Dubai Future City by HKS LINE

DUBAI FUTURE CITY June 2014

CLIMATE REPORT Dubai, United Arab Emarates 25 º15’00” N / 55 º18’00 “ E BWh Desert Climate UAE Standard Time (UTC +4)

GOALS + STRATEGIES Overview of project goals and passive strategies

PRECEDENTS Architectural precedents and case studies

MASSING CONDITIONS Massing conditions of the proposed prorgam

0546 19 31 3962

SITE STRATEGIES Strategies for the massing and configuration of the dubai future city

APPENDIX Indexical glossary of cited works

CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT //Systems Thinking

Systems thinking, used to solve problems since ancient times, organizes individual issues into parts of a whole system. Systems thinking is a set of practices within a framework based on the belief that the components of a system can be better understood when considered in the context of their relationships with other components. Rather than focus on specific issues, events or outcomes, potentially contributing to unintended consequences downstream, we strategically construct systems capable of addressing a problem in a way that is more dependent upon interrelationships of components but also more resilient to external influence.

//Application

For this project, we propose a careful analysis of ecology, climate, cultural precedents and contextual relationships to drive a cohesive system. Rather than limiting our focus to singular technologies or solutions, we propose the integration of multiple strategies within a systems framework to achieve goals of creating a temperate microclimate, significant reduction of energy consumption, and enough energy generation to offset the reduced energy loads. A system comprised in part of a structured canopy (or aggregation of shading structures) working in concert with buildings and spaces within a holistic system will perform better than any combination of individual components.

//Precedents

Systems that employ passive strategies of shade and ventilation have existed for hundreds of years in this region, and photovoltaic energy collection offers proven potential, yet this project presents a unique challenge--and opportunity--in that these strategies have yet to be used on such a monumental scale. Technology provides us the potential to design in a way that leverages systems thinking and scale in a way unique to this context of site, culture and age.

CLIMATE 30° N

BWh

Dubai

15° N

0°

15° S

Dubai, United Arab Emarates

CLIMATE CLASSIFICATION (Köppen-Gieger Climate Classification System) BWh Hot Arid Desert. “An area that features this climate usually experiences less than 250 mm (10 inches) per year of precipitation and in some years may experience no precipitation at all. In some instances, an area may experience more than 250 mm of precipitation annually, but is considered a desert climate because the region loses more water via evapotranspiration than falls as precipitation.

These areas are located between 30 degrees south and 30 north latitude, and are globally hot, sunny and dry year-round. In many locations featuring a hot desert climate, maximum temperatures of 40° C (104° F) to 45* C (113° F) are not uncommon in the summer. During colder periods of the year, nighttime temperatures drop to near freezing due to exceptional radiation loss under the clear skies.

REPORT

Dry Bulb Temperature

Relative Humidity

Wind

Solar Radiation

Year-round temperatures are very hot, with summer temperatures approaching 40 degrees C. During wintertime temperatures can drop as low as 15 degrees C, creating opportunities to reduce cooling loads using nighttime ventilation.

The overall climate is arid, receiving very little rainfall. Minimum cloud cover at night combined with a lack of moisture in the air produces the aforementioned diurnal temperature swings. The desert climate poses significant challenges for building water usage.

Wind is somewhat erratic in Dubai, and is known to cause dust storms. Windy nights and daytime wind in the cooler seasons can lower or eliminate space cooling loads.

Dubai receives a tremendous amount of solar radiation throughout the year. Shading is critical to reduce cooling loads. Photovoltaic electricity generation is possible during summer months, but might be challenging during winter months if adjacent buildings shade the site.

The Dry-Bulb Termperature (DBT) is the temperature of air measured by a thermostat freely exposed to the air but shileded from radiation and moisture.

Relative humidity is the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor in an air-water mixture to the saturated vapor pressure of water at a prescribed temperature.

During the summer seasons, a low pressure area develops over Dubai forcing strong north-westerly winds to blow from Saudi Arabia. These winds become gusty and unpredictable on reaching Dubai. Wind is caused by differences in atmospheric pressure. When a difference exists, air moved from the higher to the lower pressure area, resulting in winds of various speeds. Measured in Velocity and Frequency, wind carries the attributes of Temperature, Humidity and Precipitation.

Solar radiation is radiant energy emitted by the sun, particularly electromagnetic energy. About half of the radiation is in the visible short-wave part of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Weekly Summary

Ave ra g e T e mp e ra ture (°C)

°C °C

Location: Dubai Intl Airp., - (25.2°, 55.3°) © W eather T ool

°C

ºF

45+ 40

113

35 30 25 20

95 86 77

15 10 5 <0

104

68 50 41 <0

Dubai, United Arab Emirates

DRY BULB TEMPERATURE “The dry-bulb temperature (DBT) is the temperature of air measured by a thermostat freely exposed to the air but shielded from radiation and moisture. DBT is the temperature that is usually thought of as air temperature, and it is the true thermodynamic temperature” This graphic shows the range of average temperatures throughout different times of the year in Dubai, UAE.

The 3-axis visual illustrates the 52 weeks of the year along the x-axis, 24 hours of the day in the y-axis, and temperature Celsius (°C) along the z-axis.

This information indicates average temperatures peak each day in the late afternoon at approximately 5pm with average lows occurring at approximately 7am. Average annual temperatures peak during weeks 28-32, corresponding to the month of August, reaching average highs between 30° C and 40°C (30°F and 104°F).

0 4 8 12

20 24

32 36

44 48 52 Wk Wk

JULY 12:00 pm

CLIMATE 08

4:00 pm

The diagrams to the right illustrate the temperature of the prevailing winds in this location. Understanding dry bulb temperature averages is necessary to formulate our goals of enhancing human comfort throughout the year.

Daily Average Peak

AUG.

Yearly Average Peak

Prevailing Winds A v e ra g e W in d T e m p e ra t u re s Location: Dubai Intl Airp., - (25.2°, 55.3°)

D a t e : 1 s t J a n u a ry - 3 1 s t D e c e m b e r T im e : 0 0 : 0 0 - 2 4 : 0 0

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

°C 45+ 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 <0

ºF 113 104 95 86 77 68 59 50 41 <0

10 km/h

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

°C 45+ 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 <0

ºF 113 104 95 86 77 68 59 50 41 <0

10 km/h

January

February

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

°C 45+ 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 <0

ºF 113 104 95 86 77 68 59 50 41 <0

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

10 km/h

March

April

°C 45+ 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 <0

ºF

°C 45+ 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 <0

ºF

°C 45+ 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 <0

ºF

113 104 95 86 77 68 59 50 41 <0

Wind temperatures are at their lowest in the winter months at around 20° C, with the majority of winds being less than 20 km/h.

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

°C 45+ 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 <0

ºF 113 104 95 86 77 68 59 50 41 <0

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

10 km/h

May

June

°C 45+ 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 <0

ºF 113 104 95 86 77 68 59 50 41 <0

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

°C 45+ 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 <0

ºF 113 104 95 86 77 68 59 50 41 <0

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

10 km/h

July

August

113 104 95 86 77 68 59 50 41 <0

Wind temperatures are at their highest in the summer months at around 40° C, however these high temperatures winds are infrequent, occurring only 0.1% of the month.

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

°C 45+ 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 <0

ºF 113 104 95 86 77 68 59 50 41 <0

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

°C 45+ 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 <0

ºF 113 104 95 86 77 68 59 50 41 <0

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

°C 45+ 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 <0

ºF 113 104 95 86 77 68 59 50 41 <0

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

10 km/h

September

October

November

December

113 104 95 86 77 68 59 50 41 <0

Weekly Summary

R e la tive H umid ity (%)

90+ 80

% %

Location: Dubai Intl Airp., - (25.2°, 55.3°) © W eather T ool

70 60 50 40

100

30 20 10 <0 80

This information indicates daily humidity levels are at their lowest in the early afternoon, peaking in the early morning, and then ramping back after noon leading up to midnight. Relative humidity peaks during the winter months, with the lowest percentage of relative humidity occurring during

0 4

20 24

32 36

40 44 48

MAR.

52 Wk Wk

Daily High

APRIL: Lowest Average Humidity Levels

5:00 am

Daily Low 2:00 pm

DEC. Yearly Average Highs

CLIMATE 10

“Relative humidity is the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor in an air-water mixture to the saturated vapor pressure of water at a prescribed temperature. The relative humidity of air depends on temperature and the pressure of the system of interest”

The 3-axis illustrates the 52 weeks of the year along the x-axis, 24 hours of the day in the y-axis, and mm % of relative humidity in the z-axis.

RELATIVE HUMIDITY

This graphic shows the relative humidity throughout the day, at different times of the year in Dubai, UAE. Relative humidity represents the amount of water vapor that exists in a given volume of air.

Dubai, United Arab Emirates

Yearly Average Highs

Prevailing Winds A v e ra g e R e la t iv e H u m id it y Location: Dubai Intl Airp., - (25.2°, 55.3°)

D a t e : 1 s t J a n u a ry - 3 1 s t D e c e m b e r T im e : 0 0 : 0 0 - 2 4 : 0 0

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

% 95+ 85 75 65 55 45 35 25 15 <5

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

10 km/h

January

February

% 95+ 85 75 65 55 45 35 25 15 <5

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

% 95+ 85 75 65 55 45 35 25 15 <5

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

10 km/h

March

April

% 95+ 85 75 65 55 45 35 25 15 <5

Average relative humidity levels are at their highest in the winter months, with the majority of days carrying a 65% humidity level from the Northwest, with winds less than 20 km/h.

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

% 95+ 85 75 65 55 45 35 25 15 <5

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

10 km/h

May

June

% 95+ 85 75 65 55 45 35 25 15 <5

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

% 95+ 85 75 65 55 45 35 25 15 <5

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

10 km/h

July

August

% 95+ 85 75 65 55 45 35 25 15 <5

Average relative humidity levels are at their lowest in the summer months, ranging between 45% and 55% humidity levels with winds deriving from the Northwest.

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

% 95+ 85 75 65 55 45 35 25 15 <5

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

% 95+ 85 75 65 55 45 35 25 15 <5

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

% 95+ 85 75 65 55 45 35 25 15 <5

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

10 km/h

September

October

November

December

% 95+ 85 75 65 55 45 35 25 15 <5

km/h

km/h Weekly Summary

km/h

45+ 40

Ave ra g e W ind Sp e e d (km/h) Location: Dubai Intl Airp., - (25.2°, 55.3°)

35 30 25 20

15 10 5 <0

Dubai, United Arab Emirates

AVERAGE WIND SPEED This graphic shows the average wind speed over the course of a year. The x-axis corresponds to the weeks of the year, the y-axis shows the hours in each day, and the z-axis displays wind speed in km/h. With peak wind speeds occurring in the months of March and July, the average wind speed does not fluctuate wildly throughout the year.

Daily peak wind speeds tend to occur in the late afternoon throughout the year. 10

Understanding average wind speed allows us to employ strategies that use the wind to assist with cross ventilation, stack effect, night purge and also help understand potentials regarding wind power generation.

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36

4 8 12 16 20 24

40 44 48 52 Wk Wk

4:00 am

Daily Low 8:00 am 12:00 pm Daily High 4:00 pm

CLIMATE 12

Hr Hr

Prevailing Winds W in d F re q u e n c y (H rs ) Location: Dubai Intl Airp., - (25.2°, 55.3°)

D a t e : 1 s t J a n u a ry - 3 1 s t D e c e m b e r T im e : 0 0 : 0 0 - 2 4 : 0 0

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

hrs 49+ 44 39 34 29 24 19 14 9 <4

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

10 km/h

January

February

hrs 37+ 33 29 25 22 18 14 11 7 <3

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

hrs 27+ 24 21 18 16 13 10 8 5 <2

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

10 km/h

March

April

hrs 29+ 26 23 20 17 14 11 8 5 <2

High wind gusts are less frequent in the winter months, with the majority of wind occurring from the Northwest between 10 km/h and 20 km/h.

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

hrs 34+ 30 27 23 20 17 13 10 6 <3

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

10 km/h

May

June

hrs 33+ 29 26 23 19 16 13 9 6 <3

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

hrs 25+ 22 20 17 15 12 10 7 5 <2

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

10 km/h

July

August

hrs 45+ 40 36 31 27 22 18 13 9 <4

Summer months have the highest wind frequency, with the majority of winds coming from the West-Northwest and North-Northeast between 10 km/h and 30 km/h.

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

hrs 25+ 22 20 17 15 12 10 7 5 <2

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

hrs 40+ 35 32 27 24 20 16 12 8 <4

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

hrs 45+ 40 36 31 27 22 18 13 9 <4

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

10 km/h

September

October

November

December

hrs 35+ 31 28 24 21 17 14 10 7 <3

Summary Weekly Summary

ai, UAE (25.2°, 55.3°) Location: Dubai, UAE (25.2°, 55.3°) ol

mm mm 11

mm 1

8 12 16

48 52

8:00 am

The majority of rainfall typically occurs in the morning hours

CLIMATE 14

While this data represents a typical meteorological year from a 15-year period, these numbers differ slightly from the yearly averages, as shown in the table below. Precipitation occurrences which are anomalies in Dubai may account for this difference in precipitation values. For instance, December on a typical year may receive less than 1mm of rainfall, however, due to precipitation anomalies has the potential to drive the average upwards of 16mm. Reviewing historical National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) data over a 30 year period, instances occurring in the early mornings of winter and summer months can produce precipitation values upwards of 20mm (June 06, 1983 at 7:00am).

8 12

12 16

16 20

20 24

40 44

This information indicates average daily rainfall is greater in the early and mid morning, with sparse occurrences of evening precipitation. Rainfall typically occurs during the winter months of the year, particularly in January, February, and December. A typical year may receive around 62mm (2.04 inches) of precipitation overall.

12 12

The 3-axis visual illustrates the 52 weeks of the year along the x-axis, 24 hours of the day in the y-axis, and mm of rainfall along the z-axis.

0 44

January

48 52

20 24

8 12 8

0 <0

0 0 0 <0

0 4

0 0 0 0

The graphic (left) shows the range of daily rainfall throughout a typical meteorological year in Dubai, UAE. Also known 0 0 0 as a TMY300 data set containing hourly climate data.

0+ 0

0 0 0 0

A typical rainfall occurrence in Dubai receives about .05mm of liquid precipitation

Anomalies in weather can create upwards of 8mm of precipitation in the early morning hours 0 of the winter months

0+ 0

0 0 0 0

AVERAGE DAILY RAINFALL

0+ 0

12:00 am

mm Dubai, United ArabmmEmirates

D a ily R a infa ll (mm) A v e ra g e D a ily R a infa ll (mm)

March

The majority of rainfall typically occurs in the winter months between January and March

Understanding the average daily rainfall helps determine optimal times to target harvesting of rainwater. Average Precipitation mm (inches)

mm (in)

Jan

Feb

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

18.8 (0.7)

25.0 (0.9)

7.2 (0.2)

0.4 (0.01)

0.0 (0)

0.8 (0.03)

0.0 (0)

1.1 (0.04)

2.7 (0.1)

16.2 (0.6)

94.3 (3.71)

Prevailing Winds A v e ra g e R a in f a ll (m m ) L o c a t io n : D u b a i, U A E (2 5 . 2 ° , 5 5 . 3 ° )

D a t e : 1 s t J a n u a ry - 3 1 s t D e c e m b e r T im e : 0 0 : 0 0 - 2 4 : 0 0

50 km/ h 40 km/ h 30 km/ h 20 km/ h

mm 1 .0 + 0 .9 0 .8 0 .7 0 .6 0 .5 0 .4 0 .3 0 .2 < 0 .1

in 0.039 0.035 0.031 0.027 0.023 0.019 0.015 0.011 0.007 <.003

10 km/ h

J a n u a ry

50 km/ h 40 km/ h 30 km/ h 20 km/ h

mm 1 .0 + 0 .9 0 .8 0 .7 0 .6 0 .5 0 .4 0 .3 0 .2 < 0 .1

in 0.039 0.035 0.031 0.027 0.023 0.019 0.015 0.011 0.007 <.003

50 km/ h 40 km/ h 30 km/ h 20 km/ h

mm 8 .0 + 7 .2 6 .4 5 .6 4 .8 4 .0 3 .2 2 .4 1 .6 < 0 .8

in 1.33 1.20 1.07 0.93 0.80 0.66 0.53 0.40 0.26 <.13

50 km/ h 40 km/ h 30 km/ h 20 km/ h

10 km/ h

F e b ru a ry

M a rc h

A p ril

mm 1 .0 + 0 .9 0 .8 0 .7 0 .6 0 .5 0 .4 0 .3 0 .2 < 0 .1

0.039 0.035 0.031 0.027 0.023 0.019 0.015 0.011 0.007 <.003

The majority of precipitation occurs within the winter months. A typical February will receive around 25mm of rainfall, which also coincides with the average.

50 km/ h 40 km/ h 30 km/ h 20 km/ h

mm 1 .0 + 0 .9 0 .8 0 .7 0 .6 0 .5 0 .4 0 .3 0 .2 < 0 .1

in 0.039 0.035 0.031 0.027 0.023 0.019 0.015 0.011 0.007 <.003

50 km/ h 40 km/ h 30 km/ h 20 km/ h

10 km/ h

M ay

Ju n e

mm 1 .0 + 0 .9 0 .8 0 .7 0 .6 0 .5 0 .4 0 .3 0 .2 < 0 .1

in 0.039 0.035 0.031 0.027 0.023 0.019 0.015 0.011 0.007 <.003

50 km/ h 40 km/ h 30 km/ h 20 km/ h

mm 1 .0 + 0 .9 0 .8 0 .7 0 .6 0 .5 0 .4 0 .3 0 .2 < 0 .1

in 0.039 0.035 0.031 0.027 0.023 0.019 0.015 0.011 0.007 <.003

50 km/ h 40 km/ h 30 km/ h 20 km/ h

10 km/ h

J u ly

A u g u st

0.039 0.035 0.031 0.027 0.023 0.019 0.015 0.011 0.007 <.003

Average rainfall from prevailing winds is at its lowest levels in the summer months. A typical summer month will receive less that .1mm of rainfall, however some anomolies can increase these numbers upward of .8mm. 50 km/ h 40 km/ h 30 km/ h 20 km/ h

mm 1 .0 + 0 .9 0 .8 0 .7 0 .6 0 .5 0 .4 0 .3 0 .2 < 0 .1

in 0.039 0.035 0.031 0.027 0.023 0.019 0.015 0.011 0.007 <.003

50 km/ h 40 km/ h 30 km/ h 20 km/ h

mm 1 .0 + 0 .9 0 .8 0 .7 0 .6 0 .5 0 .4 0 .3 0 .2 < 0 .1

in 0.039 0.035 0.031 0.027 0.023 0.019 0.015 0.011 0.007 <.003

50 km/ h 40 km/ h 30 km/ h 20 km/ h

mm 1 .0 + 0 .9 0 .8 0 .7 0 .6 0 .5 0 .4 0 .3 0 .2 < 0 .1

in 0.039 0.035 0.031 0.027 0.023 0.019 0.015 0.011 0.007 <.003

50 km/ h 40 km/ h 30 km/ h 20 km/ h

10 km/ h

S e p te m b e r

O c to b e r

N ovember

D ecember

0.039 0.035 0.031 0.027 0.023 0.019 0.015 0.011 0.007 <.003

Optimum Orientation

Dubai, United Arab Emirates

Location: Dubai Intl Airp., -

Orientation based on average daily incident radiation on a vertical surface. Underheated Stress: 0.0 Overheated Stress: 2985.4 Compromise: 175.0°

OPTIMAL ORIENTATION

15°

345° kWh/m²

Best

This graphic shows the optimal orientation of a building mass in Dubai to maximize solar performance. This provides for minimal solar insolation on the building. While optimal for the building from the perspective of solar performance, this does not account for performance of the outdoor spaces between buildings nor other factors such as wind.

30°

330°

3.60

Worst

3.20 315°

45° 2.80

2.40 300°

Complete orientation optimization of the future city will include other climate factors, weighted in importance, as well as influence of experiential and circulation factors, which thread the development into the surrounding context.

60°

2.00

1.60

1.20 75°

285° 0.80

0.40

85.0°

90°

270°

255°

105°

240°

120°

225°

135°

210°

Avg. Daily Radiation at 175.0° Entire Year: 1.56 kWh/ m² Underheated: 2.73 kWh/ m² Overheated: 0.19 kWh/ m²

SUN PATH 16

150°

195°

175.0º

Compromise: 175.0° 180°

165°

Annual Average Underheated Period Overheated Period

017

Winter Solstice

Summer Solstice

Fall Equinox

Spring Equinox

12:00 PM December 21

12:00 PM June 21

12:00 PM Sept 21

12:00 PM March 21

During wintertime the sun’s daily maximum position in the sky is the lowest. Direct sun can cause overheating and glare, resulting in thermal and visual discomfort for occupants. Careful attention must be paid to shading so it blocks low sun angles during these months.

Dry bulb temperature is hottest during summer months, and therefore shading from direct sun is most critical.

During the shoulder seasons the tilt of the Earth’s axis is inclined neither away nor towards the sun meaning that the sun is at a ‘medium’ height in the sky during these months. Dubai’s hot desert climate demands that shading occur year-round on west facing exposures.

SUN PATH 17

GOALS + STRATEGIES MANAGE Temperature Relative Humidity Solar Radiation

CAPTURE Solar Energy Wind Energy Moisture Rainfall

ENHANCE Human Comfort Light Quality Wetlands Conservation

microclimate site design expansive roof thermal mass night-purge shading vegetation - evapotranspiration reflective surfaces water bodies waterfalls air stratification moisture buffering cross ventilation landscaping vegetation - shading orientation solar panels building integrated pv flexible pv film wind towers integrated wind turbines sheerwind turbines micro turbines rain water collection condensation collection fog fence air well condenser daylighting control water features lightwells dynamic shading constructed wetlands water retention native flora habitat biodiversity

5 41

10 50

15 59

20 68

25 77

30 86

Indirect Evaporation

35 95

40 104

45 113

5 41

10 50

15 59

20 68

25 77

30 86

35 95

40 104

45 113

50 122

Comfort

Temperature (C °) Temperature (F °)

5 41

10 50

15 59

20 68

25 77

30 86

Natural Ventilation

35 95

40 104

45 113

50 122

Humidity

Direct Evaporative Cooling

PASSIVE STRATEGIES 20

50 122

Comfort

Temperature (C °) Temperature (F °)

Humidity

Comfort

Temperature (C °) Temperature (F °)

Humidity

Comfort

Temperature (C °) Temperature (F °)

5 41

10 50

15 59

20 68

25 77

30 86

Night-Purge Ventilation

35 95

40 104

45 113

50 122

Humidity

5 41

10 50

15 59

20 68

25 77

30 86

Passive Solar Heating

35 95

40 104

45 113

50 122

Comfort

021

5 41

10 50

15 59

20 68

25 77

This chart illustrates the relationship of climate data to human comfort. With several axis of information, this chart helps to visualize the way the temperature and humidity of Dubai effect human comfort. Along the x-axis, dry bulb temperature is plotted. The y-axis indicates humidity (the ratio of water to air). The curving lines indicate the relative humidity and illustrate the ability for warmer air to hold more humidity. The blue pixels represent annual data points of temperature and humidity plotted on the chart.

Humidity

Temperature (C 째) Temperature (F 째)

PSYCHROMETRIC CHART

Comfort

Temperature (C 째) Temperature (F 째)

Dubai, United Arab Emarates

30 86

Thermal Mass Effects

35 95

40 104

45 113

The blue boundary line illustrates the extent of human comfort in relation to temperature and humidity. This boundary encloses only a small percentage of the data points which represent the annual climate of Dubai, and this shows that for much of the year, the temperature and humidity are beyond the upper threshold of human comfort. The additional colored boundary line represents the extent of human comfort when utilizing passive strategies corresponding to each particular system. By employing certain strategies, we can extend the threshold of the boundaries of human comfort to make the space more appealing. Each strategy works differently. Whereas thermal mass extends the threshold of human comfort into a higher dry bulb temperature, it does little to mitigate higher humidity. By contrast, Natural Ventilation can extend comfort thresholds into much higher levels of humidity. Careful selection of a system of strategies is essential to enhancing the microclimate of spaces.

50 122

PASSIVE STRATEGIES 21

TEMPERATURE

Microclimate + Site Design

Shading - Expansive Roof

Thermal Mass

Night-Purge Ventilation

Masdar City, Abu Dhabi

Louvre, Abu Dhabi

Indian Institute of Management

The Eastgate Center, Zimbabwe

By taking into account the local climate and the site context, specific cooling strategies can be selected to apply which are the most appropriate for preventing overheating through the space. The microclimate can play a huge role in determining the most favorable location and orientation by analyzing the combined availability of sun and wind.

A properly designed shading system can effectively contribute to minimizing solar heat gain. Shading both transparent and opaque surfaces of the building envelope will minimize solar radiation that induces overheating in both indoor spaces and building’s structure, the heat gain captured through windows and envelope will be reduced.

Thermal mass is the ability of the mass of an object to store heat, providing “inertia” against temperature fluctuations. Thermal mass is effective in improving occupant comfort in any place that experiences these types of daily temperature fluctuations. The high volumetric heat capacity and thickness prevents thermal energy from reaching the inner spaces. When temperatures fall at night, the walls re-radiate the thermal energy back into the night sky.

Night-Purge Ventilation keeps windows and other passive ventilation openings closed during the day, but open at night to flush warm air out of the space and discharge heat from the thermal mass for the next day. Successful night-purge ventilation is determined by how much heat energy is removed from a space by bringing in nighttime air, without using active HVAC cooling and ventilation.

PASSIVE STRATEGIES: MANAGE 22

TEMPERATURE

023

Shading - Vegetation

Reflective Surfaces

Water Bodies

Air Stratification

Patio de la Acequia, Granada

Museum of Islamic Art, Doha

Sangath, Ahmedabad

Convection, Philippe Rahm

During wintertime the sunâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s daily maximum position in the sky is the lowest and therefore most difficult to shade from entering directly on a surface. Direct sun can cause overheating and glare, resulting in thermal and visual discomfort for occupants of a space. Careful attention must be paid to shading so it blocks low sun angles during these months.

Water has a moderating effect on the temperature of the microclimate. It possesses very high thermal storage capacity, much higher than building materials, like brick, concrete and stone. A large body of water in the form of a lake, river, or fountain has the ability to moderate the air temperature in the microclimate. Water evaporation has a cooling effect on the surroundings. It takes up heat from the air through evaporation and causes significant cooling.

Commonly an increase in temperature produces a reduction in density. Hence, when air is heated, hot air rises, displacing colder denser air, which falls. Very often in an enclosed space, a real difference of temperature could sometimes even be 10* C. Thus, varying levels of activity can be grouped around varying degrees of temperature for an appropriate relationship between activity and temperature.

Care must be taken to understand the impact of reflectivity on adjacent surfaces.

PASSIVE STRATEGIES: MANAGE

RELATIVE HUMIDITY

Moisture Buffering

Cross Ventilation

Water Bodies

Landscaping

WaterShed House, U of Maryland

Zayed National Mus., Abu Dhabi

The Amercian University, Beirut

Patio de la Acequia, Granada

Moisture buffering refers to the ability of materials to moderate changes in relative humidity by absorbing and desorbing water vapor from the surrounding air. Internal surfaces of spaces and furnishings may have a positive effect to moderate the variations of indoor humidity seen in occupied buildings. The ability of a material to absorb and release moisture may be defined as its Moisture Buffering Capacity.

Traditional architecture of the Middle East incorporated wind catchers as a common architectural feature to naturally ventilate buildings and spaces. Wind catchers capture prevailing wind, channel it into spaces, and circulate it throughout. Modern architecture in the desert climate is turning to wind catchers for passive cooling.

Water has a moderating effect on the temperature of the microclimate. It possesses very high thermal storage capacity, much higher than the building materials, like brick, concrete and stone. A large body of water in the form of a lake, river, or fountain has the ability to moderate the air temperature in the microclimate. Water evaporation has a cooling effect on the surroundings. It takes up heat from the air through evaporation and causes significant cooling.

Landscaping by vegetation is one of the most effective ways of altering microclimate for better conditions. Trees provide buffer to sun, heat, noise, and air pollution. Landscaping can be used to direct or divert the air flow advantageously. Trees help to shade the building from intense direct solar radiation. Additionally, the shade provided by trees reduces the air temperature of the microclimate around the building through evapotranspiration.

PASSIVE STRATEGIES: MANAGE 24

SOLAR RADIATION

025

Shading - Expansive Roof

Shading - Vegetation

Reflective Surfaces

Orientation

Louvre, Abu Dhabi

The Amercian University, Beirut

Museum of Islamic Art, Doha

Masdar City, Abu Dhabi

The extreme amount of solar radiation can be combated through the design of an expansive roof shading structure. By creating a roof structure over the buildings and outdoor spaces, heat gain can be minimized within the buildings, as well as create a comfortable micro climate below, while still allowing diffused light to filter through, such is the case with Jean Nouvelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Louvre in Abu Dhabi.

In Dubai hot, arid climate, it is important to choose plants which are native and require minimal maintenance and water dependency. Vegetation is one of the best ways to block spaces from solar radiation, thus cooling them. Trees such as the Ghaf tree, The Olive Tree, and the Oleander can offer shade in both summer and winter months.

The use of light-colored exterior materials, including walls and roofs, reflect heat off the surface because of high solar reflectivity and infrared emittance, which, in turn, prevents heat gain and thus help in reducing the cooling load from the building envelope. Thermal mass is effective in improving building comfort in any place that experiences these types of daily temperature fluctuations.

The North/South orientation of streets allows sunlight penetration of the urban structure with a subsequent increase in cooling load requirements. An East/West alignment also results in an increase in the cooling load requirement due to the street exposure of external walls to sunlight. The Northeast/ Southwest orientation of the city fabric provides optimal shading whilst still allowing for Northerly winds. The unique climate attributes of Dubai will offer similar orientation optimization orientation.

PASSIVE STRATEGIES: MANAGE

SOLAR ENERGY

Solar Panels

Building Integrated PV

Flexible PV Film

Masdar City, UAE

Photvoltaic Glazing

US Embassy, London

Traditional solar panels can easily be added to building surfaces to convert sunlight into electricity. In addition to generating electricity they also reduce solar heat gain on the surfaces they are attached to. These solar panels are bulkier than some newer photovoltaic technology, they are more efficient and more cost effective.

A building integrated photovoltaics system replaces traditional building materials with materials capable of harvesting energy with integrated photovoltaics. In addition to energy generation these systems can filter light, insulate, provide natural illumination, and be a signature design feature. These multifunction materials can be applied to any part of a project.

Recent advances in photovoltaic technologies have yielded a photovoltaic film that is thin, light weight, and flexible. This flexible film can bend to take the shape of a complex surface or be laminated onto an ETFE membrane. In addition to capturing sunlight they also can be used to create shade and reduce solar heat gain. (aSi - amorphous silicon pvs)

PASSIVE STRATEGIES: CAPTURE 26

WIND ENERGY

Wind Towers

SheerWind Turbine

Integrated wind turbines are small scale power generating turbines which can be incorporated into a building design. These small turbines can operate in a wider range of wind speeds. Integrated wind turbines operate on either a horizontal or vertical axis. Horizontal axis turbines are superior to vertical axis turbines in both power generation and reliability.

The SheerWind turbine is an omni-directional wind collector that operates efficiently at both high and low wind speeds. Much like a traditional wind tower, the SheerWind turbine funnels wind from any direction downwards, where it is compressed to increase its speed before it finally powers a smaller turbine to generate power.

Masdar City, UAE Wind towers are a traditional Persian architectural element to capture wind for naturally ventilating buildings and spaces. During windy conditions, wind towers actively ventilate spaces with captured wind. During still conditions, wind towers can function as a solar chimney to create a pressure gradient and allow hot air to escape,. drawing cooler air into the evacuated space.

027

Integrated Wind Turbines

PASSIVE STRATEGIES: CAPTURE

PRECIPITATION

Rain Water Collection

Condensation Collection

ASU School of Architecture

WarkaWater Tower

With rainwater harvesting an independent water supply that can be used to supplement a main water supply. Correctly sized cisterns are crucial to prevent rainwater waste during periods of heavy rainfall. Rainwater collection in the middle east can reduce the need for energy intensive salt water desalinization.

The WarkaWater Tower suspends a fine mesh within a bamboo frame. In the correct conditions, the mesh can capture and collect 25 gallons of water a day which is drained into the basin below. The clean water harvested during the cool hours of the day has a multitude of uses including irrigation, drinking, and cooling.

PASSIVE STRATEGIES: CAPTURE 28

Fog Fence

Air Well (Condenser)

A fog fence or fog collector is an apparatus for collecting liquid water from fog, using a fine mesh or array of parallel wires. Proposed geometries include linear, similar to a fence, and cylindrical. It has the advantage of being passive, requiring no external energy source to perform its collection. Fog typically contains from 0.05 to 0.5 grams of water per cubic metre, with droplets from 1 to 40 micrometers in diameter.

An air well is a structure or device that collects water by promoting the condensation of moisture from the air. Designs for air wells are many and varied, but the simplest designs are completely passive, require no external energy source and have few, if any, moving parts. From the 20th century onwards, low-mass, radiative collectors proved to be much more successful.

HUMAN COMFORT

029

Microclimate + Site Design

Shading - Expansive Roof

Daylighting Control

Water Features

Masdar City, Abu Dhabi

Louvre, Abu Dhabi

Masdar City, Abu Dhabi

By taking into account the local climate and the site context, specific cooling strategies can be selected to apply which are the most appropriate for preventing overheating through the building. The microclimate can play a huge role in determining the most favorable building location by analyzing the combined availability of sun and wind.

A properly designed shading system can effectively contribute to minimizing the solar heat gains. Shading both transparent and opaque surfaces of the building envelope will minimize solar radiation that induces overheating in both indoor spaces and buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s structure, the heat gain captured through windows and envelope will be reduced.

Having the ability to dynamically shade exterior spaces throughout a day can help to control the amount of light that filters into the space below. This has both a qualitative as well as quantitative affect on the space, which can filter harsh glare during the day, and allow for an obstructed view to the skies above at night. Surveys have found that lighting levels play a subconscious role in peoples perceptions of the temperature and comfort of environments Research conducted in the UAE has found the acceptable maximum to be at 500 lux before human comfort is compromised.

Water features can be positioned to capture breezes, and through evapotranspiration, lessen the temperature of the surrounding micro-climate. One must be found that balance the amount of moisture introduced into the air as increased humidity levels will make for less than comfortable spaces.

PASSIVE STRATEGIES: ENHANCE

LIGHT QUALITY

Shading - Expansive Roof

Lightwells

Orientation

Dynamic Shading

Louvre, Abu Dhabi

Masdar City HQ, Abu Dhabi

Masdar City, Abu Dhabi

Masdar City Centre, Abu Dhabi

Lightwells are useful for allow diffuse daylight into otherwise dark spaces below. These shafts can also double as spaces for hot air to rise out of the spaces below naturally. Lightwells serve to reduce the necessity for electric lighting, add a potential gathering space, and provide an internal open space for windows to give an illusion of having a view outside.

Developed by LAVA Architects, these dynamic shading canopies are influenced by a sunflower, and like an umbrella, open and close throughout the course of a day. During the day they block solar radiation and store heat, whilst at night fold away to allow for heat to escape and the sky to become clearly visible.

PASSIVE STRATEGIES: ENHANCE 30

PRECEDENTS The authenticity of any proposition is judged by the isñad or “chain” by which it descended from the past. Certain chains are deemed more trustworthy than others. One makes reference to an earlier authority in order to substantiate a statement’s authenticity or truth. The truth, therefore, is only as good as the isñad (chain) of its “construction”. - Janet Abu-Lughod

Jean Nouvel, Louvre Abu Dhabi

LIGHTWEIGHT DOME

The Louvre Abu Dhabi, designed by Jean Nouvel, combines light reflective surfaces, water, and a web-patterned dome overhead which allows for sunlight to filter through. The overall effect is meant to represent “rays of sunlight passing through date palm fronds in an oasis.” The design draws from time-tested passive cooling techniques of regional buildings in the form of a long network of pools as well as the woven palm frond roof characteristic of the region. The fibrous aperature-ridden layer of the monumental curve acts as both a parasol and diffused lighting device. “A microclimate is created by drawing on sensations that have been explored countless times in great Arab architecture, which is based on the mastery of light and geometry...a structure made up of shadows, of movement and discovery” - Jean Nouvel

Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill, Masdar City HQ

WIND + LIGHT CONE

Masdar HQ’s signature architectural feature is a collection of eleven wind cones which provide natural ventilation and cooling (drawing warm air up to roof level, where wind moves it away) and form oasis-like interior courtyards and/ or flexible spaces each with its own theme, at ground level. The cones also provide soft daylighting for the buildings interiors. Other key sustainability design features, systems and strategies include a vast roof canopy, which provides natural shading and incorporates one of the world’s largest photovoltaic and solar-panel arrays. The roof’s undulating understructure facilitates the roof pier’s structural performance. High-thermal-mass exterior glass cladding provides solar heat blocking while remaining transparent for views. Thermal technology in the project also includes earth ducts which reduce temperature of outside air and provide underground pedestrian passages.

James Corner Field Operations, Navy Pier

THE MAGIC ROOM

As a major indoor environment, this space should be an active attraction all year round, providing a beautiful and extraordinary space. JCFO proposed a spectacular display of hanging gardens - a series of large scale vegetal pods that hang from an elevated structure. One might be the source of a dramatic waterfall, and another a birdhouse with colorful exotic birds. Envisioning 10 or 12 of these vegetal pods, each covered with ferns, mosses, epiphytes, vines and other textural plants, they may also be lowered to the ground level to create a dramatic spatial garden. The idea is that when the floor is required to be open for special events the pods may be raised creating a hanging garden above; while at other times some of the pods can be lowered and set on the ground as unusually and exquisitely planted exhibits with potential interior grottos; and at other times, all of the pods may be on the ground, as in kind of surreal landscape of green islands, hideaways and micro-gardens.

Heatherwick Studio, Al Fayah Park, Abu Dhabi

DESERT MICROCLIMATE

Designing a park in the desert presented the studio with a series of challenges, the most serious of which was how to provide protection from the hot desert sun for visitors as well as for the parks plants and vegetation. Offering a place for relaxation and leisure for those using it, the park also needed to be energy efficient and sustainable in its use of water to irrigate vegetation. The idea for the parkâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s design developed in response to these challenges and as a way of celebrating the beauty of the desert and its distinct surrounding landscape. Instead of denying the presence of the desert that the city is built on, we set ourselves the task of making a park out of the desert itself. The project evolved as a series of cracked pieces of the desert surface raised on columns to form a gentle dome across the site. These elevated pieces create a perforated canopy of partial shade under which a lush garden can grow, protected from the harsh excesses of the hot desert sun.

Lava, Masdar City Centre

DYNAMIC SHADING

The future wellbeing of cities around the globe depends on mankind’s ability to develop and integrate sustainable technology. The centre will feature giant movable sunshades based on sunflowers that shade a public plaza, plus hotels, retail and leisure facilities. Giant umbrellas, with a design based on the principles of sunflowers, will provide movable shade in the day, store heat, then close and release the heat at night in the plaza of a new eco-city in the United Arab Emirates. The solar powered ‘sunflower’ umbrellas capture the sun’s rays during the day, fold at night releasing the stored heat, and open again the next day. They follow the projection of the sun to provide continuous shade during the day.

Foster Partners, Smithsonian Institution, Wash. DC

INHERENT STRUCTURAL FORM The courtyard forms the centerpiece of the building’s longterm renovation program, which included the redesign of galleries with contemporary interactive displays, the addition of a conservation laboratory, an auditorium, and greatly increased exhibition space. Visitors can enter from the courtyard, which was designed to “do the most with the least”, the fluid-form, fully glazed roof canopy develops structural and environmental themes first explored in the design of the roof. Structurally, the roof is composed of three interconnected vaults that flow into one another through softly curved valleys. The double-glazed panels are set within a diagrid of fins, clad in acoustic material, which together form a rigid shell that needs to be supported by only eight columns. Visually the roof is raised above the walls of the existing building, clearly articulating new and old. Seen illuminated at night, this canopy appears to float above the Patent Building, a symbolizing the cultural importance of the Smithsonian Institution and giving new life to a popular Washington

Dubai Future City

STADIUM - PLAZA Sectional relationship surrounding the proposed stadium. Ratio: 0.80 (Wake Interference)

110 m 360.89 ft

A wake intereference is the region of recirculating flow immediatley behind a stationary solid body, caused by the flow of surrounding air around the mass. When spacing spacing is larger than that required to create a stable vortex between buildings, but smaller than the sum of the upwind and downwind eddies, a Wake Interference Flow is induced.

Downwind Eddy

Upwind Eddy

25 m 82.02 ft

40 m 131.23 ft

Key Plan:

45 m 147.64 ft

SECTIONAL RELATIONSHIPS 40

110 m 360.89 ft

Dubai Future City

CITY CENTRE Sectional relationship of the proposed “city center”, the large gathering space at the center of the development. Ratio: 1.00 (Skimming Flow)

110 m 360.89 ft

Stable Vortex

110 m 360.89 ft

Skimming Flow is caused when buildings are organized in rows spaced closely together and oriented perpendicular to wind.

25 m 82.02 ft

40 m 131.23 ft

Key Plan:

45 m 147.64 ft

041

110 m 360.89 ft

SECTIONAL RELATIONSHIPS

Dubai Future City

MJR CORRIDOR/STREET CANAL Sectional relationship of a major corridor, carrying both vehicular and pedestrian traffic. Ratio: 1.05 (Skimming Flow)

Stable Vortex

60 m 196.85 ft

SECTIONAL RELATIONSHIPS 42

15 m

Key Plan:

15 m

65 m 213.26 ft

80 m 262.47 ft

Skimming Flow is caused when buildings are organize din rows spaced closely together and oriented perpendicular to wind.

20 m

Dubai Future City

MNR CORRIDOR/URBAN CANYON Sectional relationship of a minor corridor within the development. Ratio: 0.75 (Wake Interference)

60 m 196.85 ft

043

15 m

Key Plan:

80 m 262.47 ft

20 m

SECTIONAL RELATIONSHIPS

Dubai Future City

OPEN FIELD/EDGE CONDITION Sectional relationship of the development to a large open expanse. Ratio: < 0.10 (Isolated Roughness) If spacing between buildings is larger than the sum of the upwind and downwind eddies, wind will drop between the buildings in a pattern of Isolated Roughness, w hich is good for ventilation.

Downwind Eddy

52 m

Key Plan:

Up to 300m

SECTIONAL RELATIONSHIPS 44

Upwind Eddy

STRATEGY Systems thinking is about patterns of relationships and how these translate into emergent behaviors. This section explores the notion of systems and its application to ecosystem thinking. Systems thinking provides us with a window on the world that informs our understanding of nature and our relationship to it. It provides us with a way of framing our investigations and a language for discussing our understanding.

Burj Khalifa Dubai Creek Arabian Gulf

Acres: 2,388 +/(104,044,523 sq ft.)

Total Land Area

Land Access Points

View Corridors

The stadium mass as deďż˝ined by the stadium design concept.

Rotating the building by 20 degrees will help induce ventilation and shading.

Stadium Mass

20Â°

Orientation

Capture Breezes / Shade

Total Program: 49.5% (51,557,402 sq. ft)

De ve l

op m

en tZ on e

Bu ﬀe W et rZ la on nd e s Ec ot on e

Capture Prevailing Winds

Maximize Shading 20°

Land Zones

Orientation

Total Program Land Area

Urban Development Wetlands Zone De�ined areas surrounding the stadium, will be depressed, creating a lower elevation. This cooled climate will introduce plant species and water bodies to help condition the stadium through natural ventilation and micro-climate control.

Micro-Biomes

Buﬀer Zone The larger development may de�ined by its various developments, aimed at mitigating sand accumulation, and helping to create a microclimate acceptable for human comfort. This entails de�ining an ecological boundary around urban development, allowing breezes to cool as they enter the built development.

Development Zones

The site is broken down into zones of development. The buﬀer zones acts to mitigate sand accumulation, whilst creating an area of high pressure during the day. This then allows for ventilation to pass over a wetlands area (treated waste water), cooling the air before entering into the larger development zone.

Surrounding the stadium are three areas, which we will call biomes, aimed at creating a microclimate which is cooler, has large bodies of water, and introduces a number of native species for evapotranspiration. Utilizing techniques of air stratiďż˝ication, these depressed-shaded areas will help to cool the zones surrounding the stadium.

Stadium

Utilizing a double building facade and interior courtyards, wind towers are integrated into the buildings surrounding the major plazas to enhance air circulation.

Building-Integrated Wind Towers Green Zone Water Edge Field

Water edges can be formed to cool incoming breezes. In hot-arid climates, water evaporating into the air can substanially reduce the air temperature. The evaporation rate and, therefore, the cooling rate depends on teh surface area of the water, the velocity of wind, the relative humidity of the air, and the water tempature.

Microclimate Air Conditioning

The cool air entering from the North over these ecological zones will help to ventilate the stadium through a series of water edges. Overhead, a large lightweight roof structure will help to shade the spaces below.

More, smaller, open spaces, evenly distributed will have a greater eﬀect on microclimate than a few large parks. Streets should be used to carry cooler air away from parks.

With the outer edges of development de�ined by a ecological “green zone”, valleys are extended oﬀ of this area into the urban development within the borders of the site. With native vegetation and running streams of water, cooler micro-climates are created on a block-by-block basis. As these areas come into contact with hardscape, hot air will be circulated up away from the pedestrian strata.

Monolithic

Distributed Wide

Massing

A staggered grid results in the blockage of wind from eﬀectively traversing from one side of the development. This is typically utilized to block cold winter winds. Staggered

Grid-Aligned

Grid Alignment

Green Wadi’s (Valleys)

100

Distributed Narrow

100% = Velocity (Isolated Rough)

Wake Interference

Skimming Flow Isolated Rough (100% Velocity)

Low Density (Sc > 2h) Wind Settles on ground in open spaces between buildings

Ventilation Eﬀectiveness

Isolated Rough (100% Velocity)

40 Wake Interference 20

St 0.25

Simulations show that during daytime the courtyard form has a larger microclimate footprint, due to more of its built mass being closer to the ground.

0.33

0.5

Building Height / Building Spacing Ratio

Low Density (Sc > 2h) Wind Settles on ground in open spaces between buildings

Medium Density (Sc = 2h) Flow over buildings and mixing

Gr ag

idAli

red

Skimming Flow

High Density (Sc < h) Flow over buildings with limited exchange

1.0

Building Flow Regimes (wind perpendicular to mass)

An aligned grid allows for maximum �low of air. Streets perpendicular to the �low of wind should be wider to help cool spaces and accomodate vehicular tra�ic.

Three distinct �low regimes can be identi�ied between buildings, based on theri spacing. Skimming Flow is caused when buildings are organized in rows spaced closely together and oriented perpendicular to wind. When spacing is larger than that required to create a stable vortex between buildings, but smaller than the sum of the upwin and downwind eddies, a Wake Interference Flow is induced. If spacing between buildings is larger than the sum of the upwind and downwind eddies, wind will drop between the buildings in a pattern of Isolated Roughness, which is good for ventilation. Larger building spacing in the direction of wind �low, space between the ends of buildings, and lower building heights minimize wind reduction. If the buildings are staggered, the wind �low around one building helps to provide ventilation air for the adjacent buliding and along-wind spacing between buildings may be decreased.

% of Gradient Wind Velocity (m)

50% 75% 100%

600 500

300

Wider automobile streets Run E/W

200

Elongate block N/W if E/W facades are shaded.

100

row nar t fas

Narrow street for shade

e wid w slo

400

ar icul

d pen Per high e c ulen turb

Eﬀect of Building Height on Wind Level

LOW

llel Paragh hi ty ci velo

Wind Orientation

HIGH

20°

Orient buildings/plan to 20 degrees oﬀ the cardinal direction to capture breezes, enhance natural ventilation, and increase shaded zones.

Solar Orientation

LOW

Microclimate Air Conditioning - Evening Dry Bulb Temp.

+0 m

HIGH

LOW

Microclimate Air Conditioning - Daytime

Utilizing laws of thermodynamics, when air is heated, hot air rises, displacing the colder denser air, which falls. This concept aims to create low levels for cooler air to accumulate.

HIGH

Microclimate Air Strati�ication

STADIUM

HOTEL PV Solar array

Integrated Wind Chimney

Night Purge

Diﬀused Light Air Strati�ication

Natural Ventilation

Water Edge

RETAIL/RESTAURANT

Shaded Dining

Micro-Biomes

High Thermal Mass

HOTEL

Re�lective Materials

Micro Wind Turbines

Green Valleys (Wadi’s) Recycled Water Bodies

Native Flora

Vertical Water Surfaces

HOTEL

RESTAURANT

Buﬀer Zone (Constructed Wetlands)

Wetlands Ecotone

Development Zone

Black-Tailed Godwit - Limosa limosa Heliotropium kotschyi Sesuvium verrucosum

Arnebia hispidissima

Broad-Billed Sandpiper - Limicola falcinellus Haloxylon persicum Senna italica

Amygdalus arabica

Caspian Tern - Hydroprogne caspia Halopyrum mucronatum Senna alexandrina

Amaranthus hypochondriacus

Cattle Egret - Bubulcus ibis Halopeplis perforliata Senecio glaucus

Aloe vera

Crab Plover - Dromas ardeola Halocnemum strobilaceum Salvadora persica

Aerva javanica

Dunlin - Calidris alpina Frankenia pulverulenta Salsola drummondii

Aeluropus lagopoides

Greater Flamingo - Phoenicopterus Acacia tortilis

Great (White) Egret - Ardea alba

Fagonia indica

A combination of native plant species and constructed shade structures will work as a system to help enhance the micro-climate within the outdoor zones of the project by shading these valleys, water edges, and the public spaces within. This system will not only work to enhance the biodiversity on the site by increasing the habitat zone of native and migratory avian populations, but will offer second-order benefits through an increase in human comfort, which in turn will drive further economic activity within businesses in the development.

Salsola baryosma

Buildings, such as the stadium will be able to take advantage of the same technique utilizing water edges and “edge biomes”, used to cool the stadium in coordination with native flora. Green valleys (Wadi’s) winding through the development will help to expand this ecological border zone into the city itself, helping to create pockets of low pressure during the day, driving warm air from the surrounding outdoor spaces upward.

Acacia ehrenbergiana

Given the proximal location to the Ras al Khor wetlands preserve (and internationally protected Ramsar site), this project has an opportunity to connect into the diverse ecological system surrounding it, and utilize this to enhance the micro climate within the boundaries of the Dubai Future City site. By expanding the wetlands area into a border zone around the site, Northwesterly winds will help to drive cool air through the city and into the urban plazas and streets. The foliage surrounding the wetlands will help to mitigate sand accumulation that would otherwise infiltrate the streets beyond and shade bodies of water within the wetlands.

Erodium texanum

Taking into account a systems approach to the development of the Dubai Future City site, this project seeks to take advantage of, and enhance it’s ecological footprint. By working within the system of the local ecology, this approach offers benefits that not only have a positive impact on the habitat for native and migratory species through increased habitat borders, but has secondary effects such as the enhancement of human comfort levels within the Dubai Future City microclimate, and tertiary economic benefits related to activities of bird watching and other outdoor activities.

Rhizophora mangle

AN ECOSYSTEM APPROACH

Heliotropium peruvianum

Leptadenia capitata

Leptadenia pyrotechnia

Lotus garcinii

Lycium shawii

Moringa peregrina

Nannorrhops ritchieana

Nerium oleander

Ochradenus aucheri

Olea europaea

Oligomeris linifolia

Panicum turgidum

Phoenix dactylifera

Phragmites australis

Pluchea ovalis

Silene villosa

Sporobolus iocladus

Stipagrostis plumosa

Suaeda aegyptiaca

Suaeda vermiculata

Tamarix aphylla

Tamarix aucheriana

Tamarix gallica

Tamarix ramosissima

Tamarix apollinea

Zilla spinosa

Ziziphus spina-christi

Zygophyllum hamiense

Zygophyllum qatarense

Zygophullum simplex

Dodonaea viscosa

Cyperus conglomeratus

Cynomorium coccineum

Cornulaca monacantha

Cistanch tubulosa

Chloris virgata

Chenopodium rubrum

Calotropis procera

Calligonum comosum

Bruguiera gymnorrhiza

Boerhavia elegans

Biernerrtia cycloptera

Avicennia marina

Arthrocnemum macrostachym

Greenshank - Tringa nebularia

Grey Heron - Ardea cinerea

Little Egret - Egretta garzetta

Osprey - Pandion haliaetus

Plover - Pycnonotus barbatus

Purple Sunbird - Cinnyris asiaticus

Redshank - Tringa totanus

Red-Wattled Lapwing - Vanellus indicus

Sandwich Tern - Sterna sandvicensis

Slender-Billed Gull - Chroicocephalus genei

Socotra Cormorant - Phalacrocorax nigrogularis

Spoonbill - Platalea leucorodia

Yellow-Legged Gull - Larus michahellis

Black-Headed Gull - Chroicocephalus ridibundus

Black-Necked Grebe - Popiceps nigricollis

Multi-Purpose Stadium (244,641 sq. m) Performance Venue (86,240 sq. m) Sports Academy (112,120 sq. m) Indoor Theme Park (4,000 sq. m) Mall Retail (200,000 sq. m)

In ecology, edge effects refer to the changes in population or community structures that occur at the boundary of two habitats; the juxtaposition of contrasting environments on an ecosystem. As the edge effects increase, the boundary habitat allows for greater biodiversity. Thus, an ecotone marks the transition area between two biomes. It is where two communities meet and integrate. It may be narrow or wide, and it may be local or regional. An ecotone may appear on the ground as a gradual blending of the two communities across a broad area, or it may manifest itself as a sharp boundary line. Because an ecotone is a zone in which two communities integrate, many different forms of life have to live together and compete for space. Therefore, an ecotone can create a diverse ecosystem.

Dubai Future City Program

ECOTONES / EDGE EFFECTS / PATTERNING

Ecotones are particularly significant for mobile animals, as they can exploit more than on set of habitats within a short distance. The ecotone contains not only species common to the communities on both sides; it may also include a number of highly adaptable species that tend to colonize such transitional zones. The phenomenon of increased variety of plants as well as animals at the community is called the edge effect and is essentially due to a locally broader range of suitable-environmental conditions or ecological niches.

This concept looks at the temporal aspects of site, both in terms of ecological and urban development. Acting as a framework for the development of the city, the site is subdivided into a series of prorammatic strips. The strips represent a collection of the program, both in terms of its ecological and urban habitats. Overtime these habitats will begin to shift, expand, or retreat. The diagram (right) represents a framework for use as a tool in the early stages of planning, not a literal translation, but rather suggests densities, activies, and relationships.

Residential (704,908 sq. m) Commercial (685,426 sq. m) Parking (963,277 sq. m)

Open Water

Wetland Ecological Land Use

The emphasis here must be placed on process and a kind of ecological functionality, and not formalism. The most powerful aspect of patterning is an ability to begin to see commonalities across species and ecological systems that might indicate points, zones, or intersections of interest; and these areas would then become points of intervention. This, can at times take on a fractal, or infinitely scalable quality, and indeed thereâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a lot to be said about scalar design and pattern. By examining patterns at a variety of scales we can begin to see potentials for cross species co-shaping.

Casino / Hotel (2,474,658 sq. m)

BuďŹ&#x20AC;er Zone

Mangrove Swamps

Lagoon Mud/Sand Flats Hardscape Circulation

atmosphere / micro-climate urban habitat ecological habitat terrain habitat strips

layers of development

habitat continuity edge zone ecological niche

habitat diversity

habitat

buffer zone

simple mangrove swamp

wetland inclusion

Land Use - Per Strip

sabkha / mudflat complex open water / lagoon maximum edge urban development animal trail

ecotone formation

land use development

Night Purge Ventilation

STADIUM Expansive Shade Structure

OPEN-AIR MALL Evapotranspiration Retail

Restaurant

VENTILATION TUNNEL

Naturally Ventilated Indoor Spaces

Edge Water

Edge Biome

Open-Air Mall

The edge biome oďŹ&#x20AC;ers another opportunity for the air to cooled as it moves across shaded open bodies of water. These areas of high pressure, help to circulate air toward low pressure zones, thus driving the warmer air upward.

Acting as the city centre, this area acts as the main gathering place for large events, as well as a major shopping corridor. A large expansive roof overhead, along with the ecological infrastructure, will help to cool these zones, expanding human comfort and thus increasing the window of usability.

Border Development Acting to create areas of opposite pressure points from the urban development beyond, the border development consists of a constructed wetlands, and habitat for native species. Open bodies of water help to retain thermal mass, while native vegetation helps to cool the surrounding microclimate and mitigate sand from entering public zones. Retail

Retail

Native Flora

Shaded Plaza Thermal Mass

Ventilation Tunnel Network

BuďŹ&#x20AC;er Zone

Mangrove Swamp

Mudďż˝lat

Wetlands

Open Water

Urban Development

Cooled winds moving over the wetlands and open bodies of water, are directed to a tunnel system below the main event plaza and connects directly to the main stadium. This cooled air helps to circulate warmer air upward within the open-air shopping mall above, as well as in the stadium.

APPE ND I X

01 Dubai Satellite Photo

07 BMT Fluid Dynamics

13 Direct-Use Geothermal

19 Microclimate

26 The Islamic City

34 Louvre Abu Dhabi

02 Softspace

08 Koppen Climate Map

14 Geothermal Desalina.

20 Windcatchers; Asia

27 Rethinking Cities.

35 Masdar City HQ

03 Koppen Climate Chart

09 ETFE Viability Report

14 Solar Passive

21 Passive Cooling

28 Islamic Architecture

36 Navy Pier Concept

04 Climate Analysis

10 Plant Ecology

15 Microclimate + Form

22 Moisture Buffering

29 Islamic Geometric Des.

37 Al Fayah Park

05 Climate Data

11 Flora / Fauna

16 Role of Landscape

23 Sustainability

30 Islamic Architecture

38 Masdar City Centre

06 Convection Gradient

12 Native Species

17 Microclimate + Thermal

24 Moisture Buffering

31 Demascus School

39 ASU SOA

18 Urban Microclimate

25 Systems Thinking

32 Ramsar Wetlands

40 American University

26 Daylighting

33 Wetlands Directory

41 Smithsonian Roof

p03, Google Earth Pro

Furjan, Helene. Eco Logics

Wikipedia. Desert Climate.

Autodesk Ecotect Analysis 2011. Weather Tool.

NOAA Climate Data Dubai Intâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;l Airport

Philippe Rahm Architects Convection House

Micro-climate Brochure

University of Melbourne

Thorton Thomasetti

Arkive.org/UAE

Dubai Desert Conservation Reserve (DDCR)

Heroes of the UAE Environmental Agency-Abu Dhabi

RG Thermal Energy Solutions Cleanergy.Net

Clean Energy Business Council Reykjavik Geothermal

Renewable Energy + Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP)

Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture, 2008.

Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture, 2006.

Yahia, Moohammed Wasim. Microclimate and Thermal Comfort.

Thapar, Harsh. Microclimate and Urban Form in Dubai. 2008.

Australian Government National Water Commission

International Journal of Architecture, Engineering + Construction

Mahmoud A. Haggag, UAE University. Ecocity World Summit 2008.

Energy and Buildings 41. S. Cerolini, M. Dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Orazio, C. Di Perna

Sustainability in the Desert. Elgendy, Karim.

Paul Baker + Chris Sanders School of Engineering. GCU.

Kay, James. An Ecosystem Approach for Sustainability. 1999.

Karizi, Nasim. Traditional Daylighting In Hot & Arid Climates.

Lughod, Abu. 2003.

Yacobi, Haim. Shechter, Relli. Univ. of negev, Beer Sheva.

Fathy, Hassan.

The Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Rabbat, Nasser. What is Islamic Architecture Anyways? 2012.

Lycee Charles de Gaulle

Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands. 2009-2012. Ras al Khor.

Directory of Wetlands in the Middle East. WWF.

Jean Nouvel Architects

Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill

James Corner Field Operations

Heatherwick Studio

Lava Architects

Architect + Landscape Designer

Charles Hostler Center

Foster Partners

27 Sun, Wind, & Light

Brown, G.Z.. DeKay, Mark. 2001.

063

APPENDIX