44 icant for the younger cohort (β = –.164, p = .007). The relationships between life satisfaction to Neuroticism 12 years later were significant for the older cohort (β = –.030, p = .006) but not significant for the younger cohort (β = –.010, p = .855). Regarding Extraversion, both relationships between personality and life satisfaction 12 years later were not significant (older cohort: β = .003, p = .964; younger cohort: β = .045, p = .468). Surprisingly, however, the relationship between life satisfaction to later Extraversion became significant for the older cohort (β = –.042, p < .001). The corresponding relationship for the younger cohort failed to reach significance (β = .041, p = .441). Examination of Differences in the Relationship of Personality and Life satisfaction between Middle Adulthood and Old Age While the magnitudes and significances of the relationships between both personality factors and life satisfaction indicated almost no differences between the cohorts – with the exception of the relationship between Neuroticism and life satisfaction 12 years later, which missed the statistical significance level in the old cohort (see Table 3) – the opposing relationships between life satisfaction and personality differed systematically. In 3 out of 4 cases life satisfaction was a significant predictor for subsequent personality in the older cohort (N 4: β = –.018, p = .019; N 12: β = –.030, p = .006; E 4: β = –.008, p = .307; E 12: β = –.042, p < .001); however, in the younger cohort, life satisfaction was on no account a significant longitudinal predictor (N 4: β = –.002, p = .969; N 12: β = –.010, p = .855; E 4: β = .017, p = .678; E 12: β = .041, p = .441). All in all, there is evidence for an aging effect that is concerned with life satisfaction being predictive of subsequent Neuroticism (both intervals) and Extraversion (only long-term interval). The Role of Health The inclusion of health (Table 4) did not remarkably change the stability effects and cross-sectional relations, though the longitudinal interrelationships were weakened, and of the former eight significant longitudinal cross-effects, only four remain. In the short-term interval, the relationships between Neuroticism and subsequent life satisfaction were significant for both cohorts (older cohort: β = –.112, p = .034; younger cohort: β = –.117, p = .028). Furthermore, the relationships between Extraversion and life satisfaction 4 years later were significant for the older cohort (β = .115, p = .028) and barely missed significance for the younger cohort (β = .109, p = .052). In the longterm interval, only the relationship between Neuroticism and later-life satisfaction in the younger cohort showed significance (β = –.131, p = .027). GeroPsych (2016), 29 (1), 37–48 B. Tauber et al.: Personality and Life Satisfaction Longitudinally In conclusion, the results hint at three findings. First, in the short-term interval and controlled for health, personality remains a predictor of later-life satisfaction, while life satisfaction does not significantly predict later Neuroticism or Extraversion. Second, in the long-term interval, when controlled for health, the interrelationship becomes slightly weakened, and only one effect remains significant. Third, it is particularly noteworthy that all life satisfaction to later personality factor effects became insignificant after entering health into the models, indicating that the life satisfaction to personality age effect might vanish when controlled for health. As expected, objective and subjective health were highly correlated with each other (rs ranging from r = .452 to r = .495; all ps < .001). Cross-sectional, subjective health was mild to moderately correlated to Neuroticism (rs ranging from r = –.269 to r = –.362; all ps < .001), Extraversion (rs ranging from r = .199 to r = .261; all ps < .001), and life satisfaction (rs ranging from r = .177 to r = .222; all ps < .001), across both time intervals and cohorts. Longitudinally, subjective health was not significantly predictive of Neuroticism, Extraversion, or life satisfaction, with one exception. The relationship between subjective health at t1 to life satisfaction 12 years later was significant in the older cohort (β model with Neuroticism = .165, p = .009; β model with Extraversion = .196; p = .002). Objective health showed a more complex cross-sectional and longitudinal relationship pattern, being mildly correlated with Neuroticism (rs ranging from r = –.138 to r = –.230; all ps < .01) and Extraversion (rs ranging from r = .112 to r = .133; all ps < .05) at t1 across all cohorts and in all calculated models. Moreover, objective health was mildly correlated to life satisfaction at t1 in the older cohort (r = .166, p < .001), but not in the younger cohort (r = .044, p = .324). Objective health at t1 revealed no significant longitudinal relations to the personality factors at t2 or t3, with one exception: In the older cohort, a significant longitudinal effect of objective health to 12-year-later Extraversion reached significance (β = .132, p = .026). In the models with Neuroticism, the paths of objective health predicting life satisfaction in the older cohort barely missed significance (4: β = .093, p = .066; 12: β = .131, p = .052), which was reached in the long-term interval of the younger cohort (12: β = .208, p < .001). In the model with Extraversion, these paths emerged as significant longitudinal predictors (older cohort 4: β = .103, p = .042; older cohort 12: β = .135, p = .046; younger cohort 12: β = .208, p = < .001). Therefore, the longitudinal influences of subjective and objective health showed relevance, especially for life satisfaction and the long-term intervals. Discussion The present study had the goal of adding long-term evidence to the relationship between personality (Neuroticism, Extraversion) and life satisfaction. Additionally, and for the first time, © 2016 Hogrefe