Chemical energy by horn061

May 18, 2017 VOL. 56. NO. 9 ISSN 1234-5678

JOULES MAGAZINE

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INSIDE EXAMPLES OF CHEMICAL ENERGY (see on pg 5 & 6) WHAT IS CHEMICAL ENERGY? (see on pg 3 & 4) ENERGY TRANSFORMATION (see on pg 7 & 8)

By: Julia Hornstein & Amanda Mechaber

CHEMICAL ENERGY

TABLE OF CONTENTS What is Chemical Energy?

3-4

Examples of Chemical Energy

6-7

Energy Transformation

8-9

Chemical Energy Conservation

Renewable and Nonrenewable with Chemical Energy

Fun Facts

Numbers in the News

Graph 1

Graph 2

World Connections

Sources

19-20

WHAT IS CHEMICAL ENERGY? Chemical energy is energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds. Chemical energy is released during a chemical reaction, often in the form of heat; these reactions are called exothermic. Reactions that require an input of heat to proceed may store some of that energy as chemical energy in newly formed bonds. The chemical energy in food is converted by the body into mechanical energy and then into thermal energy. it is a type of potential energy (The Editors of EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica, 2017). Chemical energy is one of the 7 main form of the energy. Chemical reactions are everywhere around us ("What Is Chemical Energy?," 2017). Chemical reactions involve the making and breaking of chemical bonds. Breaking bonds requires energy, forming bonds releases 3 energy (Libretexts, 2016).

WHAT IS CHEMICAL ENERGY? Chemical energy originates in the interactions of atoms and molecules. There is a rearrangement of electrons and protons, called a chemical reaction, which produces electric charges. The law of Conservation of Energy states that energy can be transformed or converted but never destroyed. A chemical reaction that decreases the energy in a system will give the energy lost to the environment, usually as heat or light (Writer, 2017). There are many chemical reactions that produce chemical energy. There are simple reorganization of a single molecule or the combination of two molecules, or complex interactions with multiple compounds. The rate of a chemical reaction depends on the concentration of the reactant materials, the surface area available between those reactants, the temperature and the pressure of the system (Writer, 2017).

Power for the people

EXAMPLES OF CHEMICAL ENERGY Chemical Energy is energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds (atoms and molecules). It is released in a chemical reaction, often producing heat (exothermic reaction). It can only be seen when it is released in a chemical reaction. Once ("Chemical Energy," n.d.) chemical energy is released from a substance, that substance is transformed into an entirely new substance ("What Is Chemical Energy?," 2017). Many substances and objects store and release chemical energy: Batteries, biomass, petroleum, natural gas, and coal are examples of stored chemical energy. ("What Is Chemical Energy?," 2017). You can connect a battery to a circuit and a reaction between chemicals takes place inside the battery and it produces electricity. You cannot see the energy in the battery when the battery is just sitting; it is when the electricity is produced that the energy is seen ("Examples of Chemical Energy," 2016). (2016) Dry wood stores chemical energy. This chemical energy is released as the wood burns, and it is converted into heat, which is also called thermal energy, and light energy. As a result of burning, the wood turns into an entirely new substance, ashes ("Examples of 6 Chemical Energy," 2016).

EXAMPLES OF CHEMICAL ENERGY When an explosive goes off, chemical energy that was stored in the explosive is changed and transferred into sound energy, kinetic energy, and thermal energy. These energy forms are observable in the sound, motion, and heat that are created ("Examples of Chemical Energy," 2016).

The chemical energy in food is released while the food is being digested and the molecules of food are broken down into smaller pieces. As the bonds between the atoms of the food break or loosen, a chemical reaction will occur and new substances are created ("Examples of Chemical Energy," 2016) The chemical energy from digested food gets transformed to mechanical energy to (Foundation, 2017) function out muscles and it also gets transformed to thermal energy to maintain body heat. Energy in food is measured in Calories ("What Is Chemical Energy?," 2017) Plants perform a chemical reaction each time they use sunlight to make their own food during photosynthesis (Softschools,2017). 7

("Photosynthesis," n.d.)

ENERGY TRANSFORMATION An energy transformation is the change of energy from one form to another. Energy transformations occur everywhere every second of the day. There are many different forms of energy such as electrical, thermal, nuclear, mechanical, electromagnetic, sound, and chemical ("Energy Transformations Examples"). The Law of Conservation of Energy states that when one form of energy is transformed to another, no energy is lost in the process. Also, energy cannot be created or destroyed and the total amount of energy is the same before and after any transformation.

Some examples of energy transformation with chemical energy are within the human body. The chemical energy from digested food gets transformed to mechanical energy to function our muscles. The chemical

(Chemical Energy Transformations)

energy also also gets transformed to thermal energy to maintain body heat and achieve homeostasis.

ENERGY TRANSFORMATION The energy stored in these chemical bonds can be released and transformed during any type of chemical reaction. When one eats a piece of food, one's body breaks down the chemical bonds of the food and uses it to supply energy to your body. In this process, the chemical energy is transformed into mechanical energy, which you use to move.

("Energy," n.d.)

It also transforms it into thermal energy, which is created through the metabolic processes in your body to generate heat. Most of the time, chemical energy is released in the form of heat, and this transformation from chemical energy to heat, or thermal energy, is called an exothermic reaction ("Energy Transformation: Definition, Types & Examples," 2017). For example, A natural gas stove converts chemical energy from burning into thermal energy used to cook food ("Energy Transformations Examples"). Plants transform electromagnetic energy into chemical energy.

("Energy," n.d.)

Save our sun!

CHEMICAL ENERGY CONSERVATION

"Conservation is the wise use of natural resources. As human populations continue to grow, so will the demand for these resources. Without conservation efforts, reserves of these â&#x2014;?

The Law of Conservation of Energy

resources will quickly dwindle" (Bonnstetter, 2002). One way to conserve chemical energy is to use biodiesel instead of gasoline. Biodiesel is a domestically produced, renewable fuel that can be manufactured from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled restaurant grease for use in diesel vehicles. Biodiesel's physical properties are similar to those of petroleum diesel, but it is a cleaner-burning alternative ("Biodiesel," n.d.). ("Biodiesel ," n.d.)

RENEWABLE & NONRENEWABLE WITH CHEMICAL ENERGY Nonrenewable energy resources, like coal, nuclear, oil,

and natural gas, are available in limited supplies. This is because it takes a long time for them to be recharged. Renewable resources are recharged naturally and over short periods of time. The five major renewable energy resources are solar, wind, water, biomass, and geothermal (Aust, 2017). Chemical energy comes from many different sources. Some of these energy sources may be renewable such as biomass and some of them are not, for example oil, coal, and others. Also, some forms of renewable energy such as solar energy, are converted to chemical energy through the photosynthesis process. It is invalid to classify chemical energy as either a renewable or nonrenewable energy source. (Aggeliki, 2017).

("Non Renewable Resources Depletion Effects Non Renewable Resources Depletion Effects," 2014)

FUN FACTS - Chemical energy is stored inside a substance or object until its chemical reaction - Our bodies use chemical energy to perform daily functions - During an exothermic chemical reaction, chemical energy in the form of heat is released - There are six basic types of chemical reactions: combustion, synthesis, single displacement, decomposition, double displacement, and acid-base. - Chemical energy is used to make electricity when fossil fuels are burned

- During the process of digestion, chemical energy is released when food is broken down. (Softschools,2017).

NUMBERS IN THE NEWS “According to the Environmental Protection Agency, each year Americans throw away more than 3000,000,000 batteries. That's about 180,000 tons of batteries. Imagine, placed end to end these dead alkaline batteries alone would circle the world at least six times” (Everyday-Green, n.d.). The Gulf Oil Spill (2011)- The oil spill harmed or killed approximately 82,000 birds of 102 species, approximately 6,165 sea turtles, and up to 25,900 marine mammals. The spill also harmed an unknown number of fish and more than a thousand miles of shoreline ("A DEADLY TOLL: THE GULF OIL SPILL AND THE UNFOLDING WILDLIFE DISASTER"). The earliest documentation of fireworks dates back to 7th century China. They were invented more than 2000 years ago in China. ("25 Interesting Facts about Fireworks | Fireworks Blog"). The average American consumed nearly one ton of food. That’s 1,996 pounds of food a year ("11 Facts About American Eating Habits," n.d.). A large tree can transfer 378.5 liters (100 gallons) of water into the air per day (LAN, 2016).

Can take it all out!

GRAPH 1

This graph shows the amount of injuries due to fireworks in 2014. ("Fireworks")

GRAPH 2

This graph shows the amount of people that eat batteries per year. (Poison Control, 2017)

WORLD CONNECTIONS Chemical energy is mostly found in fossil fuels. Biofuel is a fuel derived directly from living matter that offers plant-based solutions to the Earth's growing energy problems. Biofuels are similar to gasoline and diesel, except that they're made from plants grown today. Countries around the world are using various kinds of biofuels. Many countries use biofuels such as the US, Brazil, Germany, France, Argentina, and many others ("Which Countries Produce the Most Biofuels?," 2012). However, for decades, Brazil has turned sugarcane into ethanol, and some cars there can run on pure ethanol rather than as additive to fossil fuel ("Environment," n.d.). Chemical energy is also found in the digestion of food. Food is something in which people eat all around the world. So, chemical energy occurs in every region of the world. The country with the most food energy intake is Austria ("List of Countries by Food Energy Intake," 2017).

SOURCES Aggeliki K. (2011, February 27). How is Chemical Energy Used? Retrieved from http://www.brighthub.com/environment/renewable-energy/articles/108446.aspx Aust, A. (2017). Nonrenewable and Renewable Energy Resources. Retrieved from https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/02/13/nonrenewable-and-renewable-energy-resources-2 / Chemical Energy [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved May 18, 2017, from http://www.eschooltoday.com/energy/kinds-of-energy/what-is-chemical-energy.html Chemical Energy Transformations [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved May 22, 2017, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Energy_and_life.svg A DEADLY TOLL: THE GULF OIL SPILL AND THE UNFOLDING WILDLIFE DISASTER. (2011). Retrieved May 22, 2017, from http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/programs/public_lands/energy/dirty_energy_developme nt/oil_and_gas/gulf_oil_spill/a_deadly_toll.html The Editors of EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica. (2017). Chemical energy. Retrieved May 18, 2017, from https://www.britannica.com/science/chemical-energy 11 Facts About American Eating Habits. (n.d.). Retrieved May 23, 2017, from https://www.dosomething.org/us/facts/11-facts-about-american-eating-habits ENERGY KIDS. (n.d.). Retrieved May 18, 2017, from http://energykids.eu/energy-transform-chemical Energy Transformation: Definition, Types & Examples. (2017). Retrieved May 22, 2017, from http://study.com/academy/lesson/energy-transformation-definition-types-examples.html Energy Transformations Examples. (n.d.). Retrieved May 22, 2017, from http://www.softschools.com/examples/science/energy_transformations_examples/161/ Energy. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://lorpub.gadoe.org/State%20of%20Georgia/GAVS%20Shared/Science/PhysicalScience_ Energy_Shared/PhysicalScience_Energy_Shared_print.html Everyday-Green. (n.d.). Battery Statistics. Retrieved from http://everyday-green.com/html/battery_statistics.html Examples of Chemical Properties. (2016, June 15). Retrieved May 18, 2017, from http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-chemical-properties.html Fireworks. (n.d.). Retrieved May 23, 2017, from http://www.nfpa.org/news-and-research/fire-statistics-and-reports/fire-statistics/fire-cause s/fireworks Foundation, C. (2017, January 19). Digestive System [Digital image]. Retrieved May 20, 2017, from https://www.ck12.org/book/CK-12-Biology/section/23.3/ L. (2016, July 21). Chemical Energy. Retrieved May 18, 2017, from https://chem.libretexts.org/Core/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Thermodynamics/Sta te_Functions/Chemical_Energy 19

SOURCES PAN. (2016, February 18). 8 Amazing Facts About Trees That You Didn't Know. Retrieved from https://landarchs.com/8-amazing-facts-trees-didnt-know/ List of countries by food energy intake. (2017, May 21). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_food_energy_intake Non Renewable Resources Depletion Effects Non Renewable Resources Depletion Effects. (2014). Retrieved May 20, 2017, from http://peakoil.com/alternative-energy/home-renewable-energy-non-renewable-resources-de pletion-effects-non-renewable-resources-depletion-effects Photosynthesis [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved May 20, 2017, from http://www.mrgscience.com/yr9-topic-5-plant-structure-and-photosynthesis.html Poison Control. (2017). Button Battery Ingestion Statistics. Retrieved from http://www.poison.org/battery/stats Softschools. (2017). Chemical Energy Facts. Retrieved May 20, 2017, from http://www.softschools.com/facts/energy/chemical_energy_facts/391/ 25 Interesting facts about fireworks | Fireworks Blog. (n.d.). Retrieved May 23, 2017, from http://www.thefireworksfirm.co.uk/25-interesting-facts-about-fireworks.php What is chemical energy? (2017). Retrieved May 18, 2017, from http://www.eschooltoday.com/energy/kinds-of-energy/what-is-chemical-energy.html Writer, L. G. (2017, April 24). How Does Chemical Energy Work? Retrieved May 18, 2017, from http://sciencing.com/chemical-energy-work-4568652.html Y. (2016, June 15). [Battery Chemical Energy]. Retrieved May 20, 2017, from http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-chemical-energy.html Y. (2016, June 15). Examples of Chemical Energy. Retrieved from http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-chemical-energy.html