History final magazine

THE SIXTIES Marilyn Dead: Details about her death on page 25.

Hottest New Productions: On page 6, get the news on what the best theater was this year so you can keep up to date.

The Loss of A Great Man: Hear the sad news about how we lost a great President, Kennedy, on page 12.

By: Amanda, Sophia, and Julia

America is on the Moon: Get all the exciting details about the biggest achievement yet on page 15.

TABLE OF CONTENTS Education

3

1960s Fashion

5

Film and Theatre of the 60s

6

1960s Food

7

1960s Culture

9

Sports

10

Music

12

Way We Lived 14 Government/ Politics

15

Law and Justice

17

Domestic Affairs

18-19

Forgien Affairs

21- 22

Book Review

23

Word Search

24

Celebrity Gossip

25

Sources

26- 28

2

Education By: Julia Hornstein

African Americans and Whites were segregated in public schools only because of their race. They weren't given equal protection under the 14th amendment. After a ruling, African Americans were guaranteed the right to have an equal opportunity for an education in public schools.

During the 1960s, students began studying old subjects in new ways. Their was a change in the way they thought American History. Courses began emphasizing diversity. The struggles of African Americans and the experiences of Native Americans became a part of the material taught.

They also added other courses such as social science, sociology, and theater arts.. Meanwhile, bilingual education programs increased as immigrants began to insist on maintaining their native cultures and continuing to speak their native languages while simultaneously learning English.

In the early 1960’s Americans became aware of the lack of educated people in the nation. There was a gap of the learning needs in society and the capacity of the educational system to meet to those needs. In 1954 the Supreme Court ruled the end of segregation in public schools.

In the 1960’s there were many women who fought for equality in the workplace and for equal pay. Colleges encouraged women not to get serious about schooling and pushed them towards becoming housewives. Friedan was one of the first feminist to fight for equality in the 60’s and she created a group named NOW. 3

Ad

4

1960s Fashion By: Amanda Mechaber The 1960s fashion was extremely opposite in many ways. The early sixties fashion showed more of the 1950s — conservative and restrained; more classic in style and design. The late 1960s were the exact opposite of this. It was more bright, swirling colors. Psychedelic, kaleidoscope, tie-dye shirts was more of the style and fashion. For the first time in the 19th Century, London was the center of the fashion world. The British Invasion didn’t stop with The Beatles and swept into all parts of life, especially clothing.

1960s mens fashion was not as revolutionary as it was for women, however, there was a lot of change. Ties, belts and lapels got wider, collars got longer and wider and a modified version of the bell bottom called “flared” became popular. Sport shirts were the normal style for casual wear with the polo style being the most popular. Men also had long hair, beards and wore tunics and capes.

Women’s 1960s fashion was extreme style and attitude from the start of the decade to the end. In the early years, the fashion idol was Jackie Kennedy who wore white pearls and tailored suit dresses. By the the middle of the decade, super model Twiggy was a role model to women and showed that clothing that didn’t require any extra thought or effort. From modest to extremely short clothing, 1960s fashion was in many ways like the 1920s flapper revolution. Women wore extremely short skirts and showing more skin than ever before.

5

Film and Theatre of the 60s By: Amanda Mechaber During the 1960s many new films came out. The movie industry peaks in 1964 with the release of 502 films. Box office sales continue to increase with ticket prices, Theatre and movies were competing for audiences all around the country during the 1960s. People mostly preferred movies and television rather than live theatre. However, some people did enjoy going to see plays or shows. Youth in the 1960s started going to movie theaters and watching films. 48% of box office receipts in the 1960s were from the age group 16-24 years old.

The movie musical, "West Side Story" came out in 1961. It was based off of the show that was popular in 1957. Additionally, The movie "To Kill a Mockingbird," appeared in 1962. On March 2, 1965, “The Sound of Music” premiered inside New York City’s Rivoli Theatre. Today, it remains one of the most popular films of all time. The Oscar-winning movie remains the third-highest grossing film in history. Robert Wise was the director of this magnificent movie. Another movie that appeared in the 60s was Mary Poppins. It aired in 1964 and Robert Stevenson directed this movie.

6

1960s Food By: Amanda Mechaber Many new foods that are extremely popular today were available for the first time in the 1960s! Thanks to new technologies in food science, snacks in the '60s began to make the transition from "classic" to "cool." Inventors began to play around with new flavors, textures, and packaging. The soda, Sprite, was in the market in 1961. The drink that replenishes electrolytes and is great when playing sports or exercising, Gatorade, hit the stores in 1963. Doritos are still famous today and came out originally in 1966. Some other candies that came out in the 1960s were M&Ms (1960) and Starburst (1960). Several cereals also came out in the 1960s such as Apple Jacks (1963) and Fruit Loops (1963).

7

8

1960s Culture By: Amanda Mechaber

The counterculture of the 1960s is now playfully imitated. The 60s sounds, styles, and slogans have become a party theme. In addition, the 1960s images and styles persisted for a very long time. A half century later its music is still performed, its styles are still imitated, and its slogans still draw a cheer. In 1960, nearly half of America's population is under 18 years old. It is a young society, and the most affluent generation in U.S. history.

Protesters were everywhere — it was certainly a time of great social unrest. But through it all, some of the best art ever created by man was created in the 1960s. Although there were several tragic setbacks, civil rights made an amazing amount of progress, eventually culminating in the passage of the Civil Rights Act in 1964, which made it illegal to discriminate based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. The 1960s were one of the most creative periods in modern man’s history, but was an extremely overwhelming decade.

Radio, film, television, and books carried the essence of American pop culture. In the 1960s evenings were spent watching the TV. Color TV arrives in the early '60s and everyone begins to buy them. By the end of the decade, 95 percent of homes have at least one TV. The arrival of color TV has a direct and immediate impact on drive-in movie theaters. In '62, there are 6,000 drive-ins in the U.S. A year later, there are 3,550. By the end of the decade, nearly 60 million people, a third of the population, have moved out of cities and into suburbs in search of a brighter, cleaner world.

9

Sports by : Julia Hornstein

Sports were growing in popularity across the board.The first NFL Super Bowl was played in January 1967. The Green Bay Packers won the first two Super Bowls. Football in the 60’s grew rapidly because of television. In 1967 the AFL and NFL merged together and kept the AFL rules and it kept the name NFL. Only one team mattered in professional basketball: the Boston Celtics. They won 9 of the 10 possible championship to be won in the 60s. Professional basketball wasn't really watched until players like Bill Russell and Wilt Chamberlain because they brought more excitement to the game.

In the 1960s, Muhammad Ali was the best boxer. He amazed the audience with his incredible skills. Baseball was dominated by the Yankees in the first few seasons of the 1960s. In the late 60s Bob Gibson\ and Sandy Koufax dominated the game so much they had to change the rules.

Women made many accomplishments. Wilma Rudolph became the first American woman to win 3 track and field Olympic gold medals. Larissa Latynina won three golds, two silvers, and a bronze medal for gymnastics at the Rome Olympics medal count while three months pregnant. Mamie Rollins sets a new record for women's 70-yard hurdles at 8.7 seconds.

10

11

Music By: Julia Hornstein

Elvis Presley was an icon. He was an american singer-songwriter and actor. Elvis Presley is the third-highest-certified music artist in the US. His music consisted of rock and roll which made him known as “King of Rock and Roll.”

The Beatles, was formed in the early 1960’s in Liverpool but became more known around 1964. It consisted of John Lennon, Paul McCartney, Ringo Starr, and George Harrison. This band was an incredible sensation and music produced by them is still being listened to by kids today! “I Want to Hold Your Hand” was a huge part in The Beatles fame.

The Rolling Stones was a very popular band from the 1960’s. This was an English Rock band which was formed in 1962.

The band consisted of Mick Jagger, Brian Jones, Keith Richards, Bill Wyman and Charlie Watts.

12

Get Coca Cola and Get Refreshed

13

Way We Lived By: Julia Hornstein

While the 1960s were prosperous years for a majority of Americans, about 20 percent of the people in the United States lived In poverty. A large majority of these people were African Americans who had been left out of the American dream through neglect and racism.In the early sixties, black Americans faced prejudice and discrimination in almost every aspect of life, from jobs and housing to education. In the South, where 60 percent of all African Americans lived, blacks were deprived of equal voting rights until 1964.

America was also the most powerful country in the world, with the U.S. military keeping the world free from communist domination. The US was participating in the Vietnam war—the longest and most costly war in American history. Many people were trying to avoid the draft.

The war was opposed by many people and they protested, these people were called Doves.

14

Government /Politics By: Sophia Guitar

During the 1960’s, Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, and Lyndon B. Johnson were all presidents. Dwight D. Eisenhower served for two terms from 1953 - 1961 with vice president Richard M. Nixon. John F. Kennedy served for one term from 1961 to 1963, ending his term early because he passed away. His vice president Lyndon B. Johnson took his place in office and served one additional term from 1963 to 1969.

In 1963, John F. Kennedy was assassinated. He was riding in a convertible down the street in Dallas Texas when he was shot. His wife, who rarely went out with him on political events, was sitting next to him in the car. They were waving at the eager crowds. In a building called the Texas School Depository Building, at 12:30, three shots were alleged fired from the sixth floor. These shots were fired by Lee Harvey Oswald, killing the president and wounding the Governor. At the age of 46, he was pronounced dead, just 30 minutes after the shots were fired.

Before killing the president, Lee Harvey Oswald had served in the army and also attempted to become a Soviet Union citizen but was unsuccessful. He had before, tried to assassinate a general but was unable to do so. He had a job at the Texas School Depository Building where he would later assassinate John F. Kennedy.

Dwight D Eisenhower

John F Kennedy

Lyndon B Johnson

15

16

Law and Justice By: Sophia Guitar

During the 1960’s the government made the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration. This Administration basically allowed for the United States government to push money into the federal and state level police stations.

This administration also helped a lot of the people who were police people to be able to pay for a college education. This also allowed them to budget to use things like new technologies that allowed better communication.

The Immigration and Naturalization act was also passed in the 1960s. This act was meant to make immigration equal for all new citizens.

This was needed because people thought that Western Europeans were being unfairly favored. President Johnson did try to make the law seem less important though. He was later proven wrong when the bill was in effect.

Along with the Civil Rights act, many acts followed that were meant to further the equal playing field everyone wanted. An act in 1965 called the Voting Act made it so that it was harder for white people to deny black people the right to vote. Many black people were incorrectly told that either then went to the wrong place, were not literate enough, had the wrong date, or did the application wrong. This act made it so that these things would no longer slide without punishment.

17

Domestic Affairs By: Sophia Guitar

The Vietnam War heavily affected the United States even though the conflict was in a different country. Back in the United States, the country was divided by the war. Two major groups were formed, the hawks and the doves. The hawks were the people that were in favor of the war in Vietnam. The doves were people that were against the war and they fought the war in a peaceful way.

The doves conducted peaceful protests like sit - ins and and marches.

During this time, there was also a huge

Many people saw the radical acts for civil rights and acted that way as well. A large movement was the students how did radical things. College campus were taken over and burned.

An equal pay act was also introduced in 1963. Many women joined the Notion Organization for women and were annoyed at how slow the government was changing.

fight for civil rights. People began to protest when four black students went and sat and an all white counter and refused to move. People were upset and suddenly tons and tons of people were protesting. In 1964, Johnson passed a Civil Rights Act that outlawed segregation in public places and promised that everyone would have the same workplace opportunities. Although this law was passed, segregation was still extremely bad.

18

Domestic Affairs By: Sophia Guitar

The economic opportunity act was made by President JOhnson that was meant to equal the opportunity for poor people to make a decent living.This law created the Office of Economic Opportunity aimed at solving the problems of poverty in the USA.

John F. Kennedy had a goal for the United States.

He wanted America to go to the moon. In 1969, JFK’s dream came true and America went to the moon.

The mission was launched on July 16, 1969. Three people went to the moon, Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins, and Edwin Buzz Aldrin. The most famous quote was said by Armstrong when he says “one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind” as he stepped on the moon, seen and heard by 530 million people.

In 1961, a man named Brown took a case to the supreme court when his child was denied access to a white school in Topeka Kansas. He said that the black and white schools were not equal to each other and that it was unconstitutional. The supreme Court found that this was unconsti. This made a lot more racial integration in the South.

19

20

Foreign Affairs By: Sophia Guitar

Vietnam War began in 1954 and ended in 1973. PResident JOhnson elevated this war into a bigger one. In 1964, the president was allowed to do whatever he needed to win the conflict in Vietnam. Soon after this was passed by congress, the draft in the United States begun.

In Vietnam, in 1968 there was an attack called the Tet Offensive. The attack was on more than 100 cities in South Vietnam and was launched by the North Vietnamese. This attack was so successful because it was on a day that was supposed to be a cease fire for a new year's holiday. This event was seen as the turning point of the Vietnam War.

The United States was also having many problems with Russia and Cuba at this point.

From 1960- 1962 the United States received an influx of Cuban children who were unaccompanied. Many parents sent their children in fear of the Cuban government’s instability. The US had to take these children in and some are still living in America today.

21

Foreign Affairs By: Sopha GUitar

During all of the 1960’s the United States was very aimed at assisting other nations at making sure that they are democratic. When the communist leader, Fidel Castro, took over Cuba the United States became very alert saying that Cuba was so close to us. IN 1961 the United States decided to act and got 1,4o0 American- Cuban citizen who were trained by the American army, to go into the bay of pigs and cause a distraction. The plan was to then use this distraction while the CIA went in and killed Castro.

The invasion however, was a disaster. Kennedy had wanted to keep the attack as secret as possible for as long as possible but every detail was being release all across Cuba. The second part of the plan, to kill Castro, was never executed, as Kennedy pulled the plug last minute leaving all of the exiles in Cuba to die.

During this time, there was also the Cuban Missile Crisis. This was when Soviet Russia put very powerful missiles into Cuba. The United States saw this as a threat and got scared saying how close Cuba was. The US said that it would take military action to if needed but the Soviet Union said that they would take out their missiles, if the US promised never to invade Cuba, which we promised. 22

Book Review By: Sophia Guitar

The children's story Where the Wild Things Are, was written in the 1960s and was a huge part of culture. The story by Maurice Sendak was a very good children's story that ignited the imagination of the children who read it. This story had a big impact on culture and continues to even to this day. This story from the 1960s was even recently turned into a movie and many songs have been written along the premise of it.

23

Word Search By: Julia Hornstein

1960’s

EISENHOWER ELVIS PRESLEY JOHNSON KENNEDY MOON LANDING NIXON PROTESTS ROLLING STONES TET OFFENSIVE THE BEATLES VIETNAM WAR 24

Celebrity Gossip By: Amanda Mechaber

In 1962, Marilyn Monroe died, apparently from suicide. Movie star suicides had occurred in earlier years. Monroe's death sparked enormous news coverage and controversy, as well as discussion and debate inside and outside Hollywood. She also was supposedly having an affair with John F. Kennedy while he was in office. Because of Robert Slatzer, who kept selling ever more lurid tales to the tabloids, the myth of the actress and the President has snowballed out of control and has been repeated so often that the general public just accepts it as fact even though it's fabricated.

Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated on April 4, 1968 in Memphis, Tennessee. King was standing on the second-floor balcony of the Lorraine Motel, when a sniper’s bullet struck him in the neck. He was rushed to a hospital, where he was pronounced dead about an hour later, at the age of 39.

His assassination led to an outpouring of anger among African Americans, as well as a period of national mourning that helped speed the way for an equal housing bill that would be the last significant legislative achievement of the civil rights era.

25

SOURCES Works Cited "The 1960s Education: Overview." U*X*L American Decades. Encyclopedia.com, n.d. Web. 18 May 2017. <http://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/culture-magazines/1960s-education-overview>.

"1960s Fashion: What Did Women Wear?" VintageDancer.com. N.p., 02 May 2017. Web. 18 May 2017. <http://vintagedancer.com/1960s/1960s-fashion-womens/>.

"1960s Mens Fashion - Feel the Groove Baby." Fifities Web. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 May 2017. <http://fiftiesweb.com/fashion/1960s-mens-fashion/>.

"The 1960s." RetroWaste. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 May 2017. <http://www.retrowaste.com/1960s/>.

"America in the 1960s Research Article from The Way People Live." BookRags. BookRags, n.d. Web. 18 May 2017. <http://www.bookrags.com/history/america-in-the-1960s/05.html#gsc.tab=0>.

"Bernsteinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s West Side Story Opens." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 18 May 2017. <http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/bernsteins-west-side-story-opens>.

Bond, Carissa. "Education in the 1960's." Prezi.com. N.p., 05 Mar. 2014. Web. 18 May 2017. <https://prezi.com/x32xkgjl_-lx/education-in-the-1960s/>.

DanielBamberg. "100 Greatest Films of 1960s." IMDb. IMDb.com, 27 Mar. 2011. Web. 18 May 2017. <http://www.imdb.com/list/ls000580369/>.

"Fashion in the 1960s." RetroWaste. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 May 2017. <http://www.retrowaste.com/1960s/fashion-in-the-1960s/>.

"Food of the 60s." N.p., n.d. Web. 18 May 2017. <http://sellerslibraryteens.blogspot.com/2007/03/food-of-60s.htm>.

Frost, Jennifer. "Movie Star Suicide, Hollywood Gossip, and Popular Psychology in the 1950s and 1960s." The Journal of American Culture. Blackwell Publishing Inc, 09 June 2011. Web. 18 May 2017. <http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1542-734X.2011.00768.x/abstract>.

26

SOURCES Growald, Claire. "1960s Theatre and Movies." Prezi.com. N.p., 15 Jan. 2013. Web. 18 May 2017. <https://prezi.com/kwda2yebsmbw/1960s-theatre-and-movies/>.

History | Pedro Pan. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 May 2017. <http://www.pedropan.org/category/history>.

"A History of American Snack Foods, From Waffle Cones to Doritos." Bon Appetit. Bon AppĂŠtit, 17 Dec. 2012.

Web. 18 May 2017. <http://www.bonappetit.com/restaurants-travel/article/a-history-of-american-snack-foods-from-waffle-cone s-to-doritos>.

History.com Staff. "Cuban Missile Crisis." History.com. A&E Television Networks, 2010. Web. 18 May 2017. <http://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/cuban-missile-crisis>.

History.com Staff. "Martin Luther King Jr Assassination." History.com. A&E Television Networks, 2010. Web. 18 May 2017. <http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/martin-luther-king-jr-assassination>.

"John F. Kennedy Assassinated." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 18 May 2017. <http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/john-f-kennedy-assassinated>.

Loff, Sarah. "Apollo 11 Mission Overview." NASA. NASA, 17 Apr. 2015. Web. 18 May 2017. <https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/missions/apollo11.html>.

Ludden, Jennifer. "1965 Immigration Law Changed Face of America." NPR. NPR, 09 May 2006. Web. 18 May 2017. <http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5391395>.

The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. Encyclopedia.com, n.d. Web. 18 May 2017. <http://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/economics-business-and-labor/economics-terms-an d-concepts/economic-2>.

PBS. Public Broadcasting Service, n.d. Web. 18 May 2017. <http://www.pbs.org/opb/thesixties/topics/culture/>.

27

SOURCES PBS. Public Broadcasting Service, n.d. Web. 18 May 2017. <http://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/rights/landmark_brown.html>.

The People History -- Steve Pearson. "Music Played in the 1960's Popular Music From the 60s." 1960's Music Played in the 60's Bands Groups Singers Memories from The People History Site. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 May 2017. <http://www.thepeoplehistory.com/60smusic.html>.

"Presidents and Vice Presidents of the United States of America." N.p., n.d. Web. 18 May 2017. <http://www.jeffwolfe.com/pres-vp.html>.

Shmoop Editorial Team. "Culture in The 1960s." Shmoop. Shmoop University, 11 Nov. 2008. Web. 18 May 2017. <http://www.shmoop.com/1960s/culture.html>.

"Sports in the 1960's." Prezi.com. N.p., 10 Sept. 2013. Web. 18 May 2017. <https://prezi.com/do3aha4zq1zh/sports-in-the-1960s/>.

"Sports in the 1960s." RetroWaste. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 May 2017. <http://www.retrowaste.com/1960s/sports-in-the-1960s/>.

28