Green room (Female) 07. Toilet (Female) 08. Administration office (Male)
Site 04: Plan 1m
5m
10m
Site 04: Section aa' 1m
5m
10m
Overview Growing tree throughout the city where possible 10m
50m
100m
Conclusion The project's exploration culminated into a guideline for the social fabric of the city Mosul. The designed socio-cultural language provides a sense of belonging for the people and enliven the once dead city. Some forgotten cultural practices such as hammam brings back the past, whereas small intervention such as garden, playground makes the life of people more cheerful. On the other hand, an amphitheatre allows the opportunity for the people to speak, write, sing, dance. With these interventions not only the way people live improve but also it evokes a certain memory. The hammam might remind some who were soldiers of Iraq military fighting against ISIS and taking a break to the near by hammam and again going back to the war. The garden may evoke cultural memory of Islamic garden, once prevalent throughout Islamic region and now dying because of a war. A child might not be aware of the idea of a memory, but childhood trauma affects the most, hence a small intervention of playground evokes a sense of safety and cheerfulness amongst children. Also, during the ISIS rules people were not allowed express themselves, not sing, nor dance. A platform to express themselves would aid into the positive memory of people. The learning through designing such programs in such a context, makes one appreciate the life that we have. For the future development of this project, I would like to explore other functions such as market, memorial, to better aid into people"s suffering every aspect.
Future development sites in old city Mosul
Figure 10
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Image references Figure 01: UNhabitat. INITIAL PLANNING FRAMEWORK FOR THE RECONSTRUCTION OF MOSUL [Ebook]. Retrieved from https://unhabitat.org/ sites/default/files/documents/2019-09/initial_planning-framework_mosul-update.pdf Figure 02: Akkach, S. (2005). Cosmology and Architecture in Pre-Modern Islam: An Architectural Reading of Mystical Ideas, SUNY Series in Islam, State University of New York Press. [293 pp.] [Academia.edu] Figure 03: https://medium.com/@heryantosalim/theory-101-aldo-rossis-collective-memory-1caa3e006069. (2020). [Figure]. Figure 04: https://medium.com/@heryantosalim/theory-101-aldo-rossis-collective-memory-1caa3e006069. (2020). [Figure].
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