OVIS Climate Report by HKS LINE

ovis September 2014

05 44 56 62

CLIMATE REPORT Los Angeles, United States 33 º57’00” N / 118 º20’15 “ E BSk / CSb Climate Systems Pacific Time Zone (UTC -8:00)

GOALS + STRATEGIES Overview of project goals and passive strategies

PRECEDENTS Architectural precedents and case studies

SITE STRATEGIES Strategies for the massing and configuration of the project.

5.00 miles

2.00 miles

1.00 mile

//SYSTEMS THINKING Systems thinking organizes individual issues into parts of a whole system. It is a set of practices within a framework based on the belief that the components of a system can be better understood when considered in the context of their relationships with other components. Rather than focus on specific issues, events or outcomes, potentially contributing to unintended consequences downstream, we strategically construct systems capable of addressing a problem in a way that is more dependent upon interrelationships of components but also more resilient to external influence. Resilience allows us to adapt to change. Systems thinking, by default, breeds resilience through the small overlaps of strategies inherent to efficiently-designed organizational redundancy. Although we cannot design for all unpredictable events, we can smooth the transitional disruptions of climate change, resource depletion and energy shortfalls. For this project, we propose a careful analysis of ecology, climate, cultural precedents and contextual relationships to drive a cohesive system. Rather than limiting our focus to singular technologies or solutions, we propose the integration of multiple strategies within a systems framework to achieve goals of maintaining a temperate microclimate, significant reduction of energy consumption through elimination of HVAC space conditioning, and enough energy generation to offset the reduced energy loads. //Maintain

Human Comfort

//Minimize

Conditioned Space

//Maximize

Hours of Comfort Event Potential Revenue

//Capture

Solar Energy Wind Energy Rainfall

Dry Bulb Temperature

Year-round temperatures are very mild, with summer temperatures averaging 68 degrees F. During wintertime temperatures typically only drop by 5 degrees on average, focusing most of the passive strategies on heating days as opposed to cooling days. The Dry-Bulb Termperature (DBT) is the temperature of air measured by a thermostat freely exposed to the air but shielded from radiation and moisture. DBT is the temperature, and it is the true thermodynamic temperature--it indicates the amount of heat in the air and it is directly proportional to the mean kinetic energy of the air molecules. Unlike wet bulb temperature, DBT does not indicate the amount of moisture in the air, but it is an important consideration when designing a building for a certain climate.

Wind

Relative Humidity

The overall climate is classified as Mediterranean, receiving very little rainfall. Minimum cloud cover at night combined with a lack of moisture in the air produces diurnal temperature swings conducive to nighttime ventilation purging. Due to low yearly rainfall this climate poses significant challenges for building water usage. Relative humidity is the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor in an air-water mixture to the saturated vapor pressure of water at a prescribed temperature.

Wind is somewhat erratic in Los Angeles, depending on the point of measurement and relation to the ocean or mountains. On average, Los Angeles has 50% higher wind speed during midday than at night. The Santa Ana winds are strong, extremely dry offshore winds that characteristically sweep across So. California during late fall into winter season. Wind is caused by differences in atmospheric pressure. When a difference exists, air moves from the higher to the lower pressure area, resulting in winds of various speeds. Measured in Velocity and Frequency, wind carries the attributes of Temperature, Humidity and Precipitation.

Solar Radiation

Los Angeles receives a tremendous amount of solar radiation throughout the year and as such has driven investment in solar power in California, which is focused on obtaining 33% of its energy from renewable resources by 2020. Solar radiation is radiant energy emitted by the sun, particularly electromagnetic energy. About half of the radiation is in the visible short-wave part of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Project Site 8

INTRODUCTION The Los Angeles region is subject to the phenomena of a microclimate. As such, the temperatures can vary as much as 18 째F between inland areas and the coast, with a temperature gradient of over one degree per mile from the inland coast. The project site is situated between the boundary zones of two Koppen-Geiger climate regions, the Mediterranean and the Cold Semi-Arid. The site for this project nearly straddles the line between California Climate Zones 6 and 8 (illustrated above). These regional climate zones exist to better evaluate the nuances of the California climate. Given the proximity and the gradient fluctuations between two California climate regions and two Koppen Climate systems, data from sites representing both regions has been included. The purpose of this document is to give a detailed overview of the climate region for the site located in Inglewood, California between the LAX and the Hawthorne Municipal Airport (HHR). At each of these airports are surface data collection points for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). This collection of data is useful for reference throughout the design of the project, utilizing it as a framework to influence design decisions such as building orientation, site strategies, vegetation selection, and passive/ active sustainability strategies. Strategies are paired with goals as determined by the design team, where precedents and examples are offered for each.

California Climate Zones

ZONE 6

“Climate zone 6 includes the beaches at the foot of the southern California hills, as well as several miles of inland area where hills are low or nonexistent. The Pacific Ocean is relatively warm in these longitudes and keeps the climate very mild. Most of the rain falls during the warm, mild winters. Summers are pleasantly cooled by winds from the ocean. Although these offshore winds bring high humidity, comfort is maintained because of the low temperatures. Occasionally the wind reverses and brings hot, dry desert air. There is a sharp increase in temperature and decrease in humidity as one leaves the coast. Sunshine is plentiful all year, so solar heating, especially for hot water, is very advantageous. Climate Zone 6 is a very comfortable place to live and therefore requires the least energy of any region in California to achieve thermal comfort levels.”

Reference City: Los Angeles (LAX) Latitude: 33.93 N Longitude: 118.4 W Elevation: 110 ft Summer Temperature Range: Record High Temperature: Record Low Temperature:

15 °F 110 °F 27 °F

(1963) (1949)

Design Properties: Winter: Insulate Reduce Infiltration Passive Solar Summer: Shade Natural Ventilation Distribute Thermal Mass

California Climate Zones

ZONE 8

“Though inland from the coast, Zone 8 is still influenced by marine air. The ocean influence controls temperature keeping it from being more extreme. Since this zone is not directly on the coast the temperatures in the summer are warmer, and in the winter, cooler. Cooling and heating are necessary in this climate to achieve comfort standards. Most of the rain falls in the winter and frosts are not a threat. Coldest temperatures are experienced in the canyons and near canyon mouths. This is ideal for growing subtropical plants, such as the avocado. Winters are not cold enough to grow apples, peaches or pears. Sunshine is plentiful in this region since it is far from coastal daily fog.”

Reference City: Long Beach Latitude: 33.82 N Longitude: 118.15 W Elevation: 30 ft 15 °F Summer Temperature Range: Record High Temperature: 111 °F (1961) Record Low Temperature: 25°F (1963) Design Properties: Winter: Insulate Reduce Infiltration Passive Solar Summer: Shade Natural Ventilation Distribute Thermal Mass

60째 N

CSb BSk Los Angeles

30째 N

0째

30째 S

Los Angeles, United States

CLIMATE CLASSIFICATION (Köppen-Gieger Climate Classification System) CSb Mediterranean. “Occasionally also termed “Cool-summer Mediterranean climate”, this subtype of the Mediterranean climate (CSb) is the less common form of the Mediterranean climate. Regions with this subtype of the Mediterranean climate experience warm (but not hot) and dry summers, with no average temperatures above 72 °F during its warmest month and an average in the coldest month between 64 to 27 °F, in some applications between 63 to 32 °F. Also, at least four months must average above 50 °F. Winters are rainy and can be mild to chilly. In a few instances, snow can fall on these areas. Precipitation can appear in the colder seasons in Mediterranean, but there are a number of clear sunny days even during the wetter seasons which makes it a Mediterranean climate. Sunshine duration in these areas remains higher than in the CFb areas, and during the summer months, these regions experience sunny, dry and warm conditions, where almost no rain falls. There is a legitimate threat of forest fires in these areas. Under the Köppen-Gieger Climate Classification System, “dry-summer subtropical” climates are often referred to as “Mediterranean”. Under the Köppen-Gieger system, “C” zones have an average temperature above 50 °F in their warmest months, and an average in the coldest months between 64 and 27 °F. The second letter indicates the precipitation pattern: “s” represents dry summers: first, Koppen has defined a dry month as a month with less than one-third that of the wettest winter month, and less than 30mm of precipitation in a summer month. The third letter indicates the degree of summer heat: “b” represents an average temperature in the warmest month below 71 °F, and again with at least two months averaging above 50 °F. Under this classification, dry-summer subtropical climates usually occur on the western sides of continents. During summer, regions of Mediterranean climates are dominated by subtropical high pressure cells, with dry sinking air capping a surface marine layer of varying humidity and making rainfall impossible or unlikely except for the occasional thunderstorm, while during winter the polar jet stream and associated periodic storms reach into the lower latitudes of the Mediterranean zones, bringing rain, with snow at higher elevations. As a result, areas with this climate receive almost all of their precipitation during their winter, autumn and spring seasons, and may go anywhere form 4 to 6 months during the summer without having any significant precipitation. The majority of regions with Mediterranean climates have relatively mild winters and very warm summers. Because most regions with a Mediterranean climate are near large bodies of water, temperatures are generally moderate with a comparatively small range of temperature difference between the winter low and summer high. Temperatures during winter only occasionally fall below the freezing point and snow is generally seldom seen. In the summer, the temperatures range from mild to very hot, depending on the distance from a large body of water, elevation and latitude. Even in the warmest locations with a Mediterranean-type climate, however, temperatures usually do not reach the highest readings found in adjacent desert regions because of cooling from water bodies, although strong winds from inland desert regions can sometimes boost summer temperatures.”

BSk Cold Semi-Arid. “Cold semi-arid climates tend to be located in temperate zones. In North America this environment is typical of transition areas between zones with a Mediterranean climate and true deserts, such as the inner part of California and much of West Texas and adjacent areas of Mexico. They are typically found in continental interiors some distance from large bodies of water. Cold semi-arid climates usually feature hot and dry summers, though their summers are typically not quite as hot as those of hot semi-arid climates. Unlike hot semi-arid climates, areas with cold semi-arid climates tend to have cold winters. These areas usually see some snowfall during the winter, though snowfall is much lower than at locations at similar latitudes with more humid climates. Areas featuring semi-arid climates tend to have higher elevations than areas with hot semi-arid climates, and are sometimes subject to major temperature swings between day and night, sometimes by as much as 36 °F or more in that time frame. These large diurnal temperature variations are seldom seen in hot semi-arid climates. Cold semi-arid climates at higher latitudes tend to have dry winters and wetter summers, while cold semi-arid climates at lower latitudes tend to have precipitation patterns more akin to Mediterranean climates, with dry summers, relatively wet winters, and even wetter springs and autumns. A semi-arid or steppe climate are climatic regions that receive precipitation slightly below potential evapotranspiration (PET). PET is defined as the amount of evaporation that would occur if a sufficient water source were available. A more precise definition is given by the Köppen-Gieger Climate Classification System that treats steppe climates (BSk and BSh) as intermediates between desert climates (BW) and humid climates in ecological characteristics and agricultural potential. Semi-arid climates tend to support short or scrubby vegetation, with semi-arid areas usually dominated by either grasses or shrubs. To determine if a location has a semi-arid climate, the precipitation threshold must first be determined. Finding the precipitation threshold (in millimeters) involves first multiplying the average annual temperature (in °C) by 20, then adding 280 if 70% or more of the total precipitation is in the high-sun half of the year (April through September in the Northern Hemisphere, or October through March in the Southern), or 140 if 30%-70% of the total precipitation is received during the applicable period, or 0 if less than 30% of the total precipitation is received. If the area’s annual precipitation is less than the threshold but more than half the threshold, it is classified as a BS (steppe climate). Furthermore, to delineate “hot semi-arid climates” from “cold semi-arid climates”, there are three widely used isotherms: Either a mean annual temperature of 64 °F, or a mean temperature of 0 °C or -3 °C in the coldest month, so that a location with a “BS” type climate with the appropriate temperature above whichever isotherm is being used is classified as “hot semi-arid” (BSh), and a location with the appropriate temperature below the given isotherm is classified as “cold semi-arid” (BSk).”

PRISM Climate Group Data

30 YEAR NORMAL PATTERNS The graphic (right) shows the Annual Precipitation, zoomed in on Los Angeles County, from the PRISM Climate Group. The project site, located in Inglewood, California, has also been highlighted within this boundary. “The normals are baseline datasets describing average monthly and annual conditions over the most recent three full decades. They are our most popular datasets. The current PRISM normals cover the period 1981-2010.”-PRISM Provided are datasets displaying annual Normal Precipitation, Normal Mean Temperature, Normal Minimum Temperature, and Normal Maximum Temperature. On pages 12-15 climate maps for Precipitation and Mean Temperature have been expanded to display each month of data. Visualizing this data across its geographic region is important as it relates to the specificities of inhabiting a site split by two climate classification zones. From these maps we can see that rainfall in the winter months tends to move around our site from the North, travelling toward the Southeast. By taking into account multiple sources of data from PRISM, NOAA, and COOP stations in the area we are able to validate and explore the nuances of the site in relation to the climate graphs presented for temperature, humidity and wind. This precipitation data visualizes and helps to validate the information gathered from other sources. The majority of rainfall for LAX comes from the West whereas Hawthorne Municipal Airport receives the majority of it’s rainfall [in the winter] from the East, which these geographic overlays help to illustrate. Annual Precipitation (in.)

16-20

36-40

80-100 100-120

20-24

40-50

4-8

24-28

50-60

120-140

8-12

28-32

60-70

140-160

12-16

32-36

70-80

>160

Project Site Los Angeles County

30-yr Normal Precipitation: Annual Period: 1981 - 2010

30-yr Normal Maximum Temperature: Annual Period: 1981 - 2010 Temperature (째F)

Precipitation (in.) 0

38-42

42-46

4-8

46-50

8-12

50-53

12-16

53-56

16-20

56-59

20-24

59-62

24-28

62-65

28-32

65-68

32-36

68-71

36-40

71-74

40-50

74-77

50-60

77-80

60-70

80-84

70-80

84-88

80-100

88-92

100-120

92-95

120-140

98-100

140-160

100-104

>160

>104

Temperature (째F) 21-25

30-yr Normal Mean Temperature: Annual Period: 1981 - 2010

Temperature (째F) 13-17

25-28

17-21

28-32

21-25

32-36

25-28

36-39

28-31

39-43

31-34

43-46

34-37

46-50

37-40

50-54

40-43

54-57

43-46

57-61

46-49

61-64

49-52

64-68

52-56

68-72

55-59

72-75

59-63

75-79

63-67

79-82

67-71

82-86

71-75

86-90

75-79

>90

>79

30-yr Normal Minimum Temperature: Annual Period: 1981 - 2010

30 Year Period (Annual): 1981-2010

NORMAL PRECIPITATION

January

<0.01

.01-0.1

0.1-0.2

February

0.2-0.4 0.4-0.6

0.6-0.8

0.8-1.2

1.3-1.6

March

1.7-2.0

2.0-2.4

2.4-2.8

2.8-3.2

3.2-4

April

4-5

5-6

6-8

8-12

12-16

16-20

May

June

May

June

>20

30 Year Period (Annual): 1981-2010

NORMAL MEAN TEMPERATURE

January

21-25

25-28

28-32

February

32-36

36-39

39-43

43-46

46-50

March

50-54

54-57

57-61

61-64

64-68

April

68-72

72-75

75-79

79-82

82-86

86-90

>90

July

August

September

October

November

December

July

August

September

October

November

December

30 Year Period (Annual): 1981-2010

NORMAL PRECIPITATION

January <0.01

.01-0.1

February 0.1-0.2

0.2-0.4 0.4-0.6

0.6-0.8

0.8-1.2

1.3-1.6

March 1.7-2.0

2.0-2.4

2.4-2.8

2.8-3.2

3.2-4

April 4-5

5-6

6-8

8-12

12-16

16-20

May

June

May

June

>20

30 Year Period (Annual): 1981-2010

NORMAL MEAN TEMPERATURE

January 21-25

25-28

February 28-32

32-36

36-39

39-43

43-46

46-50

March 50-54

54-57

57-61

61-64

64-68

April 68-72

72-75

75-79

79-82

82-86

86-90

>90

July

August

September

October

November

December

July

August

September

October

November

December

Los Angeles International Airport (LAX)

Weekly Summary

DRY BULB TEMPERATURE

°C 45+ 40

A v e ra g e T e mp e ra ture (°C) Location: KLAX, KLAX (33.9°, -118.4°)

35 30 25 20

“The dry-bulb temperature (DBT) is the temperature of air measured by a thermostat freely exposed to the air but shielded from radiation and moisture. DBT is the temperature that is usually thought of as air temperature, and it is the true thermodynamic temperature”

°C 45+ 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 <0

This graphic shows the range of temperatures throughout different times of the year measured at LAX airport, CA.

°C °C

ºF 113 104 95 86 77 68 59 50 41 <0

15 10 5 <0

The 3-axis visual illustrates the 52 weeks of the year along the x-axis, 24 hours of the day in the y-axis, and temperature Celsius (°C) along the z-axis.

This information indicates average temperatures peak each day in the mid afternoon at approximately 1 pm with average lows occurring at approximately 6 am. Average annual temperatures peak during weeks 32-36, corresponding to the month of August, reaching average highs around 21° C (70° F). The relatively flat curve of the graph along the yearly scale is typical of a Mediterranean climate.

The diagrams to the right illustrate the temperature of the prevailing winds in this location. Understanding dry bulb temperature averages is necessary to formulate our goals of enhancing human comfort throughout the year.

52 48 44

HrHr

20 36

32 28

24 16

3:00 pm

Daily Average Peak

40 36

11:00 am

Dry Bulb Temperature (°C) Jan

Avg Max Min

Avg Min Avg Max

Feb

14.3 19.620 8.8

14.4 24.0 8.5

9.3 18.1

10 17.9

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

15.0 19.9 8.1

15.6 22.5 10.1

17.3 23.3 11.5

18.7 22.6 14.5

20.4 26.6 17.7

20.5 24.7 17.3

20.3 30.1 16.9

20.0 30.0 14.4

17.4 30.0 11.7

14.6 22.2 8.5

10.9 18

12.1 19.1

14.1 20.1

15.8 21.4

17.6 23.2

17.9 23.8

17.3 23.7

15.2 22.5

11.8 20.5

9.3 18.1

4 4

Yearly Average Peak

AUG.

Prevailing Winds A v e ra g e W in d T e m p e ra t u re s Location: KLAX, KLAX (33.9°, -118.4°)

D a t e : 1 s t J a n u a ry - 3 1 s t D e c e m b e r T im e : 0 0 : 0 0 - 2 4 : 0 0

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

°C 45+ 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 <0

ºF 113 104 95 86 77 68 59 50 41 <0

10 km/h

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

°C 45+ 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 <0

ºF 113 104 95 86 77 68 59 50 41 <0

10 km/h

January

February

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

°C 45+ 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 <0

ºF 113 104 95 86 77 68 59 50 41 <0

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

10 km/h

March

April

°C 45+ 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 <0

ºF

°C 45+ 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 <0

ºF

°C 45+ 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 <0

ºF

113 104 95 86 77 68 59 50 41 <0

Temperatures are at their lowest in the winter months at around 15° C, with the majority of winds being less than 35 km/h.

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

°C 45+ 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 <0

ºF 113 104 95 86 77 68 59 50 41 <0

10 km/h

May

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

°C 45+ 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 <0

ºF 113 104 95 86 77 68 59 50 41 <0

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

°C 45+ 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 <0

ºF 113 104 95 86 77 68 59 50 41 <0

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

10 km/h

June

July

August

113 104 95 86 77 68 59 50 41 <0

Temperatures are at their highest in the the months between July and October, with an average of 20° C.

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

°C 45+ 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 <0

ºF 113 104 95 86 77 68 59 50 41 <0

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

°C 45+ 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 <0

ºF 113 104 95 86 77 68 59 50 41 <0

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

°C 45+ 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 <0

ºF 113 104 95 86 77 68 59 50 41 <0

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

10 km/h

September

October

November

December

113 104 95 86 77 68 59 50 41 <0

Hawthorne Municipal Airport (HHR)

Weekly Summary

DRY BULB TEMPERATURE

°C 45+ 40

A v e ra g e T e mp e ra ture (°C) Location: KHHR, KHHR (33.9°, -118.3°)

35 30 25 20

This graphic shows the range of average temperatures throughout different times of the year measured at Hawthorne Municipal Airport, CA. This information indicates that temperatures peak each day in the mid afternoon at approximately 1 pm with average lows occurring at approximately 4 am. Annual temperatures peak during weeks 29-33, corresponding to the months of July and August, reaching average highs around 22° C (72° F) Data for temperature, humidity, and wind are generated from NOAA weather stations using a TMY3 (Typical Meterological Year) format. The TMYs are data sets of hourly values of solar radiation and meteorological elements for a 1-year period. A typical meteorological year (TMY) is a collation of selected weather data for a specific location, generated from a range of 15 years. Each month of the 15 year range is compaired to its countparts in the dataset. Using the Sandia method the one judged most typical is selected for the TMY. This method was developed so that it presents the range of weather phenomena for the location in question, while still giving annual averages that are consistent with the long-term averages for the location in question. However, because they represent typical rather than extreme conditions, they are not suited for designing systems to meet the worst-case conditions occurring at a location. Wk

°C 45+ 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 <0

°C °C

ºF 113 104 95 86 77 68 59 50 41 <0

15 10 5 <0

Wk 52 48 44

HrHr

20 36

32 28

24 16

3:00 pm

Daily Average 11:00 am Peak

40 36

10 12

Dry Bulb Temperature (°C) Jan

Avg Max Min

Avg Min Avg Max

Feb

14.6 18.120 9.8

14.7 23.7 8.0

7.7 20

8.8 20

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

15.7 29.3 8.7

16.9 24.1 11.1

18.3 22.0 14.1

19.0 24.0 15.0

20.9 27.6 17.0

21.6 28.9 17.1

20.8 26.4 17.4

19.5 24.1 15.2

17.5 31.3 12.0

14.9 23.5 7.5

10 20.5

11.6 22.7

14.4 23.3

16.1 25.5

18.3 28.3

18.8 29.4

17.7 28.3

14.4 26.4

10 22.7

7.2 20.5

4 4

JULY

Yearly Average Peak

AUG.

Prevailing Winds A v e ra g e W in d T e m p e ra t u re s Location: KHHR, KHHR (33.9°, -118.3°)

D a t e : 1 s t J a n u a ry - 3 1 s t D e c e m b e r T im e : 0 0 : 0 0 - 2 4 : 0 0

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

°C 45+ 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 <0

ºF 113 104 95 86 77 68 59 50 41 <0

10 km/h

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

°C 45+ 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 <0

ºF 113 104 95 86 77 68 59 50 41 <0

10 km/h

January

February

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

°C 45+ 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 <0

ºF 113 104 95 86 77 68 59 50 41 <0

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

10 km/h

March

April

°C 45+ 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 <0

ºF

°C 45+ 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 <0

ºF

°C 45+ 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 <0

ºF

113 104 95 86 77 68 59 50 41 <0

Wind temperatures are at their lowest in the winter months averaging around 15° C, with the majority of winds coming from the Northeast

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

°C 45+ 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 <0

ºF 113 104 95 86 77 68 59 50 41 <0

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

°C 45+ 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 <0

ºF 113 104 95 86 77 68 59 50 41 <0

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

10 km/h

May

June

July

°C 45+ 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 <0

ºF 113 104 95 86 77 68 59 50 41 <0

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

113 104 95 86 77 68 59 50 41 <0

10 km/h

August

Temperatures are at their highest in the the months between July and September, with an average of 20° C.

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

°C 45+ 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 <0

ºF 113 104 95 86 77 68 59 50 41 <0

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

°C 45+ 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 <0

ºF 113 104 95 86 77 68 59 50 41 <0

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

°C 45+ 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 <0

ºF 113 104 95 86 77 68 59 50 41 <0

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

10 km/h

September

October

November

December

113 104 95 86 77 68 59 50 41 <0

Los Angeles International Airport (LAX)

Weekly Summary

RELATIVE HUMIDITY

% 90+ 80

R e la tiv e H umid ity (% )

Location: KLAX, KLAX (33.9°, -118.4°)

70 60 50 40

“Relative humidity is the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor in an air-water mixture to the saturated vapor pressure of water at a prescribed temperature. The relative humidity of air depends on temperature and the pressure of the system of interest”

% 90+ 80 70 60 50 40

100

30 20 10 <0

This graphic shows the relative humidity throughout the day, at different times of the year at LAX airport, CA. Relative humidity represents the amount of water vapor that exists in a given volume of air.

30 20 10 <0

The 3-axis illustrates the 52 weeks of the year along the x-axis, 24 hours of the day in the y-axis, and % of relative humidity in the z-axis.

NOVEMBER: Lowest Average Humidity Levels

This information indicates daily humidity levels are high in the early morning hours, hit their lowest levels in the late morning, and then ramp back up again to peak in the late afternoon. Relative humidity peaks during the summer months, with the lowest percentage of relative humidity ocurring during week 47 (November).

JUNE: Highest Average Humidity Levels

Wk Wk 52 48 44

HrHr

40 36

Daily High

32 28

5:00 pm

24 16

44 12

Daily Low 11:00 am

Average Relative Humidity (%) Jan 9am 3pm 16

57 69 20

Feb 62 65

Mar 24

62 68

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

61 68

68 71

71 71

67 67

69 69

64 73

54 61

53 64

63 67

4 4

Prevailing Winds A v e ra g e R e la t iv e H u m id it y Location: KLAX, KLAX (33.9°, -118.4°)

D a t e : 1 s t J a n u a ry - 3 1 s t D e c e m b e r T im e : 0 0 : 0 0 - 2 4 : 0 0

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

% 95+ 85 75 65 55 45 35 25 15 <5

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

10 km/h

January

February

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

% 95+ 85 75 65 55 45 35 25 15 <5

10 km/h

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

% 95+ 85 75 65 55 45 35 25 15 <5

10 km/h

May

June

Average relative humidity levels are at their highest in the summer months, ranging between 75% and 85% humidity levels with winds deriving from the West.

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

% 95+ 85 75 65 55 45 35 25 15 <5

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

% 95+ 85 75 65 55 45 35 25 15 <5

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

10 km/h

March

April

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

% 95+ 85 75 65 55 45 35 25 15 <5

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

10 km/h

July

August

% 95+ 85 75 65 55 45 35 25 15 <5

Average relative humidity levels are at their lowest in the winter months, with the lowest of those months occurring in November with an average around 58% humidity.

% 95+ 85 75 65 55 45 35 25 15 <5

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

% 95+ 85 75 65 55 45 35 25 15 <5

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

10 km/h

September

October

November

December

% 95+ 85 75 65 55 45 35 25 15 <5

Hawthorne Municipal Airport (HHR)

Weekly Summary

RELATIVE HUMIDITY

% 90+ 80

R e la tiv e H umid ity (% )

Location: KHHR, KHHR (33.9°, -118.3°)

70 60 50 40

% 90+ 80 70 60 50 40

100

30 20 10 <0

Although both locations have similar patterns in humidity levels, there is a less dramatic swing between extremes due to the increased distance from the coast compared to LAX. In both cases, the humidity graph illustrates an inverse relationship to that of the wind speed and temperatures patterns. As wind and temperature peak around 12:00pm, humidity levels decrease.

30 20 10 <0

This knowledge becomes useful when selecting passive design strategies. As the day heats up towards noon along with increased winds, and humidity levels are at their lowest, exterior site strategies employing methods such as indirect and direct evaporative cooling can be employed to cool the surrounding air through the evaporation of water into water vapor. Aiding in a more comfortable microclimate during these hours, drought tolerant plants with a high canopy along with shade structures can be utilized to block solar radiation during this time when it is at it’s peak. Planting native drought tolerant tree species with a high canopy is important, as it will block the high summer sun during mid- Wk day, while allowing lower winter sun to warm spaces. 52

NOVEMBER: Lowest Average Humidity Levels JUNE: Highest Average Humidity Levels

Wk Wk 52 48 44

HrHr

40 36

32 28

Daily High

5:00 pm

24 16

44 12

Daily Low 11:00 am

Average Relative Humidity (%) Jan 9am 3pm 16

67 75 20

Feb 60 58

Mar 24

63 63

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

60 61

64 75

78 82

65 63

64 62

64 64

59 68

57 50

57 66

4 4

Prevailing Winds A v e ra g e R e la t iv e H u m id it y Location: KHHR, KHHR (33.9°, -118.3°)

D a t e : 1 s t J a n u a ry - 3 1 s t D e c e m b e r T im e : 0 0 : 0 0 - 2 4 : 0 0

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

% 95+ 85 75 65 55 45 35 25 15 <5

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

10 km/h

January

February

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

% 95+ 85 75 65 55 45 35 25 15 <5

10 km/h

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

% 95+ 85 75 65 55 45 35 25 15 <5

10 km/h

May

June

Average relative humidity levels are at their highest in the summer months, ranging between 75% and 85% humidity levels with winds deriving from the West/Southwest.

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

% 95+ 85 75 65 55 45 35 25 15 <5

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

% 95+ 85 75 65 55 45 35 25 15 <5

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

10 km/h

March

April

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

% 95+ 85 75 65 55 45 35 25 15 <5

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

10 km/h

July

August

% 95+ 85 75 65 55 45 35 25 15 <5

Average relative humidity levels are at their highest in the winter months, with the with the lowest of these months being November, with a minimum average of 54% humidity.

% 95+ 85 75 65 55 45 35 25 15 <5

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

% 95+ 85 75 65 55 45 35 25 15 <5

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

10 km/h

September

October

November

December

% 95+ 85 75 65 55 45 35 25 15 <5

Los Angeles International Airport (LAX)

Weekly Summary

AVERAGE WIND SPEED

km/h 45+ 40

A v e ra g e W ind S p e e d (k m/ h) Location: KLAX, KLAX (33.9°, -118.4°)

35 30 25 20

This graphic shows the average wind speed over the course of a year at LAX airport, CA.

km/h 45+ 40 35 30 25 20

The x-axis corresponds to the weeks of the year, the y-axis shows the hours in each day, and the z-axis displays wind speed in km/h.

15 10 5 <0

Wind speed is consistently higher during the winter months and slower during the summer and fall. Daily peak wind speeds tend to occur in the mid afternoon throughout the year.

km/h km/h

mph 28 25 22 18 15 12 9 6 3 <0

15 10 5 <0

Understanding average wind speed allows us to employ strategies that use the wind to assist with cross ventilation, stack effect, night purge and also help understand potentials regarding wind power generation. Looking at the wind patterns on both a week and a monthly representation of the wind patterns we see that wind speed during the summer months is generally higher deriving from West off of the Pacific Ocean. During the winter months this pattern changes, where LAX receives wind more frequently from the East than in the summer months.

Wk Wk 52 48 44

HrHr

20 36

Wk 52 48 44 40 36 32 28

32 28

4:00 pm 16 Daily High 1:00 pm

24 20 12

10 12

4:00 am 4 Daily Low 3:00 am

FEB. 4

24 20 16

Yearly Average Peak

MARCH

AUG.

Yearly Average Low

Prevailing Winds W in d F re q u e n c y (H rs ) Location: KLAX, KLAX (33.9°, -118.4°)

D a t e : 1 s t J a n u a ry - 3 1 s t D e c e m b e r T im e : 0 0 : 0 0 - 2 4 : 0 0

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

hrs 69+ 45+ 40 62 55 36 31 48 41 27 22 34 27 18 13 20 13 9 <4 <6

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

10 km/h

January

February

hrs 42+ 64+ 57 37 33 51 44 29 25 38 32 21 16 25 19 12 8 12 <6 <4

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

hrs 61+ 61+ 54 54 48 48 42 42 36 36 30 30 24 24 18 18 12 12 <6 <6

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

10 km/h

March

April

hrs 42+ 48+ 43 43 38 38 33 33 28 28 24 24 19 19 14 14 99 <4 <4

Spring months have the highest wind frequency, with the majority of winds coming from the West-Northwest and South-Southwest between 10 km/h and 35 km/h.

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

hrs 79+ 69+ 62 62 56 55 48 48 42 41 34 35 28 27 20 21 13 14 <6 <7

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

hrs 53+ 52+ 46 46 41 41 36 36 31 31 26 26 20 20 15 15 10 10 <5 <5

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

10 km/h

May

June

July

hrs 111+ 114+ 102 102 91 91 79 79 68 68 57 57 45 45 34 34 22 22 <11 <11

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

hrs 91+ 94+ 84 84 75 75 65 65 56 56 47 47 37 37 28 28 18 18 <9 <9

10 km/h

August

High wind gusts are less frequent in the summer through fall months, particularly in August. These winds are primarily driven from the West.

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

hrs 93+ 75+ 83 67 74 60 65 52 55 45 46 37 37 30 22 27 18 15 <7 <9

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

hrs 72+ 70+ 62 62 56 48 48 42 42 35 35 28 28 21 21 14 14 <7 <7

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

hrs 54+ 48 48 43 37 37 32 32 27 27 21 21 16 16 10 10 <5 <5

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

10 km/h

September

October

November

December

hrs 39+ 39+ 35 35 31 27 27 23 19 19 15 15 11 11 77 <3 <3

Hawthorne Municipal Airport (HHR)

Weekly Summary

AVERAGE WIND SPEED

km/h 45+ 40

A v e ra g e W ind S p e e d (k m/ h) Location: KHHR, KHHR (33.9°, -118.3°)

35 30 25 20

This graphic shows the average wind speed over the course of a year at Hawthorne Municipal airport, CA.

km/h 45+ 40 35 30 25 20

Wind speed is consistently higher during the winter months and slower during the summer and fall. Daily peak wind speeds tend to occur in the mid afternoon throughout the year.

15 10 5 <0

km/h km/h

mph 28 25 22 18 15 12 9 6 3 <0

15 10 5 <0

Compared to LAX, HHR wind speeds are less, displaying less of a variation throughout the course of a day. The data shows that during the months of December and January, weather patterns shift, with wind and rain primarily derived from the East. As the months draw nearer to the summer soltice, winds are generated primarily off of the Pacific Ocean from the West.

Wk 52 48 44

HrHr

20 36

Wk 52 48 44 40 36 32 28

32 28

4:00 pm 16 Daily High 12:00 pm

24 20 12

9:00 am Daily Low

10 12

8 8 4 4

24 20 16

FEB.

Yearly Average Peak

MARCH

Yearly Average Low

AUG.

Prevailing Winds W in d F re q u e n c y (H rs ) Location: KHHR, KHHR (33.9°, -118.3°)

D a t e : 1 s t J a n u a ry - 3 1 s t D e c e m b e r T im e : 0 0 : 0 0 - 2 4 : 0 0

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

hrs 69+ 69+ 62 62 55 55 48 48 41 41 34 34 27 27 20 20 13 13 <6 <6

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

10 km/h

January

February

hrs 42+ 42+ 37 37 33 33 29 29 25 25 21 21 16 16 12 12 88 <4 <4

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

hrs 47+ 47+ 42 42 37 37 32 32 28 28 23 23 18 18 14 14 99 <4 <4

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

10 km/h

March

April

hrs 48+ 48+ 43 43 38 38 33 33 28 28 24 24 19 19 14 14 99 <4 <4

Spring months have the highest wind frequency, with the majority of winds coming from the West between 10 km/h and 35 km/h.

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

hrs 79+ 70+ 62 62 56 56 48 48 42 42 35 35 28 28 21 21 14 14 <7 <7

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

hrs 67+ 67+ 60 60 53 53 46 46 40 40 33 33 26 26 20 20 13 13 <6 <6

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

10 km/h

May

June

July

hrs 91+ 91+ 81 81 72 72 63 63 54 54 45 45 36 36 27 27 18 18 <9 <9

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

hrs 64+ 64+ 57 57 51 51 44 44 38 38 32 32 25 25 19 19 12 12 <6 <6

10 km/h

August

High wind gusts are less frequent in the summer through fall months, particularly in August. These winds are primarily driven from the West and Southwest.

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

hrs 93+ 93+ 83 83 74 65 65 55 55 46 46 37 37 27 27 18 18 <9 <9

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

hrs 62+ 62+ 55 55 49 43 43 37 37 31 31 24 24 18 18 12 12 <6 <6

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

hrs 83+ 74 74 66 58 58 49 49 41 41 33 33 24 24 16 16 <8 <8

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

10 km/h

September

October

November

December

hrs 53+ 53+ 47 47 42 37 37 31 26 26 21 21 15 15 10 10 <5 <5

Los Angeles International Airport (LAX)

Weekly Summary

AVERAGE DAILY RAINFALL

Location: KLAX, KLAX (33.9°, -118.4°) © W e a th e r T o o l

The graphic (right) shows the average daily rainfall at LAX airport, CA.

2 1 1 1

1 0 0 <0

This information is derived from a 30-year dataset provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). While all other charts in this analysis are sourced from Typical Meteorological Year (TMY3) reports, the typical rainfall data does not accurately reflect the day-to-day rainfall conditions, as well as the 30 year average.

1 52 48 44

HrHr

40 36

1 28

24 16

48 44

20 12

16 0

March

Average Precipitation mm (inches)

mm (in) 16

15.0 167.0 (0.6)20 (6.6)

Mar 24

72.0 (2.8)

Apr

May

36.0 (1.4)

13.0 (0.51)

Jun

Jul

6.0 2.0 (0.24) (0.08)

1 0 0 <0

During the winter months weather patterns shift, drawing wind and rain from the East. In the summer months, winds are primarily driven off the Pacific Ocean from the West.

Feb

2 1 1 1

Location: KLAX, KLAX (33.9°, -118.4°)

2+ 2

This information indicates that average daily rainfall is greatest in the mid afternoon with sparse occurrences of evening and morning precipitation. Rainfall typically occurs during the winter months of the year, particularly in January, February, and December. An average year may receive around 350mm (14.04 inches) of precipitation overall.

Jan

2+ 2

A v e ra g e D a ily R a infa ll (mm)

mm mm

The 3-axis visual illustrates the 52 weeks of the year along the x-axis, 24 hours of the day in the y-axis, and mm of rainfall along the z-axis.

Weekly Summary

A v e ra g e D a ily R a infa ll (mm)

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

3.0 (0.12)

0.0 (0.0)

22.0 (0.87)

8.0 (0.31)

14.0 358.0 (0.55) (14.1)

4 4

January

The majority of rainfall typically occurs in the winter months between December and February

Prevailing Winds A v e ra g e R a in f a ll (m m ) L o c a t io n : K L A X , K L A X (3 3 . 9 ° , -1 1 8 . 4 ° )

D a t e : 1 s t J a n u a ry - 3 1 s t D e c e m b e r T im e : 0 0 : 0 0 - 2 4 : 0 0

50 km/ h 40 km/ h 30 km/ h 20 km/ h

mm 1 .0 + 0 .9 0 .8 0 .7 0 .6 0 .5 0 .4 0 .3 0 .2 < 0 .1

in 0.039 0.035 0.031 0.027 0.023 0.019 0.015 0.011 0.007 <.003

10 km/ h

J a n u a ry

50 km/ h 40 km/ h 30 km/ h 20 km/ h

mm 7 .0 + 6 .3 5 .6 4 .9 4 .2 3 .5 2 .8 2 .1 1 .4 < 0 .7

in 0.28 0.24 0.22 0.20 0.17 0.13 0.11 0.08 0.05 <.003

50 km/ h 40 km/ h 30 km/ h 20 km/ h

mm 8 .0 + 7 .2 6 .4 5 .6 4 .8 4 .0 3 .2 2 .4 1 .6 < 0 .8

in 0.31 0.28 0.25 0.22 0.19 0.16 0.13 0.1 0.07 <.03

50 km/ h 40 km/ h 30 km/ h 20 km/ h

10 km/ h

F e b ru a ry

M a rc h

A p ril

mm 7 .0 + 6 .3 5 .6 4 .9 4 .2 3 .5 2 .8 2 .1 1 .4 < 0 .7

mm 1 .0 + 0 .9 0 .8 0 .7 0 .6 0 .5 0 .4 0 .3 0 .2 < 0 .1

mm 2 .0 + 1 .8 1 .6 1 .4 1 .2 1 .0 0 .8 0 .6 0 .4 < 0 .2

0.28 0.24 0.22 0.20 0.17 0.13 0.11 0.08 0.05 <.003

The majority of precipitation occurs within the winter months, particular in the first 8 weeks. A typical February will receive between 80mm and 167mm of rainfall, coming from the East.

50 km/ h 40 km/ h 30 km/ h 20 km/ h

mm 1 .0 + 0 .9 0 .8 0 .7 0 .6 0 .5 0 .4 0 .3 0 .2 < 0 .1

in 0.039 0.035 0.031 0.027 0.023 0.019 0.015 0.011 0.007 <.003

50 km/ h 40 km/ h 30 km/ h 20 km/ h

mm 1 .0 + 0 .9 0 .8 0 .7 0 .6 0 .5 0 .4 0 .3 0 .2 < 0 .1

in 0.039 0.035 0.031 0.027 0.023 0.019 0.015 0.011 0.007 <.003

50 km/ h 40 km/ h 30 km/ h 20 km/ h

mm 1 .0 + 0 .9 0 .8 0 .7 0 .6 0 .5 0 .4 0 .3 0 .2 < 0 .1

in 0.039 0.035 0.031 0.027 0.023 0.019 0.015 0.011 0.007 <.003

50 km/ h 40 km/ h 30 km/ h 20 km/ h

10 km/ h

M ay

Ju n e

J u ly

A u g u st

0.039 0.035 0.031 0.027 0.023 0.019 0.015 0.011 0.007 <.003

Average rainfall from prevailing winds is at its lowest levels in the summer months. A typical summer month will receive less than 3mm of rainfall, particularly September with 0mm.

50 km/ h 40 km/ h 30 km/ h 20 km/ h

mm 1 .0 + 0 .9 0 .8 0 .7 0 .6 0 .5 0 .4 0 .3 0 .2 < 0 .1

in 0.039 0.035 0.031 0.027 0.023 0.019 0.015 0.011 0.007 <.003

50 km/ h 40 km/ h 30 km/ h 20 km/ h

mm 1 .0 + 0 .9 0 .8 0 .7 0 .6 0 .5 0 .4 0 .3 0 .2 < 0 .1

in 0.039 0.035 0.031 0.027 0.023 0.019 0.015 0.011 0.007 <.003

50 km/ h 40 km/ h 30 km/ h 20 km/ h

mm 1 .0 + 0 .9 0 .8 0 .7 0 .6 0 .5 0 .4 0 .3 0 .2 < 0 .1

in 0.039 0.035 0.031 0.027 0.023 0.019 0.015 0.011 0.007 <.003

50 km/ h 40 km/ h 30 km/ h 20 km/ h

10 km/ h

S e p te m b e r

O c to b e r

N ovember

D ecember

0.039 0.035 0.031 0.027 0.023 0.019 0.015 0.011 0.007 <.003

Hawthorne Municipal Airport (HHR)

Weekly Summary

AVERAGE DAILY RAINFALL

mm 2+ 2

A v e ra g e D a ily R a infa ll (mm) Location: KHHR, KHHR (33.9°, -118.3°)

2 1 1 1

The graphic (right) shows the average daily rainfall at HHR airport, CA.

mm mm

mm 2+ 2

1 0 0 <0

2 1 1 1

The 3-axis visual illustrates the 52 weeks of the year along the x-axis, 24 hours of the day in the y-axis, and mm of rainfall along the z-axis.

1 0 0 <0

This information indicates that average daily rainfall is greatest in the mid afternoon and evening hours with sparse occurrences of morning precipitation. Rainfall typically occurs during the winter months of the year, particularly in January, February, and December. An average year may receive around 430 mm (17 inches) of precipitation overall.

This information is derived from a 30-year dataset provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). While all other charts in this report are sourced from Typical Meteorological Year (TMY3) reports, the typical rainfall data does not accurately reflect the day to day rainfall conditions.

1 52 48 44

HrHr

40 36

1 28

24 16

44 12

16 0

March

Average Precipitation mm (inches) Jan

Feb

mm 15.0 317 20 (12.5) (in) (0.59) 16

Mar 24

6.0 (0.24)

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

8.0 (0.31)

53.0 (2.1)

1.0 (0.04)

3.0 (0.12)

Aug

Sep

9.0 2.0 (0.35) (0.08)

Oct 0.0 (0.0)

Nov

Dec

Year

2.0 16.0 432.0 (0.08) (0.06) (17.00)

4 4

January

The majority of rainfall typically occurs in the winter months between December and February

Prevailing Winds A v e ra g e R a in f a ll (m m ) L o c a t io n : K H H R , K H H R (3 3 . 9 ° , -1 1 8 . 3 ° )

D a t e : 1 s t J a n u a ry - 3 1 s t D e c e m b e r T im e : 0 0 : 0 0 - 2 4 : 0 0

50 km/ h 40 km/ h 30 km/ h 20 km/ h

mm 1 .0 + 0 .9 0 .8 0 .7 0 .6 0 .5 0 .4 0 .3 0 .2 < 0 .1

in 0.039 0.035 0.031 0.027 0.023 0.019 0.015 0.011 0.007 <.003

10 km/ h

J a n u a ry

50 km/ h 40 km/ h 30 km/ h 20 km/ h

mm 5 .0 + 4 .5 4 .0 3 .5 3 .0 2 .5 2 .0 1 .5 1 .0 < 0 .5

in 0.20 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 <.02

50 km/ h 40 km/ h 30 km/ h 20 km/ h

mm 1 .0 + 0 .9 0 .8 0 .7 0 .6 0 .5 0 .4 0 .3 0 .2 < 0 .1

in 0.039 0.035 0.031 0.027 0.023 0.019 0.015 0.011 0.007 <.003

50 km/ h 40 km/ h 30 km/ h 20 km/ h

10 km/ h

F e b ru a ry

M a rc h

A p ril

mm 1 .0 + 0 .9 0 .8 0 .7 0 .6 0 .5 0 .4 0 .3 0 .2 < 0 .1

mm 2 .0 + 1 .8 1 .6 1 .4 1 .2 1 .0 0 .8 0 .6 0 .4 < 0 .2

0.039 0.035 0.031 0.027 0.023 0.019 0.015 0.011 0.007 <.003

The majority of precipitation occurs within the winter months, particular in the first 8 weeks. A typical February will receive between 80mm and 317mm of rainfall, coming from the East. 50 km/ h 40 km/ h 30 km/ h 20 km/ h

mm 4 .0 + 3 .6 3 .2 2 .8 2 .4 2 .0 1 .6 1 .2 0 .8 < 0 .4

in 0.16 0.14 0.13 0.11 0.1 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.03 <..02

10 km/ h

M ay

50 km/ h 40 km/ h 30 km/ h 20 km/ h

mm 1 .0 + 0 .9 0 .8 0 .7 0 .6 0 .5 0 .4 0 .3 0 .2 < 0 .1

in 0.039 0.035 0.031 0.027 0.023 0.019 0.015 0.011 0.007 <.003

50 km/ h 40 km/ h 30 km/ h 20 km/ h

mm 1 .0 + 0 .9 0 .8 0 .7 0 .6 0 .5 0 .4 0 .3 0 .2 < 0 .1

in 0.039 0.035 0.031 0.027 0.023 0.019 0.015 0.011 0.007 <.003

50 km/ h 40 km/ h 30 km/ h 20 km/ h

10 km/ h

Ju n e

J u ly

A u g u st

0.039 0.035 0.031 0.027 0.023 0.019 0.015 0.011 0.007 <.003

Average rainfall from prevailing winds is at its lowest levels in the fall months. A typical fall month will receive less than 2mm of rainfall, particularly October at 0mm on average. 50 km/ h 40 km/ h 30 km/ h 20 km/ h

mm 1 .0 + 0 .9 0 .8 0 .7 0 .6 0 .5 0 .4 0 .3 0 .2 < 0 .1

in 0.039 0.035 0.031 0.027 0.023 0.019 0.015 0.011 0.007 <.003

50 km/ h 40 km/ h 30 km/ h 20 km/ h

mm 1 .0 + 0 .9 0 .8 0 .7 0 .6 0 .5 0 .4 0 .3 0 .2 < 0 .1

in 0.039 0.035 0.031 0.027 0.023 0.019 0.015 0.011 0.007 <.003

50 km/ h 40 km/ h 30 km/ h 20 km/ h

mm 1 .0 + 0 .9 0 .8 0 .7 0 .6 0 .5 0 .4 0 .3 0 .2 < 0 .1

in 0.039 0.035 0.031 0.027 0.023 0.019 0.015 0.011 0.007 <.003

50 km/ h 40 km/ h 30 km/ h 20 km/ h

10 km/ h

S e p te m b e r

O c to b e r

N ovember

D ecember

0.08 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.039 0.031 0.023 0.015 <.007

Los Angeles International Airport (LAX)

OPTIMAL SOLAR ORIENTATION This graphic shows the optimal orientation of a building mass in Los Angeles to maximize solar performance. This provides for minimal solar insolation on the building. While optimal for the building from the perspective of solar performance, this does not account for performance of the outdoor spaces between buildings nor other factors such as wind. However, a general rule of thumb for this area indicates optimal orientation for this climate is between 20 and 30 degrees off of it’s cardinal axis with a primarily East-West orientation. This allows for the majority of Equatorial-facing facade to be exposed to the morning sun. Given the prevailing winds coming from the West and Southwest off of the Pacific Ocean, setting the building orientation to an oblique angle to the prevailing winds, allows for two sides of the building to have opposing pressure differentials, thus creating better cross-ventilation on the interior of the building.

Optimum Orientation

Location: KLAX, KLAX

345°

Orientation based on average daily incident radiation on a vertical surface. Underheated Stress: 301.8 Overheated Stress: 0.0 Compromise: 157.5°

15° kWh/ m²

Best

330°

30°

2.70

Worst

2.40 315°

45° 2.10

1.80 300°

60°

1.50

1.20

67.5°

0.90 285°

75° 0.60

Complete orientation optimization will include other climate factors, weighted in importance, as well as influence of experiential and circulation factors. A complete analysis along with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and wind tunnel testing in coordination with solar radiation models will need to be conducted before the orientation and surrounding context can be fully optimized.

0.30

270°

90°

105°

255°

240°

120°

225°

135°

210°

Avg. Daily Radiation at 157.0° Entire Year: 1.85 kWh/ m² Underheated: 2.35 kWh/ m² Overheated: 2.02 kWh/ m²

150° Compromise: 157.5°

157.5

195°

165° 180°

Annual Average Underheated Period Overheated Period

Winter Solstice

Summer Solstice

Fall Equinox

Spring Equinox

12:00 PM December 21

12:00 PM June 21

12:00 PM Sept 21

12:00 PM March 21

During wintertime the sun’s daily maximum position in the sky is the lowest. Direct sun can be captured and stored to help warm spaces at night via thermal exchange.

Dry bulb temperature is hottest during summer months, and therefore shading from direct sun is most critical.

During the shoulder seasons the tilt of the Earth’s axis is inclined neither away nor towards the sun meaning that the sun is at a ‘medium’ height in the sky during these months. The regions mild climate means that an ample amount of sunlight should be collected for heating purposes.

Hawthorne Municipal Airport (HHR)

Optimum Orientation

Location: KHHR, KHHR

345°

Orientation based on average daily incident radiation on a vertical surface. Underheated Stress: 254.1 Overheated Stress: 0.0 Compromise: 162.5°

15° kWh/ m²

Best

330°

30°

2.70

Worst

2.40 315°

45° 2.10

Complete orientation optimization will include other climate factors, weighted in importance, as well as influence of experiential and circulation factors.

1.80 300°

60°

1.50

1.20

72.5°

0.90 285°

75° 0.60

0.30

270°

90°

105°

255°

240°

120°

225°

135°

210°

150° Compromise: 162.5°

Avg. Daily Radiation at 162.0° Entire Year: 1.61 kWh/ m² Underheated: 1.87 kWh/ m² Overheated: 1.09 kWh/ m²

162.5

195°

165° 180°

Annual Average Underheated Period Overheated Period

Winter Solstice

Summer Solstice

Fall Equinox

Spring Equinox

12:00 PM December 21

12:00 PM June 21

12:00 PM Sept 21

12:00 PM March 21

During wintertime the sun’s daily maximum position in the sky is the lowest. Direct sun can be captured and stored to help warm spaces at night via thermal exchange.

Dry bulb temperature is hottest during summer months, and therefore shading from direct sun is most critical.

Humidity

A S

J M

N F

AMD

10 50

AMD

Comfort

5 41

Temperature (C °) Temperature (F °)

15 59

20 68

25 77

30 86

Indirect Evaporation

35 95

40 104

45 113

50 122

Comfort

Temperature (C °) Temperature (F °)

5 41

10 50

15 59

20 68

25 77

Natural Ventilation

15 A S J M

10 50

15 59

N F

AMD

Comfort

5 41

50 122

Temperature (C °) Temperature (F °)

45 113

N F

40 104

Humidity

A S

35 95

Humidity

J J

30 86

20 68

25 77

30 86

Direct Evaporative Cooling

35 95

40 104

45 113

50 122

Comfort

Temperature (C °) Temperature (F °)

5 41

10 50

15 59

20 68

25 77

30 86

Night-Purge Ventilation

35 95

40 104

45 113

50 122

Humidity

15 A S J M

N F

AMD

5 41

10 50

15 59

20 68

30 86

Passive Solar Heating

35 95

40 104

45 113

50 122 Humidity

15 A S J O

N F

AMD

Comfort

Temperature (C 째) Temperature (F 째)

5 41

10 50

15 59

20 68

This chart illustrates the relationship of climate data to human comfort. With several axis of information, this chart helps to visualize the way the temperature and humidity of Los Angeles affect human comfort. Along the x-axis, dry bulb temperature is plotted. The y-axis indicates humidity (the ratio of water to air). The curving lines indicate the relative humidity and illustrate the ability for warmer air to hold more humidity. The blue pixels represent annual data points of temperature and humidity plotted on the chart.

25 77

PSYCHROMETRIC CHART

Comfort

Temperature (C 째) Temperature (F 째)

Los Angeles International Airport (LAX)

25 77

30 86

Thermal Mass Effects

35 95

40 104

45 113

50 122

The blue boundary line illustrates the extent of human comfort in relation to temperature and humidity. This boundary encloses only a small percentage of the data points which represent the annual climate of Los Angeles, and this shows that for much of the year, the temperature and humidity are beyond the lower threshold of human comfort. The magenta line along with the black letters indicated the monthly maximum averages. The lighter colored boundary line represents the extent of human comfort when utilizing passive strategies corresponding to each particular system. By employing certain strategies, we can extend the threshold of the boundaries of human comfort to make the space more appealing. Each strategy works differently. Whereas thermal mass extends the threshold of human comfort into a higher dry bulb temperature, it does little to mitigate higher humidity. By contrast, Natural Ventilation can extend comfort thresholds into much higher levels of humidity. Careful selection of a system of strategies is essential to enhancing the microclimate of spaces.

Humidity

J A

5 41

10 50

15 59

20 68

25 77

30 86

Indirect Evaporation

35 95

40 104

45 113

50 122

Comfort

Temperature (C °) Temperature (F °)

Comfort

Temperature (C °) Temperature (F °)

5 41

10 50

15 59

20 68

25 77

30 86

Natural Ventilation

35 95

40 104

45 113

50 122

Humidity

J A

5 41

10 50

15 59

Comfort

Temperature (C °) Temperature (F °)

20 68

25 77

30 86

Direct Evaporative Cooling

35 95

40 104

45 113

50 122

Comfort

Temperature (C °) Temperature (F °)

5 41

10 50

15 59

20 68

25 77

30 86

Night-Purge Ventilation

35 95

40 104

45 113

50 122

Humidity

15 J

Hawthorne Municipal Airport (HHR)

PSYCHROMETRIC CHART This chart illustrates the relationship of climate data to human comfort. With several axis of information, this chart helps to visualize the way the temperature and humidity of Los Angeles affect human comfort.

A JS

Comfort

Temperature (C 째) Temperature (F 째)

5 41

10 50

15 59

20 68

The blue pixels represent annual data points of temperature and humidity plotted on the chart. 25 77

30 86

Passive Solar Heating

35 95

40 104

45 113

50 122 Humidity

15 J A JS

Comfort

Temperature (C 째) Temperature (F 째)

5 41

10 50

15 59

20 68

Along the x-axis, dry bulb temperature is plotted. The y-axis indicates humidity (the ratio of water to air). The curving lines indicate the relative humidity and illustrate the ability for warmer air to hold more humidity.

25 77

30 86

Thermal Mass Effects

35 95

40 104

45 113

50 122

The blue boundary line illustrates the extent of human comfort in relation to temperature and humidity. This boundary encloses only a small percentage of the data points which represent the annual climate of Los Angeles, and this shows that for much of the year, the temperature and humidity are beyond the lower threshold of human comfort. The magenta line along with the black letters indicated the monthly maximum averages. The ligher colored boundary line represents the extent of human comfort when utilizing passive strategies corresponding to each particular system. By employing certain strategies, we can extend the threshold of the boundaries of human comfort to make the space more appealing. Each strategy works differently. Whereas thermal mass extends the threshold of human comfort into a higher dry bulb temperature, it does little to mitigate higher humidity. By contrast, Natural Ventilation can extend comfort thresholds into much higher levels of humidity. Careful selection of a system of strategies is essential to enhancing the microclimate of spaces.

LOS ANGELES BASIN ECOLOGY The Los Angeles Basin is the coastal sediment-filled plain located at the north end of the Peninsular Ranges province in Southern California, United States, and contains the central part of the city of Los Angeles as well as its southern and southeastern suburbs. It is approximately 50 miles long and 25 miles wide, bounded on the north by the Santa Monica Mountains and San Gabriel Mountains, on the east by the Santa Ana Mountains and on the south by the Pacific Ocean and the Palos Verdes Hills, along the coast. The confluence of the Los Angeles and Rio Hondo rivers is the center of the basin. The California chaparral and woodlands is a terrestrial ecoregion of lower northern, central, and southern California, located on the West coast of North America. It is an ecoregion of the Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub Biome, and part of the Nearctic ecozone. The chaparral and woodlands ecoregion is subdivided into three smaller ecoregions; coastal sage, montane chaparral, and interior chaparral. The project site is located in an urban area with no defined ecoregion presently, however, looking at regions to the North and South of the site consist mainly of Coastal Sage Scrub and Chaparral. California coastal sage covers about 14,000 square miles of coastal terraces, plains and foothills south to the Punta Baja in northern Baja California, including the slopes of the Santa Monica and Santa Ana Mountains. The plant species of the California sage and chaparral ecoregion are diverse, with high endemism (geographically unique). Coastal sage scrub is characterized by low-growing aromatic, and drought deciduous shrubs adapted to the semi-arid Mediterranean climate of the coastal lowlands. The community is sometimes called “soft chaparral” due to the predominance of soft, drought-deciduous leaves in contrast the hard, waxy-cuticled leaves on sclerophyllous plants of California’s chaparral communities. The metropolitan areas of Los Angeles are located in the southern coastal scrublands, and most of the scrublands have been lost to urbanization and agriculture. The plants of this community prefer the mild maritime climates found along Southern California’s coastline. The World Wide Fund for Nature estimates that only 15% of the coastal sage scrublands remain undeveloped. Several rare and endangered species occur here, including the California Gnatcher, the El Segunda blue butterfly, and the Palos Verdes blue butterfly.

Project Site

Simi Valley

Simi Hills Inland (Chaparral) Inland Dry (Coastal Sage Scrub)

San Fernando Valley

Western Fog Zone (Coastal Sage Scrub) Lower Inland Santa Monica Mts (Chaparral)

Eastern Urban (Chaparral)

Upper Elevation Santa Monica Mts (Chaparral)

Immediate Coast (Coastal Sage Scrub)

Los Angeles

Pacific Ocean Project Site

Project Site Extents Project located in Inglewood, California representing a part of the urban region surrounding by chaparral regions.

Environmental Regions Floristically-based environmental regions reprsenting broad patterns in geology, topography, and climate. Ecological monitoring.

Protected Park Land

Parkland and open space protected for resource conservation.

Black-Tailed Godwit - Limosa limosa

Calandrinia ciliata

Calochortus albus

Solanum xanti

Solidaga velutina californica

Adiantum capillusveneris

Ribes indeocrum

Boukinia occidentalis Solanum douglasii

helenium puberulum

Ribes californica

Bothrichloa barbinodis Silene laciniata major

Adenostoma fasciculatum

Rosa californica

Bloomeria crocea Senecio flaccidus douglasii

Acmon brickellia californica

Salvia apiana

Baccharis pilularis consanguinea Salvia apiana

Acer negundo californicum

Salvia mellifera

Baccharis pilularis

Salix lucida lasiandra

Once California native and drought tolerant plants are established in the soil, theyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ll require substantially less water and maintenance than traditional landscaping plants. Currently Los Angeles county uses at least half of itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s drinking water (ground water supply) for irrigation purposes. As supply cannot keep up with demand, a large portion of water must be imported to keep sea water from infiltrating fresh ground water supplies. For these reasons, drought tolerant plants native to the area are perferred in coordination with other passive design strategies.

Baccharis salicifolia

-California Coastal sage and chaparral -California montane chaparral and woodlands -California interior chaparral and woodlands

Nemophila menziesii

The California chaparral and woodlands ecoregion of the Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub Biome, has three sub-ecoregion with ecosystem plant community subdivisions:

Acer macrophyllum

Salvia spacthacea Abronia umbellata

In its natural regime, chaparral is characterized by infrequent fires, with intervals ranging between 10-15 years to over a hundred years. Mature chaparral is characterized by nearly impenetrable, dense thickets. These plants are highly flammable. They grow as woody shrubs and hard and small leaves; are non-leaf dropping (non-deciduous); and are drought tolerant. After the first rains following the fire, the landscape is dominated by soft-leaved non-woody annual plants, known as fire followers, which die back with the summer dry period. According to the California Academy of Sciences, Mediterranean shrubland contains more than 20% of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s plant diversity. Conservation International and other conservation organizations consider the chaparral to be a biodiversity hotspot - a biological community with a large number of different species - that are under threat by human activity.

Abronia maritima

Chaparral is the shrubland or heathland plant community found primarily in the U.S. state of California and in the northern portion of the Baja California peninsula, Mexico. It is shaped by a Mediterranean climate (mild, wet winters and hot dry summers) and wildfire, featuring summer-drought tolerant plants with scelrophyllous evergreen leaves, as contrasted with the associated softleaved, drought deciduous, scrub community of Coastal Sage Scrub, found below the chaparral biome. Chaparral covers 5% of the state of California and associated Mediterranean shrubland as additional 3.5%.

Delphinium cardinale

THE CALIFORNIA CHAPARRAL

Calochortus clavatus

Calystegia macrostegia

Camissonia cheiranthifolia

Carex senta

Castilleja foliolosa

Ceanothus crassifolius

Ceanothus cuneatus

Ceanothus megacarpus

Ceanothus oliganthus

Ceanothus spinosus

Chlorogalum pomeridianum

Clarkia unguiculata

Clarkia cylindrica

Clarkia purpurea

Clematis lasiantha

Stachys bullata

Stachys albens

Stipa pulchra

Symphoricarpos mollis

Trichostema lanatum

Typha domingesis

Umbellularia californica

Urtica dioica

Venegasia carpesioides

Viola pednculata

Salix lasiolepis

Yucca whipplei

Zauschneria cana

Epilobium canum

Zigadenus fremontii

Baccharis glutinosa

Astragalus trichopodus

Asclepias fascicularis

Asclepias californica

Artemisia douglasiana

Arctostaphylos glauca

Arctostaphylos glaucaglandulosa

Dudleya lanceolata

Elymus condensatus

Encelia californica

Epipactis gigantea

Equisetum hymale

Equisetum laevigatum

Erysimum capitatum

Eschscholzia caespitosa

Eschscholzia californica

Antirrhinum multiflorum

Arctostaphylos glandulosa

Helianthus gracilentus

Kreckiella cordifolia

Heterotheca grandiflora

Yellow-Legged Gull - Larus michahellis

Rhamnus crocea

Rhamnus crocea ilicifolia

Antirrhinum coulterianum

Anemopsis californica

Ambrosia psilostachya

Alnus rhombifolia

Agrostis pallens

Agoseris grandiflora

STRATEGY Systems thinking is about patterns of relationships and how these translate into emergent behaviors. This section explores the notion of systems and its application to ecosystem thinking. Systems thinking provides us with a window on the world that informs our understanding of nature and our relationship to it. It provides us with a way of framing our investigations and a language for discussing our understanding. Given the relatively low amount of annual rainfall, ecological mix, and temperature climate, investigated solutions focus on areas of passive heating techniques, water retention, pollution mitigation and habitat reconstruction.

Conditioned S p a c e

E v e n t Potential

Comfort H o u r s

HUMAN COMFORT

Minimize Maximize

Revenue

MANAGE / ENHANCE Impervious Surface

HOMEOSTASIS

Minimize Maximize

W i n d Capture

S o l a r Capture

W a t e r Capture

PROJECT GOALS AND STRATEGIES

MICROCLIMATE

soil washing

bioremediation Landscape / Site Design

Habitat Reconstruction

phytoremediation native flora c02 scrubbing concrete

Pollution Reduction

building orientation

WIND

wind tower sheerwind turbine Wind

cross ventilation stack ventilation

THERMAL

trombe wall

ventilated concrete slab thermal energy storage Solar Energy

Thermal Mass

water wall roof pond earthen berm night puge

SOLAR

solar panels flexible pv film

Daylighting Control

photovolatic glazing expansive roof dynamic shading vegetative shading Rainwater Collection

WATER

water bodies / features

Water Retention

constructed wetlands Condensation Collection

air well fog fence

LANDSCAPE POLLUTION REDUCTION

Soil Washing

Bioremediation

Phytoremediation

C02 Scrubbing Concrete

Pullution Reduction

Pollution Reduction

Pollution Reduction / Site Design

Pollution Reduction

Soil washing is a mechanical process that uses liquids, usually water, to remove chemical pollutants from soils. These chemicals usually adhere to the surfaces of the silt or clay particles rather than to the coarser sand or gravel particles. This technique can be utilized to significantly reduce the volume of contaminated soil and is a relatively low-cost alternative for separating waste and minimizing volume required for subsequent treatment.

Bioremediation is a waste management technique that involves the use of organisms to remove or neutralize pollutants from a contaminated site. According to the EPA, bioremediation is a treatment that uses naturally occurring organisms to break down hazardous substances into less toxic or non toxic substances. Recent advancements have also proven successful via the addition of matched microbe strains to the medium to enhance resident microbe populations ability to break down contaminants.

Phytoremediation describes the treatment of environmental problems through the use of plants that mitigate the environmental problem without the need to excavate the contaminant material and dispose of it elsewhere. Phytoremediation consists of mitigating pollutant concentrations in contaminated soils, water, or air, with plants able to contain, degrade, or eliminate metals, pesticides, solvents, explosives, crude oil and its derivatives.

C02 absorbing concrete, based on magnesium silicates, abosrbs large amounts of C02 as it hardens, making it carbon negative. The product has the ability to absorb, over its lifecycle, around 0.6 tonnes of C02 per tonne of cement. This compares to carbon emissions of about 0.4 tonnes per of standard cement. In addition, as the concrete is heated, it emits no C02. Titanium dioxide photocatalytic action scrubs Nitric Oxide from automobile emissions.

LANDSCAPE SITE DESIGN

Native Flora

Orientation

Habitat Reconstruction

Site Design

In a region that has the majority of its native habitat destroyed or disrupted from urban growth, this site has the opportunity to regenerate native biomes. Native flora can be used to help cleanse particulates from the soils and runoff, reducing impervious surfaces, which creates cooler microclimates and increases biodiversity of wildlife.

Buildings in this climate zone should be orientated 20-30 degrees from cardinal E/W axis for optimal solar exposure. Likewise, this creates an oblique orientation to the summer wind, helping to increase opportunities for cross-ventilation due to pressure differentials. Blocks should be elongated along their E/W axis, and should be spaced for solar access to the streets running E/W.

WIND CAPTURE

Wind Towers

SheerWind Turbines

Cross Ventilation

Stack Ventilation

Wind Energy Capture

Ventilation Strategy

Wind towers are architectural elements used to capture wind for naturally ventilating buildings and outdoor spaces. During windy conditions, wind towers actively ventilate spaces with captured wind. During still conditions, wind towers can function as a solar chimney to create a pressure gradient and allow hot air to escape, drawing cooler air into the evacuated space.

The SheerWind turbine is an omni-directional wind collector that operates efficiently at both high and low wind speeds. Much like a traditional wind tower, the SheerWind turbine funnels wind from any direction downwards, where it is compressed to increase its speed before it finally powers a smaller turbine to generate power.

The strategy of cross ventilation relies on wind to pass through the building for the purpose of cooling the occupants. The sizing and placement of the ventilation inlets and outlets will determine the direction and velocity of cross ventilation through a building. Orientation of the building itself and neighboring structures will have an effect on the amount of ventilation as well.

Cross ventilation is an effective cooling strategy, however, wind is an unreliable resource. Stack ventilation is an alternative design strategy that relies on the buoyancy of warm air to rise and exit through openings located at ceiling height. Cooler outside air replaces the rising warm air through carefully designed inlets place near the floor.

WATER RETENTION

Water Bodies + Features

Constructed Wetlands

Air Well (Condenser)

Fog Fence

Rainwater Collection

Condensation Collection

Water has a moderating effect on the temperature of the microclimate. It possesses very high thermal storage capacity, much higher than the building materials, like brick, concrete and stone. A large body of water in the form of a lake, river, or fountain has the ability to moderate air temperature in the microclimate. Water evaporation has a cooling effect on the surroundings. It takes up heat from the air through evaporation and causes significant cooling.

A constructed wetland is an artificial wetland created as a new or restored habitat for native and migratory wildlife, for anthropogenic discharge such as wastewater, stormwater runoff, or sewage treatment. Natural wetlands act as a biofilter, removing sediments and pollutants such as heavy metals from the water, and constructed wetlands can be designed to emulate these features.

An air well is a structure or device that collects water by promoting the condensation of moisture from air. Designs for air wells are many and varied, but the simplest designs are completely passive, require no external energy source and have few, if any, moving parts. A radiative air well is designed to cool a substrate by radiating heat to the night sky. The substrate has a low mass and is thermally isolated from any mass, including ground.

A fog fence is an apparatus for collecting liquid water from fog, using a fine mesh or array of parallel wires. Proposed geometries include linear and cylindrical. It has the advantage of being passive, requiring no external energy source to perform its collection. An efficient fog fence must be placed facing the prevailing winds, and must be a fine mesh as wind would flow around a solid wall and take the fog with it.

SOLAR ENERGY

Trombe Wall

Ventilated Concrete Floor

Thermal Energy Storage

Water Wall

Thermal Mass

Thermal Storage

Thermal Mass

A trombe wall is a passive solar building technique where a wall is built on the winter sun side of a building with a glass external layer and a high heat capacity internal layer separated by a layer of air. Heat in close to UV spectrum passes through the glass almost unhindered then is absorbed by the wall that then re-radiates in the far infrared spectrum which does not pass back through the glass easily.

A ventilated concrete floor can be utilized to store and move heat from a thermal mass to another cooler space. As a concrete (thermal mass) floor heats up throughout the day, ventilation ducts within the floor allow for the air moving through the ducts to be heated, redirecting the heated air to other spaces within the project.

Thermal energy storage is achieved with greatly differing technologies that accommodate a wide range of needs. Seasonal storage is the storage of heat or cold for periods of up to several months. The thermal energy can be collected whenever it is available and used whenever needed in the opposing season. Thermal energy may be stored in water tanks, underground, heat exchangers, or other materials such as gravel.

Vertical surfaces with a high thermal mass in addition to a wall of water can be utilized to capture solar radiation at an efficient rate while simultaneously helping to cool the given air through evaporation. With a high thermal mass material backing the water wall can effectively help to store a large amount of heat throughout the course of a day and displacing it at night.

SOLAR ENERGY

Roof Pond

Earth (Thermal Mass)

Night Purge

Materials (Thermal Mass)

Thermal Mass

Thermal Mass Material

Thermal Mass / Temp. Control

Thermal Mass Building Material

A roof pond uses a store of water above the roof to mediate internal temperatures, usually in hot desert environments. At night, the insulation is removed and the water exposed, losing significant amounts of heat by the radiation to the night sky. Early in the morning, the insulating panels are replaced to protect the water from the heat of the day and solar radiation. The water remains relatively cool throughout the day, cooling the ceiling of the space below.

Thermal lag describes a body’s thermal mass with respect to time. A body with high thermal mass will have a large thermal lag, and as such the earth itself is such. The thermal mass of the earth itself, either as-is or by incorporation into the structure by banking or using rammed earth as a structural medium. Heat storage on the Earth’s surface causes thermal lag.

The building structure acts as a sink throughout the day and absorbs internal heat gains and solar radiation. Heat can be dissipated from the structure by convective heat loss by allowing cooler air to pass through the building at night. The flow of outdoor air can be induced naturally or mechanically. Thermal mass is a necessary component to dissipate heat at night.

Thermal mass is a property of the mass of a building which enables it to store heat, providing “inertia” against temperature fluctuations. Energy from the sun can be stored as heat within materials that exhibited high amounts of thermal mass. As temperatures cool at night, this heat radiates into the spaces when temperatures drop.

SOLAR ENERGY

Solar Panels

Flexible PV Film

Photovolatic Glazing

Expansive Roof

Solar Energy Capture

Shading / Daylight Control

Traditional solar panels can easily be added to building surfaces to convert sunlight into electricity. In addition to generating electricity they also reduce solar heat gain on the surfaces they are attached to. These solar panels are bulkier than some newer photo-voltaic technologies, but are more efficient and more cost effective.

Recent advances in photovolatic technologies have yielded a photovoltaic film that is thin, light weight, and flexible. This flexible film can bend to take the shape of a complex surface or be laminated onto an ETFE membrane. In addition to capturing sunlight they also can be used to create shade and reduce solar heat gain.

A building integrated photovoltaics system replaces traditional building materials with materials capable of harvesting energy with integrated photovoltaics. In addition to energy gneration these systesm can filter light, insulate, provid enatural illumination, and be a signature design freature. These multifunctional materials can be applied to any part of a project.

A properly designed shading system can effectively contribute to minimizing the solar heat gains. Shading both transparent and opaque surfaces of the building envelope will minimize solar radiation that induces overheating in both indoor spaces and a buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s structure, reducing the heat gain captured through windows and envelope will be reduced.

DAYLIGHTING CONTROL

Dynamic Shading

Vegetative Shading

Shading / Daylight Control

Having the ability to dynamically shade exterior spaces throughout a day can help to control the amount of light that filters into the space below. This has both a qualitative as well as quantitative affect on the space, which can filter harsh glare during the day, and allow for an unobstructed view to the skies above at night. Surveys have found that lighting levels play a subconscious role in peoples perceptions of the temperature and comfort of environments.

In the arid climate of Los Angeles it is important to choose plants which are native and require minimal maintenance and water dependency. Vegetation is one of the best ways to block spaces from solar radiation, thus cooling them. Native, drought tolerant species,such as the California sycamore, Coastal Live Oak, or Holly-leafed Cherry can be used to help shade exterior spaces and surfaces, thus cooling internal temperatures during the summer.

Herzog + de Meuron, Bordeaux, France

NEW BORDEAUX STADIUM The new Bordeaux Stadium distinguishes itself from other sports venues by the pure form of its design and the extreme lightness of its structure. With an architecture both monumental and delicate, it inscribes itself with elegance into Bordeaux’s larger landscape. The stadium’s appearance is characterized by a shower of slender columns, a veritable vertical forest inspired by the Lande’s pines. Overhanging these columns, which also suggest Greek temples’ influence, is an elegant, almost fragile roof, with a singular rectangular shape. With a 7 degree slope, the roof protects the spectators from bad weather while letting through the sunlight. It offers ideal sound quality thanks to the acoustic panels of which it is made and maintains a homogeneous appearance in order to not distract the spectators and concentrate their attention on the field. The roof and the bowl are visually inseparable and create an evanescent rectangular volume both dense and light, revealing the stadium’s strong identity while bestowing it with an emotional dimension to which the public can claim ownership and fundamental to a stadium’s sporting and visual spectacle’s tradition.

Los Angeles River Revitalization Master Plan

GREENWAY 2020 - LA RIVER Six decades after the River was first channelized, the City of Los Angeles faces an unprecedented opportunity to reverse the past and re-envision the River with promise and determination. The LARRMP presents a bold vision for transforming the River over the next several generations. The Los Angeles River Revitalization Master Plan provides opportunities to address a renewal of the Riverâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s environmental qualities that can catalyze change in diverse communities throughout the 32-mile corridor. As a long-term goal, the Riverâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ecological and hydrological functioning can be restored through re-creation of a continuous riparian habitat corridor within the channel, and through removal of the concrete walls where feasible. In addition to restoring ecological function, revitalizing the river includes storing peak flows to reduce flow velocities in the channel in order to facilitate ecological restoration and access. The changes can enable the development of multi-benefit green spaces within the River channel that simultaneously provide open space and water quality benefits, and further provide examples of revitalization features that can be applied throughout the watershed.

Jean Nouvel, Louvre Abu Dhabi

LIGHTWEIGHT DOME

The Louvre Abu Dhabi, designed by Jean Nouvel, combines light reflective surfaces, water, and a web-patterned dome overhead which allows for sunlight to filter through. The overall effect is meant to represent “rays of sunlight passing through date palm fronds in an oasis.” The design draws from time-tested passive cooling techniques of regional buildings in the form of a long network of pools as well as the woven palm frond roof characteristic of the region. The fibrous aperature-ridden layer of the monumental curve acts as both a parasol and diffused lighting device. “A microclimate is created by drawing on sensations that have been explored countless times in great Arab architecture, which is based on the mastery of light and geometry...a structure made up of shadows, of movement and discovery” - Jean Nouvel

HKS LINE, Los Angeles, CA

FUTURE GSA

This project involved intense research and understanding of the Los Angeles climate as they relate to an existing building. We identified the existing problems of the site and sought practical and expressive solutions to last the next fifty years. The skin was opened to allow prevailing breezes into the core and provide a welcomed pedestrian entry. The roof rises to become an occupied solar lens, harnessing solar energy for the building’s use and creating an active green roof, physically bending upward and toward the incoming sunlight at the location of the highest solar exposure. The sustainable systems are made visible to all. The core of the atrium hosts the mechanical systems, exposed and celebrated as functional sculpture within the building. The gesture displays the “motherboard” of the building to education the occupants and visitors as to how their sustainable systems are working. By revamping and revealing the building’s elements we offer an environment in which members of the community can fully understand and enjoy the rewards of a thriving and sustainable space.

Lava, Masdar City Centre

DYNAMIC SHADING

The future wellbeing of cities around the globe depends on mankind’s ability to develop and integrate sustainable technology. The centre will feature giant movable sunshades based on sunflowers that shade a public plaza, plus hotels, retail and leisure facilities. Giant umbrellas, with a design based on the principles of sunflowers, will provide movable shade in the day, store heat, then close and release the heat at night in the plaza of a new eco-city in the United Arab Emirates. The solar powered ‘sunflower’ umbrellas capture the sun’s rays during the day, fold at night releasing the stored heat, and open again the next day. They follow the projection of the sun to provide continuous shade during the day.

Foster Partners, Smithsonian Institution, Wash. DC

INHERENT STRUCTURAL FORM The courtyard forms the centerpiece of the building’s longterm renovation program, which included the redesign of galleries with contemporary interactive displays, the addition of a conservation laboratory, an auditorium, and greatly increased exhibition space. Visitors can enter from the courtyard, which was designed to “do the most with the least”, the fluid-form, fully glazed roof canopy develops structural and environmental themes first explored in the design of the roof. Structurally, the roof is composed of three interconnected vaults that flow into one another through softly curved valleys. The double-glazed panels are set within a diagrid of fins, clad in acoustic material, which together form a rigid shell that needs to be supported by only eight columns. Visually the roof is raised above the walls of the existing building, clearly articulating new and old. Seen illuminated at night, this canopy appears to float above the Patent Building, a symbolizing the cultural importance of the Smithsonian Institution and giving new life to a popular Washington

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