ARCH9093: Integrated Urbanism Studio | Parramatta- Westmead 2050 by Himanshi Taneja

river parradigm

river tanvi varshney parradigm

srishti sharma

pankhuri srivastava

himanshi taneja

integrated urbanism studio 2020

river parradigm

The quality of the built environment has a significant impact on our daily lives, shaping who we are and what we become. Every object, place and matter acts as a problem solving tool that transforms an idea into reality. It’s always a difficult task to produce an idea that is acceptable by one and all, you’ll have to see if it caters to everyone’s needs and even so in doing that, you’ll still not achieve the perfect outcome. But you can come close, the more something is refined through what the true needs, goals and values are of everyone, the better the final outcome will be. Everything that translates into acceptable design is always most affected by how it’s going to be used by the people it’s meant for, and they decide if it’s a truly good design or not. It is an amalgamation of the natural landscape with all the necessary components, to weave a story that speaks to its people, by building on its identity and therefore encouraging custodianship of urban places.

integrated urbanism studio 2020

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this is us,

tanvi varshney

srishti sharma

pankhuri srivastava

himanshi taneja

480310509

480517784

470519264

480473929

Master of Urbanism (Urban Design)

integrated urbanism studio 2020

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contents introduction........................................................................................................................... 08 context....................................................................................................................................10 site............................................................................................................................................. 11 policy documents.......................................................................................................... 12 demographics.................................................................................................................. 14 analysis........................................................................................................................................ 16 understanding parramatta in GSR.................................................................. 18 swot economy...................................................................................................................20 swot transport...................................................................................................................24 swot livability......................................................................................................................28 swot sustainability..........................................................................................................32 consolidated swot......................................................................................................... 36 vision..............................................................................................................................................38 vision and key objectives..........................................................................................40 four themes.........................................................................................................................42 design ideation.....................................................................................................................44 priority map economy................................................................................................46 priority map transport............................................................................................... 48 priority map livability...................................................................................................50 priority map sustainability.......................................................................................52

business as usual model...........................................................................................54 strategic option I............................................................................................................ 56 strategic option II...........................................................................................................60 strategic option comparison.................................................................................64 final design...............................................................................................................................66 concept..................................................................................................................................68 action plan economy...................................................................................................70 action plan transport.................................................................................................. 76 action plan livability......................................................................................................82 action plan sustainability..........................................................................................88 phasing concept.............................................................................................................94 phase I.................................................................................................................................... 96 phase II................................................................................................................................... 100 phase III................................................................................................................................. 104 implementation..............................................................................................................108 quantitative analysis....................................................................................................110 qualitative analysis........................................................................................................112 references..................................................................................................................................116 appendix.....................................................................................................................................118

integrated urbanism studio 2020

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01 8

introduction. This section of the report will conduct preliminary study to explore and understand the site with the help of contextual analysis. It is extremely important to understand the neighbouring context along with regional extents and existing connectivity. The site falls within the Central River City, which is the part of the Greater Sydney Commissions plan for The Metropolis of three cities, with the primary aim of delivering a 30-minute city. By analysing the past and the present and forecasting the future with the help of demographic analysis, an in-depth analysis of the changing dynamics is developed, helping in realising the potential and need of the place and people. Further, SWOT analysis is done based on individual themes to understand the role of each theme, in terms of their potential, focus areas, and weaknesses for the development of the area. Lastly, with the help of policy documents for the area, policy analysis was done to understand the controls and policies applicable to our site, and the considerations to keep in mind for the development of the strategic plan. The result of the analysis is then closely evaluated to reach a vision and objectives for the area. integrated urbanism studio 2020

context and site

keycharacteristics

introductioncontext

river parradigm Upcoming projects

Macquarie Park

Central River City Parramatta CBD Sydney Olympic Park

Fairfield City

Sydney Harbour CBD

Lidcombe Strathfield

Western Parkland City (further to the West) upcoming Western Sydney Airport

Cabramatta

Liverpool

Mascot Airport International Domestic

Source : (Draft Local Strategic Planning Statement | City of Parramatta, 2019)

Figure 1 - Parramatta’s context

context Greater Sydney has been recognised as the global economic powerhouse of Australia (REF GSC) and has embraced its landscape, people and urban fabric in a way which contributes to its economic power. With the increase in population and urbanisation, Greater Sydney has been envisioned to transform into the metropolis of three cities namely- the Western parkland city, the Eastern harbour city and Central river city. In the recent years, Central River city’s core- Parramatta CBD and Westmead health and Education precinct has seen rapid transformation and has grown from a fringe centre to the potential of being Greater Sydneys’s second CBD. This dynamic change has led to reimagining its future as an economic and employment hub by the Greater Sydney commission. 10

Figure 2 - Project Precinct

Situated at a distance of 25 km from the Sydney CBD, Greater Parramatta is placed right in the centre of the parklands on the west and harbour to its east. Dominated by strategic economic centres like Macquarie Park, Epping and Carlingford , Baukham hills to the north, the southern part comprises of Lidcome, Fairfield, Strathfield, Kogarah and Liverpool. The site also features a mix of lush green landscape and prominent waterways like the Parramatta river, Duck river, southern creek and Parramatta lake. With the change of manufacturing cluster precinct of Camellia, Rydalmere, Silverwater and Auburn to lifestyle housing zones and proximity to economic drivers like Sydney olympic park and upcoming Western Sydney airport, Parramatta is projected to have exponential increase in workforce and residential population. Strategically, the metropolitan centrality, city scale assets, diverse mix of

history and culture and the presence of environmental features has led to the revitalisation of Greater Parramatta.

site The site comprises four major suburbs namely North Parramatta, Northmead, Westmead and Wentworthwille. Bounded by Cumberland highway on the periphery, the southern side of the site is flanked by the T1 railway line, connecting it to the other parts of the city. Significant features of the site are Parramatta River, Parramatta goal in PNUT, the UNESCO heritage Parramatta park and heritage fabric that spreads across the Parramatta CBD and the P-NUT precinct. Parramatta is anchored by prominent recreational and cultural projects like Parramatta square, Civic link, Riverside theatre and Museum of applied arts and

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sciences and upcoming transport proposals like the Light rail and Sydney West metro. Major collaboration and investments have been done for strategic transformation and planning of Parramatta which act as the prominent drivers of the precinct, namely; Western Sydney university, Sydney Olympic park, Bankwest stadium, Arthur Philip school and redevelopment of Parramatta public school also play a dominant role in the transformation and planning for economic growth of Parramatta. Providing for Australis’s 10% of direct health services, Westmead health and education is one of the largest heath, research and education precincts in the world. With a prominent feature of Toongabbie creek and Darling mills creek, it has a high ratio of residential development as compared to the rest of the precinct. It also provides education to over 3500 students and many research candidates. integrated urbanism studio 2020 11

policyreview

policy documents policyreview

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Documents reviewed

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C o m m u n i t y C o m mStrategic u n i t y Plan Strategic Plan

Draft

Local

Draft LocalHousing Strategy Strategy Housing

Draft Community Draft Community I n f r a s tIrnufcrtausr ter u c t u r e StrategyStrategy D e l oD i et lt o e i t t e W e s tW m ee sa td m e a d Innovation District District Innovation

GSC Boundary

Central City District

GPOP Boundary

Boundary Central City District GPOP Boundary Boundary Figure 3 - Hierarchy of Planning controlling documents and their corresponding boundaries

GSC Boundary

Hierarchy of documents

The site is a part of the Central City district, one of the three metropolitan city centres proposed by the Greater Sydney Commission, listed in the Metropolis of the three cities document. Documents such as – The Metropolis of three cities, Central District Plan, GPOP and LSPS, lists the controls and policies applying to the site for future development. They are in conjunction with future transport 2056, Deloitte Westmead innovation district amongst others. The boundaries that each of these documents governs can be seen marked on Figure 3. The GSC boundary consists of the entire Greater Sydney region, with Central City district boundary consisting of GPOP and Central River City, the GPOP boundary consists of the our site – the Parramatta precinct and Westmead Health and education precinct, and the GPOP lifestyle super precinct consisting of Sydney

LSPS Boundary

Our Precinct Boundary Our Precinct N

Boundary 20

50parramatta N

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Olympic Park and Rydalmere, Camelia, Silver water and Auburn services and industry.

Greater Sydney Commission Metropolis of three cities The vision of the document, The Metropolis of three cities is to deliver jobs, education and health facilities, services and great places within a 30-minute distance from their residence in Greater Sydney. This aim is consistent within the Ten directions to achieve a better growth and development in future over the next 40 years (Greater Sydney Commission, 2016). The growth pattern and projections for each of the three cities is analysed and has been detailed for district specific aspirations in the district plan. These ten directions fall under 4 broad themes, Infrastructure and Collaboration, Livability, Sustainability, and Productivity.

Greater Sydney Commission Central City District Plan The Central city district is made up of LGA’s of Blacktown, Cumberland, Parramatta and The Hills. Diversity in communities as well as vibrancy makes it a modern multicultural region. The Central City District Plans identifies major development corridors across the Parramatta LGA. In terms of walking and cycling, the draft District plan aims to provide people with access to cycling and walking paths around the Parramatta Park and River to travel between Westmead, Parramatta CBD and Parramatta North, at day as well as night-time (Draft Central City District Plan, 2017). In terms of infrastructural developments, the plan focuses on capitalising on the new Western Sydney Stadium – Bankwest Stadium, Sydney Metro Northwest, Blacktown Hospital redevelopment and upgradation and new schools across the District (Draft Central City District Plan, 2017). With the proposed Parramatta Light rail expected to be delivered by 2023, the stage 1 of the project focuses on linking Westmead to Carlingford, while the stage is connecting Camelia to Sydney Olympic Park. The proposed Sydney Metro west will be another fast and frequent travel option for residents, connecting Greater Parramatta and Harbour CBD (Draft Central City District Plan, 2017).

GPOP Greater Parramatta and Olympic Peninsula Greater Parramatta and the Olympic Peninsula (GPOP) is the Central City District’s main centre for economic activity. The corridors aim to be one of the strongest economic corridors connecting Parramatta and Westmead to the Sydney Olympic Park lifestyle super precinct, as well as identifying an urban renewal corridor between Camelia and Carlingford. The proposal also aims to improve urban services and advanced technology in Camellia, Rydalmere, Silverwater and Auburn (Greater Sydney Commission, 2016)

City of Parramatta Draft Local Strategic Planning Statement The Local strategic planning statement identifies the roles of Parramatta in the growth of the Central City district and provides a direction of future growth for the City of Parramatta. The statement is addressed at the local level to implement GSC’s central District Plan across the Parramatta LGA, while aligning with district planning priorities as well as Parramatta’s community strategic plan. The aim of the plan is to combine the structure plan with the community goals to achieve better strategic direction to better influence the future of the city (Draft Local Strategic Planning Statement, 2019). Locally, in terms of economy, the statement aims to achieve a zero-vacancy rate in the commercial spaces. In terms of housing, it’s been noted that majorly (46%) of the housing on site is separate housing (low-density), and its anticipated that 70% of the housing would be high density residential to accommodate the swelling population of the city (Draft Local Strategic Planning Statement, 2019). In terms of cultural activities, a report by Deloitte Access Economics in 2015 found that out of the 87% of state government cultural investment funding was being directed to the Easter suburbs of Sydney. However, the west part of Sydney received as less as 5.5% (Deloitte, 2016). More focus has been driven to activate the cultural precincts within the city, for instance- by relocating the MAAS along with upliftment of the Riverside theatres will help in creating a cultural nucleus (City of Parramatta - Local Strategic Planning Statement, 2019). The emerging night-time economy is also being held back due to lack of public transport facilities at late hours, which draws itself as another point of focus.

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sitedemographics transport demographics

forecast

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transport

In order to plan for a city, it is important to understand the needs of the place, which can be directly comprehended by the needs of the people. A successful strategic plan can be developed by acquiring an indepth understanding for the requirements of the place and people. The statistical information can elaborate the population and place characteristics by capturing the existing and projected trends of the city, which can help planners and stakeholders to take steps in the required direction.

sitedemographics

ousing

transport

forecast

sitedemographics transport

culture and housing

cultural and housing

A higher percentage (around 70%) of population lives in flats and apartments, with only around 14% living in semi-detached housing, and 16% staying in separate houses, with approximately 15,000 dwellings on site, and average rent of 350$ per week. Around 70% housing on site is separate housing or low-density housing, which will eventually be redeveloped to medium or high-density housing, to accommodate the growing population (City of Parramatta - Local Strategic Planning Statement, 2017).

Figure 4 - Key Demographic Statistics and future forecast for Parramatta LGA

forecast

The site can be seen to be culturally vibrant with a mix of cultures and peoples from diverse backgrounds. The majority (57%) residents on site are English-speaking people, followed by Hindi (13%) and Mandarin (12%), with over 50% Australians, 32% Indians and 10% Chinese population amongst others (ABS Census Data, 2016), the trend highlights the higher numbers of international migrants settling in the city. The diversity of the place is projected to increase more by 2056, with over 50% population living in the area to be born overseas according to the Greater Sydney Commission.

with more than 11 days with above 35Â° C temperature recorded per annum (Greater Sydney Commission, 2016). There is an urgent need to cater to the urban tree canopy cover, which will result in decreasing the urban heat island effect which is projected to increase over the couple of years due to climate change. As per the central city district, about 100,000 more dwellings will be needed to support an addition of 200,000 and plus people by 2056 (Greater Sydney Commission, 2016). Population growth is forecasted more for the dependent population rather than the working population with majourly the age group of 65+ years, with an 106% increase, and emerging school kidsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; population, with a forecasted need for more schools to accommodate 30,000 more school children by 2056 (Greater Sydney Commission, 2016). A cumulative total of 72,000 more jobs will be created, by the new as well as the growing knowledge based and supporting industries. Social infrastructure will be a need of the future as well as the dependent population will increase. The population of the city is diverse, young and majority staying in a family household. The highest percentage of work is associated with health care and knowledgebased jobs, along with social assistance, education and the IT sector. It can be concluded that the site must adapt to the needs of its people to support the growth of the area by making it a place for all.

In terms of transport, the site is car dominated due to various factors like Urban heat island effect and very low tree canopy cover. Moreover, the poor internal bus connectivity, large block sizes and environmental factors makes the majority mode of travel by private cars, followed by train (due to strong regional connectivity), however very few travels by bicycle, due to lack of proper bicycle pathways. The fraction of people walking is also less due to a very low score in terms of Urban tree canopy area (17%), and high urban heat island effect, integrated urbanism studio 2020 15

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analysis. The analysis in this report is based on site observation and documents research. The analysis has been done in two ways, comparative analysis, and SWOT analysis. Comparative analysis has been done in two manner, qualitative and quantitative analysis on two scales, at the District level and at the precinct level, with Sydney CBD and Blacktown respectively. To get an in-depth understanding of the site, the authors have done SWOT analysis to individually understand the strength, weakness, opportunities and threats for the different themes i.e. Liveability, Sustainability, Economy and Transport. The SWOT analysis brings out key concerns specific to each theme, thus providing direction for strategic development.

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understanding Parramatta in GSR

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comparative understanding Parramatta’s growth

Sydney CBD

Parramatta CBD

Blacktown

jobs in 2016

5,86,356

1,24,778

1,27,253

jobs in 2036

7,82,636

1,92,010

1,84,619

GSC district jobs in 2016

24,91,733 jobs in 2036

33,89,594 jobs in 2056

jobs in 2056

9,74,106

2,55,214

2,39,160

jobs in 2056

understanding Precinct in Parramatta’s growth 42,91,057 percentage of additional jobs percentageour of additional jobs percentage of additional jobs

accommodated

22.70%

5.95%

5.57%

Parramatta LGA

Our Site

jobs in 2016

1,24,778

65,546

jobs in 2036

1,92,010

91,952

jobs in 2056

2,55,214

1,25,709

Percentage of jobs accommodated

49.26%

To understand the growth of Parramatta CBD with respect to the GSC district, the site was compared against Sydney CBD and Blacktown for the years 2016, 2036 and 2056. It was noted that Parramatta and Blacktown house approximately the same amount of jobs with 5.95% and 5.57% respectively. On the other hand, Sydney CBD witnessed a growth of 22.70%. The difference is huge and thus the measure is incomparable. Since Parramatta is the next upcoming CBD after Sydney CBD, accompanied by upcoming developments such as Western Sydney Airport in proximity, Greater Parramatta and the Olympic Peninsula and transport infrastructure - Light Rail and Metro West, it can be concluded that Parramatta should have a growth goal of at least 50% of what Sydney CBD will accommodate in the future. The growth intended for Parramatta is to accommodate 10% of Greater Sydney’s additional growth. To understand the growth of our site with respect to the Parramatta LGA, the data for job growth was noted for the years 2016, 2036 and 2056. It was concluded that our site accommodates 50% of the total jobs of the entire Parramatta LGA. Hence for our site to accommodate 10% of Greater Sydney’s growth, Parramatta LGA will have to accommodate twice the amount.

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swot economy

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Figure 5 - Strength

Figure 6 - Weakness

Strength

Weakness

1. Good Location | Parramatta is well located as it is the biggest attractor for jobs and recreation in its 30-minute neighbourhood, this needs to built upon 2. Upcoming CBD | because of its prime and central location, Parramatta is the second CBD which is makes it a highly ‘wanted’ place for investments

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3. Health and Education Precinct | Westmead is growing to be Sydney’s biggest health and research facility which will not only create jobs, but also attract huge investments Source : (Why the Metropolis of three cities | Greater Sydney Commission, 2020). 4. Diversity of Jobs | the four sectors - CBD, health and education precinct, university campus, and local strategic centre offer diversity of jobs, creating jobs at all levels

5. Lack of Land | although the precinct has all the favourable environment to boost and attract economy and development, it lacks empty land to actually build it on which is going to present itself as a challenge 6. Sydney Harbour CBD | despite Parramatta being Sydney’s upcoming CBD, Sydney harbour still attracts a higher percentage of investments, both business and culturally (Visentin, 2020)

7. Lack of Residence in CBD | Limited residential development in CBD keeps it busy only during office hours, discouraging nighttime economy 8. Lack of public transport at night | this further discourages the nighttime economy in Parramatta CBD

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swot economy

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Figure 7 - Opportunity

Figure 8 - Threat

Opportunity

Threat

9. Ferry for tourism | presence of ferry can bring a high volume of cultural and tourism economy 10. Upcoming Campuses | health and education precinct in Westmead and three universities (USYD, WSU, UNSW) coming up will bring a lot of knowledgebased jobs and high investments 11. Light Rail and Sydney Metro West | the two new modes of transport coming up can create high economic corridors helping in further expansion of CBD

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12. Proximity of Western Sydney Airport | creates an economic corridor between Parramatta and the airport, attracting future investments 13. Expansion of Parramatta CBD | Parramatta CBD has future of scope of expanding to the northern side of the precinct

14. Current capacity of railway | as the population will increase in the future and the new CBD comes up, the present transport system may not be able to accommodate the to and fro between the three cities, the data for existing train timetable has been taken from Transport NSW 15. Economic Gentrification | since Parramatta CBD will attract high investment, land prices for business will be really high making the CBD only for the rich 16. Development with Heritage | the upcoming CBD which requires expansion will have to take extra care

while building near heritage items 17. Threat to Local Economic Centres | since Parramatta CBD will create numerous jobs and opportunities at all tiers, it is a threat to smaller local centres as they may lose business 18. Sydney CBD | Harbour CBD will always attract higher investments and growth, it is imperative for Parramatta CBD to maintain its economic growth

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swot transport

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Figure 9 - Strength

Figure 10 - Weakness

Strength

Weakness

1. Railway Connectivity | Parramatta is very well connected to rest of the Sydney because of the existing T1 railway connection 2. Light Rail | light rail will further improve Parramattaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s intra connectivity, and encourage public and active transport over cars

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3. Free Shuttle Service | the area this runs in (L-loop) is highly multi modal, and its success can be built upon throughout Parramatta (Free Shuttle Bus | City of Parramatta, 2020). 4. Ferry Service | Parramatta is also connected by ferry service, which can be strengthened, thereby adding another mode of transport showcasing the river city

5. Topography | high topography discourages people to walk or cycle 6. Surface Parking | high amount of surface parking and cheap rates, encourage people to take cars and avoid public transport 7. Night-time Travel | Lesser frequency of buses throughout the site at night makes people drive

8. Car Dominance | Due to the several factors above and large block sizes, the area is car dependent and hence dominated 9. North South Connectivity | railway connectivity to Parramattaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s North and South is weak, only supported by buses which are less frequent at night 10. Fragmented Cycle and Walkways | at present the active transportation link is weak and fragmented, this encourages car travel

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swot transport

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Figure 11 - Opportunity

Figure 12 - Threat

Opportunity

Threat

11. Sydney West Metro| this is a big opportunity for Parramatta as it shortens the travel time, hence attracting more people 12. Parramatta Ways | active routes are highlighted in Parramatta ways, making it an immense opportunity to build on and encourage active transportation

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13. Sustainable Multi Modal Transport | building further on Parramatta ways, various modes of transport (primary, secondary, tertiary) can be developed and will aim to achieve less carbon footprint 14. North South Connection | Parramatta is well connected to east and west, by strengthening the north and south corridor Parramattaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s growth will be greatly benefited

15. Surface Parking | the precinct has a high amount of surface parking, showing high car dependency, it will be challenge on how far this parking can be removed 16. Car Dependency | the precinct has high car dominance due to its block sizes and initial planning (â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;for carsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;), shifting to active and public transport will be a huge challenge in this growing metropolis

17. Population increase with respect to existing infrastructure | all policies highlight an increase in population, it might create a massive pressure on the current transport infrastructure which is almost running at full capacity

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swot livability

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Figure 13 - Strength

Figure 14 - Weakness

Strength

Weakness

1. Parramatta River and Parramatta Park | these two key attributes of the site add a lot of character and breathing space for the community, they can be strengthened as cultural icons 2. Connectivity | the intra connectivity of the precinct is really good (railway, bus, light rail) and hence will encourage its residents to walk or take public transport 3. Cultural Investments | attractions such as MAAS, Parramatta Square, Westfield Mall, Westbank Stadium and Civic Link have already created cultural and art opportunities for the site and will continue to strengthen it 28

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4. Heritage presence | Parramatta has an abundance of heritage, which adds immense character to the site 5. University campuses, Westmead Precinct and Parramatta CBD | proximity of health and education sector and Parramatta CBD, is immensely helpful as the best facilities, recreational activities and diverse jobs are closer to its residents 6. Fine Grain Fabric | Parramatta CBD is a highly permeable neighbourhood, encouraging a healthy and convenient lifestyle

7. Cul-de-sacs | the current planning of Brickfield promotes car dependency which weakens the integrated neighbourhood approach 8. Fragmented greens | the precinct has limited open spaces and sparse greens

9. Prone to Hazards | the precinct is prone to elevated temperatures, heat island effect and flood hazards Source : (Why the Metropolis of three cities | Greater Sydney Commission, 2020) 10. Westmead | due to the big block pattern of Westmead, it lacks permeability and comfort of living

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swot livability

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Figure 15 - Opportunity

Figure 16 - Threat

Opportunity

Threat

11. LEP Zoning & Housing Opportunities | the zoning plans are in sync with transport corridors, encouraging mixed use and diverse housing 12. Cultural Identity | existence of heritage buildings in PNUT and Parramatta CBD provides with opportunities of adaptive reuse and infill development 13. Parramatta River and Parramatta Park | these places have the scope to develop as the heart of the precinct where its people will come together 14. Building on Cultural Diversity | According to ABS, the precinct consists of vast diversity that gives 30

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an opportunity to retain and build multiple cultural identities and social connections 15. Semi-detached housing | According to ABS, the present number is more than the future requirement, this housing may lend its land for future diverse housing options such as high density, or adding social infrastructure 16. Westmead | the surface parking gives space for future upliftment that can enhance Westmeadâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s livability factor

17. Strata Ownership | it will be difficult to get land from private owners and strata for future development in the precinct 18. Affordability | due to high future investment in the CBD and increase in population, it will be difficult to control market, with respect to affordability

19. Gentrification | due to rezoning and future plans for the precinct, the surrounding neighbourhoods (including Brickfield) might affect the resident and the local economy 20. Permeability in Westmead | due to the big block pattern and health campus of Westmead, it will be difficult to achieve permeability

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swot sustainability

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Figure 17 - Strength

Figure 18 - Weakness

Strength

Weakness

1. Parramatta Park | is a great asset to the site catering to the need of health, recreation and overall well-being of the community 2. Parramatta River | being the central waterway of Parramatta is known for its history and contributes to the healthy ecosystem

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3. Biodiversity | Parramatta river, creeks, bushland and park are a home for 600pecies of plants and 230 species of animals having a rich biodiversity.(City of Parramatta, 2017) 4. Policy for blue and green grids | Parramatta being the upcoming second CBD of Sydney is in the process of development with many policies and vision in place. This is the biggest strength to the site as these upcoming policies caters to the sustainable tomorrow by accommodating the green and blue grids.

5. Flood Prone | Parramatta since 1986 has been prone to Floods with Parramatta CBD most prone to flash flooding 6. Less canopy cover | Parramatta being exposed to hot climate has insufficient tree canopy across the site 7. Car dependency | the city has 51.9% dependency on cars as per ABS which ultimately results in congestion causing air pollution by increased carbon emission.

8. Sparse and fragmented greens | with Parramatta park being a major element to the site doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t hold proximity from the other ends of the site. The site accommodates few reserves but they exists in isolation. 9. Heat Island Effect | the city experiences 11 days above 35 degree per annum. Source : (Why the Metropolis of three cities | Greater Sydney Commission, 2020)

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swot sustainability

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Figure 19 - Opportunity

Figure 20 - Threat

Opportunity

Threat

10. Sustainable development | taking in consideration the severe climatic change over time, upcoming Parramatta holds immense potential to have a responsive design catering to the energy and carbon emissions. Making the existing and upcoming buildings adopt a holistic approach towards sustainability as whole 11. Sustainable transport network | developing a network of public and active transport which helps reducing the impact and dependency on cars

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12. Flood and resource management | understanding the current scenario and limitations of the city of being prone to flood, future development holds opportunity to work towards resilient community 13. Precinct scale energy infrastructure | the upcoming neighborhoods cluster provides an opportunity for a precinct scale system for water, energy and waste for an integrated and sustainable approach

14. Flood prone | the building design can only be responsive to natural hazards like floods and the impact of which is not definite due to variable factors (â&#x20AC;&#x153;Know Your Flood Risk | City of Parramattaâ&#x20AC;?, 2020). 15. Climate change | western Sydney at present also experiences higher temperature as compared to Sydney CBD and poses threat to the overall wellbeing

16. Carbon foot print of upcoming development | understanding the limitation of the extent to which the sustainability quotient of the built form can be achieved in terms of technology, budget and governance.

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Figure 21 - Opportunity

Figure 22 - Opportunity

opportunities

One of the biggest strengths of the site is its strategic location between two airports and two cities, namely, Kingsforth Smith International Airport in the Eastern Harbour City and Western Sydney Airport in Western Parkland City. Parramatta is surrounded by smaller strategic centres, hence keeping out any immediate competition for development and growth. With an existing east-west connectivity, and upcoming transport inf rastructure projects like the Metro and Light Rail will strengthen it further. Opportunity lies in strengthening connectivity to Northwest, Epping and Ryde to enlarge the catchment. Additionally, the presence of world class Westmead hospital and 36

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Research precinct makes the site economically more attractive to future investments and growth. In terms of cultural diversity and vibrancy, it can be noted from the demographics study, that the area is rich with diversity of people, with the projection of growing trend in the future as well. Parramatta River and park along with its heritage are one of the biggest qualitative strengths for the site, reciting a story of its history. With respect to transport, the site consists of three T1 train stations â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Westmead, Wentworthville and Parramatta, strengthening its connection regionally, and will soon boast of light rail and two metro stations within.

constraints

One of the major causes of worry for the site is flash flooding, due to which Parramatta and Westmead lie in flood risk zones. Thus, flood mitigating strategies will be imperative in the planning process for the precinct. Another natural cause of worry is the high Urban heat island effect, due to extremely low urban tree canopy cover on the site, leading to discouraging people from walking. In the Westmead precinct, the block sizes are large, creating an unpleasant experience for pedestrians. This leads to a car dominated area, even for smaller distances, eventually pointing at the high surface parking area cover on the site. Due to segregated cycle pathways and lack of proper cycle pathways, cyclists

are also discouraged, leading to a fractional number of residents cycling to work or other purposes. The T1 train line acts as a barrier to the southern part of Parramatta, acting as a barrier for CBD expansion in the south. Given the data collected for train schedules from Travel NSW, it was noted that the T1 train line is running at full capacity, which will create a problem in the future to accommodate the increasing population of residents and workers on the site. The site accommodates five precincts, with Westmead being the most impermeable and lacking an overall character. Further, Pennant hills and brickfield are at a distance from local amenities.

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vision. Based on the earlier comparative and SWOT analysis conducted for the site, the proposed strategic plan is made after understanding the site and a clear vision for the next 30 years was developed for the precinct. In order to deliver the stated vision, objectives and action plans have been decided to support the potential for each of the four themes i.e. Livability, Sustainability, Economy and Transport.

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vision and objectives

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keycharacteristics Parramatta 2050 will be a city of choices which will cohesively integrate the diversity keycharacteristics in options available for its people. While keeping innovation and sustainability at its forefront Parramatta will become a living and breathing city which will have woven a story through its river by blending the past with its future

To have a well connected arramatta - regional, intercity

To foster Parramattaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s growth by growing it along the river

To have a well connected Parramatta - regional, intercity

To have a green Parramatta

To make Parramatta resilient today and tomorrow

To have a green Parramatta

To make Parramatta resilient today and tomorrow

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themes

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ourthemesourthemes transport

transport

economy

regional, regional, employment intercity & intercity & intracity connectivityintracity connectivity diversity of jobs active transport

active transport economic growth

ourthemesourthemes

economy transport livability transport livability economy sustainability economy sustainability livability

livability

sustainability sustainability

employment regional, place makingregional, place making employment resilienceemploymentresilience place making place making resilience intercity & intercity & diversity intracity of jobs connectivity social infrastructure intracity connectivity social infrastructure diversity of open jobs spaces diversity of jobs open social spaces infrastructure social infrastructure open spaces economic active growth transport housingactive transport housing economicgreen growth and blue economic grid green growth and blue housing grid

housing

resilience open spaces

green and blue grid green and blue grid

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design ideation. Other than the analysis conducted for the site in terms of individual themes, key policy and planning documents like Local Environment Plan and Development control plans were referred, to recognise the potential and maximise it by identifying priority areas and zones for development at both micro and macro level. After classifying the key priority areas for each theme, mutual priority areas are identified and developed upon. After recognizing the Vision and objectives for the site, objectives for each theme is developed with respect to their priority areas. Further, this section will present the two strategic options exploring two direction that can be achieved with same vision. Each objective will have action plan to accomplish the authors aim and future vision. In evaluating the two options, the authors have considered the best possible outcome suitable for the residents and the everyday visitors of the site, and assessed the thematic objectives, best aligning with the vision for the place.

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priority map economy E1

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24hour economy to foster night time economy and provide for a city that is activate through day and night. To encourage growth of economic drivers that encourages a safe and vibrant economy. Riverfront hub to develop a vibrant and cultural Parramatta. To achieve an urban waterfront regeneration by providing for infrastructure for economic growth along the river. Business for all To create opportunities for new businesses and provide a platform to incorporate large scale business while maintaining the growth of local businesses.

Figure 23 - Priority Map for Economy

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priority map transport T1

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Intra City Transport enhancing the public transport network to achieve a 15min precinct connectivity. To achieve a well integrated network of walking and cycling for an efficient active transport connectivity. River Network enhancing connections and access to and from the river. To bridge the two sides of the river along with enhancing the riverfront edge. Inter City Transport strengthening regional connectivity to Parramatta from surrounding neighbourhoods and key strategic centres. To improve business to business connections and provide for faster and efficient means of access for skilled workers to the precinct. Mobility Management improving the mobility system for sustainable transport planning. To monitor and manage the data for pedestrian, bike and cars for a safer and efficient transport modal.

Figure 24 - Priority Map for Transport

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priority map livability L1

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Equitable Housing to provide for a holistic living experience by enhancing housing choices for the future. To increase affordable and diversity in terms of low, medium and high density. Neighbourhood Ensemble to develop well designed communities that supports self sufficient by providing a mix of social infrastructure, community facilities, open greens and proximity to River Accessibility enhancing the river for a diverse and vibrant civic spine that is connected from all parts of the site seamlessly. To provide flexible spaces and functions along the riverfront to accommodate change and enhance identity. Quality Urban Design to enhance the liveability factor in the neighbourhoods by making the precinct safer, inclusive, vibrant and equitable. To encourage built form that responds to human scale efficiently.

Figure 25 - Priority Map for Livability

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priority plan sustainability S1

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Positive Climate to recognise and adapt to climate change factors through district level mitigation initiatives. To aim for a precinct which adopts mitigation strategies to produce change. Green Networks to protect the existing green spaces and enhance their accessibility from neighbourhood ensembles and economic centres, to establish a well integrated green network for Parramatta. River Spine to adopt urban design principles which dictates the future development along and across the river in a responsive manner. Protecting biodiversity along the water and greens of Parramatta river. Responsive Tomorrow to reduce the environmental impact of the precinct through better energy, water, waste and resource management. Creating awareness amongst the community for future efficient collaborations.

Figure 26 - Priority Map for Sustainability

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business as usual model

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Based on the Greater Sydney Commission’s vision, Metropolis of three cities undertakes an integrated strategic approach to establish Central district plan, which outlines the Business as usual model for the growth of Parramatta. An approach of improving transport connections, greater emphasis on knowledge intensive jobs , large business and socially dynamic communities has been undertaken. The key focal points of the BAU model is to make it an economic hub with high level infrastructure delivery and stakeholder collaboration. With its primary focus on a “30 minute city”, clear development corridors along the Church street with the new light rail development has even identified as the further expansion of Parramatta CBD. Introducing Sydney Metro in Parramatta CBD and high investments in cultural and recreational sectors like MAAS and civic link will act as potential drivers for the future precinct. Though the integration of land use plan with the transport system, specially metro in this case is a breakthrough step, the location of the metro stations may be questionable. Furthermore, the BAU model identifies “walkable mixed use places” and investments in public and community sphere, there is strong concern regarding the implementation of it. Overall, the BAU model results in high economic and housing results, quantitatively, but aspects of sustainability and livability seems to form an underlying layer of this strategic plan. Appendix 4 depicts the site with its BAU model specifications. For calculating the existing jobs and housing quantity, FSR, height and ground coverage controls were considered, in accordance to the Parramatta Local environmental plans 2011 and Parramatta development control plan 2011 (refer Appendix 5 and 6 for detailed calculation model).

Figure x - Priority Map for Sustainability

Figure 27 - GPOP Corridor

Figure 28 - LSPS Structure Plan 2036

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strategic option I concept

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growing along the river increase in growth by 10%

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strategic option I

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introduction

phase II

30 years (2050) medium density along main roadways high density housing close to cbd increase in bus frequency light rial expansion green grids developed

phase II

15 years (2027) commercial core expanded on the north neighbourhood centres introduced metro introduced riverfront development high and medium density introduced

phase I

7 years (2027) commercial core expansion along the river mixed use in westmead, revitalisation begins high density residential along neighbourhood centres light rail stage I complete brt connections green grid development and solar energy tapping

Figure 29 - Phases of strategic option I

Option 1 is absorbed on the key natural characteristic of the site â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the Parramatta river and hence focuses on developmental growth along the river. The growth intended for this option is based on the earlier comparative analysis between Blacktown, Parramatta and Sydney CBD, and henceforth Parramatta is to accommodate 10% of the Greater Sydneyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s additional growth.

phase I The Phase 1 of this option begins with capitalising on the land around Parramatta River. The growth is intended to happen horizontally by making the Parramatta CBD grow along the Parramatta river hence complimenting the riverfront development. The area along Hawkesbury Rd has been rezoned to mixed use for activating the connection from train station and the spine accommodating various light rail stops. Along the CBD, phase 1 identifies residential areas along the Victoria Road and Church street, which are in proximity to the existing neighbourhood and local centres. With these rezoning areas, green grids will be established along major spines on the site with a water sensitive design measure to deal with flooding and water management issues on the site. Given the large amount of surface car parking around the site, surface parking spots will have solar panels installed for harnessing solar energy for a sustainable green energy model to be implemented.

Medium Density Housing, north of Isabella street to take advantage of the local centres, transport amenity (BRT), and the greens.

phase III The final phase will focus on housing around the Parramatta CBD to accommodate more people living around the centre. The residential blocks along Victoria road are further re-zoned and uplifted to Medium or High-density housing, to accommodate future population projections. In terms of connectivity, a closed loop of light rail has been established and proposed to primarily serve the crowd of CBD, as the first step to making the CBD car free and encouraging active transportation. The major spines on the on the site are further strengthened by green connections to nearby economic centres. An extension of light rail along Church street has been proposed to improve the North-South connections on the site. Residential area around Westmead metro station, proposed in phase 2 are re-zoned to Medium and High Density from Low and Medium density respectively.

phase II Phase 2 will witness a further expansion of CBD horizontally on the norther side of the River, catering as mixed-use development to further inculcate the factors to uplift the night-time economy of the area. Further, metro station is proposed on Darcy Road in Westmead, to help in uplifting the character for the precinct. In response to this development, the east of Bridge road is re-zoned as medium and high-density housing to take advantage of the Metro station, the greens and the mixed-use development facilities. Similarly, local centre is proposed along the Pennant Hills road, and LowDensity Housing is re-zoned to integrated urbanism studio 2020 59

strategic option II concept

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connecting the greens growth as per BAU

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strategic option II

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introduction

phase II

30 years (2050) medium density along main roadways increase in bus frequency green grids development

phase II

15 years (2027) high and medium density residential neighbourhood centres introduced metro in parramatta and westmead light rail loop introduced in the city light rail expansion in westmead

Option 2 approach is about focusing on the unique natural element on site â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the Parramatta River, with the focus on improving and connecting the existing greens and linking it back to the river. The growth intended for this option is concentrated on neighbourhood, based on the BAU model.

phase I Phase 1 of this option begins with economic growth along the North-South axis, while capitalising on the Light rail (phase 1). To accommodate for the increase in jobs, the commercial core of Parramatta CBD will grow further along the Church Street, and supported by Mixed-use development along the fringes. This growth will be strengthened by high density housing development along the Victoria road and McArthur street to achieve a precinct that is active 24-hours, adding to the nighttime economy and safety. Enhancing the BRT routes to Epping and Ryde through Pennant street and Victoria road will help in connecting the neighbourhood strategic centres and for intra-precinct connections. The plan also recognizes the growing neighbourhood centre in Northmead which all be supported by Highdensity development in its periphery.

phase III With the upcoming Metro station in the heart of the site and enhanced connections with additional light rail and bus networks, the capture zone increases, especially in Brickfield. The final phase will focus on low density housing along the Isabella Street and Pennant hill and would be rezoned to Medium-density housing encompassing the future need for housing. Similarly, Low-density housing in Westmead will be rezoned to Medium-density housing, strengthened by the green grids and active transport spines.

phase II phase I

7 years (2027) commercial core (expansion north-south) north of river neighbourhood centre in north parramatta high density to support commercial development mixed use development in westmead light rail stage I complete

Phase two will focus on stretching the site with reinforced transport strategies. The CBD along the Church Street will incorporate the Parramatta metro station, to capture larger land for future economic growth. Along with this, a second loop of Light rail would be added along the Isabella and McArcthur Street for better integrated precinct and to achieve Regional connectivity. Along with these transport spines, the High and Medium residential development would account for the demand of housing. The neighbourhood centre alone Victoria Road would build on the existing fragments of retail, to cater to a self-sufficient 400m neighbourhood.

Figure 30 - Phases of strategic option II

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strategic option comparison

design outcome

option I

option II

bau

The city is growing along with river with the economic corridor extending horizontally along the Parramatta river. It focuses on recreation, economy and amenity along the river. Connection to and from the river are well connected by “green ways”.

The city is planned to develop by connecting the existing greens on the site with the help of green ways. These green ways, link back to the river, by highlighting the importance of the River as an important element on site. Option 2 makes the green ways network more prominent with well-integrated bio-swales.

The city is building and growing along the existing and upcoming transport corridors. With existing strong regional connectivity, by the means of T1 train line. The upcoming Light rail will have high development corridor in the catchment.

According to the comparative analysis done between Parramatta, Blacktown and Sydney CBD, it was realised that the Parramatta CBD should have at least half the growth of what Sydney CBD experiences in terms of jobs. And thus, the growth aimed for this option is 10% of the Harbour CBD’s growth.

After analysing the data for job increment for the site, for the years 2016, 2036 and 2056, it was realised that the job increased as per the BAU model is 5% of the total GSC district. To test the current BAU model is terms of its workability for the site with current measures, the growth aimed for this option is as per BAU, i.e. 5%.

The economic growth intended is for BAU, which is 5%.

With the help of upcoming Metro, the two stations are provided strategically, with one near the T1 Parramatta train station, and the other in Westmead. This creates a secondary node in Westmead, hence attracting growth.

With the help of the upcoming Metro, the two stations are provided strategically, with one near T1 Westmead train station and the other in Parramatta CBD. It offers a multimodal travel option to the people travelling to and working in Parramatta, with Light rail, Metro, Train and Ferry as the options. The metro creates a secondary node in Parramatta attracting growth.

As per the BAU, the two metro stations coming on the site are proposed to be near the Westmead and the Parramatta T1 train stations, creating no secondary node, and keeping the catchment for area of development the same. The Metro creates multimodal option to residents.

In Option 1, the green grids identified on the site to increase the overall greens of the site, are linked back to the primary feature of character on the site – the Parramatta river. The green grids tie the site back to the river.

In Option 2, the aim of the plan is connecting the existing segregated greens on the site. This is because despite having parks on the site, the site lacks green character and has a very low urban green canopy cover percentage. In this option, the green grids tie the site back to the Parramatta park, which is a UNESCO world heritage site.

The BAU model builds on the transport nodes in the area. Green grids are not integrated with other networks in the city.

Option 1 prioritises on the economic and sustainable growth in the area by focusing on developing the CBD along with sustainable approaches for the river. The option also caters to mitigating environmental threats on the site, such as flooding, urban heat island effect and urban tree canopy, by the use of green grids and its connection to the river. The river will hence get activated as well.

Option 2 prioritises on the liveability and sustainability aspects of growth for the site. The plan aims to uplift the liveability aspects of the site, by focusing on the growth in terms of amenities for the residents and everyday work population visiting the site. In terms of sustainability, the plan identifies spines to be converted to green grids and be linked back to the Parramatta Park, making it the heart of the place.

BAU focuses on the economic and liveability aspects of growth for the site. The model capitalises on the Parramatta CBD, Universities, Research, Education sector and the Hospitals. Considering the anticipated growth, most of the housing proposed in the area is high density housing. The need for medium density housing is ignored. In terms of urban design initiatives on the site, there is very sparse development, to upscale the liveability aspects.

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Integrated planning system and transport systems according to the BAU model suggest growing vertically on the site along the Church street. However, Option 1 can be said to be the preferred option as it capitalises on the existing assets of the site and enhancing the original character. Option 1 provides higher jobs as it has more commercial space and local centres than Option 2. Strategies for an innovative and smart precinct have been kept similar across both the options. Connections to other strategic centres have been kept same in both the options. However, the location of Westmead metro station in Option 1 acts as a catalyst for more integrated development. The metro station being located gives an equal opportunity for Westmead to grow along side the Parramatta CBD, bringing up the opportunities through out the site rather than just the CBD. As the option 2 revolves around the concept of connecting greens, the green grids are widely spread, but they are well integrated in the Option 1. Inference derived for this characteristic can be said to be neutral, without giving higher weightage to any one option. Option 1 focuses and excels well economically, and option 2 fairs in terms of its liveability aspects. However, in order to create a place for the people, and for them to enjoy, they should want to be there, and hence it can be concluded that a more balanced approach in terms of a mix between economic and liveability growth direction should be taken to achieve a place for people. integrated urbanism studio 2020 65

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final design. To develop â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;River Parradigmâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, Parramatta river has been given the utmost priority, by making it the heart of the place, by activating and connecting the site through it. The authors have considered the economic implications to carry out the strategic plan due to the pandemic CoVid-19, in phase 1. Further, this section contains individual objectives and action plans for each of the four themes i.e. Liveability, Sustainability, Economy and Transport. Successful precedents have been used to support and achieve the action plans for each objective. The concept for final strategic option is introduced in terms of the three phases for achieving the plan. The rationale for the phasing is to sustain, thrive and finally bring it together. The final option can be seen as a combination of the two strategic options previously developed, to achieve a more balanced approach for the site.

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concept final design

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action plan economy E1

24hour economy to foster night time economy

Riverfront hub to develop a vibrant cultural river parramatta

Business for all opportunities for all - knowledge, local and IT

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Figure 31 - Strategic Action Plan for Economy

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action plan economy

objective E3 Business for all

E3.1: Neighbourhood Centres E3.2: Local economic centres E3.3: Mixed-use development in Westmead

objective E2 Riverfront hub

E2.1: Cultural and tourism drivers E2.2: Re-imaging Toongabbie creek

objective E1

24hour economy E1.1: CBD along river E1.2: Strengthening multi modal transport E1.3: Increased public amenities Action E1.4: Mixed-use in CBD

Figure 32 - Delayering Economic Action Plan

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Parramatta will foster its growth along the river by providing a 24-hour city which invites commerce and economy. Expanding the commercial core with tech, government and finance sectors across the river will enable for an economic spine that runs with the river. Mixed use along with the new commercial core will provide for more A-grade offices and flexible spaces to diversify mix of professions. With a 70:30 ratio for commercial and residential, Parramatta CBD mixed use will have a development focussing on its commercial requirement whereas Westmead will have a ratio of 30/70, focussing on its needs for more residential. Increase in frequency of existing transport systems along with intra precinct services, especially after 10pm will further support night time economy. Moreover, increase in surveillance and amenities measures like provision of public toilets and barrier free design strategies will encourage a safer environment for securing economic growth in the area.

and increase local job opportunity. Introduction of mixed use along Hawkesbury street will provide variable floor space, encouraging health facilities like clinics and path labs to run along retail and cafe spaces. In the long run, these strategies will provide for Sydneyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s second CBD to foster a 24- hour riverfront hub, promoting future investments and collaboration between private and public sectors.

Capitalising on the parramatta river, the riverfront hub will introduce drivers like open air theatre, art galleries, urban promenades, retail, restaurants, clubs and plazas along the eastern side of the river which will activate the cultural and tourism sector, adding to the economic growth (figure 32-E2). Provision of exhibition and event spaces along with incentives for provision of co-working spaces will tap into the creative and art sector of Parramatta for future ideation economy. Furthermore, tertiary recreational water activities like boating and jetties along with enhanced ferry connections will make the riverfront vibrant through day and night. The eastern side of the river, the Toongabbie Creek , will be connected to Parramatta lake in the north through a series of cultural and heritage walks. To support and maintain the growth of local businesses in the region while fostering new businesses, the precinct is provided with new local centres along Victoria Road, Pennant hill Road and Cumberland highway in Northmead (figure 32-E1). Along with this, the enterprise corridor on Church street in Northmead has been rezoned to a neighbourhood centre, to provide for incorporation of smaller businesses along with retail

Figure 33 - Night Time Economy in Melbourne

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Boosting the tourism industry 74

Fostering Local Economy integrated urbanism studio 2020 75

action plan transport T1

Intra transit connections to make a 15 minute precinct

River Network to tie the precinct back to the river

Inter transit connections to strengthen the regional connectivity

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Mobility modeling to improve mobility management for sustainable options

Figure 34- Strategic Action Plan for Transport

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action plan transport objective T4

Mobility modeling Action T4.1: Sustainable mobility options

objective T3

inter transit connections T3.1: T-way routes for connectivity T3.2: Westmead Metro for higher catchment T3.3: Increased frequency of T1 rail T3.4: Increased frequency of buses

objective T2 River Network

T2.1: Increased frequency of ferry T2.2: Bike and walking access - river T2.3: Connections across River â&#x20AC;&#x201C; bridges

objective T1

Intra transit Connections T1.1: Light Rail Extension T1.2: Increased parking rates T1.3: Active transport connections T1.4: High frequency Shuttle buses in CBD

Figure 35 - Delayering Transport Action Plan

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Parramatta 2050 will be a well connected precinct focussing on its three main aspects; inter-level connect, intra-level integration and transport management. The intra-level connectivity will strengthen the regional connectivity to key strategic corridors like Norwest, Epping, Macquarie Park, Liverpool, Kogarah and Sydney CBD. Sydney Metro west being one of the major transport investments for the precinct, Parramatta station will become the anchor for the CBD, situated on the civic link, in the proximity of other multi modal systems. Westmead metro station will be situated at the end of Darcy street to capture a larger site(figure 35-T3), while encouraging activation along Hawkesbury and Darcy street. Similarly, the light rail will end at the junction of Darcy and Hawkesbury, promoting walkability and vibrancy in between interchange of transport systems. Light rail will extend till Baukham hills, with future investigation for extension till Norwest. New T-way routes to Epping and Ryde will provide faster and efficient commute services, to achieve an efficient 30-minute city. To support this, the existing frequency of bus routes 701, 603, M61, 661, 693 and 625 will be increased and the time interval will be reduced to 5 mins during peak hours. Furthermore, the capacity of T1 rail will be increased by 25% with every phase, resulting in approximately 350,000 commuters in peak hours and 268,000 people in non-peak hours. At precinct level, the light rail will pass through Northmead to connect the Neighbourhood centre with prominent centres like Westmead health and education precinct, Parramatta CBD, Western Sydney university and the PNUT district. With the growth of the CBD along the river, inner bus shuttle services will follow a path along Thomas street, McArthur street, Macquarie street and Oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;connell street (figure 35-T1). With the enhancement and integration of an efficient public transport system, car dependency will reduce. This will be then supported by incremental increase in parking prices in Parramatta CBD and Westmead health precinct. Active transport will be encouraged by providing a well connected mix of walkable and bike networks, connecting the greens, neighbourhood/local centres and the community spaces to the river.

Ferry frequency to Sydney CBD will be increased in the first two phases by 25%, to capture aspects of recreation and tourism. Promenades along the river incorporating the cultural walk and a prominent cycleway with additional bridges across the river, will enhance the connectivity across and along the river. Prominent green ways have been identified, which enhances the accessibility to and from the river. Car pool and on demand shuttle hubs are proposed in the CBD, Westmead health precinct and near the two universities, with bike parkings and spots for rental e-bikes. Moreover, initiatives for mobility management will also be incorporated in the precinct for monitoring and reviewing data like pedestrian crossings, traffic lights and internet access for future development.

Figure 36 - Green tracks in Vienna

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Metro and Train enhancing connectivity 80

Active Transport integrated urbanism studio 2020 81

action plan livability L1

Equitable housing to provide housing diversity and affordable housing

Neighbourhood ensemble to develop self sufficient communities

River accessibility to make a diverse riverfront

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Quality urban design to make inclusive, safe and vibrant neighbourhoods

Figure 37 - Strategic Action Plan for Livability

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action plan livability objective L4

Quality Urban Design L4.1: Mixed-use for vibrancy L4.2: Protecting heritage views L4.3: Human scale neighbourhood L4.4: Interactive shop fronts

objective L3

River Accessibility L3.1: Enhancing Riverfront L3.2: Connections across river L3.3: Active links to river L3.4: Connection between Parramatta lake and river

objective L2

Neighbourhood Ensemble L2.1: Increased open space L2.2: Housing density diversity L2.3: Neighbourhood ensemble L2.4: Bus stops at 400m

objective L1

Equitable Housing L1.1: Increased FSR L1.2: Housing mix on transport corridors L1.3: Mixed tenure â&#x20AC;&#x201C; rent L1.4: Long tenure â&#x20AC;&#x201C; social housing L1.5: Collaboration â&#x20AC;&#x201C; developers and govt.

Figure 38 - Delayering Livability Action Plan

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River PARRAdigm will achieve a holistic living experience by providing an equitable environment through strategies of diverse housing, creating neighbourhood ensembles and quality urban design that will make Parramatta river accessible to all. To cater to the future growth, rezoning of medium to high density housing has been identified next to the transport or river spines like Hawkesbury road, Church and Pennant hill road, Victoria road and Toongabbie creek (figure 38-L1). High percentage of medium housing is maintained throughout the site, catering to the future demand forecast (GSC, 2018). The scheme aims to provide an overall of 15% affordable housing by providing developers with extra FSR and height incentives. Guidelines for longer tenures , more rental housing and efficient collaboration between government and private developers will produce an environment which is diverse and affordable.

human scale and active frontages with aspects of setbacks, footpath widths and material in new developments, forms a key strategy to achieve a vibrant yet comfortable precinct. New cultural and recreational functions like art galleries, exhibition space, public plaza, promenades and retail edge with mixed uses along the river achieves a precinct which has high amenity, better connectivity and a stronger identity for the future.

Neighbourhood ensembles are introduced throughout the site, forming self sufficient neighbourhoods within a radius of 400m (figure 38-L2). New local centres have been developed along Pennant hill, Western Sydney university and Northmead for incorporation of retail and essential businesses for the neighbourhood. These neighbourhoods are further strengthened by the community centres which have space for aged care facilities, libraries , co-working spaces and recreational functions. Following the 400m radius, a new school has been developed on the southern side of Cumberland highway in Northmead Bus stops have been increased in and around these ensembles, resulting in better connectivity to public transport. Green ways have been developed linking local and community centres to the river and open spaces. The bridge along McArthur street has been re-developed to strengthen the identity which will mark it as a gateway for Parramatta.Vibrant riverfront development along high quality urban design initiatives have been adopted throughout the site. Solar access and human scale forms one of the key guidelines for shaping the built form and height of the area. Guidelines to incorporate Figure 39 - Affordable housing in Copenhagen

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Heritage sensitive/ Responsive Design 86

Highstudio Rise 2020 School integrated urbanism 87

action plan sustainability S1

Positive Climate to recognize and adapt to climate change

Green ways to protect and enhance the green network of Parramatta

River Spine urban design principles for a responsive waterfront development

Responsive tomorrow reduce the environmental impact through a better management

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Figure 40 - Strategic Action Plan for Sustainability

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action plan sustainability objective S4

Responsive Tomorrow S4.1: Sustainable material in parking

objective S3 River Spine

S3.1: Monitoring water quality S3.2: Enhancing greens S3.3: Activities along river S3.4: Low energy building model S3.5: Water sensitive approach

objective S2 Green Ways

S2.1: Connecting open spaces through green grids S2.2: Increasing tree canopy

objective S1

Positive Climate S1.1: Managing stormwater S1.2: Solar energy in surface parking S1.3: Flood mitigation strategy

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Parramatta will become resilient for the future by achieving a positive climate by recognising and adapting to climate change. Mitigation strategies for urban heat island effect and floor are adopted across the site for sustainable outcomes. Bio-retention strategies, wetlands along the river, permeable pavements, green roofs and stormwater retention spines along the edge of the river, will mitigate flood to have economic growth along the river. Managing stormwater across the site while keeping in mind the topography will allow for an efficient system for adapting to high rains and flash floods. Solar energy will be harnessed through open spaces like parking areas in Westmead and Parramatta CBD and through the roofs of government owned buildings. Segregated greens in the precinct are connected and strengthened with green grids comprising street parks, boulevards and bioswale units along the roads (figure 41-S2). Increasing tree canopies not only in affected areas but also along the greenways will help in minimising the urban heat island effect and change the microclimate of Parramatta. Water quality of Parramatta river will be maintained and green along it will be improved to protect and enhance the biodiversity in and along the river. Urban design redevelopment along the river with provision of cultural and recreational facilities will provide for a safer and high quality riverfront for resulting in a highly resilient Parramatta.

Figure 42 - Solar Panels over Surface Parking

New development in Parramatta CBD , Westmead health precinct, PNUT and western Sydney university will have guidelines for building design, catering to low carbon emission design models. Sustainable material in parking areas, building facades and roofs will be encouraged to adopt for sustainable practices. Incentives in terms of higher FSR and building heights will be provided for private developers to adopt such practices. Adapting, mitigating and reducing such strategies with the key aspect of creating awareness amongst the community, will result in a future with reduced impact of ecological footprint, water and energy systems.

Figure 41 - Delayering Sustainability Action Plan

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phasing concept

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concept for phasing

phase II

phase III

(7 years 2027)

(15 years 2035)

(30 years 2050)

adapts to covid-19 impact

makes parramatta thrive

bring it together

develops transport nodes

build social infrastructure and diverse housing

phase I

encourages and develops local outcomes enhance regional connection to attract people

expands parramatta CBD foster a sustainable parramatta completion of riverfront & green ways

Phase 1 of the plan is about sustaining locally. It is for the first 7 years of the plan, between 2020 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2027 which considers the impact of the Covid-19 and its implications in implementing the first phase of the plan considering the economic slowdown due to the pandemic. The first few years of the plan would be slow, with businesses opening from the restrictions and having new norms in place. The focus would be on strengthening the local opportunities and local businesses and Parramatta as a place with an identity. The plan builds on the existing characteristics by developing on the existing infrastructure like uplifting the existing riverfront development, improving the existing ferry connection and enhancing regional connectivity of Parramatta through Bus-Rapid-Transit (BRT) to Rouse Hill in east, Epping in North and Ryde in west. Phase 2 will be to thrive in terms of economy and liveability. It will cover the next 8 years of the plan, between 2028-2035, by focusing on building up on its economy. It will see Parramatta to start growing economically once again and begin to thrive by expanding the Parramatta CBD along the river. New transport nodes like Light rail will be introduced, giving multi modal transport opportunities to people.

The end of Phase 2 will see the development of another transport node â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Metro, strengthening its connection to the Eastern Sydney suburbs, as well as the upcoming Western Sydney Airport. As the growth of a city happens economically with infrastructural development like the transport nodes, the city will also grow to support new high-density residential development. Phase 3 of the plan will be about bringing everything together. It covers the remaining 15 years of the plan and focuses on the social infrastructure like community centres, with library, age and child care facility, community gathering spaces for recreational spaces etc. along with diverse housing options and will foster a sustainable Parramatta with the help of green ways and completion of riverfront development. Phase 3 will witness the completion of the CBD core. The green grids will enhance the neighbourhood vibrancy and Phase 3 will create a good base for economic and local assets and establish itself to attract more opportunities.

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phase I

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Figure 43 - Strategic Action Phase I

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phase I The transformation of River Parradigm will be undertaken in three stages. The strategic plan takes in consideration the current unprecedented situation of Covid â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 19. Hence, the first phase of strategic plan will unfold with prioritizing the actions aligned with the current situation. As the name of the project reflects, the plan will start by concentrating on the heart of the site â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Parramatta River. Parramatta River as a kickstart to the future bigger picture of Parramatta becoming the second CBD of Sydney, will become a strong component for attracting business post Covid. The first phase of 7 years will begin with a focus on improving the quality of water and catchment along it. The river in itself with open and green spaces along, will act as a whole for upgradation and revitalization. The plan through the help of policies will take in consideration the protection of rich flora and fauna of the place. This change will intend to have more gradual riverfront development which will benefit all spheres of connectivity, liveability, business and overall sustainability. The quality and location of Parramatta Park will complement the revitalisation of Parramatta River. It acts as a strong catalyst for bringing together the three different spheres of the site â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Parramatta CBD, Westmead Health and Education Precinct and PNUT. It will promote active transportation and will integrate the site through Parramatta Bike plan. Parramatta River revitalisation will be a strong and steady strategy to mould the site and make it vibrant, liveable and a strong

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magnet to attract businesses for it to flourish in future. The second major step in stage 1 will be proposing new neighbourhood centres at three new locations at Pennant Street, Pennant Hill Road and at the junction of Kleins Road and Cumberland Highway. These locations are proposed following the 400m walkable radius from the surrounding residences. Along with that the impact on economy because of Covid has been taken in consideration and hence this strategy has been started from the root level. It will generate jobs and give a better platform for the expansion and support of the local post Covid. The lifestyle shift post Covid has changed the way people perceive their daily needs. A conscious effort to reduce the travel time for daily needs is kept in mind and hence, these local centres will act as a spine in these unprecedented situations. As the site is in the state of flux so the strategies are focused on strengthening the existing assets. The location and the potential of Parramatta being the upcoming second CBD increases the need to strengthen the regional connections to neighbouring areas. Hence, through the means of proposing new BRT connections along Victoria Road connecting Ryde and Pennant Hills Road connecting Epping will be the third leg of Phase 1. As the river is being developed, Ferry transportation will be strengthened by investigating the frequency and promoting it as strong mode of transportation supporting the Tourism industry.

As the plan aims in shaping the site for future, potential roads and connections are identified. These numerous roads are evenly spread across the three stages for developing them as green connections. Phase 1 will be focusing on major spines which will enhance the public domain and vibrancy of the area. It will further increase the tree canopy enhancing the microclimate and reducing the urban heat island effects. These connections will amplify experience of walkability. Also, these green ways will incorporate bioswales in flood prone areas as a measure to mitigate the effects. Along with the cycle ways along the river, the Parramatta Bike Plan will incorporate the network within the site. To best compliment the green ways in Phase 1, these cycleways will be developed along with it. The streetscape will be enhanced by bringing the two together and will eventually encourage people to opt active transportation contributing to a sustainable future. The end of phase 1 will be marked by the delivery of Light Rail within the site. The stations will be as per the proposed plan. However, the track of same will be green as a measure towards sustainable future. This strategy will blend in with the already proposed green ways and integrate the site well with both active and public mode of transportation. Hence, the areas along the route will be of higher value.

Light rail will start getting people within the site and connecting different areas within the site. The strip along the Hawkesbury Road has been identified which can be converted to become Mixed use. As the road is a gateway entrance to the renowned Westmead Health and Education precinct with a dedicated trains station at one end followed by two new light rail stops, Hawkesbury road becomes an important spine. The aim of activating the street edges along it becomes a priority. Hawkesbury road with active edges on the ground and housing on top will create jobs and enhance the character of Westmead precinct. Along with that, parallelly, the Enterprise corridor along Church Street towards the north side of the site will be redeveloped into a Local centre. It will also contribute towards boosting the local economy same as the neighbourhood centres before. These strategies are allocated in order to strengthen these neighbourhood ensembles and make them self-sufficient to cater to the local needs of community. Lastly, the plots between the proposed Local centre and existing high-density development as per LEP are reclaimed. These plots are proposed as high density only to make it compliment the land use around. Also, the presence of Light rail and PNUT makes Church street an important one. This upgradation will increase the liveability quotient of the area and will cater to the needs of the community by meeting their local needs.

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phase II

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Figure 44 - Strategic Action Phase II

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The development of Phase 1 will happen in response to the impact of Covid on economy and lifestyle. The beginning of Phase 2 will kickstart the development of the CBD. As seen in phase 1, river has been kept as a spine hence, the CBD expansion will also happen in response to that. The overall development in phase 1 will uplift the site, including Parramatta river and it will be seen as a catalyst attracting businesses in CBD. This expansion will be spaced out within the phase 2 of 15 years and the following phase 3. First, the commercial core of the existing CBD will see an expansion towards the north of Parramatta river and generate jobs. The existing CBD is bounded by the train line at south; hence the plan identified the north plots along the river as potential for expansion. Followed by the commercial core, many plots along the Parramatta river will be claimed for the purpose of mixed use. The strategy here focuses towards controlling the development of mixed use by a 70-30 ratio. The division in mixed use, by the means of policy, will encourage 30% of housing development and 70% of commercial.

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The housing within the mixed use will support the nighttime economy. Further, the waterfront development in phase 1 would have strengthened the Parramatta CBD. The completion of MAAS, stronger Ferry connections along with Parramatta river acting as the spine will make the CBD a vibrant place to work, play and live. The open and green spaces along the river will help encourage different activities like open air theatre, plazas, jetty points, boating further strengthening the cultural link of the place. All these will also contribute majorly towards tourism attraction and industry. The development of a vibrant CBD by now will make the neighbouring areas more prime. Along with the CBD, the presence of Western Sydney University and upcoming University of Sydney campus will contribute majorly to the increasing flow of people to work and live. Hence, the plots along the Victoria Rd will be claimed for higher density development as a response to accommodate the increase of population. This phase also addresses the fact of numerous new developments happening and significant heritage listed sites within

the site. Hence, as a measure to respect the significance of heritage, the development along such places will be guided by sensitive design approach example through adaptative reuse. Apart from the major nodes of development, transport corridor will also act as a catalyst towards the highdensity development. The strategy identifies the plots in Westmead along Hawkesbury Rd and Church street towards north for same. The increase in growth will also raise pressure on the existing capacity of schools present within the site. Hence, at this stage, a further investigation will be done to understand the increase in demand. In response to that a site has been identified and claimed for the proposal of a new school.

pressure on transport and enhance the travel from neighbouring areas. The land-use around the Metro stations will start responding and hence will become high density. Parramatta CBD. The presence of Metro will balance the pressure on transport and enhance the travel from neighbouring areas. The land-use around the Metro stations will start responding and hence will become high density. As identified in SWOT, the high number of surface parking in Westmead is an opportunity. Hence, it has been used to its maximum potential by installing solar panels and permeable pavements. Also, as mentioned in phase 1, finer network of green links will be identified and will be linked to the ones proposed in phase 1. It will further contribute towards the broader goals of sustainability.

At this stage Metro network will be functional which will support the growth of CBD. The Metro stations will be proposed at the Darcy Rd in Westmead and within Parramatta CBD. The presence of Metro will balance the

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phase III

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Figure 45 - Strategic Action Phase III

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Phase 3 will build upon providing diverse housing options within the site. The site at present has a higher percentage of low-density housing and hence this strategy will focus on uplifting these to medium density. Following the development in phase 1 and 2, the inner blocks of low-density housing clusters are identified and amalgamated to accommodate the FSR and height restriction of medium density.

ensemble and cater to the needs of the community. Phase 3 will integrate the finer connections within the site and develop the final green links by bringing the site together. At the last leg of the phase, entire site will have vibrant streets with tree canopies largely improving the microclimate of the site. These links will finally enhance the major and minor connections to the Parramatta river.

As the site at present is dominated by housing and the neighbourhood lacks community facilities, hence three major areas are identified in Westmead, North of the site along the Parramatta River and along Pennant Hill. It will incorporate community facilities like library, age care centres and community gathering spaces. These spaces will become a part of the neighbourhood

As the Parramatta CBD will be functional, the inner CBD connections are enhanced by proposing bus routes catering to the needs of existing and proposed CBD expansion. The loop of this bus will be along Oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Connell St, George St and Thomas St. These on demand services will be an aid to the inner CBD connections.

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The remaining blocks along Victoria Rd are finally claimed to become high density. BRT proposed along Victoria Rd in phase 1 and proximity to CBD and Western Sydney University makes the spine an important one. Hence, the properties along it are amalgamated to correspond to the growth rate. The final expansion of CBD will happen at this stage with all the blocks bounded by Thomas St and Parramatta river and making them mixed use. At this stage of development, the blocks along Parramatta river will be reclaimed to become a part of the CBD. Parramatta CBD will be fully functional with Parramatta river as the heart and active edges along it. It will be having well integrated inter and intra connections. It will also

contribute majorly towards the cultural aspect of the site and have major contribution towards the economy of Sydney. The site now has a fully developed and functional CBD. Also, the character of Westmead is also enhanced by the two major spines namely â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Hawkesbury Rd and Darcy Rd. These roads accommodate the two major modes of transportation and properties along them now are active and reclaimed to compliment the same. Lastly, the strategic plan now will convert the low-density housing around the Westmead Metro station and properties along Pennant Hills Rd to become medium density.

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quantitative analysis

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qualitative analysis

The journey within our site explains that it houses the prestigious Westmead Health and education precinct and also the upcoming second CBD of Sydney. These two major anchors are connected through Parramatta river, it’s creeks and Parramatta park. The site also has a presence of lot of heritage significant buildings which help shape the cultural past of the site for future generations. However, together these features lack integration and hence, the site demands a strategic plan to uplift the liveability and sustainability of the area to boost the economy and attain its world-class status. The qualitative analysis of the site reveals that the heart of the site – Parramatta river and the creeks are a great asset, however, it lacks the character and vibrancy which attracts people. The creeks have lush green vegetation but is inaccessible and not maintained. The area of North Parramatta within our site at present is the enterprise corridor. The close proximity to the Parramatta river, heritage significant buildings within PNUT and falling along the major spine like Church St. makes the area prime. Also, the planned upcoming Light rail corridor will add more pressure on the land around it. This area, for its importance and value due to its location lacks

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character, vibrancy and public domain.

Figure 46 - Upgraded Westmead Creek

Additionally, the Hawkesbury Rd, which marks the gateway entrance to the Australia’s largest health precinct, fails to provide amenities and facilities which compliments the status of the area. It does not provide a good platform for the people to walk and engage with the surrounding. As the street will be accommodating the upcoming Light rail corridor it needs to uplift the experience for daily commuters and visitors. Therefore, the area holds great potential for upgradation. Finally, the Parramatta CBD, which is and will be home to some of the leading companies, has the status of being Sydney’s second CBD. It has a great responsibility for providing the amenities and experience to its people in the coming future. As one edge of CBD is bounded by the Parramatta river it opens the door to waterfront development which will help generate night-time economy.

Figure 47 - Upgraded Hawkesbury Rd in Westmead

Figure 48 - Reclaimed Local Centre in North Parramatta

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qualitative analysis

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However, at present the site lacks the integration of facilities it is offering with the public domain which will contribute greatly towards the cultural and recreational aspect of the site. The river can provide an edge to Parramatta CBD and make it unique in its own way. River Parradigm 2050 aims to cater to all these factors and uplift the experience of the users. The plan will improve and maintain the quality of water in Parramatta river and its creeks. The lush green vegetation will be tamed to make it accessible for people. Through policies the rich biodiversity of the site will be protected and celebrated. And so, the creeks in westmead will attract people for recreational activities. Followed by this, the area of Enterprise corridor in North Parramatta will be uplifted by reclaiming the land to become the local centre which will help boost the local economy. In doing so, the overall character of the area will be uplifted, the public domain will be enhanced, and the area will start responding to its surrounding. The upgradation of Hawkesbury Rd with the Light rail corridor and mixed-use development offering active edges will make the area vibrant. The green grids along with green tracks of light rail will add character to the area. This pleasant experience, will encourage people to opt for active or public transportation. Finally, with the help of strong bike plans, improved walking experience, engaging recreational activities, open spaces and a well maintained clean river, an active Parramatta River waterfront development will integrate flawlessly with Parramatta CBD to achieve a world class status. The activities in the waterfront development, will be in coherence with the flood mitigation strategies by providing wetlands, bioswales and open spaces. By 2050, the prominent presence of Parramatta CBD on both sides of the Parramatta river, an upgraded and vibrant waterfront development, world class research facility in westmead, will be tied together with high quality living, sustainable measure and an engaging public domain into one precinct, River Parradigm, a play to live, work and play 114

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references

Government, N., 2018. NSW legislation - Greater Sydney Commission Act 2015 No 57. [Online] Available at: https:// www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/#/view/act/2015/57/part1/ sec2[Accessed 19 5 2020]. Greater Sydney Commission, 2018. Greater Sydney Region Plan: A Metropolis of Three Cities. [Online] Available at: https://gsc-public-1.s3-ap-southeast-2. amazonaws.com/greater-sydney-region- plan-0618.pdf Greater.sydney. 2020. Greater Sydney Commission , 2018. Our Greater Sydney 2056: Central City District Plan. [Online] Available at: https://gsc-public-1.s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/ central-district- plan-0318_0.pdf Parramatta City Council , 2013. Parramatta 2038 Community Strategic Plan. [Online] Available at: https:// www.cityof parramatta.nsw.gov.au/sites/council/f iles/ inline-files/ Community%20Strategic%20Plan%202038. pdf

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Cityofparramatta.nsw.gov.au. 2020. Free Shuttle Bus | City Of Parramatta. [online] Available at: <https: //www.cityof parramatta.nsw.gov.au/livingcommunityparking-and-transpor t/f ree-shuttlebus#:~:text=The%20Parramatta%20Shuttle%20Bus%20 (formerly,recreational%20landmarks%20of%20the%20 city.> [Accessed 11 June 2020]. Visentin, L. (2020). Parramatta to overtake North Sydney in race to become second CBD. Retrieved 11 June 2020, from https://www.smh.com.au/national/ nsw/parramatta-to-overtake-north-sydney-in-race-tobecome-second-cbd-20170216-gue9nf.html Know Your Flood Risk | City of Parramatta. (2020). Retrieved 12 June 2020, from https://www. cityofparramatta.nsw.gov.au/recreation-environment/ floodsmart-parramatta/know-your-flood-risk Greater Sydney Commission, 2019. GPOP â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Our True Centre: The Connected Unifying Heart. Sydney: GSC.

Data.nsw.gov.au. 2020. Home | Data.NSW. [online] Available at: <https://data.nsw.gov.au> [Accessed 10 June 2020]. Www2.deloitte.com. 2016. Westmead Innovation District: Building Western Sydneyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S Jobs Engine. [online] Available at: <https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/ Deloitte/au/Documents/Economics/deloitte-au-daewestmead-innovation-district-report-190716.pdf> [Accessed 10 June 2020]. Legislation.nsw.gov.au. 2011. NSW Legislation. [online] Available at: <https://www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/#/view/ EPI/2011/540> [Accessed 10 June 2020]. Cityofparramatta.nsw.gov.au. 2011. Development Control Plans | City Of Parramatta. [online] Available at: <https://www.cityof parramatta.nsw.gov.au/businessdevelopmentplanning/development-control-plans> [Accessed 10 June 2020].

Abs.gov.au. 2020. Census. [online] Available at: <https:// www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/D3310114 .nsf/Home/ Census?OpenDocument&ref=topBar> [Accessed 10 June 2020]. Assets.publishing.service.gov.uk. 2010. Employment Density Guide. [online] Available at: <https://assets. publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/ uploads/attachment_data/file/378203/employ-den.pdf> [Accessed 10 June 2020]. Cityofparramatta.nsw.gov.au. 2020. Parramatta North | City Of Parramatta. [online] Available at: <https://www. cityofparramatta.nsw.gov.au/councilprecinct-planning/ parramatta-north> [Accessed 10 June 2020]. City of Parramatta, 2019. Local Strategic Planning Statement City Plan 2036. Sydney: City of Parramatta. Transport for NSW, 2018. Future Transport Strategy 2056. Sydney: NSW government.

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